United States Census Bureau

U.S. agency responsible for the census and related statistics

"USCB" redirects here. For the American college, see University of South Carolina Beaufort.

United States Census Bureau

Agency overview
Formed| July 1, 1902; 123 years ago (1902-07-01)
Headquarters| Suitland, Maryland, U.S.
Agency executives|

* Vacant, Director
* Ron S. Jarmin, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

Parent agency| U.S. Department of Commerce
Website| census.gov

The United States Census Bureau, officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. federal statistical system, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The U.S. Census Bureau is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the president of the United States. Currently, Ron S. Jarmin is the acting director of the U.S. Census Bureau.[1]

The Census Bureau's primary mission is conducting the U.S. census every ten years, which allocates the seats of the U.S. House of Representatives to the states based on their population.[2] The bureau's various censuses and surveys help allocate over $675 billion in federal funds every year and it assists states, local communities, and businesses in making informed decisions.[3][4][5] The information provided by the census informs decisions on where to build and maintain schools, hospitals, transportation infrastructure, and police and fire departments.[5]

In addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts over 130 surveys and programs a year,[6] including the American Community Survey, the U.S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey.[2] The U.S. Economic Census occurs every five years and reports on American business and the American economy in order to plan business decisions.[7] Furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau.

## Legal mandate

[edit]

Census headquarters in Suitland, Maryland

Article One of the United States Constitution (section II) directs the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College. The Census Bureau now conducts a full population count every ten years in years ending with a zero and uses the term "decennial" to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections.[8]

In addition, census data directly affects how more than $400 billion per year in federal and state funding is allocated to communities for neighborhood improvements, public health, education, transportation and more.[9] The Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations: the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code.

The Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as "demographic surveys" and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial (10-year) population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts economic surveys of manufacturing, retail, service, and other establishments and of domestic governments.

From 1790 through 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts.[10][11] The Census Act of 1840 established a central office[12] which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals. In 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their subordinate role in the department.[13]

An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every two years and agriculture censuses every 10 years.[14] In 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 census.[14] In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the U.S. Code.[15]

By law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U.S. president by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year.

## Data collection

[edit]

U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions

### Census regions and divisions

[edit]

The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[16] The Census Bureau regions are "widely used...for data collection and analysis".[17] The Census Bureau definition is pervasive.[18][19][20] The territories are not included, but the District of Columbia is.

Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau:[21][22]

U.S. Census Bureau Regional Divisions  Region | Division | States

|
|

Northeast | New England |  Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Mid-Atlantic |  New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Midwest | East North Central |  Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
West North Central |  Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
South | South Atlantic |  Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
East South Central |  Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee
West South Central |  Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
West | Mountain |  Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Pacific |  Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington

#### History

[edit]

The first census was collected in 1790 and published in 1791.[10] It was 56 pages and cost $44,377.28.[10]

The current system was introduced for the 1910 census, but other ways of grouping states were used historically by the Census Bureau. The first of these was introduced after the 1850 census by statistician and later census superintendent J. D. B. De Bow. He published a compendium where the states and territories were grouped into five "great divisions", namely the Middle, New England, the Northwestern, the Southern, and the Southwestern great divisions. Unsatisfied with this system, De Bow devised another one four years later, with states and territories grouped into an Eastern, Interior, and Western "great section", each divided into a northern and southern half called "divisions".

In the following decades, several other systems were used, until the current one was introduced in 1910. This system has seen only minor changes: New Mexico and Arizona were both added to the Mountain division upon statehood in 1912, the North region was divided into a Northeast and a North Central region in 1940, Alaska and Hawaii were both added to the Pacific division upon statehood in 1959, and the North Central region was renamed the Midwest in 1984.[23]

### Uses of census data

[edit]

Many federal, state, local and tribal governments use census data to:[24]

* Decide the location of new housing and public facilities,
* Examine the demographic characteristics of communities, states, and the US,
* Plan transportation systems and roadways,
* Determine quotas and creation of police and fire precincts, and
* Create localized areas for elections, schools, utilities, etc.
* Gathers population information every 10 years

Census data is used to determine how seats of Congress are distributed to states.[24] Census data is not used to determine or define race genetically, biologically or anthropologically.[25] The census data is also used by the Bureau to obtain a real-time estimate in U.S. and World Population Clock.[26] Only peoples whose live in the 50 states and within the District of Columbia are included in the estimation.[27]

### Data stewardship

[edit]

The United States Census Bureau is committed to confidentiality and guarantees non-disclosure of any addresses or personal information related to individuals or establishments. Title 13 of the U.S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information. All census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. This non-disclosure states "I will not disclose any information contained in the schedules, lists, or statements obtained for or prepared by the Census Bureau to any person or persons either during or after employment."[28] The punishment for breaking the non-disclosure is a fine up to $250,000 or five years in prison.

The bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone, including the United States or foreign governments, or law enforcement agencies such as the IRS or the FBI or Interpol. "Providing quality data, for public good—while respecting individual privacy and, at the same time, protecting confidentiality—is the Census Bureau's core responsibility"; "Keeping the public's trust is critical to the Census's ability to carry out the mission as the leading source of quality data about the Nation's people and economy."[29] Only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public.[30] Seventy-two years was picked because usually by 72 years since the census is taken, most participants would be deceased.[30]

Despite these guarantees of confidentiality, the Census Bureau has some history of disclosures to other government agencies. In 1918, the Census Bureau released individual information regarding several hundred young men to the Justice Department and Selective Service system for the purpose of prosecutions for draft evasion.[31][32] During World War II, the United States Census Bureau assisted the government's Japanese American internment efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on Japanese-Americans. The bureau's role was denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007.[33][34]

United States census data are valuable for the country's political parties; Democrats and Republicans are highly interested in knowing the accurate number of persons in their respective districts.[35] These insights are often linked to financial and economic strategies that are central to federal, state and city investments for locations of particular populations.[36] Such apportionments are designed to distribute political power across neutral spatial allocations; however, "because so much is at stake, the census also runs the risk of being politicized."[37]

Such political tensions highlight the complexity of identity and classification; some argue that unclear results from the population data "is due to distortions brought about by political pressures."[38] One frequently used example includes ambiguous ethnic counts, which often involves underenumeration and/or undercounting of minority populations.[38] Ideas about race, ethnicity and identity have also evolved in the United States, and such changes warrant examination of how these shifts have impacted the accuracy of census data over time.[39]

The United States Census Bureau began pursuing technological innovations to improve the precision of its census data collection in the 1980s. Robert W. Marx, the Chief of the Geography Division of the USCB, teamed up with the U.S. Geological Survey and oversaw the creation of the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) database system.[40] Census officials were able to evaluate the more sophisticated and detailed results that the TIGER system produced; furthermore, TIGER data is also available to the public. And while the TIGER system does not directly amass demographic data, as a geographic information system (GIS), it can be used to merge demographics to conduct more accurate geospatial and mapping analysis.[41]

In July 2019, the Census Bureau stopped releasing new data via American FactFinder, which was decommissioned in March 2020 after 20 years of being the agency's primary tool for data dissemination.[42] The new platform is data.census.gov.[43]

### Ongoing surveys

[edit]

A social media video from the Census Bureau explaining how to use data.census.gov, an online platform that enables the public to search and use data from their Bureau's surveys.

Throughout the decade between censuses, the bureau conducts surveys to produce a general view and comprehensive study of the United States' social and economic conditions. Staff from the Current Surveys Program conduct over 130 ongoing and special surveys about people and their characteristics.[44] A network of professional field representatives gathers information from a sample of households, responding to questions about employment, consumer expenditures, health, housing, and other topics.

Surveys conducted between decades:

* American Community Survey
* American Housing Survey
* Consumer Expenditure Survey
* Census of Governments
* Current Population Survey
* Economic Census
* National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey[45]
* National Health Interview Survey
* National Hospital Care Survey[46]
* National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
* National Crime Victimization Survey
* National Nursing Home Survey[47]
* Survey of Income and Program Participation
* Survey of Construction[48]
* Survey of Market Absorption[49]
* Survey of Program Dynamics[50]
* National Longitudinal Survey
* National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, & Wildlife-Associated Recreation[51]
* Residential Finance Survey[52]
* National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol Related Conditions
* Annual Retail Trade Survey[53]
* Annual Wholesale Trade Survey[54]
* Annual and Quarterly Services Surveys

### Other surveys conducted

[edit]

The Census Bureau also collects information on behalf of survey sponsors. These sponsors include the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and the National Science Foundation (NSF), among others.

## Organizational structure

[edit]

See also: Director of the United States Census Bureau

U.S. Census Bureau Regional Office boundaries

Since 1903, the official census-taking agency of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Census Bureau is headed by a director, assisted by a deputy director and an executive staff composed of the associate directors.

