United States cultural diplomacy in Iran

U.S. soft power confrontation with Iran

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Graffiti: "Congratulations on cutting ties with the United States", Tehran, Iran, 1980.

The United States Cultural Diplomacy in Iran refers to the use of soft power of cultural diplomacy by the US government towards Iran in order to achieve its own interests.

## History

[edit]

Iran and the United States began political relations in 1856, but due to the isolation of US foreign policy and the lack of clarity on Iran's strategic interests, the level of relations did not upgrade to the embassy level until 1944. During World War II, the United States deployed more than 30,000 troops in Iran from December 1942 to early 1944. This massive presence marked the beginning of the discovery of the true importance of Iran. One of the most important aspects of attention to Iran was economic issues, especially oil. That is, the Americans, while protecting their oil interests in the Saudi Arabia, also looked to Iran's oil resources. From 1920, the Americans began their quest for oil concessions in northern parts of Iran.[1] It was in the second half of the 1940s that the United States actively competed with British and Soviet companies and governments on Iranian oil.[2] The first signs of the Cold War emerged during the aftermath of World War II, particularly the US-Soviet conflict over oil in northern Iran and the so-called US ultimatum for the Soviet withdrawal from Iran.[3] To secure its interests from Iran, the United States paid ransom to the Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) and continued to interfere in Iran's internal affairs to the point that it led to the active participation of the United States in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état.[4]

A map of Iran, showing its capital, Tehran, and its location in relation to nearby countries, The World Factbook, 1982.

From 1953 onwards, US-Iranian relations entered a new phase; The US Embassy in Iran gradually became the largest US diplomatic mission in the Middle East.[5] In a way, the CIA called Washington's interest in the US embassy in Tehran exceptional.[6] On the one hand, the Shah of Iran insisted on Iran becoming a regional superpower using advanced equipment based on US military training,[7] and on the other hand, the United States sought to keep oil prices low because of the need for Iranian oil and tried to moderate its profits by restoring oil payments by selling military weapons to Iran.[8][9]

By the late 1960s, the Shah of Iran's blackmail had reached its peak, and the US government was at a standstill in its relations with the Shah.[10][11] In 1961, with the coming to power of John F. Kennedy as President of the United States, the Shah of Iran was again supported.[12] As a result, the Shah's pressure on the Iranian people increased and political suffocation ensued in Iran. Many US officials protested the US government's support for the Shah of Iran, calling it a violation of democracy.[13][14] The US government's dual behavior with democratic scheme but utilitarian policies toward Iran eventually led to the massacre of the Iranian people in the 1963 demonstrations, which was the result of US cultural diplomacy in Iran.[15] While the United States was greedy for Iran's oil resources, as the pressure on the Iranian people increased, a revolution was expected to take place in Iran, as in Cuba.[16] In 1967, opposition from US Democratic senators to the authoritarian actions of the Shah of Iran reached its peak.[17] However, the United States government continued to defend the tyrannical government of the Shah of Iran because it better and more supported their interests than a constitutional government.[18]

Despite all US support for Mohammad Reza Shah and even the introduction of reforms known as the White Revolution in Iran, the Iranian people did not remain under the burden of this exploitation. After Ruhollah Khomeini came to political prominence in 1963, the struggle of the Iranian people continued until the 1979 revolution, when the Iran's government system was transformed into the Islamic Republic.[19] Since then, Iran's relations with the United States have been severely strained and the exploitation of Iran by the United States and other colonial powers has stopped.[20]

After the 1979 revolution and the cut off US access to Iran's oil resources, the US government has always spread a kind of cognitive parasite towards Islamic Republic of Iran in the world.[21] Today, the most important ranking criterion of countries and world powers is the extent of influence and diversity of media activities of these countries.[22] In this regard, the United States, with its media power, has always pursued a kind of cultural diplomacy towards Iran, in which it creates a bad mentality among the people about the Iranian government, because the Iranian government has always been opposed to the colonial temperament of the US government in Iran and the Middle East.[23]

## Aspects of US Cultural Diplomacy

[edit]

The soft power created by the United States through the media and cultural diplomacy has played an important role in creating the demands of the people who want democracy, human rights, and economic and social justice. But at the same time, the rise of popular uprisings in the Muslim and Arab worlds has challenged the United States actions.[24] Useful aspects of the United States cultural diplomacy include:[25]

U.S. cultural diplomacy around the world: President Obama shakes hands with high-ranking Indian delegation member.

