United States Space Force

Space service branch of the U.S. military

"Semper Supra" redirects here. For the official march of the United States Space Force, see Semper Supra (march).

Not to be confused with United States Space Command.

United States Space Force

Seal of the United States Space Force
Founded|

* 20 December 2019
* (5 years, 5 months)

Country|  United States
Type| Space force
Role| Space warfare
Size| 9,400 military personnel[1]
Part of| Armed forces of the United States[2]
Department of the Air Force

Headquarters| The Pentagon
Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.[3]
Motto(s)|

* Semper Supra
* "Always above"[4]

March| "Semper Supra"[5]
Anniversaries| 20 December
Equipment| See spacecraft and space systems
Engagements|

As Air Force Space Command

*     *     * Grenada – Operation Urgent Fury
* Lebanese Civil War
* Libya – Operation El Dorado Canyon
* Persian Gulf – Operation Ernest Will
* Panama – Operation Just Cause
* Somalia – Operation United Shield
* Haiti – Operation Uphold Democracy
* Bosnia and Herzegovina & Croatia – Operation Joint Endeavor
* Bosnia and Herzegovina & Croatia – Operation Joint Guard
* Bosnia and Herzegovina & Croatia – Operation Joint Endeavor
* Bosnia and Herzegovina & Croatia – Operation Joint Forge
* Southwest Asia – Operation Vigilant Sentinel
* Southwest Asia – Maritime Intercept Operations
* Southwest Asia – Operation Southern Watch
* Southwest Asia – Operation Northern Watch
* Southwest Asia – Operation Desert Fox
* Haiti – Operation Secure Tomorrow
* Persian Gulf War
*     * Kosovo Air Campaign
* Kosovo Defense Campaign
*     * Iraq Campaign[6]

As U.S. Space Force

*   *   * Global War on Terrorism
*   * Afghanistan Campaign
*   * Inherent Resolve Campaign[6]

Website|

* spaceforce.mil
* spaceforce.com

Commanders
Commander-in-Chief|  President Donald Trump
Secretary of Defense|  Pete Hegseth
Secretary of the Air Force|  Troy Meink
Chief of Space Operations|  Gen B. Chance Saltzman
Vice Chief of Space Operations|  Gen Michael Guetlein
Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force|  CMSSF John F. Bentivegna
Insignia
Flag|
Logo|
Emblem|

Military unit

The United States Space Force (USSF) is the space force branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six armed forces of the United States and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.[7] It is also one of two independent space forces in the world.[8]

The United States Space Force traces its origins to the Air Force, Army, and Navy's military space programs created during the beginning of the Cold War. US military space forces first participated in combat operations during the Vietnam War and have participated in every U.S. military operation since, most notably in the Gulf War, which has been referred to as the "first space war." The Strategic Defense Initiative and creation of Air Force Space Command in the 1980s marked a renaissance for military space operations.

Proposals for a U.S. Space Force were first seriously considered during the Reagan Administration as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Congress began exploring establishing a Space Corps or Space Force in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The idea of establishing a Space Force was resurrected in the late 2010s in response to Russian and Chinese military space developments, resulting in the Space Force's establishment on 20 December 2019 during the first Trump Administration.

The Space Force is organized as part of the Department of the Air Force alongside the U.S. Air Force, a coequal service. The Department of the Air Force is headed by the civilian secretary of the Air Force, while the U.S. Space Force is led by the chief of space operations. The U.S. Space Force's status as part of the Department of the Air Force is intended to be an interim measure towards a fully independent Department of the Space Force, led by a civilian secretary of the Space Force.

## Mission

[edit]

> Secure our Nation's interests in, from, and to space.

> — Mission statement of the United States Space Force[9]

The Space Force's statutory responsibilities are outlined in 10 U.S.C. § 9081 and originally introduced in the United States Space Force Act, the Space Force is organized, trained, and equipped to:

1. Provide freedom of operation for the United States in, from, and to space;
2. Conduct space operations; and
3. Protect the interests of the United States in space.

The Department of Defense further defines the specified functions of the Space Force to:[10]

1. Provide freedom of operation for the United States in, from, and to space.
2. Provide prompt and sustained space operations.
3. Protect the interests of the United States in space.
4. Deter aggression in, from, and to space.
5. Conduct space operations.

The Space Force further breaks down its mission into three core functions, which align directly to its mission statement to "secure our Nation's interests in, from, and to space:"

1. Space Superiority (in space)
2. Global Mission Operations (from space)
3. Assured Space Access (to space)

### Space Superiority

[edit]

Concept of a future space interception

Space superiority defends against space and counterspace threats by protecting spacecraft in space or protecting against attacks enabled by adversary spacecraft, requiring that the Space Force establish control of the domain. The Space Force describes that at a time and place of the United States' choosing it must be able to assure continued use of spacecraft and deny adversaries use of their spacecraft or space-enabled capabilities.[9]

Missions that support space superiority include orbital warfare, electromagnetic warfare, and space battle management.[9]

### Global Mission Operations

[edit]

Missile warning radar at Pituffik Space Base, Greenland

Global mission operations integrates joint functions across all domains (land, air, maritime, space, cyberspace) on a global space. Through space, the U.S. military and its allies can see, communicate, and navigate. Global mission operations also protect U.S. forces on Earth through early warning of incoming missiles and other types of attack. The Space Force describes global mission operations as allowing the rest of the U.S. military to defend the air, land, and sea.[9]

Missions that support global mission operations include missile warning, satellite communications, and positioning, navigation, and timing.[9]

### Assured Space Access

[edit]

USSF Falcon Heavy launch from Kennedy Space Center

Assured space access ensures that the Space Force can deploy and sustain equipment in outer space. This includes space launches as well as controlling and steering spacecraft out of the way of oncoming space debris to avoid collisions. The Space Force describes assured access to space as being able to make sure it can continue launching and conducting space operations 24/7.

Missions supporting space access include launch, range control, cyber, and space domain awareness.[9]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of the United States Space Force

### The Defense Department enters space

[edit]

> In the long haul, our safety as a nation may depend upon achieving "space superiority." Several decades from now, the important battles may not be sea battles or air battles, but space battles, and we should be spending a certain fraction of our national resources to ensure that we do not lag in obtaining space supremacy.

> — Major General Bernard Schriever, 19 February 1957[9][11]

Launch of Explorer 1, America's first satellite, by the U.S. Army in 1958

In the aftermath of World War II the Air Force started examining the potentials and risks of space. General Henry H. Arnold, commander of the Army Air Forces, tasked General Bernard Schriever to identify and develop technologies, with the scientific community, that could be beneficial for the new U.S. Air Force in the next global conflict.[9] Identifying the importance of space, the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force each started their own separate space and rocket programs. The U.S. Air Force created the first military space organization in the world, establishing the Western Development Division in 1954 and placing it under the command of General Schriever.[12] The Army followed a year later, creating the Army Ballistic Missile Agency under the leadership of General John Bruce Medaris and Wernher von Braun.[13]

The Army led the United States into space, launching the first American spacecraft, Explorer 1, on 31 January 1958.[9] Space exploration continued to be a military responsibility until the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created in 1958.[14] The military shifted from conducting their own space exploration programs to supporting NASA's, providing the agency with its astronauts and space launch vehicles, while also conducting astronaut recovery and supporting space launches from the Air Force's Eastern Range.[14]

The Air Force was recognized as the lead military service for space by the early 1960s, with the Army and Navy operating in supporting roles. Early military space efforts were focused on developing and fielding spacecraft to accomplish national objectives, with a focus on weather, reconnaissance and surveillance, communications, and navigation. On 18 August 1961, the Air Force and National Reconnaissance Office launched the first CORONA reconnaissance mission, recovering 3,000 feet of film from space and imaged 1.65 million square miles of the Soviet Union's territory.[9]

General Bernard Schriever, father of the Air Force space and missile program

Concerned about the development of the Soviet Union's own space forces, the Air Force advocated for a military human spaceflight program. General Curtis LeMay described strong parallels between World War I aviation and 1960s space operations, noting how quickly flying evolved from chivalric and unarmed reconnaissance flights to combat efforts designed to destroy enemy air superiority. General LeMay believed that it was naive to believe that the same trends were not expected to be seen in space and must be prepared for. Although the Air Force made significant progress in developing the X-20 spaceplane, Manned Orbiting Laboratory, and Blue Gemini, opposition from the Department of Defense prevented operational fielding.

