United States Oval Office Address

Speech by the President of the United States

President Joe Biden addresses the nation about the response to the recent Hamas terrorist attacks in Israel and Russia’s ongoing war on Ukraine, Thursday, October 19, 2023, in the Oval Office.

An Oval Office address is a type of speech made by the president of the United States, usually in the Oval Office at the White House.[1] It is considered among the most solemn settings for an address made by a leader, and is most often delivered to announce a major new policy initiative, on the occasion of a leader's departure from office, or during times of national emergency (natural disaster, war, etc.).[1]

On occasions of national interest, U.S. presidents may decide to speak to the American people directly. Often in addresses to the nation, the president speaks directly into the camera and begins with the phrase, "My fellow Americans...".[2]

## Use of the Oval Office

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Presidents have used addresses in the Oval Office of the White House as a way to directly communicate with the American people. It is considered to be a major address and it functions as a way to move public opinion by having a direct connection with the president of the United States (compare Bully pulpit).[3] Presidential historian Robert Dallek stated, “The Oval Office invokes the center of the presidential authority. That's the president's office, that's where he supposedly makes decisions, where he governs.”[4] As the formal executive office of the president, the Oval Office sets the tone for any address to the American people. It is also where the president will communicate national news such as terrorist attacks, and each president usually gives their farewell speech in the Oval Office.

The first Oval Office address was delivered to the nation by President Herbert Hoover, who spoke on peace efforts and arms reduction throughout the world.[5] President Dwight D. Eisenhower used the format in 1957 to inform the United States of his decision to send troops to Little Rock to enforce school desegregation.[6] Being only the second ever televised address directly from the president's office, Eisenhower had to explain as much to the audience, saying, "in speaking from the house of Lincoln, of Jackson, of Wilson, my words would better convey both the sadness I feel today in the actions I feel compelled to make, and the firmness with which I intend to pursue this course."[6]

Some previous addresses include John F. Kennedy's 1962 news of the Cuban Missile Crisis,[7] Jimmy Carter's 1979 "Malaise" speech,[8] Ronald Reagan's speech following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986,[9] George W. Bush's Address to the Nation on the evening of the 2001 September 11 terrorist attacks[10] and Barack Obama's June 2010 speech addressing the issue of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[11]

Traditionally, the addresses are delivered with the president sitting at the Resolute desk speaking into the camera. Occasionally, however, the president will stand at a lectern on the opposite side of the Oval Office and give the address. Previously, it was also common for an artificial background to be placed behind the president, ordinarily consisting of plain blue fabric. Since the administration of Gerald Ford, the preference has instead been for the natural backdrop of the Office's windows.

### Modern format

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There have been suggestions that the traditional Oval Office address is falling out of favor in the Information Age, with White House aide Daniel Pfeiffer describing it as "an argument from the '80s", when President Ronald Reagan would draw tens of millions of viewers per address (42 in all, the second-most of any president; Nixon ranks first, having given 43).[5][12] Television networks are increasingly reluctant to sacrifice airtime for a political purpose.[5]

In recent years, presidents have addressed the country in other White House settings. Barack Obama made several major speeches from the East Room, including an address on the Syrian civil war in 2010[13] an announcement of the death of Osama bin Laden,[5][12] and an announcement of the withdrawal of 10,000 troops from Afghanistan.[14]

Donald Trump used the Diplomatic Reception Room for several major announcements, including recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel,[15] the withdrawal of the United States from the Iran nuclear deal,[16] and addressing the government shutdown in 2019.[17]

During his presidency, Joe Biden used the White House Cross Hall or Roosevelt Room for major addresses.[18][19] He delivered his farewell address[20] and an announcement of a ceasefire and hostage deal in the Israel–Hamas from the Cross Hall.[21] From the Roosevelt Room, he addressed pro-Palestinian protests on college campuses,[22] the fall of the Assad regime in Syria,[23] and raising the debt ceiling during budget negotiations in 2023.[24]

However, the tradition of the prime-time Oval Office address has continued into the Trump and Biden presidencies. The address of January 8, 2019, during the government shutdown was the first time that Trump requested airtime.[25] The address of June 2, 2023, during the debt-ceiling crisis was the first time that Biden requested airtime.[26]

