United Malays National Organisation

National political party in Malaysia

United Malays National Organisation

Malay name| Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu
ڤرتوبوهن كبڠساءن ملايو برساتو
Chinese name| 马来民族统一机构
Mǎ lái mínzú tǒngyī jīgòu
Tamil name| தேசிய ஐக்கிய மலாய்க்காரர்கள் அமைப்பு
Tēciya aikkiya malāykkārarkaḷ amaippu
Abbreviation| UMNO / امنو
PEKEMBAR / ڤکمبر
President| Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
Chairperson| Badruddin Amiruldin
Secretary-General| Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki
First Deputy President| Mohamad Hasan
Second Deputy President (Women Chief)| Noraini Ahmad
Vice-President| Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail
Mohamed Khaled Nordin
Johari Abdul Ghani
Treasurer-General| Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
Youth Chief| Muhamad Akmal Saleh (Pemuda)
Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi (Puteri)
Founder| Onn Jaafar
Founded| 11 May 1946
Legalised| 11 May 1946
13 February 1988 (UMNO Baru)
Preceded by| United Malays Organisation
USNO (in Sabah)
BERJAYA (in Sabah)
Headquarters| Tingkat 38, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
Newspaper| New Straits Times[nb 1]
Berita Harian[nb 2]
Harian Metro[nb 3]
Youth wing| Pergerakan Pemuda UMNO
Women's wing| Wanita UMNO
Women's youth wing| Pergerakan Puteri UMNO
Student wing| Kelab Mahasiswa UMNO
Membership (2022)| 3,021,845[3]
Ideology|

* Ketuanan Melayu[4][5]
* Malay nationalism
* National conservatism[6]
* Social conservatism

Political position| Right-wing
Religion| Sunni Islam
National affiliation| Alliance (1952–1973)
Barisan Nasional (since 1973)
Colours|  Red and  white
Slogan| Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat
(United, Loyal, In Service)
Anthem| Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat
Dewan Negara|

11 / 70

Dewan Rakyat|

26 / 222

Dewan Undangan Negeri|

110 / 611

Chief minister of states|

4 / 13

Sang Saka Bangsa
Website
www.umno.org.my
umno-online.my

* Politics of Malaysia
* Political parties
* Elections

* * *

1\. Red and white have been used since before independence.
This article is part of a series on the

Politics of
Malaysia

Head of State

* Yang di-Pertuan Agong

* Ibrahim Iskandar

* * *

* Conference of Rulers

Legislature

* Parliament of Malaysia

* 15th Parliament

* * *

* Senate (Dewan Negara)

* President Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah

* * *

* House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)

* Speaker Johari Abdul
* Leader of the Government Anwar Ibrahim
* Leader of the Opposition Hamzah Zainudin

* * *

Executive

* Cabinet

* Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim

* * *

* Civil service (agencies)

* Chief Secretary Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar

Judiciary

* Federal Court

* Chief Justice Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat

* * *

* Court of Appeal

* President Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim

* * *

* High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak

* Chief Judge of Malaya Vacant
* Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak Abdul Rahman Sebli

* * *

Elections

* Election Commission of Malaysia

* General elections: 2022

* * *

* Electoral districts

Political parties

* BN
* PH
* PN
* GPS
* GRS

* * *

List of political parties in Malaysia

Federalism

* State governments

* Chief ministers of the states

* State legislatures (members)

* * *

* Local governments (list)

Ideologies and concepts

* Anarchism
* Communism
* Conservatism
* Feminism
* Rukun Negara
* Malay nationalism
* Reformasi
* Islam Hadhari
* Asian values

* * *

Race and politics

* Dayaks in politics
* Ketuanan Melayu
* Bumiputera
* Malaysian Malaysia
* Social contract

* Malaysia portal
* Politics portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The United Malays National Organisation (Malay: Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu; abbreviated UMNO (/ˈʌmnoʊ/) or less commonly PEKEMBAR), is a nationalist right-wing[7] political party in Malaysia. As the oldest (but non-continuous) national political party within Malaysia (since its inception in 1946), UMNO has been known as Malaysia's "Grand Old Party".[8]

UMNO is a founding and the principal dominant member of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, which taken along with its predecessor Alliance, had been the main governing party of Malaysia from the independence of Malaya in 1957 until its defeat in the 2018 general election. From 1957 to 2018, every Prime Minister of Malaysia was also the President of UMNO. It has since returned to power twice as a result of the 2020-2022 Malaysian political crisis, firstly as a partner in a Perikatan Nasional-led government and subsequently as the leading party in a BN-led government with UMNO vice-president Ismail Sabri serving as Prime Minister.

A race-focused party, UMNO's goals are to uphold the aspirations of Malay nationalism, the racial concept of Ketuanan Melayu (lit. Malay Supremacy), the dignity of the Malay race, the religion of Islam, as well as of the country itself.[9] The party also aspires to protect Malay culture as the national culture and to uphold, defend and expand Islam across Malaysia.[10][11]

In the 2018 UMNO leadership election, which was considered by many as crucial to the party's progression, former Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was elected UMNO president in a three-way contest, defeating former UMNO Youth Chief Khairy Jamaluddin, and UMNO veteran Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah.[12]

## History

[edit]

After the British returned to Malaya in the aftermath of World War II, the Malayan Union was formed. However, the Union was met with much opposition due to its constitutional framework, which allegedly threatened Malay sovereignty over Malaya.

The first phase of the journey of the UMNO party was the result of a combination of 41 Malay associations in the Malay Peninsula at that time led by Ahmad Boestamam who presented a memorandum to Sultan Ismail Ibni Sultan Ibrahim who became the Sultan Johor at that time to reject the Malayan Union proposal brought by the British.

In the second phase, a series of Malay congresses were held, culminating in the formation of the nationalist party, UMNO on 10 May 1946 at the Third Malay Congress in Johor Bahru, with Datuk Onn Jaafar as its leader. UMNO strongly opposed the Malayan Union, but originally did not seek political power. UMNO had no choice but continue playing a supporting role to the British colonial administration. The British cooperated with UMNO leaders and helped to defeat the communist insurgency.[13]

In 1949, after the Malayan Union had been replaced by the semi-autonomous Federation of Malaya, UMNO shifted its focus to politics and governance. According to at least one official school textbook published during UMNO's time in government, the party fought for other races once they were at the helm of the country.[14]

In 1951, Onn Jaafar left UMNO after failing to open its membership to non-Malay Malayans to form the Independence of Malaya Party.[15] Tunku Abdul Rahman replaced Dato' Onn as UMNO President. In the following year, the Kuala Lumpur branch of UMNO formed an ad hoc and temporary electoral pact with the Selangor branch of Malayan Chinese Association to avoid contesting the same seats in the Kuala Lumpur municipal council elections.[16] UMNO and MCA eventually carried nine out of the twelve seats, dealing a crushing blow to the IMP. After several other successes in local council elections, the coalition was formalised as an "Alliance" in 1954.[17]

In 1954, state elections were held. In these elections, the Alliance won 226 of the 268 seats nationwide. In the same year, a Federal Legislative Council was formed, comprising 100 seats. 52 would be elected, and the rest would be appointed by the British High Commissioner. The Alliance demanded that 60 of the seats be elected, but despite the Tunku flying out to London to negotiate, the British held firm. Elections for the council were held in 1955, and the Alliance, which had now expanded to include the Malayan Indian Congress, issued a manifesto stating its goals of achieving independence by 1959, requiring a minimum of primary school education for all children, protecting the rights of the Malay rulers as constitutional monarchs, ending the Communist emergency, and reforming the civil service through the hiring of more Malayans as opposed to foreigners.[18][19]

When the results were released, it emerged that the Alliance had won 51 of the 52 seats contested, with the other seat going to PAS (the Pan-Malayan Islamic Party, a group of Islamists that split from UMNO). The Tunku became the first Chief Minister of Malaya.[20]

Throughout this period, the Malayan Emergency had been on-going. The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the armed wing of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), committed sabotage campaigns against the British by disrupting transportation and communication networks, attacking police stations, burning down factories, with the goal of gaining independence for Malaya by making British rule in Malaya too expensive to maintain. The colonial government declared the MCP, along with several left-wing political groups, illegal in 1948. In 1955, the Alliance government together with the British High Commissioner declared an amnesty for the communist insurgents who surrendered. Representatives from the Alliance government also met with leaders of the MCP in an attempt to resolve the conflict peacefully, as their manifesto in the election stated. Chin Peng, the MCP Secretary-General, insisted that the MCP be allowed to contest elections and be declared a legal political party as a pre-condition to laying down arms. However, the Tunku rejected this, leading to an impasse.[21]

In 1956, the Tunku led a group of negotiators, comprising Alliance politicians and representatives of the Malay rulers, to London. There, they brokered a deal with the British government for independence. The date of independence was set as 31 August 1957 on the condition that an independent commission is set up to draft a constitution for the country. The Alliance government was also required to avoid seizing British and other foreign assets in Malaya. A defence treaty would also be signed.[22]

The Reid Commission, led by Lord William Reid, was formed to draft the constitution. Although enshrining concepts such as federalism and a constitutional monarchy, the proposed constitution also contained provisions protecting special rights for the Malays, such as quotas in admission to higher education and the civil service, and making Islam the official religion of the federation. It also made Malay the official language of the nation, although the right to vernacular education in Chinese and Tamil would be protected. Although the Tunku and the Malay rulers had asked the Reid Commission to ensure that "in an independent Malaya all nationals should be accorded equal rights, privileges and opportunities and there must not be discrimination on grounds of race and creed," the Malay privileges, which many in UMNO backed, were cited as necessary by the Reid Commission as a form of affirmative action that would eventually be phased out. These measures were included as Articles 3, 152 and 153 of the Constitution.[23][24]

Independence was declared by the Tunku in Merdeka Stadium on 31 August 1957, marking a transition into a new era of Malayan and Malaysian politics.

