United States Code

Codification of U.S. federal statutes

Not to be confused with the CFR, the Code of Federal Regulations, which represents regulatory law, not statutory law.

"U.S.C." redirects here. For other uses of this acronym, see USC (disambiguation).

The Code of Laws of the United States of America

Obverse of the Great Seal

Editor| Office of the Law Revision Counsel
Publisher| Government Publishing Office
OCLC| 2368380
Text| The Code of Laws of the United States of America at Wikisource
This article is part of a series on the

United States Code

United States Code

* Title 1 \- General Provisions
* Title 2 \- The Congress
* Title 3 \- The President
* Title 4 \- Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States
* Title 5 \- Government Organization and Employees
* Title 6 \- Domestic Security
* Title 7 \- Agriculture
* Title 8 \- Aliens and Nationality
* Title 9 \- Arbitration
* Title 10 \- Armed Forces
* Title 11 \- Bankruptcy
* Title 12 \- Banks and Banking
* Title 13 \- Census
* Title 14 \- Coast Guard
* Title 15 \- Commerce and Trade
* Title 16 \- Conservation
* Title 17 \- Copyrights
* Title 18 \- Crimes and Criminal Procedure
* Title 19 \- Customs Duties
* Title 20 \- Education
* Title 21 \- Food and Drugs
* Title 22 \- Foreign Relations and Intercourse
* Title 23 \- Highways
* Title 24 \- Hospitals and Asylums
* Title 25 \- Indians
* Title 26 \- Internal Revenue Code
* Title 27 \- Intoxicating Liquors
* Title 28 \- Judiciary and Judicial Procedure
* Title 29 \- Labor
* Title 30 \- Mineral Lands and Mining
* Title 31 \- Money and Finance
* Title 32 \- National Guard
* Title 33 \- Navigation and Navigable Waters
* Title 34 \- Crime Control and Law Enforcement
* Title 35 \- Patents
* Title 36 \- Patriotic Societies and Observances
* Title 37 \- Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services
* Title 38 \- Veterans' Benefits
* Title 39 \- Postal Service
* Title 40 \- Public Buildings, Properties, and Works
* Title 41 \- Public Contracts
* Title 42 \- The Public Health and Welfare
* Title 43 \- Public Lands
* Title 44 \- Public Printing and Documents
* Title 45 \- Railroads
* Title 46 \- Shipping
* Title 47 \- Telecommunications
* Title 48 \- Territories and Insular Possessions
* Title 49 \- Transportation
* Title 50 \- War and National Defense
* Title 51 \- National and Commercial Space Programs
* Title 52 \- Voting and Elections
* Title 53 \- [Reserved]
* Title 54 \- National Park Service and Related Programs

United States portal

* v
* t
* e

A few volumes of the official 2012 edition of the United States Code

The United States Code (formally The Code of Laws of the United States of America)[1] is the official codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States.[2] It contains 53 titles, which are organized into numbered sections.[3][4]

The U.S. Code is published by the U.S. House of Representatives' Office of the Law Revision Counsel. New editions are published every six years, with cumulative supplements issued each year.[2][5][6] The official version of these laws appears in the United States Statutes at Large, a chronological, uncodified compilation.

## Codification

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### Process

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The official text of an Act of Congress is that of the "enrolled bill" (traditionally printed on parchment) presented to the president for his signature or disapproval. Upon enactment of a law, the original bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) within the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).[7] After authorization from the OFR,[8] copies are distributed as "slip laws" (as unbound, individually paginated pamphlets) by the Government Publishing Office (GPO).[9] The OFR assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States Statutes at Large. By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is "legal evidence" of the laws enacted by Congress.[10] Slip laws are also competent evidence.[11]

The Statutes at Large, however, is not a convenient tool for legal research. It is arranged strictly in chronological order; statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes, and are not consolidated with later amendments.[12] Statutes often repeal or amend earlier laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time.[2]

The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, and eliminating expired and amended sections. The Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC) of the U.S. House of Representatives.[2] The LRC determines which statutes in the United States Statutes at Large should be codified, and which existing statutes are affected by amendments or repeals, or have simply expired by their own terms. The LRC updates the Code accordingly.

Because of this codification approach, a single named statute (like the Taft–Hartley Act or the Embargo Act) may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem; those provisions often fall in different logical areas of the Code. For example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7 (Agriculture), Title 26 (Tax), and Title 43 (Public Lands). When the Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles. Traces of this process are generally found in the Notes accompanying the "lead section" associated with the popular name, and in cross-reference tables that identify Code sections corresponding to particular Acts of Congress.