## List of Oval Office addresses

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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2017)

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President | Date | Subject

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Joe Biden | January 15, 2025 | Farewell address
July 24, 2024  | On his withdrawal from the presidential race
July 14, 2024  | On the attempted assassination of Donald Trump
October 19, 2023  | On the 2023 Israel–Hamas war and Russian invasion of Ukraine
June 2, 2023  | On Congressional approval of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Donald Trump | January 13, 2021  | On the January 6th Capitol attack
March 11, 2020  | On the coronavirus pandemic
January 8, 2019  | On the Government Shutdown and the Proposed United States-Mexico Border wall
Barack Obama | December 6, 2015  | On the United States Counterterrorism Strategy
August 31, 2010  | On United States Policy towards Iraq
June 15, 2010  | On the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
George W. Bush | September 13, 2007  | On the War in Iraq
September 11, 2006  | On the Five Year anniversary of the September 11th attacks
May 15, 2006  | On Immigration, Border Security, drug policy, and the drug war in Mexico
December 18, 2005  | On the elections in Iraq
March 19, 2003  | Start of war against Iraq
September 11, 2001  | On the terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington D.C
Bill Clinton | January 18, 2001  | Farewell address
June 10, 1999  | On the peace agreement in Kosovo
March 24, 1999  | On the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
December 16, 1998  | Start of a US and British Bombing Campaign against Iraq
August 20, 1998  | U.S Cruise missile strikes on Afghanistan and Sudan
November 27, 1995  | On the Dayton Agreement
June 13, 1995  | On the Federal Budget
December 15, 1994  | Announcing a Middle Class Bill of Rights initiative
October 10, 1994  | On Iraq
September 18, 1994  | On the peaceful capitulation of the Haitian government
September 15, 1994  | Ultimatum to the government of Haiti
October 7, 1993  | On the battle of Mogadishu
August 3, 1993  | On the Balanced Budget Plan
June 26, 1993  | US Strike on Iraq
February 15, 1993  | On the National economic program
George H. W. Bush | December 4, 1992  | On the crisis in Somalia
September 1, 1992  | On Hurricane Andrew disaster relief
May 1, 1992  | On the riots in Los Angeles
December 25, 1991  | On the Collapse of the Soviet Union
September 27, 1991  | On Reducing US and Soviet nuclear weapons
September 13, 1991  | Nomination of Robert Gates as CIA Director[27]
February 27, 1991  | End of war in the Persian Gulf
January 16, 1991  | Start of war in the Persian Gulf
October 2, 1990  | On the Federal Budget Agreement
September 12, 1990  | Message to the people of Iraq
August 8, 1990  | On the crisis in the Persian Gulf
December 20, 1989  | On the United States invasion of Panama
September 5, 1989  | On drugs
Ronald Reagan | January 11, 1989  | Farewell address
February 2, 1988  | On aid to the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance
December 10, 1987  | On the Soviet-United States Summit Meeting
October 14, 1987  | Nomination of Robert Bork to the United States Supreme Court
August 12, 1987  | On the Iran Contra Affair and the Administration Goals
June 15, 1987  | On the Venice Economic Summit, Arms Control, and the Deficit
March 4, 1987  | On the Iran-Contra Affair
December 2, 1986  | On the Investigation into the Iran-Contra Affair
November 13, 1986  | On the Iran-Contra Affair
November 2, 1986  | On the Congressional and Gubernatorial Midterm Elections[28]
October 13, 1986  | On meetings with Gorbachev in Iceland
June 24, 1986  | Aid to the Contras
April 14, 1986  | United States airstrike against Libya
March 16, 1986  | On the Situation in Nicaragua
February 26, 1986  | On National Security
January 28, 1986  | On the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
November 14, 1985  | On the upcoming Soviet-United States meeting in Geneva
June 30, 1985  | On the Hijacking of Trans World Airlines Flight 847