### Independence

[edit]

Tunku Abdul Rahman, first Prime Minister of Malaya

In Malaya's first general elections in 1959, the Alliance coalition led by UMNO won 51.8% of the votes and captured 74 out of 104 seats, enough for a two-thirds majority in parliament, which would not only allow them to form the government again but amend the constitution at will. However, for the Alliance, the election was marred by internal strife when MCA leader Lim Chong Eu demanded his party be allowed to contest 40 of the 104 seats available. When the Tunku rejected this, many of Lim's supporters resigned, and ran in the election as independents, which cost the Alliance some seats.[25]

In 1961, the Tunku mooted the idea of forming a federation named "Malaysia", which would consist of the British colonies of Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak, and also the British Protectorate of Brunei. The reasoning behind this was that this would allow the federal government to control and combat communist activities, especially in Singapore. It was also feared that if Singapore achieved independence, it would become a base for Chinese chauvinists to threaten Malayan sovereignty. To balance out the ethnic composition of the new nation, the other states, whose Malay and indigenous populations would balance out the Singaporean Chinese majority, were also included.[26]

After much negotiation, a constitution was hammered out with some minor changes. For instance, the Malay privileges were now made available to all "Bumiputra", a group comprising the Malays and other indigenous peoples of Malaysia. However, the new states were also granted some autonomy unavailable to the original nine states of Malaya. After negotiations in July 1963, it was agreed that Malaysia would come into being on 31 August 1963, consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Brunei ultimately decided to opt out of the federation due in part to an armed revolt by the People's Party (Parti Rakyat Brunei) which objected to the formation of Malaysia,[27] and the Sultan of Brunei Omar Ali Saifuddien III's demand that he be recognised as the most senior Malay ruler—a demand that was rejected.[28]

The Philippines and Indonesia strenuously objected to this development, with Indonesia claiming Malaysia represented a form of neocolonialism and the Philippines claiming Sabah as its territory. The United Nations sent a commission to the region which approved the merger after having delayed the date of Malaysia's formation to investigate. Despite further protests from the Indonesian President, Sukarno, the formation of Malaysia was proclaimed on 16 September 1963. Indonesia then declared a "confrontation" with Malaysia, sending commandos to perform guerilla attacks in East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak). The confrontation was ended when Suharto replaced Sukarno as president. The Philippines, which had withdrawn diplomatic recognition from Malaysia, also recognised Malaysia around the same time.[29]

To reflect the change of name to Malaysia, UMNO's coalition partners promptly altered their names to the Malaysian Chinese Association and the Malaysian Indian Congress. Several political parties in East Malaysia, especially Sarawak, also joined the Alliance to allow it to contest elections there.

In the 1963 Singapore state elections, the Alliance decided to challenge Lee Kuan Yew's governing People's Action Party through the Singapore Alliance Party. UMNO politicians actively campaigned in Singapore for the Singapore Alliance, contending that the Singapore Malays were being treated as second-class citizens under the Chinese-dominated PAP government. All of the UMNO-backed Malay candidates lost to PAP candidates. UMNO Secretary-General Syed Jaafar Albar travelled to Singapore to address the Malay populace. At one rally, he called the PAP Malay politicians un-Islamic and traitors to the Malay race, greatly straining PAP-UMNO relations. The PAP politicians, who saw this as a betrayal of an earlier agreement with the Alliance not to contest elections in Malaysia and Singapore respectively, decided on running on the mainland in the 1964 general election. Although the PAP contested nine Parliamentary seats and attracted large crowds at its rallies, it won only one seat. The strain in race relations caused by the communal lines along which the political factions had been drawn led to the 1964 Race Riots in Singapore.

Alliance leaders also were alarmed at Lee's behaviour, which they considered unseemly for the Chief Minister of a state. They thought he was acting as if he were the Prime Minister of a sovereign nation. Finance Minister Tan Siew Sin of the MCA labelled Lee as the "greatest, disruptive force in the entire history of Malaysia and Malaya." Lee now seemed determined to press forward politically and continue contesting elections nationwide, with the formation of the Malaysian Solidarity Council—a coalition of political parties which called for a "Malaysian Malaysia", duplicating the effort introduced earlier by Dato' Onn Ja'afar.

On 7 August 1965, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, seeing no alternative to avoid further bloodshed, advised the Parliament of Malaysia that it should vote to expel Singapore from Malaysia. Despite last-ditch attempts by PAP leaders, including Lee Kuan Yew, to keep Singapore as a state in the union, the Parliament on 9 August 1965 voted 126–0 in favour of the expulsion of Singapore.

Tunku opened his speech in Parliament with the words, "In all the 10 years of my leadership of this House I have never had a duty so unpleasant as this to perform. The announcement which I am making concerns the separation of Singapore from the rest of the Federation."[30][31] On that day, Lee Kuan Yew announced that Singapore was a sovereign independent nation and assumed the role of prime minister. After the separation and independence of Singapore in 1965, the Singapore branch of UMNO was renamed the Singapore Malay National Organisation (Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura).

### Post-separation

[edit]

After the separation of Singapore from the Federation, the Alliance leaders focused on continuing its policies. One involved the Malay language, which was the official language of Malaysia. UMNO sought to reduce the reliance on English in government affairs. In this, it was aided by PAS, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, which backed special rights for the Bumiputra, and the strengthening of Islam's position in public affairs. However, the PAP's Malaysian branch, which had now become Democratic Action Party (DAP), took a very strong stance against this, and continued the expelled PAP's call for a "Malaysian Malaysia". In 1968, the newly formed Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia or Gerakan, led by Lim Chong Eu, also adopted the DAP's stance.[32]

Matters came to a head in the 1969 general election. When polling closed on the mainland peninsula (West Malaysia) on 10 May, it emerged the Alliance had won less than half of the popular vote, although it was assured of 66 out of 104 Parliamentary seats available. Much of the losses came from the MCA, thus straining relations between the two parties.[clarification needed] However, the Alliance was dealt an even larger blow on the state level, losing control of Kelantan, Perak, and Penang.[33]

A major riot broke out in the aftermath of the election on 13 May 1969. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) declared a national emergency after being advised by the national government to do so. Parliament was suspended, with a National Operations Council (NOC) led by Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak of UMNO, taking over the government. Further polling in East Malaysia as a continuation of the general election was also postponed indefinitely. Although the Cabinet still met under the Tunku as Prime Minister, his role was largely symbolic, with Tun Razak taking over the role of chief executive.[34]

UMNO backbencher Mahathir Mohamad, who had lost his Parliamentary seat in the election, wrote a letter to the Tunku criticising his leadership. Mahathir organised a campaign with University of Malaya lecturer Raja Muktaruddin Daim, circulating his letter among the student bodies of local universities. Mass demonstrations broke out calling for "Malay sovereignty" and the Tunku's ousting. After the riot, Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman and Tun Razak agreed to expel Mahathir and former Executive Secretary of UMNO Musa Hitam from the party for breaching party discipline.