Usually, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted; however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC (for instance, the phrase "the date of enactment of this Act" is replaced by the actual date). Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law.[13]

### Legal status

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The authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in the Code. For example, the United States Code omitted 12 U.S.C. § 92 for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in U.S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, the Supreme Court ruled that 12 U.S.C. § 92 was still valid law.[14]

A positive law title is a title that is itself a federal statute, that is to say that it is one that has been enacted and codified into law by the United States Congress. The title itself has been enacted. By contrast, a non-positive law title is a title that has not been codified into federal law, and is instead merely an editorial compilation of individually enacted federal statutes. [15]

By law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are "prima facie evidence"[16] of the law in effect. The United States Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority. If a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. In case of a conflict between the text of the Statutes at Large and the text of a provision of the United States Code that has not been enacted as positive law, the text of the Statutes at Large takes precedence.

In contrast, if Congress enacts a particular title (or other component) of the Code into positive law, the enactment repeals all of the previous Acts of Congress from which that title of the Code derives; in their place, Congress gives the title of the Code itself the force of law. This process makes that title of the United States Code "legal evidence"[17] of the law in force. Where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress.[18]

The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate. The United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat. On a day-to-day basis, very few lawyers cross-reference the Code to the Statutes at Large. Attempting to capitalize on the possibility that the text of the United States Code can differ from the United States Statutes at Large, Bancroft-Whitney for many years published a series of volumes known as United States Code Service (USCS), which used the actual text of the United States Statutes at Large; the series is now published by the Michie Company after Bancroft-Whitney parent Thomson Corporation divested the title as a condition of acquiring West.

### Uncodified statutes

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Only "general and permanent" laws are codified in the United States Code; the Code does not usually include provisions that apply only to a limited number of people (a private law) or for a limited time, such as most appropriation acts or budget laws, which apply only for a single fiscal year. If these limited provisions are significant, however, they may be printed as "notes" underneath related sections of the Code. The codification is based on the content of the laws, however, not the vehicle by which they are adopted; so, for instance, if an appropriations act contains substantive, permanent provisions (as is sometimes the case), these provisions will be incorporated into the Code even though they were adopted as part of a non-permanent enactment.[19]

## Versions and history

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### Early compilations

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Early efforts at codifying the Acts of Congress were undertaken by private publishers; these were useful shortcuts for research purposes, but had no official status. Congress undertook an official codification called the Revised Statutes of the United States approved June 22, 1874, for the laws in effect as of December 1, 1873. Congress re-enacted a corrected version in 1878. The 1874 version of the Revised Statutes were enacted as positive law, but the 1878 version was not and subsequent enactments of Congress were not incorporated into the official code, so that over time researchers once again had to delve through many volumes of the Statutes at Large.

According to the preface to the Code, "From 1897 to 1907 a commission was engaged in an effort to codify the great mass of accumulating legislation. The work of the commission involved an expenditure of over $300,000, but was never carried to completion." Only the Criminal Code of 1909 and the Judicial Code of 1911 were enacted. In the absence of a comprehensive official code, private publishers once again collected the more recent statutes into unofficial codes. The first edition of the United States Code (published as Statutes at Large Volume 44, Part 1) includes cross-reference tables between the USC and two of these unofficial codes, United States Compiled Statutes Annotated by West Publishing Co. and Federal Statutes Annotated by Edward Thompson Co.

### Official code

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During the 1920s, some members of Congress revived the codification project, resulting in the approval of the United States Code by Congress in 1926.[20]

The official version of the Code is published by the LRC (Office of the Law Revision Counsel) as a series of paper volumes. The first edition of the Code was contained in a single bound volume; today, it spans several large volumes. Normally, a new edition of the Code is issued every six years, with annual cumulative supplements identifying the changes made by Congress since the last "main edition" was published.[6]

The official code was last printed in 2018.

### Digital and Internet versions

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Both the LRC and the GPO offer electronic versions of the Code to the public. The LRC electronic version used to be as much as 18 months behind current legislation, but as of 2014 it is one of the most current versions available online. The United States Code is available from the LRC at uscode.house.gov in both HTML and XML bulk formats.[21][22] The "United States Legislative Markup" (USLM) schema of the XML was designed to be consistent with the Akoma Ntoso project (from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) XML schema,[23] and the OASIS LegalDocML technical committee standard will be based upon Akoma Ntoso.[24]

A number of other online versions are freely available, such as Cornell's Legal Information Institute.