May 28, 1985  | On tax reform
April 24, 1985  | On Federal Budget and Deficit Reduction
November 5, 1984  | On the eve of the Presidential Election
May 9, 1984  | On United States Policy in Central America
January 29, 1984  | Decision to seek re-election
October 27, 1983  | On recent events in Lebanon and Grenada
September 5, 1983  | On the Soviet attack on a Korean Civilian Airliner
March 23, 1983  | On Defense and National Security
November 22, 1982  | On Strategic Arms Reduction and Nuclear Deterrence
October 13, 1982  | On the economy
September 20, 1982  | Announcing the formation of a Multinational Force in Lebanon
August 16, 1982  | On Federal Tax and Budget Reconciliation Legislation
April 29, 1982  | On the 1983 Fiscal Budget
December 23, 1981  | Observance of Christmas and the Situation in Poland
September 24, 1981  | On the Program for Economic Recovery
July 27, 1981  | On Federal Tax Reduction Legislation
February 5, 1981  | On the economy
Jimmy Carter | January 14, 1981  | Farewell Address
April 25, 1980  | On the failed rescue attempt of American hostages in Iran
January 4, 1980  | On the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
October 1, 1979  | On the Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement
July 15, 1979  | On Consumerism and the Crisis of Confidence
April 5, 1979  | On Energy
November 8, 1977  | Announcing a National Energy Policy
April 18, 1977  | On Energy
Gerald Ford | October 6, 1975  | On Federal Tax and Spending Regulations
May 27, 1975  | On Energy
May 15, 1975  | On the Recovery of the SS Mayaguez
March 29, 1975  | On Signing the Tax Reduction Act of 1975
January 13, 1975  | On Energy, Inflation, and the Economy
September 16, 1974  | Pardoning of Vietnam War draft evaders
September 8, 1974  | Pardoning of Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon | August 8, 1974  | Announcing the resignation of the Presidency
July 25, 1974  | On Inflation and the Economy.
July 3, 1974  | On Returning From the Soviet Union.
July 2, 1974  | Message to the People of the Soviet Union
April 29, 1974  | Announcing Answer to the House Judiciary Committee Subpoena (Watergate)
November 25, 1973  | Announcing a National Energy Policy
November 7, 1973  | Announcing Policies To Deal With the Energy Shortages
October 12, 1973  | Nomination of Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States
August 15, 1973  | On the Watergate Investigations
June 13, 1973  | Announcing Price Control Measures
April 30, 1973  | On the Watergate Investigations
April 19, 1973  | Announcing an end to the energy quota system
March 29, 1973  | On Vietnam and Domestic Problems
January 23, 1973  | Announcing the conclusion of a Peace Agreement in Vietnam
November 7, 1972  | Victory Speech
November 6, 1972  | On the eve of the Presidential Election
November 2, 1972  | "Look to the Future"
July 4, 1972  | Announcing Plans for America's Bicentennial Celebration
May 28, 1972  | Message to the People of the Soviet Union
May 8, 1972  | On the Situation in Southeast Asia
April 26, 1972  | On Vietnam
March 16, 1972  | On Equal Educational Opportunities and School Busing
February 8, 1972  | On the environment
January 25, 1972  | Announcing a Plan for Peace in Vietnam
October 21, 1971  | Nomination of Powell and Rehnquist to the United States Supreme Court
October 7, 1971  | On the Post-Freeze Economic Stabilization Program
September 6, 1971  | Observance of Labor Day
August 15, 1971  | Announcing a New Economic Policy: "The Challenge of Peace"
July 15, 1971  | Announcing Acceptance of an Invitation To Visit China
May 20, 1971  | Announcing a Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement with the Soviet Union
April 7, 1971  | On the Situation in Southeast Asia (Vietnam)
February 25, 1971  | On the Second Annual Foreign Policy Report to Congress
February 18, 1971  | On Healthcare
October 7, 1970  | Announcing a New Initiative for Peace in Southeast Asia (Vietnam)
June 17. 1970  | On Economic Policy and Productivity
June 3, 1970  | On the Cambodian Sanctuary Operation
April 30, 1970  | On the Situation in Southeast Asia (Cambodian Incursion)