The Census Bureau headquarters has been in Suitland, Maryland, since 1942. A new headquarters complex completed there in 2007 supports over 4,000 employees.[55] The bureau operates regional offices in six cities:[56] New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles. The National Processing Center is in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Additional temporary processing facilities facilitate the decennial census, which employs more than a million people. The cost of the 2000 census was $4.5 billion. During the years just prior to the decennial census, parallel census offices, known as "Regional Census Centers" are opened in the field office cities. The decennial operations are carried out from these facilities. The Regional Census Centers oversee the openings and closings of smaller "Area Census Offices" within their collection jurisdictions. In 2020, Regional Census Centers oversaw the operation of 248 Area Census Offices,[57] The estimated cost of the 2010 census is $14.7 billion.

On January 1, 2013, the Census Bureau consolidated its twelve regional offices into six. Increasing costs of data collection, changes in survey management tools such as laptops and the increasing use of multi-modal surveys (i.e. internet, telephone, and in-person) led the Bureau to consolidate.[58] The six regional offices that closed were Boston, Charlotte, Dallas, Detroit, Kansas City and Seattle. The remaining regional offices are New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles.[59]

The Census Bureau also runs the Census Information Center cooperative program that involves 58 "national, regional, and local non-profit organizations". The CIC program aims to represent the interests of underserved communities.[60]

## Computer equipment

[edit]

Census Bureau employees tabulate data using one of the agency's UNIVAC computers, c. 1960.

The 1890 census was the first to use the electric tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith.[61][62] For 1890–1940 details, see Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890–1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs. U.S. GPO. In 1946, knowing of the bureau's funding of Hollerith and, later, Powers, John Mauchly approached the bureau about early funding for UNIVAC development.[63] A UNIVAC I computer was accepted by the bureau in 1951.[64]

## Handheld computers

[edit]

Historically, the census information was gathered by census takers going door-to-door collecting information in a ledger. Beginning in 1970 information was gathered via mailed forms. To reduce paper usage, reduce payroll expense and acquire the most comprehensive list of addresses ever compiled, 500,000 handheld computers (HHCs) (specifically designed, single-purpose devices) were used for the first time in 2009 during the address canvassing portion of the 2010 Decennial Census Project. Projected savings were estimated to be over $1 billion.[65][66][67]

### Security precautions

[edit]

Main article: Device fingerprint

The HHC was manufactured by Harris Corporation, an established Department of Defense contractor, via a controversial[68][69] contract with the Department of Commerce. Secured access via a fingerprint swipe guaranteed only the verified user could access the unit. A GPS capacity was integral to the daily address management and the transfer of gathered information. Of major importance was the security and integrity of the populace's private information.

### Success and failure

[edit]

Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves, President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of problems but very little criticism of the units.[68] In rural areas, the sparsity of cell phone towers caused problems with data transmission to and from the HHC. Since the units were updated nightly with important changes and updates, operator implementation of proper procedure was imperative.

## Research studies

[edit]

Census Bureau stays current by conducting research studies to improve the work that they do. Census researchers explore topics about survey innovations, participation, and data accuracy, such as undercount,[70] overcount,[71] the use of technologies,[72] multilingual research,[73] and ways to reduce costs. In addition, the Bureau pretests surveys and digital products before they are fielded and then evaluates them after they have been conducted.[74]

## Notable figures

[edit]

* John Shaw Billings
* Rattan Chand
* W. Edwards Deming
* Davis Rich Dewey
* Halbert L. Dunn
* Murray Feshbach
* Robert Groves
* Henry Gannett
* Morris H. Hansen
* Joseph Adna Hill
* Herman Hollerith
* Leslie Kish
* John Wesley Langley
* Bernard Malamud
* Thomas Commerford Martin
* Warren Mitofsky
* Ivan Petrof
* Cyrus Guernsey Pringle
* Richard M. Scammon
* Howard Sutherland

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* North America portal
* United States portal