* Student, professor and researcher exchange programs;
* Academic exchanges;
* Studying about the United States, establish and maintain quality study programs about the United States at foreign universities;
* English language teaching;
* International meetings;
* Citizens' exchanges and interactions;
* Program for building democratic institutions;

The United States cultural diplomacy leads to the formation of discourses, discourse practices, social processes, and knowledge systems through which meanings are generated, recorded, analyzed, and social relations, social identities, subjects, and their capacities become important through it.[26] In the discourses of US cultural diplomacy, different societies share their latent views as a system of shared beliefs and knowledge. US cultural diplomacy is promoted by individuals and social actors, in obedience to the meanings, concepts, values, and norms perpetuated in these discourses and systems of meaning.[27] Therefore, the United States cultural diplomacy covers the following actions:[28]

* Diplomatic actions of the US government in the cultural field;
* Shaping the content of media productions in order to influence public opinion;
* Interfering in the internal cultural relations of countries and trying to influence their cultural backgrounds in order to achieve political goals;[29]

But cultural diplomacy in the form of soft power (unlike war, which is hard power) is being used by the US government as a major project against opponents of its colonialism. Therefore, among the unhelpful aspects of the United States cultural diplomacy are:[30][31]

* Creating economic turmoil
* Promoting dissatisfaction in society
* Establishment of harmful non-governmental organizations in large volumes
* Distribution of any turmoil through media warfare
* Psychological operations to make the administrative and executive apparatus of the government appear inefficient
* Weakening the government of countries through civilized methods and the creation of culture

## The goals of US cultural diplomacy in Iran

[edit]

The goals of the United States cultural diplomacy in Iran can be considered as a set influenced by the national identity and national interests of this country. In the introduction to the 1964 report, the cultural exchange program was cited as a foreign policy tool, citing the psychological goals of US policy in Iran: US foreign policy and its psychological goals in Iran will be implemented through the cultural exchange program. To achieve these goals, the US Embassy in Iran must show that Iran, with US assistance, is taking rapid steps toward modernization.[32][33]

In the 1962 performance report of the Iran-US Commission on Cultural and Educational Exchanges, these goals were explicitly stated, explicitly referring to the "role of cultural programs in advancing US policy goals." These goals were as follows:[34][35]

Iran and the United States area comparison.

1. Training of leaders, specialists, teachers and youth from the middle class of Iranian society
2. Encourage the creation of new specialties and professions
3. Continued signs of interest in American interests among Iranians
4. Contribute to the growth of secondary education
5. Help promote English as a tool for growing and expanding communication with the outside world
6. Contribute to the growth of higher education and strengthen the scientific foundations of students

In addition, in the following years, with the continuation of the goal-setting process in the document related to the 1964 program for cultural and educational exchange with Iran, goals have been mentioned much more explicitly and with the ability to measure and move:[36][37]

1. Show the United States as a strong, democratic, and dynamic nation.
2. Inform the Iranians of the Americans' deep respect for Persia's long history and achievements.
3. Show that the American people share in the growing aspirations of Iranians to achieve individual and national progress.
4. Participate in the modernization process of Iran with developing and strengthening English language teaching as a tool to expand communication with the West.
5. Encourage Iranians educated in the United States to participate in the modernization of Iran.