The suspended elections in East Malaysia were held in 1970, and restored the Alliance government's two-thirds majority in parliament. On 31 August that year, the Tunku announced the national ideology of Rukunegara and his planned retirement as Prime Minister in favour of Tun Razak. He also stated Parliament would be restored the following year.[35]

### The New Economic Policy

[edit]

After Tun Razak succeeded the Tunku in 1970, he began asserting UMNO's leadership in the Alliance more strongly. When the Tunku led the coalition, he had always consulted Alliance leaders regarding policy—if an Alliance leader objected, the policy was not passed. Under Tun Razak, UMNO was the base of the Alliance and thus the government. The NOC which he led until Parliament reconvened consisted of 7 Malays, one Chinese and one Indian.[36]

In Tun Razak's cabinet, the two most powerful men other than him were Ismail Abdul Rahman and Ghazali Shafie, who had declared the Westminster-style Parliamentary system inappropriate for Malaysia. Tun Razak also readmitted to the party "ultras" who had been expelled, like Mahathir and Musa Hitam. Mahathir gained notoriety after his expulsion from UMNO by authoring The Malay Dilemma, a book promptly banned from Malaysia, which posited that the Malays are the definitive people of Malaysia, and thus deserved special rights as the sovereign people of the nation. It also controversially argued that the Malays needed affirmative action to overcome deficiencies in their genetic stock.[37]

Hussein Onn, son of UMNO founder Dato' Onn Ja'afar, soon became a rising star in UMNO. After Ismail died suddenly of a heart attack in 1973, Hussein Onn succeeded him as Deputy Prime Minister. In the cabinet reshuffle that promoted Hussein Onn, Mahathir was given the key post of Minister for Education.[38]

The Tun Razak government announced the New Economic Policy in 1971. Its stated goal was to "eventually eradicate poverty... irrespective of race" through a "rapidly expanding economy" which emphasised to increase the Malays' share in the national economy to a reasonable portion between all the races. The NEP targeted a 30 per cent Malay share of the economy by 1990. The government contended that this would lead to a "just society" ("Masyarakat Adil"), the latter slogan being used to promote acceptance of the policy. Quotas in education and the civil service that the Constitution had explicitly provided for were expanded by the NEP, which also mandated government interference in the private sector. For instance, 30% of all shares in initial public offerings would be disbursed by the government to selective Bumiputras. The old civil service hiring quota of 4 Malays for every non-Malay's was effectively disregarded in practice; between 1969 and 1973, 98% of all new government employees were Malay. Five new universities were opened under the NEP, two of which were targeted to focus on the poor Malays and Muslim citizens.[39]

Tun Razak also began shoring up the government by bringing in several former opposition parties into the fold of the Alliance. Gerakan, PPP, PAS, and several former opposition parties in East Malaysia joined the coalition, which was renamed as Barisan Nasional. Barisan was formally registered as an organisation in 1974, the same year in which a general election was held.[40]

There had been much internal conflict in the National Front regarding the election; in 1973, Lim Keng Yaik and several supporters of his aggressive pro-Chinese stance left the MCA for Gerakan. This contributed to internal strife, as the MCA was no longer the sole representative of Chinese interests in the National Front.[41]

Discontent among student organisations in Malaysian universities soon posed a new problem for the UMNO-led government. However, Mahathir in his capacity as Minister for Education issued a stern warning to university students and faculty not to become involved in politics. However, after stories that children of rubber tappers had died after consuming poisonous wild yam due to poverty, university students reacted by staging the 1974 Baling demonstrations. The demonstrations resulted in the arrest of over 1,000 students, including Anwar Ibrahim who wasdetained under the Internal Security Act. In 1975, parliament passed amendments to the Universities and University Colleges Act which banned students from expressing support of or holding positions in any political party or trade union without written consent from the university's Vice-Chancellor.[42] The act also banned political demonstrations from being held on university campuses. In 1976, however, mass demonstrations were held at the MARA Institute of Technology, protesting the UUCA. Mahathir then threatened to revoke the scholarships of the students, most of whom relied on public support to pay their way through university.[43]

BN was also challenged in Sarawak after the 1974 election, which saw the Sarawak National Party led by James Wong become tied with the DAP as the largest opposition party in Parliament, both of them holding nine seats each. SNAP had campaigned against BN on a platform of opposing Chief Minister Abdul Rahman Ya'kub's pro-Malay policies, charging them with alienating the rural indigenous natives of Sarawak, such as the Iban. SNAP had been expelled from the Alliance in 1965 for supporting increased autonomy for Sarawak. In the aftermath of the election, Abdul Rahman ordered the detention of James Wong under the Sedition Act. SNAP elected a new leader, Leo Moggie, who secured the release of Wong and the entry of SNAP into BN in 1976.[44]

In Sabah, BN controlled the state government through the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO), which strongly backed UMNO's pro-Malay and pro-Islam policies. In 1973, Islam was made the official Sabah state religion (the official religion of Sabah was originally Christianity, as permitted by the agreement signed before the merger), and usage of indigenous languages such as those of the Kadazan people was discontinued in favour of the Malay language. The USNO Chief Minister, Mustapha Harun, was also known for favouring political patronage as a means of allocating valuable timber contracts, and living an extravagant lifestyle, being ferried to his A$1 million Queensland home by jets provided with Sabahan public funds.[45]

### UMNO Baru (New UMNO)

[edit]

Mahathir Mohamad

Further information: 1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election

On 24 April 1987, UMNO held its Annual General Assembly and triennial Party election. The then Prime Minister and party President, Mahathir Mohamad, faced his first party election in 12 years, having been elected unopposed since the 1975 UMNO election.

The politics of the Malays, particularly UMNO politics, had undergone a sea change in the first few years of the Mahathir stewardship, and the party presidency was challenged for the second time in 41 years. The first challenge was a dull affair in which Hussein Onn was opposed by a minor party official named Sulaiman Palestin. In fact, in the early 1950s, Tunku Abdul Rahman's presidency had also been challenged by C. M. Yusof, who later became the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, but Tunku was not properly considered an incumbent then, being only a care-taker president.

The 1987 contest was a vastly different matter. Mahathir was opposed by his very popular former Finance Minister, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. The press took to referring to Mahathir and his supporters as Team A, and Razaleigh's camp as Team B. Team B included then Deputy Prime Minister Tun Musa Hitam, who was also the incumbent Deputy President of UMNO seeking re-election, as well as Datuk Suhaimi Kamaruddin, the former head of UMNO Youth and president of the Belia 4B youth organisation.[46]

Team B was critical of Mahathir's policies, arguing that the Malaysian New Economic Policy had failed to benefit the poor Malays. It also criticised Mahathir's leadership style, alleging he acted unilaterally without consulting other leaders in UMNO and the Barisan Nasional. Team B was also perceived as less Islamist than Mahathir's faction.[47]

Mahathir claimed that the charges against him were groundless, and suggested that his opponents were fracturing Malay unity and were only motivated by greed.[47]

Eventually, Mahathir was returned to office. However, he was elected with such a small majority of 43 (761 against 718 votes) that questions were immediately raised about his mandate. Team B supporters, many of whom had been anticipating a victory of similar margins, suspected that the election had been fixed. The Team B candidate for Deputy President, Musa Hitam, had also been defeated by Ghafar Baba of Team A, while two of the three vice-presidents were Team A candidates. The Supreme Council comprised 16 Team A candidates and 9 Team B candidates.[48]

Allegations were made that several delegates who had voted were drawn from UMNO branches not properly registered. There were also several unproved allegations being bandied about that the balloting process had not been above board.[49]

Nevertheless, Razaleigh pledged to support Mahathir, provided that a "witch hunt" was not launched. However, Mahathir promptly purged the government cabinet of all Team B members, and launched similar reshuffles in state and local governments.[50]

On 25 June 1987, an appeal was filed by 12 of the UMNO delegates to have the assembly and the election of April 1987 declared null. After one of the delegates, Hussain bin Manap, withdrew unexpectedly in August from filing the appeal, the remaining litigants have since become famous as the "UMNO 11." Although Razaleigh and Musa Hitam were not among the plaintiffs, it was widely believed that Razaleigh was funding the appeal.[49]

After a series of interlocutory hearings over the discovery of documents that took more than seven months, the matter finally came before Justice Harun Hashim in the Kuala Lumpur High Court on 4 February 1988. The judge ruled that under the existing law he had no option but to find the party, UMNO, to be an unlawful society due to the existence of several unregistered branches—an illegal act under the Societies Act of 1966. The question of the Assembly itself being illegal therefore became academic.[51]

"'It is a very hard decision to declare UMNO unlawful,' said Justice Datuk Harun Hashim in his February 4 judgement. 'But the law was made by our Parliament and certainly UMNO was aware [of the Societies Act] because they were in the majority [in Parliament] at all times [when the law was made].' Under the 1966 Act, amended five times over the years, and most recently by Mahathir's government, each of the society's branches has to register separately with the Registrar...."[51]

The Tunku set up a new party called UMNO Malaysia, which claimed to be the successor to the old UMNO. UMNO Malaysia was supported mainly by members of the Team B faction from UMNO, but Mahathir was also invited to join the party leadership. However, the party collapsed after the Registrar of Societies refused to register it as a society without providing an explanation.[52]

Mahathir showed no interest in reviving UMNO, and instead he set in motion the machinery to form a new surrogate party, and in due course, registered a party formally called Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (Baru) or UMNO (New) a week after UMNO Malaysia's registration was rejected. Eventually the suffix "(New)" was dropped, and UMNO (Baru) became both the de facto and de jure successor of original UMNO, dropping the 'Baru' suffix with the old UMNO's assets handed over.[53] Most of its leaders, however, were selected from Team A of the old UMNO, with Team B ignored.[54]

In 10th general election in 1999, rocked by the arrest and trial of former UMNO deputy Anwar Ibrahim and the subsequent formation of the Barisan Alternatif opposition coalition, UMNO's share dipped to 54% of the vote and 102 out of 144 seats.

