United States Court of International Trade

US court dealing with international trade and customs law

40°42′54″N 74°0′13″W﻿ / ﻿40.71500°N 74.00361°W﻿ / 40.71500; -74.00361

United States Court of International Trade

(Ct. Int'l Trade)
Location| James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building

(Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States)

Appeals to| Federal Circuit
Established| December 18, 1980; 44 years ago (1980-12-18)
Authority| Article III court
Created by| 28 U.S.C. §§ 251–258
Composition method| Presidential nomination
with Senate advice and consent
Judges| 9
Judge term length| Life tenure
Chief Judge| Mark A. Barnett
cit.uscourts.gov

The United States Court of International Trade (case citations: Ct. Int'l Trade) is a U.S. federal court that adjudicates civil actions arising out of U.S. customs and international trade laws.[1] Seated in New York City, it exercises broad jurisdiction over most trade-related matters, and is permitted to hear and decide cases anywhere in the country, as well as abroad.[2]

The court originated with the Customs Administrative Act of 1890, which established the Board of General Appraisers as a quasi-judicial entity of the U.S. Treasury Department tasked with hearing disputes primarily concerning tariffs and import duties.[3] In 1926, Congress replaced the Board with the United States Customs Court, an administrative tribunal with greater judicial functions, which in 1930 was made independent of the Treasury Department. In 1956, the U.S. Customs Court was reconstituted by Congress as an Article III tribunal, giving it the status and privileges of a federal court. The Customs Courts Act of 1980 established the U.S. Court of International Trade in its current form, granting it jurisdiction over all trade matters and conferring its judges with life tenure.[3]

The court's subject matter jurisdiction is limited to particular questions in international trade and customs law, though it may also decide any civil action against the U.S. government, its officers, or its agencies arising out of any law connected to international trade. As an Article III tribunal, the U.S. Court of International Trade can decide controversies in both law and equity, and is thus allowed to grant relief in virtually all means available, including money judgments, writs of mandamus, and preliminary or permanent injunctions.

Led by a chief judge, the court is composed of nine judges who are appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the Senate. No more than five judges can be of the same political party.[4] Cases are typically heard by just one judge, and the court operates on procedures and protocols drawn heavily from the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

## History

[edit]

In 1890, the United States Congress passed legislation creating the Board of General Appraisers, a quasi-judicial administrative unit within the United States Department of the Treasury. The Board had nine members appointed by the President of the United States and empowered to review decisions of United States Customs officials concerning the amount of duties to be paid on importations.[5]

In 1926, Congress responded to the increasing number and complexity of customs cases by replacing the Board of General Appraisers with the United States Customs Court, an independent Article I tribunal, retaining the jurisdiction and powers of the Board of General Appraisers. In 1928, the United States Customs Court became the first federal tribunal in the United States to have a woman judge,[6] when President Calvin Coolidge nominated Genevieve R. Cline to the court.[7] Although many members of the United States Senate objected to Cline's appointment, both because of her sex, and because they believed she was self-taught and had no judicial experience, her supporters advocated strongly for her, including Katherine Pike, president of the National Association of Women Lawyers and a number of club-women. Cline won U.S. Senate confirmation on May 25, 1928, received her commission on May 26, 1928, and took her oath of office in the Cleveland Federal Building on June 5, 1928.[8]

On July 14, 1956, Congress made the United States Customs Court an Article III tribunal, again without changing its jurisdiction, powers, or procedures.[9] After making some procedural changes in the Customs Courts Act of 1970, Congress addressed substantive issues concerning the court's jurisdiction and remedial powers in the Customs Courts Act of 1980, which broadened the power of the court and renamed it the United States Court of International Trade.[5]

## Courthouse

[edit]

The James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building on Foley Square

The James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building, located on Foley Square in lower Manhattan in New York City, houses the court. Also known as 1 Federal Plaza, it was built in 1968 adjacent to the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building.[10] In 2003, the building was named in honor of James L. Watson, a judge of the United States Customs Court from 1964 to 1980, and of the Court of International Trade from 1980 to 2001.[11]

## Jurisdiction

[edit]

The court possesses limited subject matter jurisdiction, meaning that it may hear only cases involving particular international trade and customs law questions. For example, the court hears disputes such as those involving protests filed with U.S. Customs and Border Protection, decisions regarding Trade Adjustment Assistance by the United States Department of Labor or United States Department of Agriculture, customs broker licensing, and disputes relating to determinations made by the United States International Trade Commission and the Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration regarding anti-dumping and countervailing duties.[12]

There is one notable exception to the court's jurisdiction. In cases involving antidumping and countervailing duties imposed on Canadian or Mexican merchandise, an interested party can request that the case be heard before a special ad hoc binational panel organized under Chapter 19 of the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement.