By carefully reviewing the existing set of documents, in addition to the above-mentioned goals, other aspects of the United States cultural diplomacy in Iran that have been explicitly or implicitly considered can be extracted and the following list can be named as its practical goals:[38]

1. Promoting American values and lifestyles as an ideal model
2. Transition from traditional society and strengthening of the pro-Western middle class
3. To give direction to knowledge and universities
4. Promoting English as a scientific and communicative language

## US Cultural Diplomacy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran

[edit]

March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum: It was approved by 98.2% of eligible Iranian citizens.

During the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah on Iran, the US government used cultural diplomacy to secure its oil interests, although it also had benefits for the development of Iranian society. But these benefits were insignificant compared to the price paid by Iranian society.[39] Therefore, the Iranian society left this kind of relationship with the United States forever and demanded its isolation and independence (not easily, but with blood and gore[40][41][42][43]): So the Iranian Revolution of 1979 happened. Since the change of government in Iran to the Islamic Republic in 1979, the United States has been recognized as the country's number one cultural enemy.[44]

With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, the Iranian people, led by Ruhollah Khomeini, found new hope and called for the development of their country.[45] The Iranian people, who were mostly poor at the time, wanted to improve their lives and the future by controlling their national resources (especially oil).[46] But the US government never left Iranian society free. Early in the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite US support for Iranian insurgent groups and even US provocation of Iraq to fight Iran,[47] Iranian society still maintained its purpose and hope and pursued the country's development with empathy. Cultural and political conflicts between the governments of Iran and the United States have diminished this will and empathy. On the other hand, by imposing sanctions on Iran, the United States made the economic situation in Iran difficult.[48] Today, after more than four decades of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what is left of the United States cultural diplomacy in Iran is like a kind of cultural aggression. The US government, by supporting Iranian separatist groups and their mass media, has opened a trail of discontent and protest to Iranian public opinion.[49][50][51][52][53]

US cultural diplomacy in the form of US soft power towards the Islamic Republic of Iran includes:[54]

* Influencing the public opinion of the society through a soft war plan with targeted and controlled news and information tools;[55][56][57]
* Launching Internet sites and providing spy software on their agents inside the country;
* Changing people's minds from their native culture by creating a discourse of attractive features of the West;
* Weakening the national and Islamic culture of Iran through cultural transmutation in order to strongly influence public opinion;
* Facilitating the activities of American NGOs in Iran;[58]
* Mythologizing, legitimizing, and rationalizing through it: Myths such as the freedom of American society or liberal democracy are the best kind of political system;[59]

## See also

[edit]

* Iran–United States relations
* Iran–United States relations after 1979
* Embassy of the United States of America in Tabriz
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
* Deportation of the Iranian students at US airports
* Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
* Academic relations between Iran and the United States
* Hybrid warfare against Iran
* Iran Mission Center

## References

[edit]

1. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۰. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
2. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۰-۱۱. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
3. ^ جیمز, بیل. شیر و عقاب: روابط بدفرجام ایران و آمریکا (in Persian). تهران: نشر فاخته. p. ۴۲\. "ترجمه فروزنده‌ برلیان‌، سال ۱۳۷۱"
4. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۱. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
5. ^ دانشجويان مسلمان پيرو خط امام. اسناد‌ لانه جاسوسی (in Persian). Vol. ۸\. تهران. p. ۱۴۷\. "سال ۱۳۶۰"
6. ^ دانشجويان مسلمان پيرو خط امام. اسناد‌ لانه جاسوسی (in Persian). Vol. ۸\. تهران. p. ۱۷۰\. "سال ۱۳۶۰"
7. ^ دانشجويان مسلمان پيرو خط امام. اسناد‌ لانه جاسوسی (in Persian). Vol. ۸\. تهران. p. ۱-۲۵ و ۳۶-۴۲. "سال ۱۳۶۰"
8. ^ دانشجويان مسلمان پيرو خط امام. اسناد‌ لانه جاسوسی (in Persian). Vol. ۸\. تهران. p. ۸۲-۸۴ و ۱۱۱-۱۱۵. "سال ۱۳۶۰"
9. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۱. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
10. ^ Foreign Relation Of The united States 1958-1960 Iran. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1993. "Volume XII, Documents 260-305"
11. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۱-۱۲. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
12. ^ جیمز, بیل. شیر و عقاب: روابط بدفرجام ایران و آمریکا (in Persian). تهران: نشر فاخته. p. ۱۸۹\. "ترجمه فروزنده‌ برلیان‌، سال ۱۳۷۱"
13. ^ جیمز, بیل. شیر و عقاب: روابط بدفرجام ایران و آمریکا (in Persian). تهران: نشر فاخته. p. ۱۸۱\. "ترجمه فروزنده‌ برلیان‌، سال ۱۳۷۱"
14. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۲. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
15. ^ آشنا, حسام‌الدین. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی آمریکا در ایران:‌ انجمن‌ ایران‌ و آمریکا". فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخی (in Persian): ۱۳. "پیاپی ۹ (پاییز ۱۳۸۴)، صفحات ۹ تا ۴۵"
16. ^ جیمز, بیل. شیر و عقاب: روابط بدفرجام ایران و آمریکا (in Persian). تهران: نشر فاخته. p. ۱۹۰-۱۹۲. "ترجمه فروزنده‌ برلیان‌، سال ۱۳۷۱"
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22. ^ امين فرد, احمد. "راهبردهای ارتقای ديپلماسی رسانه ای در زمينه توسعه فرهنگی ايران برای دوران پسابرجام". فصلنامه انجمن ايرانی مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات (in Persian): ۱۴۰. "سال چهاردهم، بهار ۱۳۹۷، دوره ۱۴، شماره ۵۰، از صفحه ۱۳۹ تا صفحه ۱۶۸."
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26. ^ دهقانی فیروآبادی, سید جلال. "فناوری های قدرت در جنگ نرم". فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی (in Persian): ۱۷-۱۸. "بهار ۱۳۹۰، دوره ۱۴، شماره ۱ (مسلسل ۵۱): از صفحه ۵ تا صفحه ۳۰."
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40. ^ "تظاهرات شهرهای مختلف در ۲۲ بهمن ۱۳۵۷" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
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45. ^ "واکاوی نقش‌آفرینی روحانیت در استقلال نفتی ایران" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
46. ^ "امید به آینده انقلاب با قوه محرکه جوانان - خبرگزاری حوزه" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
47. ^ "آیا آمریکا در آغاز جنگ علیه ایران نقش داشت؟" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
48. ^ گرشاسبی, علیرضا; یوسفی دیندارلو, مجتبی. "بررسی اثرات تحریم بین المللی بر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی ایران" (PDF). فصلنامه تحقیقات مدلسازی اقتصادی (in Persian): ۱۳۱-۱۳۲. "شماره ۲۵، پاییز ۹۵، صفحات ۱۲۹ تا ۱۸۲"
49. ^ "هافینگتون‌پست: اعتراف به بیش از نیم قرن سیاست خصمانه آمریکا علیه ایران" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
50. ^ "شبکه‌هایی که به کمتر از براندازی نظام قانع نیستند؛ اولین رسانه‌های معاند کی شکل گرفتند؟" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
51. ^ "تخریب سیمای جمهوری اسلامی در رسانه‌های غربی؛ شگرد‌ها و تاکتیک‌ها" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
52. ^ "رسانه هایی ضد ایرانی خارج از کشور به جای روایت ظلم ها و جنایات آمریکا دنبال نادیده انگاری همه این ظلم ها و فشارها هستند و با پرده پوشی جنایات آمریکا مدام می گویند مدیران ایران ضعیف هستند" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
53. ^ "آمریکا و حمايت از گروهك های ضد انقلاب" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
54. ^ عباسی, مهدی; قنبری سلحشور, محمدرضا. "دیپلماسی فرهنگی و تقابل قدرت نرم آمریکا و ایران در عصر جدید". فصلنامه مطالعات سیاسی (in Persian): ۱۰۴-۱۰۵. "سال دهم، شماره ۳۹، بهار ۱۳۹۷، صفحات: ۹۵ تا ۱۱۲"
55. ^ "جنگ نرم آمریکا علیه ایران" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
56. ^ "نگاهی به رهنمودهای مقام معظم رهبری در خصوص جنگ نرم" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
57. ^ "جنگ نرم چیست؟ - تابناک" (in Persian). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
58. ^ نائینی, علی محمـد. "شـناخت جنـگ نـرم از دیـدگاه رهبـر معظـم انقـلاب اسـلامی". دوفصلنامه پاسداری فرهنگی انقلاب اسلامی (in Persian): ۱۷. "سال اول، شماره ۳، بهار ۱۳۹۰"
59. ^ Weber, Cynthia (2005). Interventional Relations theory: A Critical Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. p. 5-6. "2nd Edition"