### Post-Mahathir

[edit]

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi served as the 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009. Najib Tun Razak served as the 6th Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2009 to 2018.

After Mahathir stepped down as President of UMNO in 2003, he was replaced by his designated successor, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, who became Prime Minister of Malaysia. Najib Razak, the son of Tun Abdul Razak, took over as the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia.

In the 11th general election in 2004, Barisan Nasional, under Abdullah's leadership, enjoyed a landslide victory. However, in the 12th general election in 2008, the coalition for the first time fell short of a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. UMNO Chief Ministers were ousted in the states of Selangor, Perak, Penang and Kedah. As a result, Abdullah resigned as President of UMNO and Prime Minister in 2009. He was succeeded by Najib.

Under Najib's leadership, UMNO gained a total of 9 seats in the 13th general election and retook the state of Kedah.

In 2018, UMNO was required to hold an leadership election 19 April by the requirements of the Registry of Societies (RoS), to hold a leadership election within five years of the last leadership election, as the last leadership election was in 2013.[55] In April, some UMNO members filed a suit to declare UMNO illegal but was dismissed by the High Court.[56] UMNO announced in May that the RoS had in 2017 allowed UMNO to postpone the election until 19 April 2019.[56]

On 9 May 2018, Mahathir and the Pakatan Harapan coalition won the 14th General Election ending UMNO's 61 year long rule as part of the Alliance and later Barisan Nasional coalition.[57] UMNO experienced a mass exodus of rank-and-file members, state chiefs, as well as Members of Parliament in favour of Mahathir's Bersatu and regionalist parties such as Parti Warisan Sabah in the months after the election.[58][59][60]

After the general election defeat, UMNO held the UMNO leadership election in June 2018 instead of 2019.[61] Ahmad Zahid Hamidi won the election and became the president of UMNO.[62]

In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[63] There is however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there are calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[64][65] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS, but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[66]

In February 2020, in the leadup to the 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis, UMNO leaders Ahmad Zahid Hamidi and Ismail Sabri Yaakob, along with Bersatu President Muhyiddin Yassin, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang and PKR defector members led by Azmin Ali, collectively convened at the Sheraton Petaling Jaya hotel to initiate a change in government, thus causing political instability by depriving the elected Pakatan Harapan government of a majority within the 14th Malaysian Parliament. As a result, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad (along with the Seventh Mahathir cabinet) tendered their resignation.[67][68][69] In March 2020, after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong consulted all members of the 14th Malaysian Parliament, Muhyiddin Yassin, with the support of UMNO and other parties, was deemed to have the greatest support within Parliament and was selected as the 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia.[70][71]

In Muhyiddin cabinet, which formed on 10 March 2020, six UMNO MP's became Ministers & eight UMNO MP's became Deputy Ministers.

In July 2021, further political instability ensued when UMNO, at the direction of its President Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, withdrew support for the government led by Muhyiddin along with his cabinet. Zahid claimed that as Muhyiddin failed to spearhead economic recovery and effectively handle the Covid-19 pandemic, therefore Zahid claimed Muhyiddin failed to fulfil the conditions underlined by UMNO when it backed Muhyiddin to become prime minister in March 2020.[72][73][74] In August 2021, after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong required all members of the 14th Malaysian Parliament to submit a statutory declaration (SD) indicating their preference of Prime Minister, Ismail Sabri Yaakob possessed the greatest support within Parliament (with 114 affirmative SDs out of a possible 222) and was selected as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia (without an electoral mandate).[75]

In the 2022 election, UMNO, as a part of BN, faced the worst-ever result in Malaysian history, with only winning 26 out of 222 seats.[76] Several key figures including Noh Omar, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, Mahdzir Khalid, Azeez Rahim, Tengku Zafrul Aziz, Khairy Jamaluddin, lost to either PN or PH candidates.[76][77][78][79] UMNO was also defeated at several state elections held in Pahang, Perlis and Perak.[80] Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority.[81]

## Ideology

[edit]

See also: Malay Islamic identity

2012 UMNO General Assembly

UMNO overtly represents the Malays of Malaysia, although any Bumiputra (indigenous Malaysian, a category which includes people such as the non-Malay and usually non-Muslim Kadazan, Iban, Dayak, etc. of East Malaysia) may join the party. The party propagates Ketuanan Melayu, the concept that the Bumiputra, including ethnic Malays, enjoy a special status within the country by virtue of their earlier settlement of the lands that now form Malaysia and as a result of the recognition of Malays in Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia.[82]

### Bumiputera policies

[edit]

In 2018, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad announced the cabinet's decision for the government to "ratify all remaining core UN instruments related to the protection of human rights", including International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and other five previously unratified conventions at a United Nations General Assembly, UMNO, PAS along with various non-governmental organisations, staged an anti-ICERD rally that was held at the Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur, to protest against the ratifications of the relevant international conventions, due to their perception that these human rights instruments contravene with the special position of the Malays, bumiputera and Islam within the country; all of which are enshrined within the Malaysian Constitution.[83][84][85]

On 23 November 2018, the Prime Minister's Office announced they would not ratify the convention and would continue defending the Federal Constitution, which they said represents a social contract that was agreed upon by all races during the formation of the country.[86]

In 2021, a new equity policy for bumiputeras in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (12MP) attracted controversy which were announced by Ismail Sabri Yaakob. It is said to ensure sustainable equity holdings by bumiputeras, an equity safety net would be launched to guarantee that the sale of shares or bumiputera-owned firms would only be sold solely to bumiputera-owned companies, consortium or individuals.[87][88] Syed Saddiq said that the new rulings were unfair as they would be tantamount to taking equity from the non-bumiputeras and giving them to bumiputeras. Former Health Minister, Dzulkefly Ahmad had also described the policy as "suicidal" and claimed that the new policy would only kill the bumiputera companies economically if that is their intention. He also said that based on the feedback from Malay businessmen, most were against the idea of the new bumiputera-only policy being implemented.[89] Ismail Sabri announced it after revealing that the government’s target to raise bumiputera equity ownership to 30% had yet to be achieved. He also announced funding to improve bumiputera businesses’ sustainability to hit 15% contribution in gross domestic product (GDP) by bumiputera micro, small and medium enterprises by 2025.[90]

## List of leaders

[edit]

### President

[edit]

Further information: President of the United Malays National Organisation

### Women Chief

[edit]

[91]

#  | Name  | Term start  | Term end

|
|
|

1  | Putih Mariah Ibrahim Rashid | 1947  | 1949
2  | Zainon Munshi Sulaiman | 1950  | 1953
3  | Khadijah Sidek | 1954  | 1956
4  | Fatimah Hashim | 1957  | 1972
5  | Aishah Ghani | 1972  | 1986
6  | Rafidah Aziz | 1987  | 1996
7  | Siti Zaharah Sulaiman | 1996  | 2000
8  | Rafidah Aziz | 2000  | 2009
9  | Shahrizat Abdul Jalil | 26 March 2009  | 24 June 2018
10  | Noraini Ahmad | 24 June 2018  | Incumbent

### Youth Chief

[edit]

Further information: UMNO Youth

### Puteri Chief

[edit]

[92]

#  | Name  | Term start  | Term end

|
|
|

1  | Azalina Othman Said | 2001  | 2004
2  | Noraini Ahmad | 2004  | 2009
3  | Rosnah Shirlin | 26 March 2009  | 12 October 2013
4  | Mas Ermieyati Samsudin | 12 October 2013  | 24 June 2018
5  | Zahida Zarik Khan  | 24 June 2018  | 11 March 2023
6  | Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi  | 12 March 2023  | Incumbent

## Structure and membership

[edit]

### Current office bearer

[edit]