In November 1968, the Central Intelligence Agency reported a successful satellite destruction simulation performed by the Soviet Union as a part of its Istrebitel Sputnikov anti-satellite weapons research programme.[15][16][17][18][19] Possibly as a response to the Soviet programme, the United States has earlier began Project SAINT, which was intended to provide anti-satellite capability to be used in the case of war with the Soviet Union.[20][15][21] However the project was cancelled early on due to budget constraints and after details were leaked to The New York Times in 1962.[21] Despite these setbacks, the Air Force did successfully field the Program 437 anti-satellite weapon system, which used nuclear Thor missiles to intercept and destroy enemy spacecraft.[14]

Although most military space forces were organized under the Air Force, they were still fragmented within several different major commands. Recognizing rapid growth of space forces and the need to centralize them under one command, the Air Force established Air Force Space Command in 1982.[9] This was followed by the establishment of the joint United States Space Command in 1985, aligning Air Force Space Command, Naval Space Command, and Army Space Command under a single operational commander. These two moves, along with the Strategic Defense Initiative's establishment by President Ronald Reagan, led to a renaissance of military space operations in the 1980s.[14]

Air Force Defense Support Program deployment from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-44 mission in 1991

Space forces were first used in combat operations during the Vietnam War, with Air Force weather and communications spacecraft supporting ground, sea, and air operations.[14] During Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada, satellite communications were used to conduct command and control for the first time, while Operation El Dorado Canyon and Operation Just Cause marked the first time that major U.S. forces incorporated information from space-based intelligence systems.[22]

The Persian Gulf War marked the first time that military space forces were unleashed to their fullest extent. Over sixty spacecraft provided 90% of theater communications and command and control for a multinational army of 500,000 troops, weather support for commanders and mission planners, missile warning of Iraqi Scud missile launches, and satellite navigation for air and land forces moving across a featureless desert.[14][23] The decisive role that space forces played directly enabled an overwhelming Coalition victory and led to the Persian Gulf War being coined "the first Space War."[24]

While U.S. space forces supported all U.S. military operations in the 1990s, Operation Allied Force marked the first use of Global Positioning System-aided munitions in a conflict, ushering in a new era of precision bombing.[25] Following the September 11 attacks, U.S. space forces mobilized to respond as part of the Global War on Terrorism, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Inherent Resolve.[26]

### Path to a separate space service

[edit]

> Creating a new military service...would be a dramatic step. Perhaps a "Space Corps" would be a step toward a Space Force. Maybe the Air Force will preempt these dramatic changes by truly becoming the "Space and Air Force."

> — Senator Bob Smith, 18 November 1998[9]

Air Force Space Command activation ceremony in 1982

The idea of a separate service for space originated in the 1960s. Military space activities were briefly consolidated under the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1958, loosely centralizing space activities under a single organization. The Air Force, Army, and Navy feared that it would evolve into a "fourth service" for space, before authorities were returned to the service.[14]

The first direct call for a U.S. Space Force occurred in 1982, prior to Air Force Space Command's establishment or the Strategic Defense Initiative's public announcement. As part of a report recommending the acceleration U.S. space-based laser weapon development, the Government Accountability Office recommended the U.S. Air Force be reorganized as the U.S. Aerospace Force or that an independent U.S. Space Force be created.[27] Ultimately, a Congressional proposal to rename the U.S. Air Force as the U.S. Aerospace Force and speculation that President Ronald Reagan may announce the creation of a U.S. Space Force accelerated Air Force plans to create a space command within the service.[14]

Following the Persian Gulf War, the Air Force and Defense Department declared that "space power has now become as important to the nation as land, sea, and air power." Despite this public pronouncement, a growing section of Congress believed that space was being shortchanged and used only as an auxiliary to air operations. In 1998, drawing parallels between the challenges faced by post-World War I Army Aviators and post-Gulf War Air Force space operators, Senator Bob Smith publicly called for the establishment of a Space Force if the Air Force could not, or would not, embrace spacepower. An independent Department of the Space Force would ensure that space got its fair share of resources within the Defense Department, with Senator Smith calling for the creation of a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force as a bridge to a fully independent Space Force.[27]

Concept for the Strategic Defense Initiative Brilliant Pebbles space-based interceptor

In 2000, Senator Smith led Congress in establishing a commission to examine the organization and management of national security space. The Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, better known as the 2001 Space Commission or the Rumsfeld Commission, released its report in 2001. The Rumsfeld Commission noted the strong risk of a "Space Pearl Harbor," harking back to Imperial Japan's surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in 1941. It was extremely critical of the Air Force's treatment of space, with few witnesses expressing confidence that the Air Force would address the requirement to provide space capabilities to the other services or move beyond treating space as just a support capability for air operations. The most significant recommendation of the Rumsfeld Commission was the creation of a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force in the mid-term, which would evolve into a Department of the Space Force in the long-term. The Rumsfeld Commission expected the transition from Air Force Space Command to a fully independent Space Force to occur in between 2006 and 2011. [27][28]

Air Force leadership reacted extremely poorly to the Rumsfeld Commission's recommendations. The day after the Commission was publicly released Air Force chief of staff General Michael E. Ryan declared "an independent Space Force or Corps was not warranted for at least another 50 years." General Ryan doubled down over the following year, stating that a Space Force should only be considered once space operations moved beyond Earth orbit. Despite the Air Force's hostility to the idea of a Space Corps or Space Force, they did meet some recommendations by transferring the Space and Missile Systems Center from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command and establishing the National Security Space Institute.[27] Ultimately, the Rumsfeld Commission's recommendations remained unfulfilled because of the higher priority placed on counterterrorism after the September 11 attacks, canceling plans for a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force or a fully independent Space Force by 2011.[29]

President Donald Trump congratulating General Jay Raymond after signing the 2020 NDAA that established the U.S. Space Force

While the United States' focus shifted from space to counterterrorism, the Russian Armed Forces and Chinese People's Liberation Army realized the military benefits that could be gleaned from space, as well as the incredible reliance the United States put on its space forces. Throughout the 2000s, Russian and Chinese space and counterspace capabilities began to increase.[9] In 2001, the Russian Space Forces were reestablished as an independent arm and in 2007, China conducted a destructive anti-satellite missile test causing the single largest space debris generating event in history.[30][31][32] In the aftermath of the Chinese ASAT test, Congress tasked the Allard Commission to reevaluate the Defense Department's space organization and management. The Allard Commission noted that the United States' dependence on space had increased, but comparatively little...[had] been achieved to make them more secure." It also noted, despite the recommendations of the Rumsfeld Commission, authority and responsibility for national security space remained fragmented and unfocused. Like the 2001 Rumsfeld Commission, the 2008 Allard Commission recommended establishing a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force or a separate Department of the Space Force to unify national security space. [27]

It took until 2017 for members of Congress to act on the recommendations of the Rumsfeld and Allard commissions to create a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force. Representatives Mike Rogers and Jim Cooper unveiled a bipartisan proposal to establish a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force, however it experienced significant opposition from the Air Force and Defense Department, failing in the Senate. [33][34] However, the proposal was resurrected in 2018 when President Donald Trump publicly endorsed the creation of a Space Force and directed the Defense Department to reverse its opposition and develop plans for its establishment.[35][36] The Trump Administration plan for the U.S. Space Force was outlined in Space Policy Directive-4, initially organizing the U.S. Space Force as part of the Department of the Air Force, but with plans to build out a separate Department of the Space Force in the future.[37] In 2019, Congress passed legislation establishing the U.S. Space Force as a military service under the Department of the Air Force. On 20 December 2019, the National Defense Authorization Act was signed into law and the U.S. Space Force was established as the sixth armed service, meeting the Rumsfeld and Allard commissions' recommendations to create a Space Corps within the Department of the Air Force, but still falling short of creating a separate Department of the Space Force.[27]

### The sixth service

[edit]

> We are at the dawn of a new era for our Nation’s Armed Forces. The establishment of the U.S. Space Force is an historic event and a strategic imperative for our Nation. Space has become so important to our way of life, our economy and our national security that we must be prepared as a Nation to protect it from hostile actions.

> — Secretary of Defense Mark Esper, 20 December 2019[38]

The first 86 Space Force lieutenants commissioned from the United States Air Force Academy on 18 April 2020

As the U.S. Space Force was established on 20 December 2019, General Jay Raymond, commander of U.S. Space Command and Air Force Space Command, became its first member and chief of space operations. Air Force Space Command was immediately redesignated as United States Space Force, however, the command and its 16,000 Airmen technically remained part of the Air Force.[39] On 3 April 2020, Chief Master Sergeant Roger A. Towberman became the Space Force's second member and was appointed its first senior enlisted leader.[40] The service gained its first new second lieutenants when 86 members of the U.S. Air Force Academy class of 2020 became Space Force members 3 through 88 on 18 April 2020.[41] Currently serving Air Force space operators began to become Space Force members in September 2020 and the service gained its first astronaut when Colonel Michael S. Hopkins swore into the Space Force aboard the International Space Station on 18 December 2020.[42][43][44][45]

The Space Force also began to build out its culture and identity, however, it experienced several public relations challenges due to its perceived ties to science fiction and links to President Trump.[46] The Space Force adopted the Army and Air Force's OCP Uniform with blue stitching and a full color U.S. flag, sparking jokes about fighting on the forest moon of Endor from Star Wars: Return of the Jedi, while its distinctive service dress drew comparisons to Colonial Fleet uniforms from Battlestar Galactica or Starfleet uniforms from Star Trek. While the Space Force noted that its camouflage combat uniform was appropriate since space operators deploy to combat zones on the Earth alongside the rest of the joint force and it saved money, it did not have a similar response for its service dress uniform, which were described as a "futuristic-looking" design by General Raymond.[47][48][49][50] The Space Force's seal and delta insignia were also incorrectly derided as a rip-off of Star Trek's Starfleet logo, despite being first adopted as a space symbol by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division in 1962, four years before Star Trek first aired on television in 1966.[51] Star Trek graphic designer Michael Okuda recalled that Starfleet's logo was chosen as an homage to Air Force Space Command, the Space Force's direct predecessor.[51]