### Annotated codes

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Practicing lawyers who can afford them almost always use an annotated version of the Code from a private company. The two leading annotated versions are the United States Code Annotated, abbreviated as USCA, and the United States Code Service, abbreviated as USCS.[25] The USCA is published by West (part of Thomson Reuters), and USCS is published by LexisNexis (part of Reed Elsevier), which purchased the publication from the Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co. in 1997 as a result of an antitrust settlement when the parent of Lawyers Co-operative Publishing acquired West.[26] These annotated versions contain notes following each section of the law, which organize and summarize court decisions, law review articles, and other authorities that pertain to the code section, and may also include uncodified provisions that are part of the Public Laws.[25] The publishers of these versions frequently issue supplements (in hard copy format as pocket parts) that contain newly enacted laws, which may not yet have appeared in an official published version of the Code, as well as updated secondary materials such as new court decisions on the subject.[25] When an attorney is viewing an annotated code on an online service, such as Westlaw or LexisNexis, all the citations in the annotations are hyperlinked to the referenced court opinions and other documents.

## Organization

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### Divisions

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The Code is divided into 53 titles (listed below), which deal with broad, logically organized areas of legislation. Titles may optionally be divided into subtitles, parts, subparts, chapters, and subchapters. All titles have sections (represented by a §) as their basic coherent units, and sections are numbered sequentially across the entire title without regard to the previously-mentioned divisions of titles. Sections are often divided into (from largest to smallest) subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, clauses, subclauses, items, and subitems.[27][28] Congress, by convention, names a particular subdivision of a section according to its largest element. For example, "subsection (c)(3)(B)(iv)" is not a subsection but a clause, namely clause (iv) of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (3) of subsection (c); if the identity of the subsection and paragraph were clear from the context, one would refer to the clause as "subparagraph (B)(iv)".[29]

Not all titles use the same series of subdivisions above the section level, and they may arrange them in different order. For example, in Title 26 (the tax code), the order of subdivision runs: Title – Subtitle – Chapter – Subchapter – Part – Subpart – Section – Subsection – Paragraph – Subparagraph – Clause – Subclause – Item – Subitem.

The "Section" division is the core organizational component of the Code, and the "Title" division is always the largest division of the Code. Which intermediate levels between Title and Section appear, if any, varies from Title to Title. For example, in Title 38 (Veteran's Benefits), the order runs Title – Part – Chapter – Subchapter – Section.

The word "title" in this context is roughly akin to a printed "volume", although many of the larger titles span multiple volumes. Similarly, no particular size or length is associated with other subdivisions; a section might run several pages in print, or just a sentence or two. Some subdivisions within particular titles acquire meaning of their own; for example, it is common for lawyers to refer to a "Chapter 11 bankruptcy" or a "Subchapter S corporation" (often shortened to "S corporation").

In the context of federal statutes, the word "title" has two slightly different meanings. It can refer to the highest subdivision of the Code itself, but it can also refer to the highest subdivision of an Act of Congress which subsequently becomes part of an existing title of the Code.[2] For example, when Americans refer to Title VII, they are usually referring to the seventh title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[2] That Act is actually codified in Title 42 of the United States Code, not Title 7.[2]

The intermediate subdivisions between title and section are helpful for reading the Code (since Congress uses them to group together related sections), but they are not needed to cite a section in the Code. To cite any particular section, it is enough to know its title and section numbers.[2] According to one legal style manual,[30] a sample citation would be "Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a (2006)", read aloud as "Title five, United States Code, section five fifty-two A" or simply "five USC five fifty-two A".

Some section numbers consist of awkward-sounding combinations of letters, hyphens, and numerals.[31] They are especially prevalent in Title 42.[31] A typical example is the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA), which is codified in Chapter 21B of Title 42 at 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb through 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-4.[31] In the case of RFRA, Congress was trying to squeeze a new act into Title 42 between Chapter 21A (ending at 42 U.S.C. § 2000aa-12) and Chapter 22 (beginning at 42 U.S.C. § 2001).[31] The underlying problem is that the original drafters of the Code in 1926 failed to foresee the explosive growth of federal legislation directed to "The Public Health and Welfare" (as Title 42 is literally titled) and did not fashion statutory classifications and section numbering schemes that could readily accommodate such expansion.[31] Title 42 grew in size from 6 chapters and 106 sections in 1926 to over 160 chapters and 7,000 sections as of 1999.[31]

### Titles

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A few volumes of an annotated version of the United States Code

Titles that have been enacted into positive law[32] are indicated by blue shading below with the year of last enactment.