Official source

* Permanent Chairperson:
* Badruddin Amiruldin
* Deputy Permanent Chairperson:
* Abdul Fattah Abdullah
* President:
* Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
* Deputy President:
* Mohamad Hasan
* Vice Presidents:
* Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail
* Mohamed Khaled Nordin
* Johari Abdul Ghani
* Women's Chief:
* Noraini Ahmad
* Youth Chief:
* Muhamad Akmal Saleh
* Women's Youth Chief:
* Nurul Amal Mohd Fauzi
* Secretary-General:
* Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki
* Treasurer-General:
* Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor
* Information Chief:
* Azalina Othman Said
* Executive Secretary:
* Mohd Sumali Reduan
* Election Director:
* Reezal Merican Naina Merican
* State Chairman:
* Perlis: Rozabil Abd Rahman
* Kedah: Mahdzir Khalid
* Kelantan: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub
* Terengganu: Rozi Mamat
* Penang: Musa Sheikh Fadzir
* Perak: Saarani Mohamad
* Pahang: Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail
* Selangor: Megat Zulkarnain Omardin
* Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani
* Negeri Sembilan: Jalaluddin Alias
* Malacca: Ab Rauf Yusoh
* Johor: Onn Hafiz Ghazi
* Sabah: Bung Moktar Radin
* State Deputy Chairman:
* Perlis: Fathul Bari Mat Jahya
* Kedah: Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim
* Kelantan: Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh
* Terengganu: Nik Dir Nik Wan Ku
* Penang: Shaikh Hussein Mydin
* Perak: Azian Osman
* Pahang: Abdul Hamid Nazahar
* Selangor: Johan Abd Aziz
* Federal Territories: Shafei Abdullah
* Negeri Sembilan: Hasim Rusdi
* Malacca: Rais Yasin
* Johor: Ahmad Maslan
* Sabah: Abdul Rahman Dahlan

* Supreme Council Members (elected):
* Shamsul Anuar Nasarah
* Zambry Abdul Kadir
* Ahmad Maslan
* Tengku Zafrul Aziz
* Bung Mokhtar Radin
* Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub
* Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim
* Shahaniza Shamsuddin
* Azian Osman
* Md Alwi Che Ahmad
* Shaik Hussein Mydin
* Zahida Zarik Khan
* Mohd Razlan Muhammad Rafii
* Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin
* Abdul Rahman Mohamad
* Mohd Puad Zarkashi
* Jamil Khir Baharom
* Johan Abd Aziz
* Abdul Rahman Dahlan
* Lokman Noor Adam
* Ahmad Said
* Rosnah Shirlin
* Mohd Rafi Alli Hassan
* Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman
* Supreme Council Members (appointed):
* Shahrizat Abdul Jalil
* Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh
* Ahmad Ismail
* Nur Jazlan Mohamed
* Mohd Shafei Abdullah
* Hasmuni Hassan
* Mohd Hasnol Ayub
* Mohd Faizal Ramli
* Mohd Arrif Abdul Majid
* Jailani Johari
* Norliza Abdul Rahim
* Mohd Hairi Mad Shah
* Siti Sokhleha Nordin
* Ramli Mohd Nor
* Supreme Council Members (in attending):
* Mohamad Alamin
* Siti Aminah Aching
* Reezal Merican Naina Merican
* Kamaruddin M Said

|

## Elected representatives

[edit]

### Dewan Negara (Senate)

[edit]

#### Senators

[edit]

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

1. Zunairah Musa – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
2. Azhar Ahmad – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3. Noraini Idris @ Judith Fedelis – elected by the Sabah State Legislative Assembly
4. Shamsuddin Abdul Ghafar – elected by the Perak State Legislative Assembly
5. Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
6. Ros Suyati Alang – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
7. Zambry Abdul Kadir – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
8. Tengku Zafrul Aziz – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
9. Nur Jazlan Mohamed – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
10. Mustafa Musa – elected by the Malacca State Legislative Assembly
11. Abdul Halim Suleiman – elected by the Johor State Legislative Assembly

### Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

[edit]

#### Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

[edit]

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

UMNO has 26 MPs in the House of Representatives.

State/Federal Territory  | No.  | Parliament Constituency  | Member  | Party

|
|
|
|

Perak | P055 | Lenggong | Shamsul Anuar Nasarah |  | UMNO
P075 | Bagan Datuk | Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |  | UMNO
Pahang | P078 | Cameron Highlands | Ramli Mohd. Nor |  | UMNO
P079 | Lipis | Abdul Rahman Mohamad |  | UMNO
P084 | Paya Besar | Mohd. Shahar Abdullah |  | UMNO
P085 | Pekan | Sh Mohmed Puzi Sh Ali |  | UMNO
P090 | Bera | Ismail Sabri Yaakob |  | UMNO
Kuala Lumpur | P119 | Titiwangsa | Johari Abdul Ghani |  | UMNO
Negeri Sembilan | P126 | Jelebu | Jalaluddin Alias |  | UMNO
P127 | Jempol | Shamshulkahar Mohd. Deli |  | UMNO
P129  | Kuala Pilah | Adnan Abu Hassan |  | UMNO
P131 | Rembau | Mohamad Hasan |  | UMNO
P133  | Tampin | Mohd Isam Mohd Isa |  | UMNO
Johor | P147 | Parit Sulong | Noraini Ahmad |  | UMNO
P151  | Simpang Renggam | Hasni Mohammad |  | UMNO
P153 | Sembrong | Hishammuddin Hussein |  | UMNO
P155 | Tenggara | Manndzri Nasib |  | UMNO
P156 | Kota Tinggi | Mohamed Khaled Nordin |  | UMNO
P157 | Pengerang | Azalina Othman Said |  | UMNO
P164 | Pontian | Ahmad Maslan |  | UMNO
Sabah | P173  | Putatan | Shahelmey Yahya |  | UMNO
P176 | Kimanis | Mohamad Alamin |  | UMNO
P177  | Beaufort | Siti Aminah Aching |  | UMNO
P184  | Libaran | Suhaimi Nasir |  | UMNO
P187 | Kinabatangan | Bung Moktar Radin |  | UMNO
P191  | Kalabakan | Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy |  | UMNO
Total | Perak (2), Pahang (5), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (1), Negeri Sembilan (5), Johor (7), Sabah (6)

### Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

[edit]

Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)