## Procedure

[edit]

Most cases are heard by a single judge. If a case challenges the constitutionality of a U.S. law or has important implications regarding the administration or interpretation of the customs laws, then it may be heard by a three-judge panel. Many Judges of the Court of International Trade also regularly sit by designation on three-judge panels of the United States courts of appeals.[5]

Although the Court maintains its own rules of procedure, they are patterned for the most part on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court has held that decisions interpreting the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are "instructive" in interpreting its own rules.[5]

## Current composition of the court

[edit]

As of February 14, 2024[update]:

#  | Title  | Judge  | Duty station  | Born  | Term of service  | Appointed by

|
|
|
|
|
|

Active  | Chief | Senior
24  | Chief Judge  | Mark A. Barnett | New York City | 1963  | 2013–present[Note 1] | 2021–present  | —  | Obama
25  | Judge  | Claire R. Kelly | New York City | 1965  | 2013–present  | —  | —  | Obama
26  | Judge  | Jennifer Choe-Groves | New York City | 1969  | 2016–present  | —  | —  | Obama
27  | Judge  | Gary Katzmann | New York City | 1953  | 2016–present  | —  | —  | Obama
28  | Judge  | Timothy M. Reif | New York City | 1959  | 2019–present  | —  | —  | Trump
29  | Judge  | M. Miller Baker | New York City | 1962  | 2019–present  | —  | —  | Trump
30  | Judge  | Stephen Vaden | New York City | 1982  | 2020–present  | —  | —  | Trump
31  | Judge  | Lisa Wang | New York City | 1980  | 2024–present  | —  | —  | Biden
32  | Judge  | Joseph A. Laroski | New York City | 1971  | 2024–present  | —  | —  | Biden
11  | Senior Judge  | Jane A. Restani | New York City | 1948  | 1983–2015  | 2003–2010  | 2015–present  | Reagan
13  | Senior Judge  | Thomas J. Aquilino | New York City | 1939  | 1985–2004  | —  | 2004–present  | Reagan
19  | Senior Judge  | Judith Barzilay | inactive | 1944  | 1998–2011  | —  | 2011–present  | Clinton
20  | Senior Judge  | Delissa A. Ridgway | inactive | 1955  | 1998–2019  | —  | 2019–present  | Clinton
21  | Senior Judge  | Richard K. Eaton | New York City | 1948  | 1999–2014  | —  | 2014–present  | Clinton
22  | Senior Judge  | Timothy C. Stanceu | New York City | 1951  | 2003–2021  | 2014–2021  | 2021–present  | G.W. Bush
23  | Senior Judge  | Leo M. Gordon | New York City | 1952  | 2006–2019  | —  | 2019–present  | G.W. Bush

1. ^ By virtue of his seniority of age, Judge Barnett holds seniority over Judge Kelly despite their identical commission dates.

## Vacancies and pending nominations

[edit]

Seat  | Seat last held by  | Vacancy reason  | Date of vacancy  | Nominee  | Date of nomination

|
|
|
|
|

9  | Stephen Vaden | Resignation  | TBD  |  |

## Former judges of the United States Court of International Trade

[edit]

#  | Judge  | State  | Born–died  | Active service  | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by  | Reason for
termination