Title 1 | General Provisions  | 1947

|
|

Title 2 | The Congress |
Title 3 | The President | 1948
Title 4 | Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States  | 1947
Title 5 | Government Organization and Employees[33] | 1966
Title 6 | Domestic Security[34] |
Title 7 | Agriculture |
Title 8 | Aliens and Nationality  |
Title 9 | Arbitration | 1947
Title 10 | Armed Forces[35] | 1956
Title 11 | Bankruptcy | 1978
Title 12 | Banks and Banking  |
Title 13 | Census | 1954
Title 14 | Coast Guard | 1949
Title 15 | Commerce and Trade  |
Title 16 | Conservation  |
Title 17 | Copyrights | 1947
Title 18 | Crimes and Criminal Procedure[33] | 1948
Title 19 | Customs Duties  |
Title 20 | Education  |
Title 21 | Food and Drugs |
Title 22 | Foreign Relations and Intercourse  |
Title 23 | Highways  | 1958
Title 24 | Hospitals and Asylums |
Title 25 | Indians |
Title 26 | Internal Revenue Code |
Title 27 | Intoxicating Liquors |
Title 28 | Judiciary and Judicial Procedure | 1948
Title 29 | Labor  |
Title 30 | Mineral Lands and Mining |
Title 31 | Money and Finance  | 1982
Title 32 | National Guard | 1956
Title 33 | Navigation and Navigable Waters  |
Title 34 | Crime Control and Law Enforcement[36] |
Title 35 | Patents | 1952
Title 36 | Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations | 1998
Title 37 | Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services  | 1962
Title 38 | Veterans' Benefits | 1958
Title 39 | Postal Service | 1970
Title 40 | Public Buildings, Properties, and Works | 2002
Title 41 | Public Contracts  | 2011
Title 42 | The Public Health and Welfare |
Title 43 | Public Lands  |
Title 44 | Public Printing and Documents  | 1968
Title 45 | Railroads |
Title 46 | Shipping  | 2006
Title 47 | Telecommunications  |
Title 48 | Territories and Insular Possessions |
Title 49 | Transportation[37] | 1994
Title 50 | War and National Defense  |
Title 51 | National and Commercial Space Programs  | 2010
Title 52 | Voting and Elections  |
Title 53 | [Reserved]  |
Title 54 | National Park Service and Related Programs  | 2014

### Proposed titles

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The Office of Law Revision Counsel (LRC) has produced draft text for three additional titles of federal law. The subject matter of these proposed titles exists today in one or several existing titles.

Title 53[a] | Small Business[39]

|

Title 55  | Environment
Title 56  | Wildlife

The LRC announced an "editorial reclassification" of the federal laws governing voting and elections that went into effect on September 1, 2014. This reclassification involved moving various laws previously classified in Titles 2 and 42 into a new Title 52, which has not been enacted into positive law.[6]

1. ^ H.R.6389 in the 115th Congress[38] proposed putting it in Title 57.

### Treatment of repealed laws

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When sections are repealed, their text is deleted and replaced by a note summarizing what used to be there. This is so that lawyers reading old cases can understand what the cases are talking about. As a result, some portions of the Code consist entirely of empty chapters full of historical notes. For example, Title 8, Chapter 7 is labeled "Exclusion of Chinese".[40] This contains historical notes relating to the Chinese Exclusion Act, which is no longer in effect.

## Number and growth of federal crimes

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There are conflicting opinions on the number of federal crimes,[41][42] but many have argued that there has been explosive growth and it has become overwhelming.[43][44][45] In 1982, the U.S. Department of Justice could not come up with a number, but estimated 3,000 crimes in the United States Code.[41][42][46] In 1998, the American Bar Association said that it was likely much higher than 3,000, but did not give a specific estimate.[41][42] In 2008, the Heritage Foundation published a report that put the number at a minimum of 4,450.[42] When staff for a task force of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee asked the Congressional Research Service (CRS) to update its 2008 calculation of criminal offenses in the USC in 2013, the CRS responded that they lack the manpower and resources to accomplish the task.[47]

## Related codifications

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The Code generally contains only those Acts of Congress, or statutes, designated as public laws. The Code itself does not include Executive Orders or other executive-branch documents related to the statutes, or rules promulgated by the courts. However, such related material is sometimes contained in notes to relevant statutory sections or in appendices. The Code does not include statutes designated at enactment as private laws, nor statutes that are considered temporary in nature, such as appropriations. These laws are included in the Statutes at Large for the year of enactment.

Regulations promulgated by executive agencies through the rulemaking process set out in the Administrative Procedure Act are published chronologically in the Federal Register and then codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Similarly, state statutes and regulations are often codified into state-specific codes.