April 20, 1970  | On Progress Toward Peace in Vietnam
March 23, 1970  | On the Postal Strike
December 15, 1969  | On Progress Toward Peace in Vietnam
November 3, 1969  | On the War in Vietnam
October 17, 1969  | On the Rising Cost of Living
August 8. 1969  | On Domestic Programs
May 14, 1969  | On Vietnam
Lyndon B. Johnson | October 31, 1968  | Announcing His Decision To Halt the Bombing of North Vietnam
June 6, 1968  | On the death of Robert Francis Kennedy
June 5, 1968  | On the Assassination Attempt on Robert Francis Kennedy
April 5, 1968  | On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
March 31, 1968  | On the war in Vietnam and the 1968 election
January 26, 1968  | On the Capture of the USS Pueblo by North Korean forces
July 27, 1967  | On civil disorder in the United States
July 24, 1967  | On the Riots in Detroit
July 12, 1966  | On United States Foreign Policy in Asia
January 31, 1966  | On the Resumption of Bombing of North Vietnam
August 6, 1965  | On the Signing of the Voting Rights Act
July 28, 1965  | On Vietnam and the United States Supreme Court
May 2, 1965  | On the situation in the Dominican Republic
April 28, 1965  | On the Decision to send troops to the Dominican Republic
March 26, 1965  | On the arrests of those involved in the murder of Violo Liuzzo
November 2, 1964  | On the eve of the Presidential election
October 18, 1964  | On recent events in China, the USSR, and Great Britain
October 7, 1964  | On the Upcoming Presidential Election
August 4, 1964  | On the Gulf of Tonkin Incident
July 2, 1964  | On the Signing of the Civil Rights Bill
April 22, 1964  | On the Railroad Strike
November 28, 1963  | Observance of Thanksgiving
November 23, 1963  | On the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
John F. Kennedy | September 18, 1963  | On the Test Ban Treaty and the Tax Reduction Bill
July 26, 1963  | On the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
July 10, 1963  | Announcing Postponing of the Railroad Strike
July 5, 1963  | On returning from a trip to Europe
June 11, 1963  | On civil rights
May 16, 1963  | On the Flight of Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper
May 12, 1963  | On the race riots in Birmingham, Alabama
November 3, 1962  | Encouraging the American People to Vote in the Midterm Elections
November 2, 1962  | Announcing an end to the Cuban Missile Crisis
October 22, 1962  | On the Cuban Missile Crisis
September 30, 1962  | On the Situation at the University of Mississippi
August 13, 1962  | On the economy
July 2, 1962  | Announcing recognition of Algerian independence
March 3, 1962  | On Nuclear Testing and Deterrent
July 25, 1961  | On the Berlin Crisis
June 6, 1961  | On Returning from Europe
Dwight Eisenhower | January 17, 1961  | Farewell address
June 27, 1960  | On the trip to the Far East
May 25, 1960  | On recent events in Paris
March 8, 1960  | On the trip to South America
February 21, 1960  | On leaving for a trip to South America
December 3, 1959  | On leaving for a trip to Europe, Asia, and South America
September 10, 1959  | On the trip to Europe
August 6, 1959  | On the Need for an effective labor bill
March 16, 1959  | On security in the free world
September 11, 1958  | On the Formosan Straits Crisis
July 15, 1958  | On the United States mission in Beirut
December 23, 1957  | On the NATO conference in Paris
November 13, 1957  | On Future Security
November 7, 1957  | On science and national security
September 24, 1957  | On the Little Rock School Integration Crisis
May 21, 1957  | On Mutual Security
May 14, 1957  | On the Federal Budget
February 20, 1957  | On the Situation in the Middle East and the Eisenhower Doctrine
October 31, 1956  | On the Uprising in Hungary and the Suez Crisis
September 19, 1956  | Start of the President's Re-election campaign
April 16, 1956  | On the Farm Bill Veto
February 29, 1956  | Decision to seek re-election
January 5, 1956  | On the State of the Union
July 25, 1955  | On the Geneva Convention
July 15, 1955  | On the Upcoming Convention in Geneva
August 23, 1954  | On the Achievements of the 83rd Congress
April 5, 1954  | On the State of the Union