An Atlas V conducts the first U.S. Space Force space launch on 26 March 2020

The service also chose the title "Guardian" to represent its personnel, becoming its counterpart to Soldier and Airman. The term "Guardian" has a long history within Air Force Space Command, originally serving as part of its motto: "Guardians of the High Frontier."[52] The Space Force also adopted Semper Supra as its official motto and unveiled its service song, sharing the same name.[53] The decision on if the Space Force's ranks would mirror the Army, like the Air Force and Marine Corps, or the Navy, generated significant controversy, with Congressman Dan Crenshaw introducing an amendment which would force the Space Force to pattern itself after the Navy's rank structure.[54] Ultimately, the amendment failed and the Space Force followed an Air Force/Army/Marine Corps-based rank scheme.[9]

The Space Force began to officially incorporate former Air Force Space Command units in 2020 and 2021, standing up field commands to serve as counterparts to the Air Force's major commands. It also consolidated Air Force wings and groups into mission deltas, a formation roughly equivalent to an Army Brigade Combat Team or Air Force expeditionary wing, and space base deltas (briefly known as garrisons), equivalent to an Army garrison or Air Force air base wing.[55][56] It also began to rename former Air Force bases and station to Space Force bases and station, starting with Patrick Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[57] It also established component field commands to serve as Space Force components at the unified combatant commands, assuming space component responsibility from the U.S. Air Force.[58]

Transfer of the Naval Satellite Operations Center from the Navy to the Space Force in 2022

One of the primary reasons the Space Force was created was to consolidate space forces from across the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and U.S. Navy.[37] In 2020, the Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional) was established to form the foundation for Space Training and Readiness Command and incorporate Air Force space units spread across Air Combat Command and Air Education and Training Command, while Space Systems Command incorporated space acquisitions activities across Air Force Materiel Command, although, notably it did not incorporate space research and development conducted by the Air Force Research Laboratory.[59][60] The Space Force also began incorporating space personnel transfers from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps.[61] In 2022, it the Naval Satellite Operations Center and Army's Satellite Operations Brigade transferred to the Space Force, putting satellite communications under a single service for the first time in history.[62][63] In 2023, it assumed responsibility for the Army's Joint Tactical Ground Station, putting all space-based missile warning under the Space Force.[64]

The Space Force's first significant combat action occurred less than a month after its establishment, providing missile warning when Iran launched missile strikes against U.S. troops at Al Asad Airbase on 7 January 2020.[65] In 2021, the Russian Federation conducted an anti-satellite weapons test, destroying the Kosmos 1408 and putting the International Space Station at risk.[66]

## Organization

[edit]

Main articles: Structure of the United States Space Force and List of active duty United States Space Force general officers

Organization of the United States Space Force within the Department of Defense

The Space Force is organized into a headquarters staff that provides leadership and guidance for the force; field commands that are responsible for organizing, training, and equipping Guardians; deltas that support field commands and are specialized by mission area; and squadrons which specialize in acquisitions, cyberspace operations, engineering, intelligence, and space operations.[9]

### Headquarters Space Force

[edit]

At the headquarters level, the Space Force is led by the chief of space operations, a four-star general who reports to the secretary of the Air Force and provides military advice to civilian leadership of the Department of Defense and the White House. Alongside the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force combine to form the Department of the Air Force, like how the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps combine to form the Department of the Navy.[9]

Title  | Current holder

|

| Chief of space operations (CSO) |  | Gen B. Chance Saltzman
| Vice chief of space operations (VCSO) |  | Gen Michael Guetlein
| Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force (CMSSF) |  | CMSSF John F. Bentivegna
| Director of staff (SF/DS) |  | Maj Gen Steven P. Whitney
| Deputy chief of space operations for human capital (SF/S1) |  | Katharine Kelley
| Deputy chief of space operations for intelligence (SF/S2) |  | Maj Gen Gregory Gagnon
| Deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear (SF/S3/6/10) |  | Lt Gen DeAnna M. Burt
| Deputy chief of space operations for strategy, plans, programs, requirements, and analysis (SF/S5/8) |  | Lt Gen Shawn Bratton
| Deputy chief of space operations for technology and innovation (SF/S9) |  | Vacant
| Assistant Chief of Space Operations for Future Concepts and Partnerships |  | AM Paul Godfrey

### Field commands, Space Force elements, and direct reporting units

[edit]

The Space Force's three field commands (FLDCOM) are purpose-built for specific activities, aligning to the various institutional responsibilities to organize, train, and equip Guardians. Component field commands (C-FLDCOM) coordinate and integrate space forces into planning and current operations within unified combatant commands. Direct reporting units (DRU) are hubs of innovation and intelligence expertise within the Space Force, providing new ideas or deep knowledge about highly specialized issues.[9]

Field command  | Mission  | Headquarters

|
|

| Space Operations Command (SpOC) | Generates, presents, and sustains space warfighting capability for combatant commanders | Peterson SFB, Colorado
| Space Systems Command (SSC) | Develops, acquires, equips, fields, and sustains lethal and resilient space capabilities | Los Angeles AFB, California
| Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM) | Increases Guardians' readiness to prevail in competition and conflict through education, training, doctrine, and test | Peterson SFB, Colorado
Component field command  | Mission  | Headquarters
| U.S. Space Forces – Space (SPACEFOR–SPACE) | The U.S. Space Force component to U.S. Space Command which plans, executes, and integrates military spacepower into multi-domain global operations for all U.S. military operations beginning at the Kármán line, 62 miles/100 kilometers above mean sea level | Vandenberg SFB, California
| U.S. Space Forces – Central (SPACEFOR–CENT) | The U.S. Space Force component to U.S. Central Command which plans, executes, and integrates military power across an area of responsibility that spans Northeast Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia | MacDill AFB, Florida
| U.S. Space Forces – Europe and Africa (SPACEFOR–EURAF) | The U.S. Space Force component to U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command which plans, executes, and integrates military spacepower across an area of responsibility that spans Europe, large portions of Asia, the Middle East, Arctic Ocean, and Atlantic Ocean and Africa | Ramstein AB, Germany
| U.S. Space Forces – Indo-Pacific (SPAFOR-INDOPAC) | The U.S. Space Force component to U.S. Indo-Pacific Command which plans, executes, and integrates military spacepower across an area of responsibility that spans the Asia-Pacific region | JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii
Space Force Element  | Mission  | Headquarters
| Space Force Element National Reconnaissance Office (SFELM NRO) | Supports the design, development, launch, and maintenance of America's intelligence satellites | Chantilly, Virginia
Direct Reporting Unit  | Mission  | Headquarters
| Space Development Agency (SDA) | Develops, demonstrates, and transitions resilient military space-based sensing, tracking, and data transport capabilities into a proliferated multi-orbit architecture, encompassing government, commercial, and rapid acquisition architectures | The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia
| Space Rapid Capabilities Office (SpRCO) | Specializes in the expedited development and rapid production and deployment of space capabilities to fulfill short-term critical needs | Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Field Operating Agency  | Mission  | Headquarters
| National Space Intelligence Center (NSIC) | Delivers unparalleled technical expertise and game-changing intelligence – empowering national leaders, joint force warfighter and acquisition professionals to outwit, out-reach and win in the space domain[67] | Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio

### Bases

[edit]

Main article: List of United States Space Force installations

While the Space Force's headquarters is in Washington, D.C., the rest of the service is spread across the United States and abroad, across 18 states and territories and 46 bases and installations as of 2024.[9]

Buckley SFB

Peterson SFB
Schriever SFB
Cheyenne Mountain SFS

Cape Cod SFS

Cavalier SFS

Los Angeles AFB

New Boston SFS

Patrick SFB
Cape Canaveral SFS

Vandenberg SFB

class=notpageimage|

U.S. Space Force installations and locations located within mainland United States.

Clear SFS

Kaʻena Point SFS

Maui SFS

Pituffik SB

class=notpageimage|

U.S. Space Force installations and locations outside of the contiguous United States.