Johor State Legislative Assembly

33 / 56

Malacca State Legislative Assembly

18 / 28

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly

14 / 36

Pahang State Legislative Assembly

17 / 42

|  Sabah State Legislative Assembly

13 / 79

Perak State Legislative Assembly

8 / 59

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly

2 / 45

Penang State Legislative Assembly

2 / 40

Selangor State Legislative Assembly

2 / 56

|  Kedah State Legislative Assembly

0 / 36

Perlis State Legislative Assembly

0 / 15

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

0 / 33

|
|
|

State  | No.  | Parliament Constituency  | No.  | State Constituency  | Member

|
|
|
|
|

Kelantan | P032  | Gua Musang | N43 | Nenggiri | Mohd Azmawi Fikri Abdul Ghani
N45 | Galas | Mohd Syahbuddin Hashim
Penang | P041  | Kepala Batas | N02 | Bertam | Reezal Merican Naina Merican
P047  | Nibong Tebal  | N21 | Sungai Acheh | Rashidi Zinol
Perak | P054  | Gerik  | N02 | Temenggor | Salbiah Mohamed
P055  | Lenggong  | N04 | Kota Tampan | Saarani Mohammad
P062  | Sungai Siput  | N21 | Lintang | Mohd Zolkafly Harun
P068  | Beruas  | N36 | Pengkalan Baharu | Abdul Manaf Hashim
P069  | Parit  | N39 | Belanja | Khairudin Abu Hanipah
P072  | Tapah  | N48 | Ayer Kuning | Samsudin Abu Hassan
P075  | Bagan Datuk  | N53 | Rungkup | Shahrul Zaman Yahya
P077  | Tanjong Malim  | N59 | Behrang | Salina Samsudin
Pahang | P078  | Cameron Highlands | N02 | Jelai | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail
P079  | Lipis  | N03 | Padang Tengku | Mustapa Long
N05 | Benta | Mohd. Soffi Abd. Razak
P080  | Raub  | N06 | Batu Talam | Abd. Aziz Mat Kiram
N08 | Dong | Shahiruddin Ab Moin
P083  | Kuantan  | N16 | Inderapura | Shafik Fauzan Sharif
P085  | Pekan  | N21 | Peramu Jaya | Nizar Najib
N22 | Bebar | Mohd. Fakhruddin Mohd. Arif
N23 | Chini | Mohd Sharim Md Zain
P086  | Maran  | N27 | Jenderak | Mohamed Jaafar
P087  | Kuala Krau  | N28 | Kerdau | Syed Ibrahim Syed Ahmad
P089  | Bentong  | N36 | Pelangai | Amizar Abu Adam
P090  | Bera  | N37 | Guai | Norol Azali Sulaiman
N39 | Kemayan | Mohd. Fadil Osman
P091  | Rompin  | N41 | Muadzam Shah | Razali Kassim
N42 | Tioman | Mohd. Johari Hussain
- | Nominated Member | Harris Salleh Hamzah
Selangor | P092  | Sabak Bernam | N01 | Sungai Air Tawar | Rizam Ismail
P101  | Hulu Langat  | N23 | Dusun Tua | Johan Abd Aziz
Negeri Sembilan | P126  | Jelebu | N02 | Pertang | Jalaluddin Alias
N03 | Sungai Lui | Mohd Razi Mohd Ali
P127  | Jempol  | N06 | Palong | Mustapha Nagoor
N07 | Jeram Padang | Mohd Zaidy Abdul Kadir
P128  | Seremban  | N09 | Lenggeng | Mohd Asna Amin
P129  | Kuala Pilah  | N15 | Juasseh | Bibi Sharliza Mohd Khalid
N16 | Seri Menanti | Muhammad Sufian Maradzi
N17 | Senaling | Ismail Lasim
N19 | Johol | Saiful Yazan Sulaiman
P131  | Rembau  | N26 | Chembong | Zaifulbahri Idris
N27 | Rantau | Mohamad Hasan
N28 | Kota | Suhaimi Aini
P132  | Port Dickson  | N32 | Linggi | Mohd Faizal Ramli
P133  | Tampin  | N35 | Gemencheh | Suhaimizan Bizar
Malacca | P134  | Masjid Tanah | N01 | Kuala Linggi | Rosli Abdullah
N02 | Tanjung Bidara | Ab Rauf Yusoh
N03 | Ayer Limau | Hameed Mytheen Kunju Basheer
N04 | Lendu | Sulaiman Md Ali
N05 | Taboh Naning | Zulkiflee Mohd Zin
P135  | Alor Gajah  | N06 | Rembia | Muhammad Jailani Khamis
N09 | Durian Tunggal | Zahari Abdul Kalil
N10 | Asahan | Fairul Nizam Roslan
P136  | Tangga Batu  | N12 | Pantai Kundor | Tuminah Kadi Mohd Hashim
N13 | Paya Rumput | Rais Yasin
P137  | Hang Tuah Jaya  | N15 | Pengkalan Batu | Kalsom Noordin
N18 | Ayer Molek | Rahmad Mariman
P138  | Kota Melaka  | N21 | Duyong | Mohd Noor Helmy Abdul Halem
N23 | Telok Mas | Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman
P139  | Jasin  | N25 | Rim | Khaidhirah Abu Zahar
N26 | Serkam | Zaidi Attan
N27 | Merlimau | Muhamad Akmal Saleh
N28 | Sungai Rambai | Siti Faizah Abdul Azis
Johor | P140  | Segamat | N01 | Buloh Kasap | Zahari Sarip
P141  | Sekijang | N03 | Pemanis | Anuar Abdul Manap
P142  | Labis | N05 | Tenang | Haslinda Salleh
P143  | Pagoh | N08 | Bukit Pasir | Mohamad Fazli Mohamad Salleh
P144  | Ledang  | N09 | Gambir | Sahrihan Jani
N11 | Serom | Khairin Nisa Ismail
P145  | Bakri | N14 | Bukit Naning | Fuad Tukirin
P146  | Muar  | N16 | Sungai Balang | Selamat Takim
P147  | Parit Sulong  | N17 | Semerah | Mohd Fared Mohd Khalid
N18 | Sri Medan | Zulkurnain Kamisan
P148  | Ayer Hitam  | N20 | Semarang | Samsol Bari Jamali
P149  | Sri Gading  | N21 | Parit Yaani | Mohd Najib Samuri
N22 | Pasir Raja | Nor Rashidah Ramli
P150  | Batu Pahat  | N24 | Senggarang | Mohd Yusla Ismail
N25 | Rengit | Mohd Puad Zarkashi
P151  | Simpang Renggam  | N26 | Machap | Onn Hafiz Ghazi
N27 | Layang-Layang | Abd Mutalip Abd Rahim
P152  | Kluang  | N29 | Mahkota | Syed Hussein Syed Abdullah
P155  | Tenggara  | N34 | Panti | Hahasrin Hashim
N35 | Pasir Raja | Rashidah Ismail
P156  | Kota Tinggi  | N36 | Sedili | Muszaidi Makmor
N37 | Johor Lama | Norlizah Noh
P157  | Pengerang  | N38 | Penawar | Fauziah Misri
N39 | Tanjung Suarat | Aznan Tamin
P158  | Tebrau  | N40 | Tiram | Azizul Bachok
P159  | Pasir Gudang  | N43 | Permas | Baharudin Mohd Taib
P160  | Johor Bahru  | N44 | Larkin | Mohd Hairi Mad Shah
P161  | Pulai  | N47 | Kempas | Ramlee Bohani
P162  | Iskandar Puteri  | N49 | Kota Iskandar | Pandak Ahmad
P163  | Kulai  | N50 | Bukit Permai | Mohd Jafni Md Shukor
P164  | Pontian  | N53 | Benut | Hasni Mohammad
N54 | Pulai Sebatang | Hasrunizah Hassan
P165  | Tanjung Piai  | N56 | Kukup | Jefridin Atan
Sabah | P167  | Kudat | N02 | Bengkoka | Harun Durabi
P169  | Kota Belud  | N10 | Usukan | Salleh Said Keruak
P171  | Sepanggar  | N16 | Karambunai | Yakubah Khan
P173  | Putatan  | N24 | Tanjung Keramat | Shahelmey Yahya
P175  | Papar  | N29 | Pantai Manis | Mohd Tamin @ Tamin Zainal
P184  | Libaran  | N51 | Sungai Manila | Mokran Ingkat
N52 | Sungai Sibuga | Mohamad Hamsan Awang Supain
P187  | Kinabatangan  | N58 | Lamag | Bung Mokhtar Radin
N59 | Sukau | Jafry Ariffin
P188  | Lahad Datu  | N61 | Segama | Mohamaddin Ketapi
P191  | Kalabakan  | N71 | Tanjong Batu | Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy
- | Nominated Member | Raime Unggi
Nominated Member | Suhaimi Nasir
Total  | Kelantan (2), Penang (2), Perak (8), Pahang (18), Selangor (2), Negeri Sembilan (14), Malacca (18), Johor (33), Sabah (13)

## UMNO state governments

[edit]

State  | Leader type  | Member  | Party  | State Constituency

|
|
|
|

Johor | Menteri Besar | Onn Hafiz Ghazi |  | UMNO | Machap
Malacca | Chief Minister | Ab Rauf Yusoh |  | UMNO | Tanjung Bidara
Pahang | Menteri Besar | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail |  | UMNO | Jelai
Perak | Menteri Besar | Saarani Mohammad |  | UMNO | Kota Tampan

## General election results

[edit]

Election  | Total seats won  | Seats contested  | Total votes  | Share of votes  | Outcome of election  | Election leader

|
|
|
|
|
|

1955 |

34 / 52

| 35  | 589,933  | 58.90%  | 34 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tunku Abdul Rahman
1959 |

52 / 104

| 70  | 553,160  | 35.75%  | 18 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tunku Abdul Rahman
1964 |

59 / 104

| 70  | 458,854  | 38.10%  | 7 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tunku Abdul Rahman
1969 |

52 / 144

| 70  |  |  | 7 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) | Tunku Abdul Rahman
1974 |

62 / 144

| 80  |  |  | 10 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Abdul Razak Hussein
1978 |

70 / 154

| 80  |  |  | 8 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Hussein Onn
1982 |

70 / 154

| 100  |  |  | ; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Mahathir Mohamad
1986 |

83 / 177

| 100  | 1,474,063  | 31.06%  | 13 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Mahathir Mohamad
1990 |

71 / 180

| 100  |  |  | 12 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Mahathir Mohamad
1995 |

89 / 192

| 100  |  |  | 18 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Mahathir Mohamad
1999 |

72 / 193

| 120  |  |  | 17 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Mahathir Mohamad
2004 |

109 / 219

| 120  | 2,483,249  | 35.9%  | 37 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2008 |

79 / 222

| 120  | 2,381,725  | 29.33%  | 30 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2013 |

88 / 222

| 120  | 3,252,484  | 29.45%  | 9 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Najib Razak
2018 |

54 / 222

| 120  | 2,548,251  | 21.10%  | 34 seats; Opposition coalition,
later Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Najib Razak
2022 |

26 / 222

| 119  | 2,549,341  | 16.43%  | 28 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi

## State election results

[edit]

State election | State Legislative Assembly

|

Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Total won / Total contested
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2/3 majority |