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

—  | Samuel Murray Rosenstein | NY | 1909–1995  | —  | —  | 1980–1995[Note 1] |  L. Johnson /
Operation of law | death
1  | Paul Peter Rao | NY | 1899–1988  | 1980–1988[Note 1] | —  | —  |  Truman /
Operation of law | death
2  | Morgan Ford | NY | 1911–1992  | 1980–1985[Note 1] | —  | 1985–1992  |  Truman /
Operation of law | death
3  | Scovel Richardson | NY | 1912–1982  | 1980–1982[Note 1] | —  | —  |  Eisenhower /
Operation of law | death
4  | Frederick Landis Jr. | NY | 1912–1990  | 1980–1983[Note 1] | —  | 1983–1990  |  L. Johnson /
Operation of law | death
5  | James Lopez Watson | NY | 1922–2001  | 1980–1991[Note 1] | —  | 1991–2001  |  L. Johnson /
Operation of law | death
6  | Herbert N. Maletz | NY | 1913–2002  | 1980–1982[Note 1] | —  | 1982–2002  |  L. Johnson /
Operation of law | death
7  | Bernard Newman | NY | 1907–1999  | 1980–1983[Note 1] | —  | 1983–1999  |  L. Johnson /
Operation of law | death
8  | Edward D. Re | NY | 1920–2006  | 1980–1991[Note 1] | 1980–1991  | —  |  L. Johnson /
Operation of law | retirement
9  | Nils Boe | NY | 1913–1992  | 1980–1984[Note 1] | —  | 1984–1992  |  Nixon /
Operation of law | death
10  | Gregory W. Carman | NY | 1937–2020  | 1983–2014  | 1996–2003  | 2014–2020  |  Reagan | death
12  | Dominick L. DiCarlo | NY | 1928–1999  | 1984–1996  | 1991–1996  | 1996–1999  |  Reagan | death
14  | Nicholas Tsoucalas | NY | 1926–2018  | 1986–1996  | —  | 1996–2018  |  Reagan | death
15  | R. Kenton Musgrave | CA | 1927–2023  | 1987–1997  | —  | 1997–2023  |  Reagan | death
16  | Richard W. Goldberg | ND | 1927–2023  | 1991–2001  | —  | 2001–2023  |  G.H.W. Bush | death
17  | Donald C. Pogue | CT | 1947–2016  | 1995–2014  | 2010–2014  | 2014–2016  |  Clinton | death
18  | Evan Wallach | NV | 1949–present  | 1995–2011  | —  | —  |  Clinton | elevation to Fed. Cir.

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Reassigned from the United States Customs Court.

## Former judges of the United States Customs Court

[edit]

#  | Judge  | State  | Born–died  | Active service  | Chief Judge | Senior status | Appointed by  | Reason for
termination

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | William Barberie Howell | NY | 1865–1927  | 1926–1927[Note 1] | 1926–1927  | —  |  McKinley /
Operation of law | death
2  | Israel F. Fischer | NY | 1858–1940  | 1926–1932[Note 1] | 1927–1932  | —  |  McKinley /
Operation of law | retirement
3  | Byron Sylvester Waite | NY | 1852–1930  | 1926–1930[Note 1] | —  | —  |  T. Roosevelt /
Operation of law | retirement
4  | Charles Paul McClelland | NY | 1854–1944  | 1926–1939[Note 1] | 1934–1939  | —  |  T. Roosevelt /
Operation of law | retirement
5  | Jerry Bartholomew Sullivan | NY | 1859–1948  | 1926–1939[Note 1] | —  | —  |  Wilson /
Operation of law | retirement
6  | George Stewart Brown | NY | 1871–1941  | 1926–1941[Note 1] | 1939–1940  | —  |  Wilson /
Operation of law | retirement
7  | William C. Adamson | NY | 1854–1929  | 1926–1928[Note 1] | —  | —  |  Wilson /
Operation of law | retirement
8  | George Emery Weller | NY | 1857–1932  | 1926–1930[Note 1] | —  | —  |  Wilson /
Operation of law | retirement
9  | George M. Young | NY | 1870–1932  | 1926–1932[Note 1] | 1932  | —  |  Coolidge /
Operation of law | death
10  | William Josiah Tilson | NY | 1871–1949  | 1928–1949  | 1932–1934  | —  |  Coolidge | death
11  | Genevieve R. Cline | NY | 1877–1959  | 1928–1953  | —  | —  |  Coolidge | retirement
12  | David Hayes Kincheloe | NY | 1877–1950  | 1930–1948[Note 2] | —  | —  |  Hoover | retirement
13  | Walter Howard Evans | NY | 1870–1959  | 1931–1941  | —  | —  |  Hoover | retirement
14  | Frederick W. Dallinger | NY | 1871–1955  | 1932–1942  | —  | —  |  Hoover | retirement
15  | William John Keefe | NY | 1873–1955  | 1933–1947  | —  | —  | F. Roosevelt | retirement
16  | Thomas Joseph Walker | NY | 1877–1945  | 1940–1945  | —  | —  | F. Roosevelt | death
17  | Webster Oliver | NY | 1888–1969  | 1940–1967  | 1940–1965  | 1967–1969  | F. Roosevelt | death
18  | William A. Ekwall | NY | 1887–1956  | 1942–1956  | —  | —  | F. Roosevelt | death
19  | William Purington Cole Jr. | NY | 1889–1957  | 1942–1952  | —  | —  | F. Roosevelt | elevation to C.C.P.A.
20  | Charles Drummond Lawrence | NY | 1878–1975  | 1943–1965  | —  | 1965–1975  | F. Roosevelt | death
21  | Irvin Charles Mollison | NY | 1898–1962  | 1945–1962  | —  | —  |  Truman | death
22  | Jed Johnson | NY | 1888–1963  | 1947–1963  | —  | —  |  Truman | death
23  | Paul Peter Rao | NY | 1899–1988  | 1948–1980[Note 3] | 1965–1971  | —  |  Truman | reassignment to Intl. Trade
24  | Morgan Ford | NY | 1911–1992  | 1949–1980  | —  | —  |  Truman | reassignment to Intl. Trade
25  | David John Wilson | NY | 1887–1976  | 1954–1966  | —  | 1966–1976  |  Eisenhower | death
26  | Mary Donlon Alger | NY | 1893–1977  | 1955–1966  | —  | 1966–1977  |  Eisenhower | death
27  | Scovel Richardson | NY | 1912–1982  | 1957–1980  | —  | —  |  Eisenhower | reassignment to Intl. Trade
28  | Philip Nichols Jr. | NY | 1907–1990  | 1964–1966  | —  | —  | L. Johnson | elevation to Ct. Cl.
29  | Frederick Landis Jr. | NY | 1912–1990  | 1965–1980  | —  | —  | L. Johnson | reassignment to Intl. Trade
30  | James Lopez Watson | NY | 1922–2001  | 1966–1980  | —  | —  | L. Johnson | reassignment to Intl. Trade
31  | Lindley Beckworth | NY | 1913–1984  | 1967–1968  | —  | —  | L. Johnson | resignation
32  | Herbert N. Maletz | NY | 1913–2002  | 1967–1980  | —  | —  | L. Johnson | reassignment to Intl. Trade
33  | Bernard Newman | NY | 1907–1999  | 1968–1980  | —  | —  | L. Johnson | reassignment to Intl. Trade
34  | Samuel Murray Rosenstein | NY | 1909–1995  | 1968–1970  | —  | 1970–1980  | L. Johnson | reassignment to Intl. Trade
35  | Edward D. Re | NY | 1920–2006  | 1968–1980  | 1977–1980  | —  | L. Johnson | reassignment to Intl. Trade
36  | Nils Boe | NY | 1913–1992  | 1971–1980  | 1971–1977  | —  |  Nixon | reassignment to Intl. Trade