U.S. Space Force installations  Name  | Location  | Garrison

|
|

Buckley Space Force Base | Aurora, Colorado |  | Space Base Delta 2
Peterson Space Force Base | Colorado Springs, Colorado |  | Space Base Delta 1
Schriever Space Force Base | Colorado Springs, Colorado |  | Space Base Delta 1
Los Angeles Air Force Base | El Segundo, California |  | Space Base Delta 3
Patrick Space Force Base | Satellite Beach, Florida |  | Space Launch Delta 45
Vandenberg Space Force Base | Lompoc, California |  | Space Launch Delta 30
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station | Cape Canaveral, Florida |  | Space Launch Delta 45
Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station | Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado |  | Space Base Delta 1
Cape Cod Space Force Station | Sagamore, Massachusetts |  | 6th Space Warning Squadron
Cavalier Space Force Station | Cavalier, North Dakota |  | 10th Space Warning Squadron
Clear Space Force Station | Clear, Alaska |  | 13th Space Warning Squadron
Kaena Point Space Force Station | Kaena Point, Hawaii |  | 21st Space Operations Squadron
New Boston Space Force Station | Hillsborough County, New Hampshire |  | 23rd Space Operations Squadron
Maui Space Force Station | Maui, Hawaii |  | 15th Space Surveillance Squadron
Pituffik Space Base | Pituffik, Greenland |  | 821st Space Base Group

## Department of the Space Force and Army space consolidation

[edit]

### Department of the Space Force

[edit]

> As the United States Space Force matures, and as national security requires, it will become necessary to create a separate military department, to be known as the Department of the Space Force.

> — Space Policy Directive-4, 2019[37]

The Space Force is currently organized as a service under the Department of the Air Force, more closely mirroring the concept of a Space Corps rather than a fully independent Space Force. Senator Bob Smith, the 2001 Rumsfeld Commission, and 2008 Allard Commission each envisioned that a Space Corps would first be created under the Department of the Air Force as an interim measure as it grew into a fully independent Space Force.[27] In 2019, Space Policy Directive-4 directed the Space Force be initially established under the Department of the Air Force as the first step towards an independent Department of the Space Force, which would take over the entire space mission from the Department of the Air Force. It also directed the Secretary of Defense to conduct a periodic review to determine when to recommend the President seek legislation to establish the Department of the Space Force.[37]

Following the Space Force's establishment there have been a number of calls to rename the Department of the Air Force to the Department of the Air and Space Forces to reflect its composition of the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force.[68][69] Congress previously explored renaming the Department of the Air Force to the Department of the Aerospace Force in 1981 and congressional efforts were made in the 2000s to rename the Department of the Navy to the Department of the Navy and Marine Corps, however both of these proposals failed under opposition from the Defense Department.[70]

Space Force advocates have also called for the creation of an undersecretary of the Air Force for space. This provision was included in the Trump Administration's original legislative proposal to give the Space Force additional independence and autonomy but was removed by the Senate.[71][72][73] There have also been numerous calls from inside and outside the Space Force for it to have its own public affairs and judge advocate generals, independent from Air Force.[74][75][76][77]

### Consolidating Army space activities

[edit]

Main articles: United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 1st Space Brigade, and 100th Missile Defense Brigade

Launch of an Army Ground Based Interceptor from Vandenberg Space Force Base.

When the Space Force was established in 2019 it was intended to consolidate the existing military space forces across the Army, Navy, and Air Force.[78] While the Navy and Air Force gave up all of their space forces, the greatest resistance to transferring space forces came from the Army.[79]

While the Army transferred its satellite communications and missile warning assets, there are still calls for it to transfer 1st Space Brigade and 100th Missile Defense Brigade to the Space Force.[80][81] The Heritage Foundation called for the wholesale transfer of United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command, including the 100th Missile Defense Brigade and the 1st Space Brigade.[79] The 100th Missile Defense Brigade operates the Ground Based Interceptor system and is located at Schriever Space Force Base, Vandenberg Space Force Base, and Fort Greely.[82] Former Air Force space officers have called to move the missile defense and intercontinental ballistic missile mission to the Space Force and the Center for Strategic and International Studies has also proposed moving missile defense into the Space Force.[83][84] The Army also continues to maintain a cadre of Functional Area 40 space operations officers, although over 85% indicated they would transfer to the Space Force if able.[85] The Army is also maintaining the 1st Space Brigade, however the RAND Corporation has conducted a study calling for its transfer to the Space Force.[86][87]

## Relationships with other space organizations

[edit]

### National Aeronautics and Space Administration

[edit]

Main articles: NASA and List of United States Space Force astronauts

The U.S. Space Force and its antecedents have a long history of cooperation with NASA, as the lead government agencies for military and civil spaceflight. The Space Force's predecessors in the Air Force, Navy, and Army provided NASA with its early space launch vehicles and most of its astronauts.[88]

The Space Force's first two astronauts, Colonel Michael S. Hopkins (left) and Colonel Nick Hague (right)

The Space Force hosts NASA launch operations at Vandenberg Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[89][90] NASA occasionally hosts U.S. Space Force heavy launches out of Kennedy Space Center.[91] The Space Force continues to support NASA's human spaceflight missions with range support of Space Launch Delta 45 and tracks threats to the International Space Station and other crewed spacecraft.[92][93]

The Space Force and NASA partner on matters such as space domain awareness and planetary defense.[94] Space Force members can be NASA astronauts, with Colonel Michael S. Hopkins, the commander of SpaceX Crew-1, commissioned into the Space Force from the International Space Station on 18 December 2020.[43][44][45]

### National Reconnaissance Office

[edit]

Main article: National Reconnaissance Office

The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is a Department of Defense agency and a member of the United States Intelligence Community, responsible for designing, building, launching, and maintaining intelligence satellites.[95] The Space Force executes National Reconnaissance Office space launches and consists of 40% of the agency's personnel.[96][97][98] Proposals have been put forward, including by the Air Force Association and retired Air Force Lieutenant General David Deptula, to merge the NRO into the Space Force, transforming it into a Space Force Intelligence, Reconnaissance, and Surveillance Command and consolidating the entire national security space apparatus in the Space Force.[99][100][101]

Launch of the NROL-44 mission from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station

The USSF's Space Systems Command (SSC), in partnership with the National Reconnaissance Office, manages the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program, which uses government and contract spacecraft to launch sensitive government payloads.[102][103] NSSL supports both the USSF and NRO.[103] NRO director Scolese has characterized his agency as critical to American space dominance and the Space Force, stating that NRO provides "unrivaled situational awareness and intelligence to the best imagery and signals data on the planet."[102] Additionally, in August 2021, former NRO deputy director Lt Gen Michael Guetlein became commander of Space Systems Command.[104]

### National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[edit]

Main article: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The Space Force and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) jointly operate the military's weather satellites.[105] Additionally, NOAA's Office of Space Commerce is responsible for civilian space situational awareness and space traffic management.[106]

The decision to transition space traffic management from the military to the Department of Commerce was made due to the significant growth in commercial spacecraft and to mirror how the Federal Aviation Administration, rather than the U.S. Air Force, handles air traffic management.[107]

## Personnel and culture

[edit]

### Symbols

[edit]

#### The delta symbol

[edit]

Main articles: Space Force Delta and Seal of the United States Space Force

The delta symbol – an origin story

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, scientists derived the rocket equation, which made spaceflight possible. In this equation,  Δ v {\displaystyle \Delta v} represents the change in velocity. Since the 20th century, the delta has been used to represent a stylized aircraft, missile, or arrow. In 1940, the United States Army Air Forces 36th Fighter Group used the delta on its shield, which is still used by the U.S. Air Force 36th Fighter Wing.[108]

After World War II, the delta began to be used by the space program, appearing on the joint U.S. Air Force-NASA X-15. In 1962, the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division became the first of a long line of international military space organizations to use the delta, which, in the Air Force Space Command shield represented the Air Force's upward thrust into space and the launch vehicles used to place satellites into orbit. This delta later evolved into the U.S. Space Force's seal and its logo in 2020, becoming the basic shape for field command and delta emblems.[108]

#### Guardians

[edit]

A Space Force specialist with the 4th Space Operations Squadron performing an armed security detail

Space Force service members have the title of Guardians, similar to how members of the U.S. Marine Corps are called Marines and members of the Air Force are called Airmen. The title of guardian traces its heritage to Air Force Space Command's 1983 motto Guardians of the High Frontier.[109] Prior to the announcement of Guardian as the service title on 18 December 2020, members of the Space Force were referred to as space professionals.[110]

#### Semper Supra

[edit]

The Space Force's motto, Semper Supra – "Always Above".[111] It mirrors the mottos of the Marine Corps (Semper Fidelis – Always Faithful) and Coast Guard (Semper Paratus – Always Ready).[112][113] The Space Force's service song takes its name from the motto.[114]

### Specialties and badges

[edit]

Main articles: List of United States Space Force astronauts and Badges of the United States Space Force

Space Operations |
Intelligence  |
Cyberspace Operations  |
Acquisition and engineering

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Officer

* 13A – Astronaut
* 13S – Space Operations Officer

* 14N – Intelligence Officer

* 17S – Cyberspace Effects Operations Officer

* 62EXA – Aeronautical Engineer
* 62EXB – Astronautical Engineer
* 62EXC – Computer Systems Engineer
* 62EXE – Electrical/Electronic Engineer
* 62EXH – Mechanical Engineer
* 62EXI – Human Factors Engineer/Human Systems Integration
* 63A – Acquisitions Manager

Enlisted

* 5S – Space Systems Operator

* 5I0 – All Source Intelligence Analyst
* 5I1 – Geospatial Intelligence Analyst
* 5I2 – Signals Intelligence Analyst
* 5I3 – Fusion Analyst
* 5I8 – Targeting Analyst