## External links

[edit]

* U.S. Public Diplomacy in Iran: Cutting Costs, Improving Impact
* U.S.-Iran Cultural Diplomacy: A Historical Perspective
* Case Study: Iran and the United States
* Soft Power: Ever-present in US-Iran Relations
* US-Iran Cultural Engagement: A Cost Effective Boon to US National Security

* v
* t
* e

Iran–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.
* Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
* Embassy of the United States, Tehran
* Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
* Interests Section of Iran in the United States
* Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz
* Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
* Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
* Iranian Directorate
* Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group

Diplomacy|

* Persian Corridor
* Persian Gulf Command
* Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Abadan Crisis Timeline
* Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
* Exercise Delawar
* Project Dark Gene
* Safari Club
* Island of Stability
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush
* Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei
* Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani
* Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
* Negotiations
* Joint Plan of Action
* Framework
* Reactions
* Criticism
* Aftermath
* U.S. withdrawal

Conflicts|

* Iran–Iraq War
* United States support for Iraq
* Bridgeton incident
* Iran Air Flight 655
* Iran Ajr
* Iran–Contra affair
* Operation Staunch
* Operation Eager Glacier
* Operation Earnest Will
* Operation Prime Chance
* Operation Nimble Archer
* Operation Praying Mantis
* Syrian civil war
* Yemeni Civil War
* Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
* Abraham Accords
* February 2019 Warsaw Conference
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* International Maritime Security Construct
* Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
* reactions
* Thirteen revenge scenarios
* Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites
* Operation Martyr Soleimani
* 2020 Camp Taji attacks

Incidents after 1979|

* Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner
* Iranian revolution
* Iran hostage crisis
* Timeline
* Guadeloupe Conference
* Operation Credible Sport
* Operation Eagle Claw
* Canadian Caper
* Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
* 1980 October Surprise theory
* Negotiations
* Algiers Accords
* America can't do a damn thing against us
* Beirut barracks bombings
* Khobar Towers bombing
* Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal
* Disappearance of Robert Levinson
* United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq
* United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil
* Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi
* 2008 Naval dispute
* Filipino Monkey
* Project Cassandra
* Detention of American hikers
* United States diplomatic cables leak
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* Strait of Hormuz dispute
* RQ-170 incident
* MV Maersk Tigris
* 2016 Naval incident
* Nuclear program of Iran
* Timeline
* P5+1
* Operation Merlin
* Charming Kitten
* Stuxnet
* Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani
* Arrest of Meng Wanzhou
* Deportation of Iranian students at US airports
* May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
* 2019 K-1 Air Base attack
* December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Erbil rocket attacks
* 2021 Natanz incident
* February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
* Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape
* June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria
* July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
* August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
* Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
* 2024 Erbil attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