## See also

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* List of U.S. state statutory codes
* United States Reports

## References

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1. ^ The Code of Laws of the United States of America, Title 1, General Provisions, p. 1 (2024).
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Olson, Kent C. (1999). Legal Information: How to Find It, How to Use It. Phoenix: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 146. ISBN 0897749634.
3. ^ "Public Law No: 113-287, Enacted title 54, United States Code, "National Park Service and Related Programs", as positive law". Archived from the original on March 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
4. ^ Title 34 (Navy) was repealed, but the numbering system was retained until the creation of a new Title 34 in 2017. See USC Table of Contents Archived August 5, 2012, at archive.today.
5. ^ "United States Code". Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved February 25, 2008.
6. ^ a b c About United States Code Archived October 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Gpo.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
7. ^ Public and Private Laws: About, United States Government Publishing Office, archived from the original on January 5, 2010, retrieved March 12, 2010, "After the President signs a bill into law, it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR), National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) …"
8. ^ Public and Private Laws: About, United States Government Publishing Office, archived from the original on January 5, 2010, retrieved March 12, 2010, "Public and private laws are prepared and published by the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) … The database for the current session of Congress is updated when the publication of a slip law is authorized by OFR."
9. ^ Bast, Carol M.; Hawkins, Margie A. (2013). Foundations of Legal Research and Writing (5th ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 138\. ISBN 9781285402604. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
10. ^ 1 U.S.C. § 112
11. ^ 1 U.S.C. § 113
12. ^ Bast, Carol M.; Hawkins, Margie A. (2013). Foundations of Legal Research and Writing (5th ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar. p. 139\. ISBN 9781285402604. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
13. ^ "DETAILED GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES CODE CONTENT AND FEATURES". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
14. ^ United States Nat. Bank of Ore. v. Independent Ins. Agents of America, Inc., 508 U.S. 439, 440 (1993)
15. ^ "POSITIVE LAW CODIFICATION". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
16. ^ See 1 U.S.C. § 204.
17. ^ "[ … ] whenever titles of such Code shall have been enacted into positive law the text thereof shall be legal evidence of the laws therein contained, in all the courts of the United States [ … ]" 1 U.S.C. § 204.
18. ^ See, e.g., United States v. Zuger, 602 F. Supp. 889, 891 (D. Conn. 1984) ("Where a title has, however, been enacted into positive law, the Code title itself is deemed to constitute conclusive evidence of the law; recourse to other sources is unnecessary and precluded.")
19. ^ For example, the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–148 (text) (PDF), 119 Stat. 2680 (2005)—a time-specific appropriations act that the President signed into law on December 30, 2005—contains in its Division A, Title X the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 ("DTA"). The DTA set out, among other things, permanent provisions governing standards for interrogation of persons in Defense Department custody, prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment, and procedures for status review of extraterritorial detainees. See id. at div. A, tit. X, §§ 1001–1006, 119 Stat. 2739–44. Notably, DTA section 1002 was printed as a note to 10 U.S.C. § 801; DTA section 1003 was codified as 42 U.S.C. § 2000dd (though the section has not yet been enacted into positive law); and DTA section 1005(e)(1) codified a new subsection (e) of 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (which became positive law upon the DTA's enactment). Congress also enacted a nearly identical version of the DTA as a component of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, see Pub. L. 109–163 (text) (PDF), div. A, tit. XIV, §§ 1401–1406, 119 Stat. 3136, 3474–80 (2006)—an authorization act that the President signed into law on January 6, 2006 (a week after he signed the original DTA into law). The December 2005 and January 2006 versions of the DTA are generally identical except for certain provisions in the section relating to training of Iraqi security forces (section 1006 of the Dec. '05 DTA and section 1406 of the Jan. '06 DTA). As a result, both the Dec. '05 and Jan. '06 DTAs appear to have made essentially simultaneous and duplicative amendments to the Code and its notes. But see the legislative history notes under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 (to the effect that two subsection (e)s of that statutory section have apparently been enacted). As of 6 August 2025, there has been no litigation challenging the validity of either of the DTA statutes on these grounds.