* 5C – Cyberspace Operations

Space operators are the largest career field in the Space Force and comprise much of its senior leadership.[115] Space operations officers are responsible for leading the Space Force's space operations forces. Space operations officers (13S) are responsible for planning and leading space combat operations across orbital warfare, space electromagnetic warfare, space battle management, and space access and sustainment spacepower disciplines. They also formulate space operations policy, coordinate space operations, and plan, organize, and direct space operations programs.[116][117] Enlisted Space Systems Operators (5S) are responsible for conducting orbital warfare, space electromagnetic warfare, space battle management, and space access and sustainment operations.[118][119] Space operations officers and enlisted space systems operators are awarded the Space Operations Badge after completing the 533rd Training Squadron's Undergraduate Space Training program at Vandenberg Space Force Base, with follow-on education provided by the 319th Combat Training Squadron and National Security Space Institute.[120]

Senior observer badge with the astronaut device as awarded to Space Force astronauts

The Space Force currently has two astronauts (13A) who flew as Space Force officers on assignment to NASA. Space Force astronauts command, operate, and pilot crewed spacecraft, accomplish on-orbit duties on the International Space Station or other spacecraft, operate Department of Defense payloads, and provide spaceflight consultation to the Department of Defense and other government agencies. Space Force astronauts must complete NASA Astronaut Candidate (ASCAN) training at Johnson Space Center. Once completing a spaceflight, Space Force astronauts are awarded the observer badge with astronaut rating.[117]

Intelligence officers (14N) lead the Space Force's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance enterprise, performing intelligence activities and analysis.[121] They lead enlisted All Source Intelligence Analysts (5I0), Geospatial Intelligence Analysts (5I1), Signals Intelligence Analysts (5I2), and Fusion Analysts (5I4), and Targeting Analysts (5I8).[122][123][124][125][126][119] Intelligence officers and enlisted analysts are awarded their intelligence badge after completing intelligence training with the 533rd Training Squadron Detachment 1 at Goodfellow Air Force Base, with follow-on education provided by the 319th Combat Training Squadron and National Security Space Institute.[127]

Colonel Michael S. Hopkins became the U.S. Space Force's first astronaut when he transferred from the U.S. Air Force on the International Space Station on 18 December 2020

Cyberspace effects operations officers (17S) are responsible for operating cyberspace weapons systems, satellite communications systems, and commanding cyber crews.[117] They lead enlisted Cyberspace Operations guardians.[128] Cyberspace effects operations officers and enlisted cyberspace operators are awarded the cyberspace operator badge after completing Undergraduate Cyber Training with the Air Force's 81st Training Wing at Keesler Air Force Base, with follow-on education provided by the 319th Combat Training Squadron and National Security Space Institute.[129]

Acquisition and engineering are officer only career fields within the Space Force. Specific developmental engineers (62E) include aeronautical engineers (62EXA), astronautical engineers (62EXB), computer systems engineers (62EXC), electrical/electronic engineer (62EXE), mechanical engineer (62EXH) and the human factors engineer/human systems integration (62EXI). Space Force engineers graduate from the Defense Acquisition University and the U.S. Air Force Flight Test Engineer course, or a comparable program.[130][131][132][133][134][135] Acquisition managers (63A) are responsible for the Space Force's acquisition process.[136]

#### Spacepower disciplines

[edit]

Members of the 4th Space Operations Squadron Mobile Operations Flight conducting armed convoy operations

The U.S. Space Force has seven core spacepower disciplines in which its personnel gain experience:[137]

1. Orbital Warfare: Knowledge of orbital maneuver as well as offensive and defensive fires to preserve freedom of access to the domain. Skill to ensure United States and coalition space forces can continue to provide capability to the Joint Force while denying that same advantage to the adversary.
2. Space Electromagnetic Warfare: Knowledge of spectrum awareness, maneuver within the spectrum, and non-kinetic fires within the spectrum to deny adversary use of vital links. Skill to manipulate physical access to communication pathways and awareness of how those pathways contribute to enemy advantage.
3. Space Battle Management: Knowledge of how to orient to the space domain and skill in making decisions to preserve mission, deny adversary access, and ultimately ensure mission accomplishment. Ability to identify hostile actions and entities, conduct combat identification, target, and direct action in response to an evolving threat environment.
4. Space Access and Sustainment: Knowledge of processes, support, and logistics required to maintain and prolong operations in the space domain. Ability to resource, apply, and leverage spacepower in, from, and to the space domain.
5. Military Intelligence: Knowledge to conduct intelligence-led, threat-focused operations based on the insights. Ability to leverage the broader Intelligence Community to ensure military spacepower has the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities needed to defend the space domain.
6. Engineering and Acquisition: Knowledge that ensures military spacepower has the best capabilities in the world to defend the space domain. Ability to form science, technology, and acquisition partnerships with other national security space organizations, commercial entities, Allies, and academia to ensure the warfighters are properly equipped.
7. Cyber Operations: Knowledge to defend the global networks upon which military spacepower is vitally dependent. Ability to employ cyber security and cyber defense of critical space networks and systems. Skill to employ future offensive capabilities.

### Rank structure

[edit]

Main article: United States Space Force rank insignia

#### Officers

[edit]

Officer service cap badge The United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, considered the premier commissioning source for Space Force officers.

Officers are the leaders of the U.S. Space Force and are responsible for planning operations and managing personnel. Space Force officers enter the service through three different paths: graduating from the United States Air Force Academy, Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, or Air Force Officer Training School.[138]

The premier commissioning route for Space Force officers is through the U.S. Air Force Academy, a public university and military academy. Approximately ~10% of each class commissions as U.S. Space Force officers, with the remainder entering into the U.S. Air Force.[139] Space Delta 13, Detachment 1 is responsible for providing Space Force training, immersion, and mentorship to cadets. The Air Force Academy has a long history with Air Force space, establishing the world's first Department of Astronautics in 1958 and the Cadet Space Operations Squadron, which operates the FalconSAT satellites, in 1997.[140][141][142][143] Additional space programs, such as the Azimuth program, i5 Squadron and Blue Horizon rocketry club have stood up and as of 2023, the Air Force Academy offers two space majors, a space warfighting minor, and 29 space courses across all its academic departments.[144] On 18 April 2020, the Air Force Academy commissioned 86 officers into the Space Force, becoming the first group of individuals to enter the service after the first chief of space operations, General Jay Raymond, and the senior enlisted advisor of the Space Force, Chief Master Sergeant Roger Towberman.[145]

The Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program is offered at 1,100 colleges and universities. Like the Air Force Academy, it commissions officers directly into either the Air Force or Space Force.[146] The Air Force Officer Training School is the final path to commission into the Space Force, graduating its first two Space Force officers on 16 October 2020 and its first all-Space Force flight graduating on 17 March 2023.[147][148]

The Space Force partners with Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies to provide Intermediate Developmental Education and Senior Developmental Education.[149] Additional educational opportunities for officers include the 319th Combat Training Squadron, National Security Space Institute, Air Force Institute of Technology, U.S. Air Force Weapons School, the Acquisition Instructor Course, U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, the Space Test Course, and Air University's School of Advanced Air and Space Studies.[150][151][152][153][154]

US DoD
pay grade | O-10  | O-9  | O-8  | O-7  | O-6  | O-5  | O-4  | O-3  | O-2  | O-1  | Officer candidate

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NATO code | OF-9  | OF-8  | OF-7  | OF-6  | OF-5  | OF-4  | OF-3  | OF-2  | OF-1  | OF(D)
Insignia  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Various insignia
Service dress uniform (Class A) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service uniform (Class B) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mess dress uniform  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OCP uniform  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Title  | General | Lieutenant general | Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | First lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Cadet / Officer trainee
Abbreviation  | Gen  | Lt Gen  | Maj Gen  | Brig Gen  | Col  | Lt Col  | Maj  | Capt  | 1st Lt  | 2d Lt  | Cdt / OT

#### Enlisted

[edit]

Enlisted service cap badge.

Enlisted members participate in and support operations. Space Force enlisted members complete Basic Military Training at Joint Base San Antonio. Space Force Basic Military Training is identical to Air Force Basic Military Training, with the addition of Space Force-specific curriculum.[155] On 20 October 2020, the first four individuals enlisted into the Space Force and on 10 December 2020, the first seven enlisted members to enter the Space Force graduated from Basic Military Training.[156][157] In May 2022, the Space Force started running its own all-Guardian Basic Military Training to reinforce Space Force culture.[158]

Space Force enlisted members are enrolled in the Community College of the Air Force, earning an associate in applied science degree.[159] Professional military education is conducted at Space Training and Readiness Command's Forrest L. Vosler Non-Commissioned Officer Academy.[160] Other educational opportunities for enlisted members include the 319th Combat Training Squadron, National Security Space Institute, Advanced Instructor Course and the Space Test Course.[161][154]

Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force service cap badge.