March 15, 1954  | On the tax Program
January 4, 1954  | On the Administrations Purposes and Accomplishments
August 6, 1953  | On the Achievements of the 83rd Congress
July 26, 1953  | On the armistice on the Korean peninsula
May 19, 1953  | On National Security
Harry S. Truman | January 15, 1953  | Farewell Address
November 3, 1952  | On the eve of the Presidential Election
April 8, 1952  | On the steel mills crisis
March 6, 1952  | On Mutual Security
November 7, 1951  | On International Arms Reduction
June 14, 1951  | On Inflation
April 11, 1951  | On the war in Korea and the removal of General Douglas MacArthur
December 24, 1950  | Observance of Christmas
December 19, 1950  | On the War in Korea and National Emergency
September 9, 1950  | On the Signing of the Defense Production Act
September 1, 1950  | On the Progress of the War
July 19, 1950  | On the war in Korea
September 27, 1949  | Observance of Democratic Women's Day
July 13, 1949  | On the economy
April 4, 1949  | On the Signing of the North Atlantic Treaty
October 24, 1947  | On the Special Session of Congress
October 5, 1947  | Food conservation to aid post-war Europe
June 20, 1947  | On the veto of the Taft-Harley Bill
October 14, 1946  | Ending of price controls
June 29, 1946  | On price controls
May 24, 1946  | On the railroad strike
January 3, 1946  | Status of Reconversion Program
October 30, 1945  | Reconversion of wartime economy to peacetime economy
October 2, 1945  | Announcing the start of the 1945 National War Fund Campaign
September 1, 1945  | Cessation of hostilities with Japan
August 10, 1945  | On the Potsdam Conference
August 6, 1945  | On the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
June 7, 1945  | Ultimatum to Japan
May 8, 1945  | End of the War in Europe
April 17, 1945  | On the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt | January 6, 1945  | On the State of the Union
December 24, 1944  | Observance of Christmas
November 2, 1944  | Report on the war
October 5, 1944  | On the Upcoming Presidential Elections
June 12, 1944  | Opening of the Fifth War Loan Drive
June 6, 1944  | On the D-Day Landings
June 5, 1944  | On the fall of Rome
January 11, 1944  | On the state of the Union
December 24, 1943  | On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences
September 8, 1943  | On the Armistice with Italy and the Third War Loan Drive
July 28, 1943  | On the Fall of Mussolini
May 2, 1943  | On the coal crisis
October 12, 1942  | Report on the war
September 7, 1942  | On Inflation and Progress of the War
June 12, 1942  | On Rubber
April 28, 1942  | On national economic policy and sacrifice
February 23, 1942  | On the Progress of the War
December 9, 1941  | On the Declaration of War With Japan
September 11, 1941  | On Maintaining Freedom of the Seas and the Greer Incident
September 1, 1941  | Observance of Labor Day
May 27, 1941  | Announcing Unlimited National Emergency
December 29, 1940  | On the "Arsenal of Democracy"
May 26, 1940  | On National Defense
September 3, 1939  | On the European War
November 4, 1938  | On the eve of the Midterm Elections
June 24, 1938  | On the Party Primaries
April 14, 1938  | On the Recession
November 14, 1937  | On the Unemployment Census
October 12, 1937  | On new legislation to be recommended to Congress
March 9, 1937  | On the Reorganization of the Judiciary
September 6, 1936  | On Drought Conditions, Farmers, and Laborers
April 28, 1935  | On the Works Relief Program and the Social Security Act
September 30, 1934  | On Government and Capitalism
June 28, 1934  | On the Achievements of the 73rd United States Congress and Critics of the New Deal
October 22, 1933  | On Economic Progress
July 24, 1933  | On the National Recovery Administration
May 7, 1933  | On the New Deal Program
March 12, 1933  | On the Banking Crisis
Herbert Hoover | November 7, 1932  | Concession to Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1932 election
October 16, 1932  | On the Campaign for Community Funds Relief
March 6, 1932  | On the Hoarding of Currency
October 18, 1931  | On Unemployment Relief
September 18, 1929  | On Peace Efforts and Arms Reduction