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reassigned from the Board of General Appraisers.
2. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 4, 1930, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 1931, and received commission on January 29, 1931.
3. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on June 22, 1948, confirmed by the Senate on January 31, 1949, and received commission on February 2, 1948.

## Former members of the Board of General Appraisers

[edit]

#  | Member  | State  | Born/Died  | Active service  | President  | Senior status  | Appointed by  | Reason for
termination

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Charles H. Ham | NY | 1831–1902  | 1890–1902  | 1897–1902  | —  | B. Harrison | resignation
2  | George C. Tichenor | NY | 1838–1902  | 1890–1902  | 1890–1897  | —  | B. Harrison | death
3  | Joseph Biddle Wilkinson Jr. | NY | 1845–1915  | 1890–1899  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | resignation
4  | James A. Jewell | NY | c. 1840–1912 | 1890–1903  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | resignation
5  | Henderson M. Somerville | NY | 1837–1915  | 1890–1915  | 1910–1914  | —  | B. Harrison | death
6  | Ferdinand N. Shurtleff | NY | 1837–1903  | 1890–1899  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | removal[Note 1]
7  | Joseph Lewis Stackpole | NY | 1838–1904  | 1890–1890  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | resignation
8  | Thaddeus S. Sharretts | NY | 1850–1926  | 1890–1913  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | removal[Note 2]
9  | George H. Sharpe | NY | 1828–1900  | 1890–1899  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | resignation
10  | Wilbur Fisk Lunt | NY | 1848–1908  | 1891–1908  | —  | —  | B. Harrison | death
11  | William Barberie Howell | NY | 1865–1927  | 1899–1926  | 1925–1926  | —  |  McKinley | reassignment to Cust Ct.
12  | Israel F. Fischer | NY | 1858–1940  | 1899–1926[Note 3] | 1902–1905  | —  |  McKinley | reassignment to Cust Ct.
13  | Marion De Vries | NY | 1865–1939  | 1900–1910[Note 4] | 1906–1910  | —  |  McKinley | elevation to C.C.P.A.
14  | Byron Sylvester Waite | NY | 1852–1930  | 1902–1926  | —  | —  | T. Roosevelt | reassignment to Cust Ct.
15  | Charles P. McClelland | NY | 1854–1944  | 1903–1926[Note 5] | —  | —  | T. Roosevelt | reassignment to Cust Ct.
16  | Eugene Gano Hay | NY | 1853–1933  | 1903–1923[Note 6] | —  | —  | T. Roosevelt | retirement
17  | Roy Chamberlain | NY | 1861–1953  | 1908–1913[Note 7] | —  | —  | T. Roosevelt | removal[Note 2]
18  | Samuel B. Cooper | NY | 1850–1918  | 1910–1918  | —  | —  |  Taft | death
19  | Jerry Bartholomew Sullivan | NY | 1859–1948  | 1913–1926  | 1914–1925  | —  |  Wilson | reassignment to Cust Ct.
20  | George Stewart Brown | NY | 1871–1941  | 1913–1926  | —  | —  |  Wilson | reassignment to Cust Ct.
21  | William C. Adamson | NY | 1854–1929  | 1917–1926  | —  | —  |  Wilson | reassignment to Cust Ct.
22  | George Emery Weller | NY | 1857–1932  | 1919–1926  | —  | —  |  Wilson | reassignment to Cust Ct.
23  | George M. Young | NY | 1870–1932  | 1924–1926  | —  | —  |  Coolidge | reassignment to Cust Ct.