The Space Force's enlisted rank design is centered on a hexagon, representing the Space Force's status as the sixth military service in the Armed Forces. The horizontal stripes for Specialist 2, 3, and 4 were inspired by an early proposal for Air Force enlisted ranks known as "Vandenberg stripes". The delta represents the Space Force. The specialist stripes represent terra firma, the solid foundation of skills upon which the Space Force is built. Noncommissioned officer insignia feature traditional chevrons and the "Delta, Globe, and Orbit," representing the totality of the Space Force. Finally, senior noncommissioned officer insignia are topped with "orbital chevrons", representing low Earth orbit for master sergeants, medium Earth orbit for senior master sergeants, and geosynchronous orbit for chief master sergeants. These orbital chevrons signify the higher levels of responsibility and willingness to explore and innovate placed upon senior noncommissioned officers. Finally, the Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force is represented by a "Delta, Globe, and Orbit" in a hexagonal wreath.[162]

* Vice Chief of Space Operations General David D. Thompson swears in the first four enlisted Space Force recruits on 20 October 2020

* The first seven enlisted guardians graduate from Basic Military Training on 10 December 2020

US DoD pay grade | Special | E-9 | E-8 | E-7 | E-6 | E-5 | E-4 | E-3 | E-2 | E-1

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NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1
Insignia  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Title  | Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman | Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force | Chief master sergeant | Senior master sergeant | Master sergeant | Technical sergeant | Sergeant | Specialist 4 | Specialist 3 | Specialist 2 | Specialist 1
Abbreviation  | SEAC  | CMSSF  | CMSgt  | SMSgt  | MSgt  | TSgt  | Sgt  | Spc4  | Spc3  | Spc2  | Spc1

### Uniforms

[edit]

Main article: Uniforms of the United States Space Force

Air Force Mess Dress Uniform (interim)  | Service Dress Uniform
Class "A"  | Service Uniform
Class "B"  | Air Force Service Dress Uniform (interim)  | OCP Uniform | Physical Training Uniform

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Space Force insignia worn on Air Force uniforms

The Space Force is currently in the process of developing its unique mess dress, service dress, and physical training uniforms.[163] In the interim period, guardians wear the Air Force Mess Dress, Air Force Service Dress, and Air Force Service uniforms with the following modifications:[164]

* Space Force insignia on the coat/shirt
* Replaced "Hap Arnold Star & Wings" buttons with "Delta, Globe, & Orbit" buttons
* Replaced Air Force Great Seal of the United States service cap badges with Space Force Delta, Globe, and Orbit service cap badges
* Replaced Air Force nametag with Space Force hexagonal nametag
* Space Force enlisted rank worn in place of Air Force enlisted ranks (enlisted only)
* Replaced Circle U.S. lapel insignia with Hexagonal U.S. insignia (enlisted only)

The primary Space Force uniform is the OCP Uniform, adopted from the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Army. The Space Force uses unique "space blue" thread for ranks and badges, wears a full color flag on the left sleeve, and wears full color patches.[165]

Space Force cadets in Air Force Academy parade dress with their platinum sashes

The Space Force's distinctive blue and gray service dress uniform was unveiled at the Air & Space Forces Association's 2021 Air, Space, and Cyber conference. The dark blue was taken from the Space Force's seal and represents the vastness of outer space, while the six buttons represent that the U.S. Space Force is the sixth armed service.[166] The Space Force's Physical Training Uniform was unveiled in September 2021. As of April 2023, the Space Force stated that the Physical Training Uniform would be available by early 2024 and that the Service Dress Uniform would be available by late 2025.[167]

Space Force cadets at the Air Force Academy wear the same uniform as Air Force cadets; however, in their distinctive blue and white parade dress uniforms they wear a platinum sash in place of the gold sash worn by Air Force cadets.[168]

### Awards and decorations

[edit]

Main article: Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force

Ribbons for the proposed Guardian of the Year Ribbon.

As part of the United States Department of the Air Force, the United States Space Force and United States Air Force share the same awards and decorations or same variations of awards and decorations.[169]

On 16 November 2020, the Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall III renamed the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Air Force Achievement Medal, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, Air Force Organizational Excellence Award, Air Force Recognition Ribbon, Air Force Overseas Ribbons, Air Force Expeditionary Service Ribbon, Air Force Longevity Service Award, and the Air Force Training Ribbon to replace "Air Force" with "Air and Space" to include the Space Force. He also eliminated Air Force from the Air Force Combat Action Medal and renamed the Air Force Special Duty Ribbon to the Developmental Special Duty Ribbon.[170]

The Space Force is currently in the process of developing a Space Force Good Conduct Medal to replace the Air Force Good Conduct Medal for enlisted members which was approved on 30 August 2023.[171][172] Congress has also debated changing the Airman's Medal, awarded for non-combat heroism, to the Air and Space Force Medal, mirroring the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.[173]

Devices  Arctic "A" Device | Arrowhead Device | Combat "C" Device  | Oak leaf cluster | Remote "R" Device  | Service Star | Valor "V" Device

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#### Decorations

[edit]

Medal of Honor | Air Force Cross | Distinguished Service Medal | Silver Star Medal | Legion of Merit | Distinguished Flying Cross | Airman's Medal | Bronze Star Medal | Purple Heart | Meritorious Service Medal | Air Medal | Aerial Achievement Medal | Air and Space Commendation Medal | Air and Space Achievement Medal

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#### Unit awards

[edit]

Presidential Unit Citation | Gallant Unit Citation | Meritorious Unit Award | Air and Space Outstanding Unit Award | Air and Space Organizational Excellence Award

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#### Campaign, expeditionary, and service awards

[edit]

Combat Action Medal | Combat Readiness Medal | Space Force Good Conduct Medal | Air and Space Recognition Ribbon | Remote Combat Effects Campaign Medal | Air and Space Campaign Medal | Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal | Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon (Short Tour) | Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon (Long Tour) | Air and Space Expeditionary Service Ribbon | Air and Space Longevity Service Award | Developmental Special Duty Ribbon | Air Force Enlisted Professional Military Education Graduate Ribbon | Basic Military Training Honor Graduate Ribbon | Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon | Air and Space Training Ribbon

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## Spacecraft and space systems

[edit]

### Spacecraft

[edit]

U.S. Space Force spacecraft  Name  | Spacecraft image  | Mission  | Operator  | Number

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Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF)  |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8[174] | 6[115]
Advanced Technology Risk Reduction (ATRR)  |  | Space surveillance[175] | Space Delta 9[176] | 1[115]
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)  |  | Environmental monitoring | Mission Delta 2[177] | 4[115]
Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS)  |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8[174] | 6[115]
Defense Support Program (DSP)  |  | Missile warning[178] | Mission Delta 4 |
Electro-optical/Infrared Weather System – Geosynchronous (EWS-G)[179] |  | Environmental monitoring | Mission Delta 2[177] |
Fleet Satellite Communications System (FLTSAT)  |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8 |
Global Positioning System (GPS)  |  | Positioning, navigation, and timing | Mission Delta 31 | 32[115]
Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP)  |  | Space surveillance[180] | Space Delta 9[176] | 6[115]
Milstar |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8[174] | 5[115]
Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)  |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8 |
Operationally Responsive Space-5 (ORS-5)  |  | Space surveillance[181] | Space Delta 9[176] | 1[115]
Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS)  |  | Missile warning
Missile defense
Battlespace awareness
Technical intelligence[182] | Mission Delta 4 | 7[115]
Space Based Space Surveillance (SBSS)  |  | Space surveillance | Space Delta 9[176] | 1[115]
Ultra High Frequency Follow-On (UFO)  |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8 |
Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS)  |  | Satellite communications | Space Delta 8[174] | 10[115]
X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle |  | Orbital test spaceplane | Space Delta 9[176] | 2[183]

### Space systems

[edit]

U.S. Space Force space systems  Name  | Space system image  | Mission  | Operator

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AN/FPS-85 |  | Space surveillance | Mission Delta 2
C-Band Space Surveillance Radar System[184] |  | Space surveillance | Mission Delta 2
Cobra Dane |  | Missile defense
Space surveillance[185] | Mission Delta 4
Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS)  |  | Space surveillance | Mission Delta 2[177]
Long Range Discrimination Radar (LRDR)  |  | Missile defense
Space surveillance[186] | Mission Delta 4[187]
Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System (PARCS)  |  | Missile warning
Space surveillance[188] | Mission Delta 4
Satellite Control Network (SCN)  |  | Ground station | Space Delta 6
Space Fence |  | Space surveillance | Mission Delta 2
Space Surveillance Telescope[177] |  | Space surveillance | Mission Delta 2
Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR)  |  | Missile warning
Missile defense
Space surveillance[189] | Mission Delta 4

### Space launch vehicles

[edit]

U.S. Space Force contracted space launch vehicles  Name  | Space launch vehicle image  | Class  | Contractor

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Atlas V |  | Medium-lift launch vehicle | United Launch Alliance
Electron |  | Small-lift launch vehicle | Rocket Lab
Falcon 9 |  | Medium to Heavy-lift launch vehicle | SpaceX
Falcon Heavy |  | Heavy to Super heavy-lift launch vehicle | SpaceX
Pegasus |  | Air launched small-lift launch vehicle | Northrop Grumman