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

2 / 3

1959 |

10 / 12

18 / 24

1 / 30

5 / 24

10 / 24

21 / 40

17 / 24

14 / 28

11 / 24

13 / 20

20 / 32

|  |
1964 |

9 / 12

18 / 24

8 / 30

20 / 24

10 / 24

22 / 40

17 / 24

13 / 28

14 / 24

13 / 20

20 / 32

|  |
1969 |

9 / 12

12 / 24

10 / 30

12 / 24

4 / 24

18 / 40

16 / 24

12 / 28

11 / 24

11 / 20

19 / 32

|  |

54 / 68

1974 |

8 / 12

12 / 26

13 / 36

18 / 28

9 / 27

22 / 42

23 / 32

19 / 33

15 / 24

13 / 20

20 / 32

|  |
1978 |

10 / 12

14 / 26

22 / 36

27 / 28

9 / 27

23 / 42

24 / 32

19 / 33

15 / 24

13 / 20

20 / 32

|  |
1982 |

9 / 12

19 / 26

22 / 36

22 / 28

10 / 27

24 / 42

24 / 32

20 / 33

15 / 24

13 / 20

20 / 32

|  |
1986 |

12 / 14

20 / 28

28 / 39

29 / 32

12 / 33

26 / 46

25 / 33

26 / 42

18 / 28

12 / 20

22 / 36

|  |
1990 |

12 / 14

22 / 28

0 / 39

22 / 32

12 / 33

27 / 46

25 / 33

26 / 42

18 / 28

12 / 20

21 / 36

|  |
1994 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

19 / 48

19 / 31

1995 |

13 / 15

26 / 36

6 / 43

24 / 32

12 / 33

30 / 52

28 / 38

30 / 48

20 / 32

16 / 25

25 / 40

|  |
1999 |

10 / 15

16 / 36

2 / 43

4 / 32

10 / 33

26 / 52

21 / 38

26 / 48

20 / 32

16 / 25

25 / 40

24 / 48

2004 |

12 / 15

23 / 36

21 / 45

27 / 32

14 / 40

34 / 59

31 / 42

35 / 56

22 / 36

18 / 28

33 / 56

32 / 60

2008 |

12 / 15

12 / 36

6 / 45

23 / 32

11 / 40

27 / 59

29 / 42

18 / 56

19 / 36

18 / 28

32 / 56

32 / 60

2013 |

12 / 15

19 / 36

12 / 45

17 / 32

10 / 40

30 / 59

28 / 42

12 / 56

21 / 36

17 / 28

32 / 56

31 / 60

2018 |

9 / 15

3 / 36

8 / 45

10 / 32

2 / 40

25 / 59

24 / 42

4 / 56

15 / 36

13 / 28

14 / 56

17 / 60

145 / 587

2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

14 / 73

14 / 31

2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

18 / 28

|  |  |

18 / 20

2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

33 / 56

|  |

33 / 37

2022 |

0 / 15

|  |  |  |  |

8 / 59

17 / 42

|  |  |  |  |  |

25 / 85

2023 |  |

0 / 36

1 / 45

0 / 32

2 / 40

|  |  |

2 / 56

14 / 36

|  |  |  |

19 / 108

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ belongs to the same parent company as Berita Harian and Harian Metro.
2. ^ In September 1972, the investment arm of UMNO named Fleet Holdings, which headed by Junus Sudin, bought out the Malaysian operations unit of The Straits Times Press Group (a forerunner of SPH Media), which included Berita Harian. The bought over publications were placed under the management of the New Straits Times Press, which is also the name of its main publication[1][2]
3. ^ belongs to the same parent company as the New Straits Times and Berita Harian.

## See also

[edit]

* Conservatism in Malaysia
* List of Islamic political parties

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Straits Times subsidiary". The Straits Times. 5 September 1972. p. 9. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
2. ^ "The New Straits Times Press". The Straits Times. 17 September 1972. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
3. ^ "Umno has over three million members, says secretary-general". New Straits Times. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
4. ^ Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35]. "UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as "the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else". Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the "National Front"], is multiethnic in its composition."
5. ^ Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.
6. ^ Jan Senkyr (2013). "Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 73–74. "the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party"
7. ^ Yee, Choong Pui (2 March 2012). "Malaysia's Right Wing Problem". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
8. ^ "Umno assembly grand old party dominant in all ways". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
9. ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Foundation and Goals. From: "UMNO Online - Perlembagaan". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
10. ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From:"UMNO Online - Perlembagaan". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
11. ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.3. From:"UMNO Online - Perlembagaan". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
12. ^ "Umno elections historic, ensure party remains relevant, says Zahid – Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
13. ^ "Malaysia : History | The Commonwealth".
14. ^ Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004). Sejarah Tingkatan 3, pp. 60–65, 75. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 983-62-8285-8.
15. ^ Joseph M. Fernando (18 June 2007). "The rebel in Onn Jaafar". The Star. The Malaysian Bar. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
16. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 138\. ISBN 9781576077702.
17. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 124, 135.
18. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 137–140.
19. ^ "About MIC: History" Archived 20 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 January 2006.
20. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 140.
21. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 103–107.
22. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 148, 151.
23. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 153–155.
24. ^ Ooi, Jeff (2005). "Social Contract: 'Utusan got the context wrong'" Archived 30 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 November 2005.
25. ^ Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics, p. 18. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
26. ^ Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). Malaysian Studies, p. 29. Longman. ISBN 983-74-2024-3.
27. ^ Shuid & Yunus, p. 31.
28. ^ Mathews, Philip (February 2014). Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013. Editions Didier Millet. p. 29\. ISBN 978-967-10617-4-9.
29. ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 214, 217, 220, 222, 223.
30. ^ Rahman, Tunku Abdul (1965). "A dream shattered" Archived 8 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 February 2006.
31. ^ Ooi, Jeff (2005). "Perils of the sitting duck" Archived 28 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 November 2005.
32. ^ Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, pp. 3, 5, 29. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-588988-6.
33. ^ Means, p. 6, 7.
34. ^ Means, p. 8.
35. ^ Means, pp. 11, 12.
36. ^ Means, pp. 20, 21.
37. ^ Means, pp. 20–22.
38. ^ Means, pp. 22, 23.
39. ^ Means, pp. 23–27.
40. ^ Means, pp. 29, 30.
41. ^ Means, p. 31.
42. ^ "The story behind some of Malaysia's biggest street rallies". 27 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
43. ^ Means, pp. 36, 37.
44. ^ Means, pp. 39, 40.
45. ^ Means, pp. 41, 42.
46. ^ Means, p. 201.
47. ^ a b Means, p. 202.
48. ^ Means, p. 204.
49. ^ a b Means, p. 206.
50. ^ Means, p. 205.
51. ^ a b Means, pp. 218, 219.
52. ^ Means, pp. 224, 225.
53. ^ "Terus fokus menyatukan Melayu". Utusan Online. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
54. ^ Means, pp. 224, 225, 230......
55. ^ Hanipa Maidin (19 April 2018). "Umno – apa selepas hari ini, 19 Apr 2018?" (in Malay). Malaysiakini. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
56. ^ a b Auto, Hermes (19 May 2018). "Malaysia's Umno party elections to be held by April 2019 but dissent over top posts | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
57. ^ "Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory". BBC News. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
58. ^ "Three Johor Umno reps jump to Pribumi". The Star. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
59. ^ "Kelantan Wanita Umno info chief, 50 others, jump to Pribumi". The Star. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
60. ^ "Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave". The Star. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
61. ^ "Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak steps down as Umno president and Barisan Nasional chairman". The Straits Times. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
62. ^ "Zahid to contest Umno president's post, Negeri Sembilan chief eyes deputy's seat". The Straits Times. 2 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
63. ^ "What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional?". The Malaysian Reserve. 18 September 2019.
64. ^ "MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear". New Straits Times. 30 November 2019.
65. ^ Reme Ahmad (5 December 2019). "Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional". The Straits Times.
66. ^ Adib Povera (4 March 202). "Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat". New Straits Times.
67. ^ Yiswaree Palansamy (23 February 2020). "Azmin arrives at Sheraton Hotel, first sighting since rumoured new coalition". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
68. ^ Sadho Ram (23 February 2020). "PAS, UMNO, Bersatu, Amanah And 10 PKR MPs Said To Be Forming A New Coalition Govt". SAYS. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
69. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (24 February 2020). "Malaysia's PM Mahathir Mohamad resigns amid political turmoil". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
70. ^ "Muhyiddin Yassin is Malaysia's next prime minister: Palace statement". CNA (TV network). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
71. ^ "Muhyiddin Yassin sworn in as Malaysian PM". CNA (TV network). 1 March 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
72. ^ Tan, Vincent (8 July 2021). "UMNO withdraws support for Muhyiddin Yassin's government, urges the Malaysian PM to step down". CNA (TV network). Retrieved 29 April 2022.
73. ^ Tan, Vincent; Tho, Xin Yi (3 August 2021). "Ahmad Zahid claims sufficient UMNO MPs have withdrawn support for PM Muhyiddin; energy minister quits Cabinet". CNA (TV network). Retrieved 29 April 2022.
74. ^ Anand, Ram (8 July 2021). "Umno withdraws support for Malaysia PM Muhyiddin, calls for his resignation | The Straits Times". The Straits Times. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
75. ^ "Ismail Sabri sworn in as Malaysia's ninth Prime Minister". The Star (Malaysia). 21 August 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
76. ^ a b "'End of an era' for Malaysia's Barisan Nasional, after corruption issues hurt candidates at GE15: Analysts". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
77. ^ "PRU15: Nama besar antara yang tewas". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
78. ^ "PRU15: BN kecundang di Tanjong Karang". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
79. ^ "[Rasmi] Azeez Rahim kalah kepada calon PN di Baling". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
80. ^ "PN brings BN to its knees in Perlis". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
81. ^ "GE15: Zahid retains Bagan Datuk with slim majority". 20 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
82. ^ Singh, Daljit; Smith, Anthony (2002). Southeast Asian Affairs 2002. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812301628.
83. ^ "Anti ICERD rally: So, what's the estimate?". New Straits Times. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
84. ^ "PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8 - Malaysiakini". Malaysiakini. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
85. ^ "Govt not ratifying ICERD - The Star Online". The Star Online. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
86. ^ "Govt not ratifying ICERD - The Star Online". The Star Online. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
87. ^ "Rave reviews for 12MP, but Ismail Sabri's Bumi focus splits opinions". The Vibes. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
88. ^ Anand, Ram (29 September 2021). "Malaysian PM Ismail's push on bumiputera equity faces criticism in country". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
89. ^ "The 12th Malaysia Plan and what people think of it". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
90. ^ "Former minister calls govt's Bumi equity safety net 'suicidal', claims Malay businessmen not keen". malaysia.news.yahoo.com. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
91. ^ "History of Wanita UMNO". UMNO Malaysia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
92. ^ "History of Puteri UMNO". UMNO Malaysia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021.