20. ^ Pub. L. 69–440, 44 Stat. 777, enacted June 30, 1926; Pub. L. 69–441, 44 Stat. 778, enacted June 30, 1926. 44 Stat. 777 does not actually include the text of Public Law 69-440. Under the entry for that law, it instead presents a brief editor's note explaining that Public Law 69-440 was separately published as part 1 of volume 44 of the Statutes at Large (to imply that the reader needs to look on the shelf for that other book).
21. ^ Howard, Alexander B. (July 30, 2013). "U.S. House of Representatives publishes U.S. Code as open government data". e-pluribusunum.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
22. ^ Schuman, Daniel (November 13, 2012). "Testers wanted: Beta Website for US Code Now Online". Sunlight Foundation. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
23. ^ "United States Legislative Markup: User Guide for the USLM Schema" (PDF). Office of the Law Revision Counsel. July 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
24. ^ Gheen, Tina (April 23, 2012). "OASIS Puts Akoma Ntoso on the Standards Track". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
25. ^ a b c Olson, Kent C. (1999). Legal Information: How to Find It, How to Use It. Phoenix: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 152. ISBN 0897749634.
26. ^ Final Judgment : U.S. et al. v. The Thomson Corporation and West Publishing Company Archived May 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Usdoj.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-19.
27. ^ Bellis MD. (2008). Statutory Structure and Legislative Drafting Conventions: A Primer for Judges Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Federal Judicial Center.
28. ^ "DETAILED GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES CODE CONTENT AND FEATURES". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
29. ^ Examples of naming "section 148(b)(2)" and "subparagraphs (B)(ii) and (C)" in "26 U.S. Code § 141". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
30. ^ The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation 102 (Columbia Law Review Ass'n et al. eds., 18th ed. 2005)
31. ^ a b c d e f Olson, Kent C. (1999). Legal Information: How to Find It, How to Use It. Phoenix: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 147. ISBN 0897749634.
32. ^ Positive Law Codification Archived April 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives]
33. ^ a b Includes Appendix of provisions not yet enacted into positive law.
34. ^ Originally Surety Bonds (repealed). Enacted into positive law by the 80th Congress in 1947; combined into Title 31 when it was enacted into positive law.
35. ^ Includes the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
36. ^ Originally Navy (repealed). In 1956 Title 34 was moved into Title 10 subtitle C).
37. ^ Enacted into positive law in stages; Title IV in 1978, Title I in 1983, and Titles II, III, and V-X in 1994.
38. ^ "H.R.6389 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): To enact certain laws relating to small business as title 57, United States Code, "Small Business"". Congress.gov. July 16, 2018. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
39. ^ House Bill: 2009 CONG US HR 1983 Archived June 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. New Title 53 - Small Business
40. ^ "United States Code, Title 8, Chapter 7". Office of the Law Revision Counsel. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
41. ^ a b c Fields, Gary; Emshwiller, John R. (July 23, 2011). "Many Failed Efforts to Count Nation's Federal Criminal Laws". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
42. ^ a b c d Baker, John S. (June 16, 2008), Revisiting the Explosive Growth of Federal Crimes, The Heritage Foundation, archived from the original on June 4, 2013, retrieved June 15, 2013
43. ^ Fields, Gary; Emshwiller, John R. (July 23, 2011). "As Criminal Laws Proliferate, More Are Ensnared". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
44. ^ Neil, Martha (June 14, 2013). "ABA leader calls for streamlining of 'overwhelming' and 'often ineffective' federal criminal law". ABA Journal. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
45. ^ Savage, David G. (January 1, 1999). "Rehnquist Urges Shorter List of Federal Crimes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
46. ^ Weiss, Debra Cassens (July 25, 2011). "Federal Laws Multiply: Jail Time for Misappropriating Smokey Bear Image?". ABA Journal. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
47. ^ Ruger, Todd (June 14, 2013), "Way Too Many Criminal Laws, Lawyers Tell Congress", Blog of Legal Times, ALM, archived from the original on June 18, 2013, retrieved June 15, 2013