## Modernization and budget

[edit]

United States Space Force Budget  | 2020[190] | 2021[191] | 2022[192] | 2023 (Enacted)[193] | 2024

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Operation & Maintenance  | $40,000,000  | $2,492,114,000  | $3,611,012,000  | $4,086,883,000  | TBA
Procurement  | —  | $2,310,994,000  | $2,787,354,000  | $4,462,188,000  | $3,752,194,000
Research, Development, Test & Evaluation  | —  | $10,540,069,000  | $11,794,566,000  | $16,631,377,000  | $19,551,449,000
Military Personnel  | —  | —  | —  | $1,109,400,000  | TBA
Total  | $40,000,000  | $15,343,177,000  | $18,192,932,000  | $26,289,848,000  | TBA

NASA's return to the Moon through the Artemis program is leading to a greater emphasis on cislunar domain awareness Concept for a space-based solar power spacecraft

While a new service, the U.S. Space Force is undergoing intensive modernization efforts. The Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) is intended to track objects in geosynchronous orbit with three sites, one in the United States, one in the Indo-Pacific, and one in Europe.[194]

Oracle, a spacecraft developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Space Force, will demonstrate technologies that the space service needs for cislunar domain awareness – tracking objects outside of geosynchronous orbit and between Earth and the Moon. The spacecraft itself will launch to an area of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Moon to conduct operations, using a wide-field sensor and a more sensitive narrow field sensor to discover and maintain custody of objects operating in this region. Oracle will directly support NASA's Artemis program as it returns to the Moon and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects in support of planetary defense operations.[195]

Also an Air Force Research Laboratory program for the Space Force, Arachne is the keystone experiment in the Space Solar Power Incremental Demonstrations and Research Project, which aims to prove and mature essential technologies for a prototype space-based solar power transmission system capable of powering a forward operating base. Arachne will specifically demonstrate and mature technologies related to more efficient energy generation, radio frequency forming, and radio frequency beam beaming. Current forward operation bases rely on significant logistics convoys to transport fuel for power – space-based solar power would move these supply lines to space, where they are unable to be easily attacked. Much like how GPS started as a military program and was opened to civilian use, Space Force-provided space-based solar power could transition to common use as well.[196] Other space-based power beaming demonstrators include the Space Power InfraRed Regulation and Analysis of Lifetime (SPIRRAL) and Space Power INcremental DepLoyable Experiment (SPINDLE) experiments.[197]

SpaceX's Starship, a contender for the Rocket Cargo program

The Navigation Technology Satellite-3 (NTS-3), building on the Space Force's Global Positioning System constellation, is an Air Force Research Laboratory spacecraft that will operate in geosynchronous orbit to test advanced techniques and technologies to detect and mitigate interference to positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities and increase system resiliency for military, civil, and commercial users. NTS-3 is a Vanguard program, which mark potentially game changing technologies.[198]

The Space Force's Rocket Cargo program is another Air Force Research Laboratory Vanguard program, which is focused on leasing space launch services to quickly transport military materiel to ports across the globe. If proven viable, the Space Force's Space Systems Command is responsible for transitioning it to a program of record. United States Transportation Command would be the primary user of this capability, rapidly launching up to 100 tons of cargo anywhere in the world.[199]

## See also

[edit]

* National Security Space Launch
* Air & Space Forces Association
* Militarization of space
* List of space forces, units, and formations
* Space National Guard
* Space Force Association
* Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Women in the United States Space Force

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* Neufeld, Jacob (1990). The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945–1960 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 978-0912799629. OCLC 20826476. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
* Spires, David N. (1998). Beyond Horizons: A Half Century of Air Force Leadership (PDF) (Revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Air University Press. ISBN 1585660604. OCLC 831675552. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.

## Further reading

[edit]

Library resources about
United States Space Force

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Hardwick, C. Stuart, ed. (2024). Tales of the United States Space Force. Riverdale, NY: Baen Books. ISBN 978-1-9821-9345-4. OCLC 1405189278. Anthology of fiction and nonfiction about the U.S. Space Force.

## External links

[edit]

United States Space Force at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

United States Space Force

Leadership|

* Department of the Air Force
* Secretary of the Air Force
* Under Secretary of the Air Force
* Space Staff
* Chief of Space Operations
* Vice Chief of Space Operations
* Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force
* Director of Staff
* Deputy Chiefs of Space Operations
* General Officers
* Generals
* Lieutenant Generals

| Oversight|

* House Armed Services Committee
* Strategic Forces subcommittee
* Senate Committee on Armed Services
* Strategic Forces subcommittee

|

Structure|

| Field commands|

* Space Futures Command
* Space Operations Command
* Commander
* Space Systems Command
* Commander
* Space Training and Readiness Command
* Commander

|

Component Field
Commands|

* United States Space Forces – Central
* United States Space Forces – Europe and Africa
* United States Space Forces – Indo-Pacific
* United States Space Forces – Korea
* United States Space Forces – Space

Deltas|

* Space Delta 1
* Mission Delta 2
* Mission Delta 3
* Mission Delta 4
* Space Delta 5
* Space Delta 6
* Space Delta 7
* Space Delta 8
* Space Delta 9
* Space Delta 10
* Space Delta 11
* Space Delta 12
* Space Delta 13
* Space Delta 15
* Space Delta 18
* Space Delta 21
* Space Delta 23
* Space Delta 26
* Space Launch Delta 30
* Mission Delta 31
* Space Launch Delta 45
* Space Base Delta 1
* Space Base Delta 2
* Space Base Delta 3

Squadrons|

* 1st Delta Operations
* 319th Combat Training
* 328th Weapons
* 392d Combat Training
* 533rd Training
* 21st Operations Support
* 15th Space Surveillance
* 18th Space Defense
* 19th Space Defense
* 20th Space Surveillance
* 3rd Combat Training
* 4th EW
* 5th EW
* 16th EW
* 23rd EW
* 2nd Space Warning
* 3rd satellite Communications
* 5th Space Warning
* 6th Space Warning
* 7th Space Warning
* 10th Space Warning
* 11th Space Warning
* 12th Space Warning
* 13th Space Warning
* 55th Combat Training
* 21st Space Operations
* 22nd Space Operations
* 23rd Space Operations
* 62nd Cyberspace
* 63rd Cyberspace
* 64th Cyberspace
* 65th Cyberspace
* 68th Cyberspace
* 69th Cyberspace
* 645th Cyberspace
* 71st ISR
* 72nd ISR
* 73rd ISR
* 74th ISR
* 75th ISR
* 76th ISR
* 1st Space Operations
* 2nd Navigation Warfare
* 3rd Space Operations
* 4th Space Operations
* 10th Space Operations
* 53rd Space Operations
* 527th Space Aggressor
* 1st Test and Evaluation
* 3rd Test and Evaluation
* 17th Test and Evaluation
* 25th Space Range
* 2nd Space Launch
* 5th Space Launch
* 1st Range Operations
* NSSI

Direct reporting units|

* Space Development Agency
* Space Rapid Capabilities Office
* Space Warfighting Analysis Center

Locations|

| Space Force Bases|

* Buckley
* Los Angeles
* Patrick
* Peterson
* Schriever
* Vandenberg

|

Space Bases|

* Pituffik

Space Force Stations|

* Cape Canaveral
* Cape Cod
* Cavalier
* Cheyenne Mountain
* Clear
* Kaena Point
* New Boston

Personnel
and training|

* Astronauts
* Awards and decorations
* Badges
* Ranks
* Training
* Academy
* Reserve Officer Training Corps
* Officer Training School
* Basic Military Training
* Uniforms

History and
traditions|

* Delta
* Flag
* History
* Seal
* "Semper Supra"
* Air & Space Forces Association
* Space Force Association

| Former wings and deltas|

* 21st Space Wing
* 50th Space Wing
* 460th Space Wing
* Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional)

|

* Category

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

United States Armed Forces

Legend
A = Army
MC = Marine Corps
N = Navy
AF = Air Force
SF = Space Force
CG = Coast Guard

Leadership|

* President of the United States
* Secretary of Defense
* Deputy Secretary of Defense
* Secretary of Homeland Security
* Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
* Joint Chiefs of Staff
* Chairman
* Vice Chairman
* Committees on Armed Services
* Senate
* House
* Active duty four-star officers
* Active duty three-star officers
* United States military seniority
* National Security Act of 1947
* Goldwater–Nichols Act

Components|

| Military departments|

* Department of Defense
* Secretary
* Department of the Army
* Secretary
* Department of the Navy
* Secretary
* Department of the Air Force
* Secretary
* Department of Homeland Security
* Secretary

|

Service branches
and heads|

* Chief of Staff of the United States Army
* Commandant of the Marine Corps
* Chief of Naval Operations
* Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
* Chief of Space Operations
* Commandant of the Coast Guard

Reserve components|

* Reserves:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* CG
* National Guard:
* A
* AF