* List of U.S. states and territories by population
* List of metropolitan statistical areas
* List of United States cities by population
* List of United States counties and county equivalents
* United States Office of Management and Budget
* Primary statistical area (list)
* Combined statistical area (list)
* Core-based statistical area (list)
* Metropolitan statistical area (list)
* Micropolitan statistical area (list)
* List of United States urban areas
* Title 13 of the United States Code
* Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations
* Director of the United States Census Bureau
* Data.gov
* USAFacts
* Statistical Abstract of the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". U.S. Department of Commerce. March 11, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
2. ^ a b USCB DOC-D1026 QVC Manual 01/03/09
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4. ^ "US Census Bureau StEPS II Case Study". BNL Consulting. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
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12. ^ "History: 1840". US Census Bureau. November 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
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27. ^ "Population Clock". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
28. ^ "Oath of Non-Disclosure". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
29. ^ Census Employee Handbook (PDF), April 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2012
30. ^ a b "72-Year Rule". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
31. ^ Okamura, Raymond Y. (Fall–Winter 1981), "The Myth of Census Confidentiality", Amerasia Journal, 8 (2), UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press: 111–120, doi:10.17953/amer.8.2.jk115283m54v4313, ISSN 0044-7471, archived from the original on July 1, 2012
32. ^ David Kopel (May 4, 1990), Census Confidentiality? The Check's in the Mail, Cato Institute, archived from the original on August 5, 2020, retrieved February 9, 2020
33. ^ JR Minkel (March 30, 2007), "Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II", Scientific American, archived from the original on August 29, 2013, retrieved March 20, 2010
34. ^ Haya El Nasser (March 30, 2007), "Papers show Census role in WWII camps", USA Today, archived from the original on August 26, 2012, retrieved September 17, 2017
35. ^ Nobles, Melissa (2000). Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. ix. ISBN 9780804740135.
36. ^ Breiman, Leo (1994). "The 1991 Census Adjustment: Undercount or Bad Data?". Statist. Sci. 9 (4): 458–475\. doi:10.1214/ss/1177010259.
37. ^ Anderson, Margo; Fienberg, Stephen (1999). Who Counts?: The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 17\. ISBN 978-1-61044-005-9. JSTOR 10.7758/9781610440059.
38. ^ a b Petersen, William (1987). "Politics and the Measurement of Ethnicity". In Alonso, William; Starr, Paul (eds.). The Politics of Numbers. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 187–234. ISBN 978-1-61044-002-8.
39. ^ Ahmad, Farah; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). "Government collection of race and ethnicity data". Center for American Progress. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
40. ^ "Memorials and Tributes: Robert W. Marx". American Association of Geographers Newsletter. Vol. 45, no. 3\. p. 14\. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
41. ^ Ostenso, John (1991). "The Statistics Corner: More New Products from the Census Bureau". Business Economics. 26 (4): 62–64\. JSTOR 23485837.
42. ^ "American FactFinder Is Retiring March 31" (Press release). U.S. Census Bureau. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
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44. ^ "List of All Surveys". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
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50. ^ "Survey of Program Dynamics". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
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54. ^ "Annual Wholesale Trade Survey (AWTS)". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
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61. ^ "Herman Hollerith". Archived from the original on July 13, 2009.
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63. ^ Stern, Nancy (1981). From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press. ISBN 978-0-932376-14-5.
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71. ^ Sha, Mandy. "Success of Applying Census Residence Rule to Resolve Duplication". Census Working Papers. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
72. ^ Nichols, Elizabeth. "Use of Mobile Phone Location Data in Official Statistics". Census Working Papers. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
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## External links

[edit]

United States Census Bureau at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity

* United States Census Bureau
* Census Bureau in the Federal Register
* USCB population estimates
* USCB History
* U.S. and World Population Clocks – POPClocks
* Geographic Areas Reference Manual
* Works by United States Census Bureau at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about United States Census Bureau at the Internet Archive
* Works by United States Census Bureau at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

72-year rule

* PDF of Availability of Census Records About Individuals
* PDF of Letter from Census Bureau Director, Roy V. Peel to Archivist of the United States, Wayne C. Grover, concerning the 72-year lapse between collection and release of decennial census records
* PDF of Letter from Archivist of the United States, Wayne C. Grover to Census Bureau Director Roy V. Peel, in reply to Peel's August 1952 letter

* v
* t
* e

United States censuses

Century|

| 18th|

* 1790
* 1800

|

19th|

* 1810
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* 1870
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* 1890
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20th|

* 1910
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* 1930
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21st|

* 2010
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* United States Census Bureau
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* v
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* e

United States Department of Commerce

* Headquarters: Herbert C. Hoover Building

* Howard Lutnick, Secretary of Commerce
* Jeremy Pelter, Acting Deputy Secretary of Commerce

Deputy Secretary of Commerce|

* Economic Development Administration
* National Technical Information Service
* Minority Business Development Agency
* National Telecommunications and Information Administration

Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs|

* Bureau of the Census
* Federal Audit Clearinghouse
* Bureau of Economic Analysis

Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security|

* Bureau of Industry and Security
* Office of Export Enforcement

Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property|

* United States Patent and Trademark Office

Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade|

* International Trade Administration
* Commercial Service

Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere|

* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
* Marine Fisheries Service
* Ocean Service
* Weather Service
* Marine & Aviation Operations
* Oceanic & Atmospheric Research

Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology|

* National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Federal Statistical System of the United States

Principal agencies|

* Census Bureau
* Bureau of Labor Statistics
* National Center for Education Statistics
* National Agricultural Statistics Service
* National Center for Health Statistics
* Energy Information Administration
* Bureau of Economic Analysis
* Economic Research Service
* Bureau of Justice Statistics
* National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation)
* Statistics of Income Division (Internal Revenue Service)
* Bureau of Transportation Statistics
* Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics (Social Security Administration)

Other agencies|

* Economics and Statistics Administration
* Office of Immigration Statistics
* HUD USER

As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the principal agencies of the Federal Statistical System have statistical activities as their core mission and conduct much of the government’s statistical work.

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Regions of the United States

Administrative|

| Units|

* U.S. state
* District of Columbia
* Territory
* Insular area
* Minor Outlying Island
* Tribal domestic dependent nations
* Maritime territory

|

Time zones|

* Chamorro
* Samoa
* Hawaii–Aleutian
* Alaska
* Pacific
* Mountain
* Central
* Eastern
* Atlantic

Census|

* West
* Pacific
* Mountain
* Midwest
* E N Central
* W N Central
* Northeast
* New England
* Middle Atlantic
* South
* S Atlantic
* E S Central
* W S Central

Courts of
appeals

* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th
* 7th
* 8th
* 9th
* 10th
* 11th

Physical|

| Physiographic|

* Pacific Mountain
* Intermontane Plateaus
* Rocky Mountains
* Laurentian Upland
* Interior Plains
* Interior Highlands
* Appalachian Highlands
* Atlantic Plain
* Tidewater

|

Coastal|

* Arctic
* West
* Great Lakes
* Gulf
* East

Historical|

Acquisitions

* Thirteen Colonies
* Northwest Territory
* Southwest Territory
* Louisiana Purchase
* Gadsden Purchase
* Treaty of 1818
* Adams–Onís Treaty
* Texas annexation
* Oregon Treaty
* Mexican Cession
* Alaska Purchase
* Newlands Resolution
* Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
* Cession of Tutuila
* Cession of Manu'a
* Annexation of the Indian Territory
* Treaty of the Danish West Indies
* Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands

|

Civil War|

* Union
* Border states
* Confederacy
* Old South
* Dixie
* Slave states and free states

Divided|

* Atlantic Northeast
* The Californias
* Columbia District
* Oregon Country
* Pacific Northwest
* Prairie Pothole
* Samoan Islands
* Sonoran Desert
* Virgin Islands

Other|

* Appalachia
* Central
* Eastern
* Four Corners
* Great Plains
* High Plains
* Intermountain
* International border states
* Mariana Islands
* Northern
* Northwestern
* Cascadia
* Red states and blue states
* Southeastern
* Southern
* Deep
* Mid
* New
* Solid
* Upland
* Southwestern
* Upper Midwest
* Western

* List
* Category
* Commons

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United States census topics

Regions|

* Division
* State
* Federal District
* Insular area
* American Samoa
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* United States Virgin Islands
* ZIP Code Tabulation Area

Native areas|

* Alaska Native corporation
* Indian colony
* Indian reservation
* list
* Hawaiian home land
* Off-reservation trust land
* Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area

Metropolitan|

* Statistical area
* Combined statistical area
* Core-based statistical area
* list
* Metropolitan statistical area
* Micropolitan statistical area
* New England city and town area
* Urban area

State-level|

* Congressional district
* County
* list
* Alaska census area
* Independent city
* Municipio
* Place
* Census-designated
* Public use microdata area
* School district
* lists
* State legislative district
* Urban growth area

County-level|

* Census county division
* Minor civil division
* Traffic analysis zone
* Voting district

Local|

* Block
* Block group
* Tract

History|

* Race and ethnicity in the United States census
* State censuses in the United States of America
* List of U.S. states by historical population

* Census Bureau
* Office of Management and Budget

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* 2
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Trove

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* 2
* Yale LUX

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