## External links

[edit]

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United States Code

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Code.

* United States Code from the Government Publishing Office
* United States Code from the Office of Law Revision Counsel
* United States Code from Cornell University's Legal Information Institute
* United States Code from OpenJurist
* Popular names of Acts in the United States Code from Cornell's Legal Information Institute
* Positive Law Codification in the United States Code from the Office of the Law Revision Counsel
* United States Statutes and the United States Code: Historical Outlines, Notes, Lists, Tables, and Sources from the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, DC
* How to count Citations in U.S. Law using XML files from Congress
* Unraveling the Mysteries of the U.S. Code from the Law Librarians' Society of Washington, DC
* United States Code from Wikisource

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United States Code

* 1: General Provisions
* 2: The Congress
* 3: The President
* 4: Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States
* 5: Government Organization and Employees
* 6: Domestic Security (formerly titled Surety Bonds)
* 7: Agriculture
* 8: Aliens and Nationality
* 9: Arbitration
* 10: Armed Forces
* 11: Bankruptcy
* 12: Banks and Banking
* 13: Census
* 14: Coast Guard
* 15: Commerce and Trade
* 16: Conservation
* 17: Copyrights
* 18: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
* 19: Customs Duties
* 20: Education
* 21: Food and Drugs
* 22: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
* 23: Highways
* 24: Hospitals and Asylums
* 25: Indians
* 26: Internal Revenue Code
* 27: Intoxicating Liquors
* 28: Judiciary and Judicial Procedure
* 29: Labor
* 30: Mineral Lands and Mining
* 31: Money and Finance
* 32: National Guard
* 33: Navigable Waters
* 34: Crime Control and Law Enforcement (formerly titled Navy)
* 35: Patents
* 36: Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations
* 37: Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services
* 38: Veterans' Benefits
* 39: Postal Service
* 40: Public Buildings, Properties, and Public Works
* 41: Public Contracts
* 42: The Public Health and Welfare
* 43: Public Lands
* 44: Public Printing and Documents
* 45: Railroads
* 46: Shipping
* 47: Telecommunications
* 48: Territories and Insular Possessions
* 49: Transportation
* 50: War and National Defense
* 51: National and Commercial Space Programs
* 52: Voting and Elections
* 54: National Parks

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United States Congress

* House of Representatives
* Senate
* Joint session
* (118th → 119th → 120th)
* Lists of the United States Congress

Members and leaders

| Membership|

| Members|

* By length of service
* By shortness of service
* Youngest members
* Non-voting members
* Unseated members

|

Senate|

* Members
* seniority
* Dean
* Former
* Expelled or censured
* Classes
* Born outside the U.S.
* Resigned
* Appointed
* Switched parties

House|

* Members
* seniority
* Dean
* Former
* Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
* Served a single term
* Lost re-election in a primary
* Switched parties
* Elected but did not serve

New members|

* 90th (1967)
* 91st (1969)
* 92nd (1971)
* 93rd (1973)
* 94th (1975)
* 95th (1977)
* 96th (1979)
* 97th (1981)
* 98th (1983)
* 99th (1985)
* 100th (1987)
* 101st (1989)
* 102nd (1991)
* 103rd (1993)
* 104th (1995)
* 105th (1997)
* 106th (1999)
* 107th (2001)
* 108th (2003)
* 109th (2005)
* 110th (2007)
* 111th (2009)
* 112th (2011)
* 113th (2013)
* 114th (2015)
* 115th (2017)
* 116th (2019)
* 117th (2021)
* 118th (2023)
* 119th (2025)

Leaders|

| Senate|

* President
* list
* President pro tempore
* list
* Leaders
* Democratic Caucus
* Chair
* Secretary
* Policy Committee Chair
* Republican Conference
* Chair
* Vice-Chair
* Policy Committee Chair

|

House|

* Speaker
* list
* Leaders
* Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
* Democratic Caucus
* Republican Conference

Districts|

* List
* Apportionment
* Gerrymandering

Groups|

| Congressional caucus|

* Caucuses of the United States Congress

|

Ethnic and racial|

* African-American members
* Senate
* House
* Black Caucus
* Arab and Middle Eastern members
* Asian Pacific American members
* Asian Pacific American Caucus
* Hispanic and Latino members
* list
* Hispanic Caucus
* Hispanic Conference
* Jewish members
* Jewish Caucus
* Native American members

Gender and sexual identity|

* LGBTQ members
* Equality Caucus
* Women
* Senate
* House
* Issues Caucus
* current House

Occupation|

* Physicians

Religion|

* Buddhist members
* Hindu members
* Jewish members
* Mormon (LDS) members
* Muslim members
* Quaker members
* Sikh members

Related|

* By length of service historically
* Current members by wealth
* From multiple states
* Died in office
* 1790–1899
* 1900–1949
* 1950–1999
* 2000–present
* Killed or wounded in office
* Party switchers
* Slave owners

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

| Powers|

* Article I
* Copyright
* Commerce (Dormant)
* Contempt of Congress
* Declaration of war
* Impeachment
* Inquiries
* Trial
* Naturalization
* "Necessary and Proper"
* Power of enforcement
* Taxing/spending

|

Privileges|

* Salaries
* Franking
* Immunity

Procedure|

* Act of Congress
* list
* Appropriation bill
* Bill
* Budget process
* Censure
* Closed sessions
* House
* Senate
* Cloture
* Concurrent resolution
* Continuing resolution
* Dear Colleague letter
* Discharge petition
* Enrolled bill
* Expulsion
* Joint resolution
* Joint session
* list
* Lame-duck session
* Magic minute
* Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
* Multiple referral
* House procedures
* Quorum call
* Reconciliation
* Rider
* Saxbe fix
* Sponsorship
* Suspension of the rules
* Unanimous consent
* Veto
* Line-item veto
* Pocket veto

Senate-specific|

* Advice and consent
* Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
* Classes
* Executive communication
* Executive session
* Filibuster
* Jefferson's Manual
* Senate Journal
* Morning business
* Nuclear option
* Presiding Officer
* Recess appointment
* Reconciliation
* Riddick's Senate Procedure
* Senate hold
* Senatorial courtesy
* Seniority
* Standing Rules
* Tie-breaking votes
* Traditions
* Treaty Clause