Civilian auxiliaries|

* Military Auxiliary Radio System
* Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
* Merchant Marine
* Civil Air Patrol
* Coast Guard Auxiliary

Unified combatant
command|

* Africa
* Central
* European
* Indo-Pacific
* Northern
* Southern
* Space
* Cyber
* Special Operations
* Strategic
* Transportation

Structure|

* United States Code
* Title 10
* Title 14
* Title 32
* Title 50
* The Pentagon
* Installations
* Units:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG
* Logistics
* Media
* Unit mottoes

Operations
and history|

* Budget
* Current deployments
* Conflicts
* Wars
* Civil affairs

History|

* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG

Timeline|

* Colonial
* World War II

Demographics|

* African Americans
* Asian Americans
* Buddhist Americans
* Jewish Americans
* Muslim Americans
* Sikh Americans
* Hispanic Americans
* Civil War
* Air Force
* Coast Guard
* Marine Corps
* Navy
* Academy

History centers|

* Army Center of Military History
* Marine Corps History Division
* Naval History and Heritage Command
* Air Force Historical Research Agency

War artists|

* Army Art Program
* Air Force Art Program

Personnel|

| Training|

* Service academies:
* A (prep)
* MC/N (prep)
* AF/SF (prep)
* CG
* Merchant Marine
* ROTC
* A
* MC/N
* AF/SF
* Officer candidate/training school:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF/SF
* Warrant officer:
* A
* MEPS
* ASVAB
* The Basic School (MC)
* Enlisted recruit training:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF/SF
* CG
* Other education

|

Uniforms|

* Uniforms:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG
* Awards & decorations:
* Inter-service
* A
* MC/N
* AF/SF
* CG
* Foreign
* International
* Devices
* Badges:
* Identification
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG

Ranks|

* Officer:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG
* Warrant officers
* Enlisted:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG

Other|

* Oath:
* Enlistment
* Officer
* Creeds & Codes:
* Code of Conduct
* NCO
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* CG
* Service numbers:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* CG
* Military Occupational Specialty/Rating/Air Force Specialty Code
* Pay
* Uniform Code of Military Justice
* Judge Advocate General's Corps
* Military Health System/Tricare
* Separation
* Veterans Affairs
* Conscription
* Chiefs of Chaplains:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* CG

Equipment|

* A (Designations)
* MC:
* vehicles
* weapons
* other
* N
* AF
* CG

| Land|

* Individual weapons
* Crew-served weapons
* Vehicles (active)

|

Sea|

* All watercraft
* Ships:
* A
* N
* active
* future
* AF
* CG
* MSC
* Weapons:
* N
* Reactors

Air|

* Aircraft
* World War I
* active
* future
* Aircraft designation
* Helicopter arms

Other|

* WWII equipment
* Nuclear football
* Electronics (designations)
* Flags:
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG
* Ensign
* Jack
* Guidons
* Food
* WMDs:
* Nuclear
* Biological
* Chemical

* Category
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG
* Navboxes
* A
* MC
* N
* AF
* SF
* CG

* v
* t
* e

United States Department of Defense

* Headquarters: The Pentagon

* Pete Hegseth, Secretary of Defense
* Steve Feinberg, Deputy Secretary of Defense

Office of the Secretary of Defense
(including defense agencies and DoD field activities)

| Deputy Secretary of Defense|

* Deputy's Advisory Working Group
* Office of Net Assessment
* Special Access Program Oversight Committee

|

Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|

* Defense Contract Audit Agency
* Defense Finance and Accounting Service

Under Secretary of Defense
for Acquisition and Sustainment|

* Defense Contract Management Agency
* Defense Logistics Agency
* Defense Threat Reduction Agency
* Office of Local Defense Community Cooperation
* Defense Acquisition University
* Defense Acquisition Board
* Defense Microelectronics Activity

Under Secretary of Defense
for Intelligence and Security|

* Defense Intelligence Agency
* Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency
* Defense Information Systems Agency
* White House Communications Agency
* National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
* National Reconnaissance Office
* National Security Agency/Central Security Service
* Director/Chief

Under Secretary of Defense
for Personnel and Readiness|

* Defense Commissary Agency
* Department of Defense Education Activity
* Defense Human Resources Activity
* Defense Activity for Non-Traditional Education Support
* Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute
* Defense Travel Management Office
* Defense Civilian Personnel Advisory Service
* Defense Health Agency
* Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Under Secretary of Defense for Policy|

* Defense Security Cooperation Agency
* Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
* Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee

Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs|

* Defense Media Activity
* American Forces Network
* Defense Information School
* Defense Visual Information Distribution Service
* Stars and Stripes

Under Secretary of Defense
for Research and Engineering|

* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
* Defense Innovation Unit
* Defense Technical Information Center
* Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center
* Missile Defense Agency

General Counsel of the Department of Defense|

* Defense Legal Services Agency (Office of Military Commissions)

Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense|

* Pentagon Force Protection Agency
* Washington Headquarters Services (White House Military Office)

Reports directly|

* Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs

Military Departments

| Department of the Army|

* Secretary of the Army
The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Army
* Assistant Secretary for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology
* Assistant Secretary for Civil Works
* Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and Comptroller)
* Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment
* Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs
* General Counsel of the Army
* The Administrative Assistant
The Army Staff: Chief of Staff of the Army
* Vice Chief of Staff of the Army
* Sergeant Major of the Army
* Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 Programs
* Chief of Chaplains
* Judge Advocate General
* Provost Marshal General
* Surgeon General
U.S. Army field organizations: see Structure of the United States Army

|

Department of the Navy|

* Secretary of the Navy
The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Navy
* Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Energy, Installations and Environment)
* Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller)
* Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
* Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition)
* General Counsel of the Navy
* Judge Advocate General
* Naval Criminal Investigative Service
* Naval Inspector General
Headquarters Marine Corps: Commandant of the Marine Corps
* Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
* Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
* Chaplain
U.S. Marine Corps field organizations: see Organization of the United States Marine Corps
Office of the Chief of Naval Operations: Chief of Naval Operations
* Vice Chief of Naval Operations
* Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy
* Director of Naval Reactors
* Chief of Chaplains
* Chief of Naval Personnel
* Surgeon General
United States Navy field organizations: see Structure of the United States Navy

Department of the Air Force|

* Secretary of the Air Force
The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Air Force
* Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition, Technology and Logistics)
* Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller)
* Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Energy)
* Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs)
* General Counsel of the Department of the Air Force
* Air Force Office of Special Investigations
The Air Staff: Chief of Staff of the Air Force
* Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force
* Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
* Chief of Chaplains
* Chief of Safety
* Chief Scientist
* Judge Advocate General
* Surgeon General
U.S. Air Force field organizations: Major Commands
* Direct Reporting Units
* Field Operating Agencies
Space Staff: Chief of Space Operations
* United States Space Force field organizations

Joint Chiefs of Staff

* Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
* Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
* Joint Requirements Oversight Council
* Director of the Joint Staff
* Joint Staff
* National Military Command Center
* Alternate National Military Command Center
* National Defense University
* Joint Personnel Recovery Agency

Combatant Commands

* Africa Command
* Central Command
* European Command
* Northern Command
* Indo-Pacific Command
* Southern Command
* Space Command
* Cyber Command
* Special Operations Command
* Strategic Command
* Transportation Command

National Guard Bureau

* Chief of the National Guard Bureau
* Air National Guard
* Army National Guard

Office of the Inspector General

* Defense Criminal Investigative Service

* v
* t
* e

Allied Air Command

Structure|

Combined Air Operations Centre

NATO
air and
space
forces|

* Albanian Air Force
* Belgian Air Component
* Bulgarian Air Force
* Royal Canadian Air Force
* Croatian Air Force
* Czech Air Force
* Royal Danish Air Force
* Estonian Air Force
* Finnish Air Force
* French Air and Space Force
* German Air Force
* Hellenic Air Force
* Hungarian Air Force
* Italian Air Force
* Latvian Air Force
* Lithuanian Air Force
* Montenegrin Air Force
* Royal Netherlands Air Force
* North Macedonia Air Brigade
* Royal Norwegian Air Force
* Polish Air Force
* Portuguese Air Force
* Romanian Air Force
* Slovak Air Force
* Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence
* Spanish Air and Space Force
* Swedish Air Force
* Turkish Air Force
* Royal Air Force
*     * United States Air Force
* United States Space Force

* v
* t
* e

Uniformed services of the United States

Armed Forces|

* United States Army
* United States Marine Corps
* United States Navy
* United States Air Force
* United States Space Force
* United States Coast Guard

Non-combatant uniformed services|

* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps
* United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

* v
* t
* e

List of space forces and space commands

Space forces|

* China
* Russia
* United States

Air and Space force|

* Colombia
* France
* Iran
* Russia
* Spain

Air forces with space units and formations|

* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Germany
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* South Korea
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* Vietnam

Space commands|

* Australia
* Brazil
* France
* India
* Italy
* Japan
* NATO
* NORAD
* Peru
* Russia
* South Korea
* United Kingdom
* United States

Ranks and insignia of space forces

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Poland

*[TBA]: To be announced
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