1. ^ Removed from office by William McKinley.
2. ^ a b Removed from office by William Howard Taft.
3. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 15, 1899, confirmed by the United States Senate on January 17, 1900, and received commission on January 22, 1900.
4. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 5, 1900, confirmed by the Senate on December 10, 1900, date of commission is unknown.
5. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 10, 1903, confirmed by the Senate on December 7, 1903, and received commission on December 8, 1903.
6. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 10, 1903, confirmed by the Senate on November 24, 1903, and received commission on November 25, 1903.
7. ^ Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 8, 1908, confirmed by the Senate on January 11, 1909, and received commission on January 15, 1909.

## Chief judges

[edit]

| President (Board of General Appraisers)

Tichenor | 1890–1897
Ham | 1897–1902
Fischer | 1902–1905
De Vries | 1906–1910
Somerville | 1910–1914
Sullivan | 1914–1925
Howell | 1925–1926
| Chief Judge (Customs Court)

Howell | 1926–1927
Fischer | 1927–1932
Young | 1932–1932
Tilson | 1932–1934
McClelland | 1934–1939
Brown | 1939–1940
Oliver | 1940–1965
Rao | 1965–1971
Boe | 1971–1977
Re | 1977–1980
| Chief Judge (Court of International Trade)

Re | 1980–1991
DiCarlo | 1991–1996
Carman | 1996–2003
Restani | 2003–2010
Pogue | 2010–2014
Stanceu | 2014–2021
Barnett | 2021–present

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to the Court of International Trade, and preside over any panel on which they serve unless circuit judges are also on the panel.[5] Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.

Under the Board of General Appraisers, the position of Chief Judge was entitled "President". When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

## Succession of seats

[edit]

| Seat 1

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Wilkinson, Jr. | 1890–1899
De Vries | 1900–1910
Cooper | 1910–1918
Weller | 1919–1930
Kincheloe | 1930–1948
Rao | 1948–1988
Goldberg | 1991–2001
Stanceu | 2003–2021
Laroski | 2024–present
| Seat 2

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Sharpe | 1890–1899
Howell | 1899–1927
Tilson | 1928–1949
Ford | 1949–1985
Musgrave | 1987–1997
Eaton | 1999–2014
Reif | 2019–present
| Seat 3

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Ham | 1890–1902
Waite | 1902–1930
Evans | 1931–1941
Ekwall | 1942–1956
Richardson | 1957–1982
Carman | 1983–2014
Choe-Groves | 2016–present
| Seat 4

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Shurtleff | 1890–1899
Fischer | 1899–1932
Dallinger | 1932–1942
Lawrence | 1943–1965
Landis, Jr. | 1965–1983
Aquilino, Jr. | 1985–2004
Gordon | 2006–2019
Wang | 2024–present

| Seat 5

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Tichenor | 1890–1902
Hay | 1903–1923
Young | 1924–1932
Keefe | 1933–1947
Johnson | 1947–1963
Watson | 1966–1991
Pogue | 1995–2014
Baker | 2019–present
| Seat 6