Committees|

* Chairman and ranking member
* Of the Whole
* Conference
* Discharge petition
* Hearings
* Markup
* Oversight
* List (Joint)
* List (House)
* List (Senate)
* Select and special
* Standing
* Subcommittees

Items|

* Gavels
* Mace of the House
* Seal of the Senate

History|

* House history
* memoirs
* speaker elections
* Senate history
* election disputes
* memoirs
* Continental Congress
* Federal Hall (1789–1790)
* Congress Hall (1790–1800)
* Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
* Biographical Directory
* Divided government
* Party divisions

Media|

* C-SPAN
* Congressional Quarterly
* The Hill
* Politico
* Roll Call

Capitol Complex (Capitol Hill)

| Legislative
offices|

* Congressional staff
* Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
* Comptroller General
* Architect of the Capitol
* Cap. Police
* Board
* Cap. Guide Service
* Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
* Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
* Library of Congress
* Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
* Technology Assessment

|

Offices|

| Senate|

* Curator
* Historical
* Library

|

House|

* Congr. Ethics
* Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
* Interparliamentary Affairs
* Law Revision Counsel
* Legislative Counsel
* Library

Employees|

| Senate|

* Secretary
* Chaplain
* Curator
* Historian
* Librarian
* Pages
* Parliamentarian
* Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper

|

House|

* Chaplain
* Chief Administrative Officer
* Clerk
* Doorkeeper
* Floor Operations
* Floor Services Chief
* Historian
* Pages
* Board
* Parliamentarian
* Postmaster
* Reading Clerk
* Sergeant at Arms

Library of
Congress|

* Congressional Research Service
* reports
* Copyright Office
* Register of Copyrights
* Law Library
* Poet Laureate
* THOMAS
* Adams Building
* Jefferson Building
* Madison Building

Gov.
Publishing Office|

* Public Printer
* Congressional Pictorial Directory
* Congressional Record
* Official Congressional Directory
* U.S. Gov. Manual
* Serial Set
* Statutes at Large
* United States Code

Capitol Building|

* List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
* List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)
* Brumidi Corridors
* Congressional Prayer Room
* Crypt
* Dome
* Statue of Freedom
* Rotunda
* Hall of Columns
* Statuary Hall
* Visitor Center
* The Apotheosis of Washington
* Statue of Freedom
* Declaration of Independence painting
* Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
* Apotheosis of Democracy
* Progress of Civilization Pediment
* First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
* Surrender of General Burgoyne
* Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
* George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
* Revolutionary War Door
* Columbus Doors
* Washington at Princeton
* Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
* VP's Room
* VP Bust Collection

Office
buildings|

| Senate|

* Dirksen
* Hart
* Mountains and Clouds
* Russell

|

House|

* Building Commission
* office lottery
* Cannon
* Ford
* Longworth
* O'Neill
* Rayburn

Other
facilities|

* Botanic Garden
* Health and Fitness Facility
* House Recording Studio
* Senate chamber
* Old Senate Chamber
* Old Supreme Court Chamber
* Power Plant
* Webster Page Residence
* Subway

Related|

* Capitol Hill
* United States Capitol cornerstone laying

* v
* t
* e

Law of the United States

Constitutional law
and legislation|

* Federalism
* Separation of powers
* Civil rights
* Act of Congress
* Bill (United States Congress)
* United States Code

Courts of the
United States|

| Federal courts|

* Supreme
* Appeals
* District (list)
* Bankruptcy
* Claims
* International Trade
* Tax

|

State courts|

* State supreme

Education|

* Pre-law
* Law School Admission Test
* Law school
* Reading law
* Bar exam
* Admission to the bar
* Master of Laws
* Doctor of Juridical Science

Types of law|

* Abortion
* Administrative law
* Antitrust
* Child custody
* Child sexual abuse
* Civil procedure
* Conflict of laws
* Constitutional
* Contract
* Copyright
* Property
* Corporate
* Criminal
* Procedure
* Energy
* Environmental
* Gun
* Human rights
* Juvenile
* Labor
* Martial
* Obscenity
* Patent
* Privacy
* State
* Financial
* Race
* Sports
* State
* Tort
* Defamation
* Trademark
* Trust
* Water
* Groundwater

* v
* t
* e

Legal codes by country

Contemporary|

* Canada
* Philippines
* United States

Obsolete|

* Danish Code (1683)
* Norwegian Code (1687)

*[OCLC]: Online Computer Library Center number
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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[Pub. L.]: Public Law