## See also

[edit]

* List of national addresses
* State of the Union address
* Weekly address of the president of the United States
* Fireside chats
* Cadena nacional
* Special address by the British monarch

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Williams, Bronwyn; Zenger, Amy (2007). Popular Culture and Representations of Literacy. Routledge. p. 13\. ISBN 978-0-415-36095-1. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
2. ^ "my fellow Americans", Wiktionary, February 3, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2023
3. ^ Rottinghaus, Brandon (2009). "Strategic Leaders: Determining Successful Presidential Opinion Leadership Tactics Through Public Appeals". Political Communication. 26 (3): 296–316\. doi:10.1080/10584600903053510. S2CID 145768760.296-316&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/10584600903053510&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145768760#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Rottinghaus&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:United+States+Oval+Office+Address" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Thai, Xuan. "Oval Office setting is message behind the message - CNN.com". Retrieved October 24, 2018.
5. ^ a b c d Calmes, Jackie (July 9, 2013). "Live From the Oval Office: A Backdrop of History Fades From TV". New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
6. ^ a b Greeley, Brenden. "Why Obama Doesn't Give Speeches From the Oval Office". Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
7. ^ Lu & Sullivan 2004, p. 147
8. ^ Lu & Sullivan 2004, p. 271
9. ^ Lu & Sullivan 2004, p. 28
10. ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller. "The Rhetoric of 9/11: President George W. Bush – Address to the Nation on 9-11-01". Americanrhetoric.com. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
11. ^ Connolly, Katie (June 15, 2010). "As it happened: Obama oil spill address". BBC News. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
12. ^ a b "Remarks by the President on Osama Bin Laden". White House. May 2, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
13. ^ "Obama: American Ideals, National Security At Stake In Syrian Crisis". NPR. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
14. ^ "Obama Orders Start to US Troop Withdrawal From Afghanistan". ABC News. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
15. ^ Staff, ToI. "Full text of Trump's speech recognizing Jerusalem as capital of Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
16. ^ "Trump Iran nuclear deal speech: Full transcript and video of the president's announcement to withdraw from the joint comprehensive plan of action today - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. May 8, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
17. ^ Staff, POLITICO (January 19, 2019). "Full text: Trump's shutdown offer to Dems". POLITICO. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
18. ^ House, The White (February 23, 2021). "Remarks by President Biden on the More Than 500,000 American Lives Lost to COVID-19". The White House. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
19. ^ "Remarks by President Biden on the School Shooting in Uvalde, Texas". The White House. May 25, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
20. ^ Khalid, Asma (January 15, 2025). "After half a century in politics, Biden bids farewell in an Oval Office address". NPR. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
21. ^ "Biden takes credit for ceasefire deal, brushes off Trump: 'Is that a joke?'". ABC News. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
22. ^ "Biden says he supports the right to protest but denounces 'chaos' and hate speech". NPR. May 2, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
23. ^ News, A. B. C. "Biden says fall of Assad regime in Syria is a 'historic opportunity'". ABC News. Retrieved January 24, 2025. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
24. ^ "Biden heads to New York to talk debt ceiling, raise funds for re-election". Reuters. May 10, 2023.
25. ^ Tackett, Michael; Fandos, Nicholas (January 7, 2019). "Trump Will Take Case for Border Wall to Public in National Address". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2018. "Ted Koppel, the veteran ABC anchor, said in an interview that given that Mr. Trump had not previously requested time for an Oval Office speech, the networks ought to give him 'the benefit of the doubt.'"
26. ^ Liptak, Kevin (June 2, 2023). "Biden addresses nation after avoiding catastrophic default: 'The stakes could not have been higher' | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
27. ^ "Address to the Nation on the Nomination of Robert Gates To Be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
28. ^ "Address to the Nation on the Congressional and Gubernatorial Elections". Ronald Reagan. Retrieved April 24, 2024.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Lu, Xin-An; Sullivan, Rita (2004). Gems from the top 100 speeches. IUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-30856-9.

## External links

[edit]

* Presidential Speeches Miller Center

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