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Sharretts | 1890–1913
Sullivan | 1913–1939
Walker | 1940–1945
Mollison | 1945–1962
Nichols, Jr. | 1964–1966
Maletz | 1967–1982
Restani | 1983–2015
Katzmann | 2016–present
| Seat 7

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Somerville | 1890–1915
Adamson | 1917–1928
Cline | 1928–1953
Alger | 1955–1966
Newman | 1968–1983
DiCarlo | 1984–1996
Barzilay | 1998–2011
Barnett | 2013–present
| Seat 8

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Stackpole | 1890
Lunt | 1891–1908
Chamberlain | 1908–1913
Brown | 1913–1941
Cole, Jr. | 1942–1952
Wilson | 1954–1966
Beckworth | 1967–1968
Re | 1968–1991
Wallach | 1995–2011
Kelly | 2013–present

| Seat 9

Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26 Stat. 131, 136
Jewell | 1890–1903
McClelland | 1903–1939
Oliver | 1940–1967
Rosenstein | 1968–1970
Boe | 1971–1984
Tsoucalas | 1986–1996
Ridgway | 1998–2019
Vaden | 2020–present

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "About the Court". Court of International Trade. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
2. ^ "About the Court". Court of International Trade. Jurisdiction of the Court. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
3. ^ a b Patrick C. Reed, The Origins and Creation of the Board of General Appraisers, pp. 92-92.
4. ^ "28 U.S. Code § 251 - Appointment and number of judges; offices".
5. ^ a b c d e History of the United States Court of International Trade.
6. ^ Jo Freeman, A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics, 2002: Rowman and Littlefield, p. 216 (ISBN 084769805X)
7. ^ "The Coolidge Week", Time, May 14, 1928
8. ^ William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: the Making of a City, 1990: Kent State Univ. Press, p. 854 (ISBN 0873384288)
9. ^ "U.S. Customs Court: Legislative History – Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
10. ^ Casey Nelson Blake, "Tilted Arc, and the Crisis of Public Art" in The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History (eds. Richard Wightman Fox & T. J. Jackson Lears), pp. 260–61, 278.
11. ^ Public Law 108-70, 108th United States Congress.
12. ^ Gregory W. Carman, Jurisdiction and the Court of International Trade: Remarks of the Honorable Gregory W. Carman at the Conference on International Business Practice Presented by the Center for Dispute Resolution on February 27–28, 1992, 13 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 245 (1992-1993). Retrieved from https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357&context=njilb.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to James L. Watson Court of International Trade.

* United States Court of International Trade, official site
* History of the court from the Federal Judicial Center

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Civic Center

Manhattan, New York City

Government buildings|

* 1 Police Plaza
* Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse
* Home Life Building
* Jacob K. Javits Federal Building
* Louis J. Lefkowitz Building
* Manhattan Municipal Building
* Metropolitan Correctional Center
* New York City Hall
* New York County Courthouse
* Surrogate's Courthouse
* Ted Weiss Federal Building
* Tweed Courthouse
* Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse
* United States Court of International Trade

Non-government
buildings|

| Current buildings|

* 5 Beekman Street
* 8 Spruce
* 49 Chambers
* 150 Nassau Street
* 280 Broadway
* 287 Broadway
* 375 Pearl Street
* Hall des Lumieres
* Ahrens Building
* Broadway–Chambers Building
* Firehouse, Engine Company 31
* Morse Building
* New York Times Building
* Park Row Building
* Potter Building
* Rogers Peet Building
* Southbridge Towers
* St. Andrew Church
* Tower 270
* Transportation Building
* Woolworth Building

|

Former|

* Astor House
* Bridewell
* City Hall Post Office and Courthouse
* New York Tribune Building
* New York World Building
* Rogers Peet Building
* Samuel Osgood House
* St. Joachim's Church
* The Rotunda
* Washington Hall

Other spaces|

* African Burial Ground National Monument
* City Hall Park
* Drumgoole Plaza
* Five Points (former)
* Foley Square
* Millennium Park

Education|

* Pace University
* 1 Pace Plaza
* 41 Park Row
* Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts

Transport|

| Subway stations|

* Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street
* City Hall
* City Hall (former)
* Worth Street (former)

|

Streets|

* Broadway
* Chambers Street
* Centre Street
* Lafayette Street
* Park Row
* Worth Street

See also: Manhattan Community Board 1
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