## Sources

[edit]

* Chin, J (2018) From Ketuanan Melayu to Ketuanan Islam: UMNO and the Malaysian Chinese
* Welsh, B (ed). (2016) The End of UMNO?: Essays on Malaysia's dominant party
* Chin, James. (1999) "Going East: UMNO's entry into Sabah Politics". Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol 7, No 1 (June) 1999, pp. 20–40.
* Goh, Jenny (23 July 1997). "Small spark can create big mess". Straits Times.
* Kamarudin, Raja Petra (7 November 2005). "The stuff politicians are made of". Malaysia Today.
* Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Today.
* Ibrahim Mahmood (1981) Sejarah Perjuangan UMNO, Penerbitan Antara Kuala Lumpur
* "Pro-government Malaysian rally raises worry about ethnic tension – SWI swissinfo.ch". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to UMNO.

* Library resources in your library and in other libraries about United Malays National Organisation
* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Barisan Nasional

Chairman of Advisor Council|

Najib Razak

Chairman|

* Ahmad Zahid Hamidi

Deputy Chairman|

* Mohamad Hasan

Vice-Chairman|

* Wee Ka Siong
* Vigneswaran Sanasee
* Joseph Kurup

Secretary-General|

* Ahmad Maslan

Treasurer-General|

* Hishammuddin Hussein

Women Chief|

* Noraini Ahmad

Youth Chief|

* Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki

Parties|

| United Malays National
Organisation (UMNO)|

* Deputy President: Mohamad Hasan
* Secretary-General: Ahmad Maslan
* Women Chief: Noraini Ahmad
* Youth Chief: Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki
* Puteri Chief: Zahida Zarik Khan

|

Malaysian Chinese
Association (MCA)|

* Deputy President: Mah Hang Soon (Deputy President)
* Secretary-General: Chong Sin Woon
* Women Chief: Heng Seai Kie
* Youth Chief: Nicole Wong Siaw Ting

Malaysian Indian
Congress (MIC)|

* Deputy President: Devamany S. Krishnasamy
* Secretary-General: M. Asojan
* Women Chief: Mohana Muniandy
* Youth Chief: Thinalan Rajagopalu

Parti Bersatu
Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)|

* Deputy President: Arthur Joseph Kurup
* Secretary-General: Richard Mosinal Kastum
* Women Chief: Zainon Hj. Kayum
* Youth Chief: Edwin Laimin

State Chairmen|

* Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
* Johor: Hasni Mohammad (UMNO)
* Kedah: Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
* Kelantan: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
* Malacca: Ab Rauf Yusoh (UMNO)
* Negeri Sembilan: Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
* Pahang: Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (UMNO)
* Perak: Saarani Mohammad (UMNO)
* Perlis: Azlan Man (UMNO)
* Sabah: Bung Moktar Radin (UMNO)
* Selangor: Noh Omar (UMNO)
* Penang: Musa Sheikh Fadzir (UMNO)
* Terengganu: Idris Jusoh (UMNO)

State Governments|

| Menteri Besar of Perlis|

* Azlan Man

|

Menteri Besar of Perak|

* Saarani Mohammad

Menteri Besar of Pahang|

* Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail

Chief Minister of Malacca|

* Sulaiman Md Ali

Menteri Besar of Johor|

* Onn Hafiz Ghazi

Cabinet|

* Rahman (I · II · III · IV)
* Razak (I · II)
* Hussein (I · II)
* Mahathir (I · II · III · IV · V · VI)
* Abdullah (I · II · III)
* Najib (I · II)

* Parti Perikatan
* List of political parties in Malaysia
* Malaysian general election
* Politics of Malaysia

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Malaysia

Parties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State Assemblies

| Pakatan Harapan (PH)|

* Democratic Action Party (DAP)
* People's Justice Party (PKR)
* National Trust Party (AMANAH)
* United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)

|

Barisan Nasional (BN)|

* United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
* Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
* Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
* Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)

Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)|

* United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)
* Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)
* Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)
* Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)
* United Sabah Party (PBS)
* Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR)
* Love Sabah Party (PCS)
* Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)
* Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
* Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)
* Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)

Other parties|

* Heritage Party (WARISAN)
* Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)
* Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)
* Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)
* Independent

Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies

| Friends of Barisan Nasional|

* Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)
* Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)
* Love Malaysia Party (PCM)
* All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)
* Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)
* Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)
* Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)*
* Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)

|

Perikatan Nasional (PN)|

* Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)|

* United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)
* Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA)|

* Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)
* Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)
* Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)

Other parties|

* Malaysian Indian People’s Party
* Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)
* Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
* Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
* People's Alternative Party (PAP)
* Malaysian Hope Party (PHM)
* Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)
* Socialist Alternative (SA)*
* Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
* Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
* Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)
* People's Welfare Party (KITA)
* Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)
* Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)
* Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)
* Penang Front Party (PFP)
* Malaysian United Party (MUP)
* Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)
* Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)
* Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)
* Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)
* Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)
* Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)
* Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)
* Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)
* Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)
* Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)
* Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)
* Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)
* Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)
* Malaysian National Party (PNM)
* Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)
* Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)
* People First Party (URPARTI)
* Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)
* Barisan Penyatuan Nasional
* Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)
* Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)
* Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)
* Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S)
* Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)

Defunct parties and coalition

| Defunct coalitions|

* All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)
* Labour Front (LF)
* Socialist Front (SF)
* Alliance Party (AP)
* Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)
* Barisan Sabah
* Kumpulan Maju (MAJU)
* Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)
* Gagasan Rakyat (GR)
* Barisan Alternatif (BA)
* Pakatan Rakyat (PR)

|

Defunct former parliamentary parties|

* Malayan Party (MP)
* Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
* Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)
* Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)
* Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)
* National Party (Negara)
* Labour Party of Malaya (Lab)
* National Convention Party (NCP)
* Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)
* Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)
* Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)
* Semangat 46 (S46)
* United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)
* United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)
* United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)
* Sabah National Party (SANAP)
* Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)
* Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
* People's Justice Front (AKAR)
* Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)
* United Democratic Party (UDP)
* Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)
* Muslim League of Malaya (ML)
* National Association of Perak (NAP)
* Radical Party (RADICAL)
* Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)
* Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
* Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
* Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)
* Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)
* Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)
* Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)
* United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)
* Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)

Other defunct parties|

* Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)
* Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist)
* Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)
* North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)
* Selangor Labour Party (SLP)
* Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)
* Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)
* Social Democratic Party (SDP)
* Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)
* Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)
* Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)
* Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)
* Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT)
* United People's Party (1976) (UPP)
* United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)
* Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)
* United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)
* Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)
* Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)
* Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)
* Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)
* Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)
* Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)
* Sabah Chinese Party (PCS)
* Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)
* Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)
* Sabah People's Party (PRS)
* Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)
* United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)
* Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)
* Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)
* Community Coalition Congress (CCC)
* Sabah People's Front (SPF)
* Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)
* Human Rights Party (HRP)
* Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)
* Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)

* denotes non-registered parties

* Politics of Malaysia
* Politics portal
* List of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency

Portals:

* Malaysia
* Politics

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Australia
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template