Legislation|

* United States sanctions against Iran
* Maximum pressure campaign
* Executive Order 12170
* Executive Order 12172
* Executive Order 13769
* reactions
* Trump travel ban
* Executive Order 13780
* Executive Order 13876
* Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
* Iran Nonproliferation Act
* Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act
* Iran Freedom and Support Act
* Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act
* Kyl–Lieberman Amendment
* Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
* Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act
* Public Law 113-100
* Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act
* Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
* Dames & Moore v. Regan
* United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
* Oil Platforms case
* United States v. Banki
* Bank Markazi v. Peterson
* Certain Iranian Assets
* Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran
* Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity

Groups and individuals|

* Iran Action Group
* Iran–America Society
* Iranian Students Association in the United States
* National Iranian American Council
* Organization of Iranian American Communities
* United Against Nuclear Iran
* Farashgard
* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
* Jundallah
* Kingdom Assembly of Iran
* National Council of Iran
* National Council of Resistance of Iran
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Elliott Abrams
* Howard Baskerville
* William J. Fallon
* Brian Hook
* Joseph Macmanus
* Robert Malley
* Stephen D. Mull
* Erwin David Rabhan
* Jason Rezaian
* Scott Ritter
* Craig Wadsworth
* Michael R. White
* Roxana Saberi
* Saeed Abedini
* Saeid Aboutaleb
* Shahram Amiri
* Sirous Asgari
* Mahmoud Reza Banki
* Haleh Esfandiari
* Amir Mirza Hekmati
* Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil
* Shahrzad Mirgholikhan
* Mohammad Hosseini
* Esha Momeni
* Mohammad Mosaddegh
* Baquer Namazi
* Siamak Namazi
* Sahar Nowrouzzadeh
* Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
* Noor Pahlavi
* Trita Parsi
* Maryam Rajavi
* Abdolreza Shahlaei
* Ali Shakeri
* Masoud Soleimani
* Morad Tahbaz
* Kian Tajbakhsh
* Karan Vafadari
* Xiyue Wang
* Nizar Zakka
* Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees
* Abdul Majid Muhammed

Related|

* 1998 FIFA World Cup match
* Academic relations between Iran and the United States
* American Islam
* Anti-American sentiment in Iran
* Axis of evil
* CIA activities in Iran
* Copyright relations
* Death to America
* Dual containment
* Great Satan
* International Conference on Hollywoodism
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iranian frozen assets
* Opposition to military action against Iran
* Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America
* State Sponsor of Terrorism
* United States involvement in regime change
* United States and state-sponsored terrorism
* 650 Fifth Avenue
* Alavi Foundation
* Alborz High School
* American Institute of Iranian Studies
* American School of Isfahan
* Community School, Tehran
* Damavand College
* Iran Bethel School
* Iranzamin School
* Saint Peter Church, Tehran
* Tehran American School
* "Bomb Iran"
* Overthrow
* Not for the Faint of Heart

Category

* v
* t
* e

International cultural promotion organizations

Americas|

* Brazil: Centro Cultural Brasileiro
* Chile: Image of Chile
* Colombia: Instituto Caro y Cuervo
* United States: America House

Asia|

* China: Confucius Institute
* India: Indian Council for Cultural Relations; Samskrita Bharati
* Japan: Japan Foundation
* Philippines: Sentro Rizal
* South Korea: Korea Foundation; Korean Cultural Center; King Sejong Institute
* Taiwan: Taiwan Academy
* Turkey: Yunus Emre Institute

Europe|

* Andorra: Ramon Llull Foundation
* Czech Republic: Czech Centres
* Denmark: Danish Cultural Institute
* Estonia: Estonian Institute
* European Union: EUNIC
* Finland: Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes
* France: Alliance Française; Institut Français
* Germany: Goethe-Institut
* Greece: Center for the Greek Language; Hellenic Foundation for Culture
* Hungary: Balassi Institute
* Ireland: Culture Ireland
* Italy: Società Dante Alighieri; Istituto Italiano di Cultura
* Poland: Adam Mickiewicz Institute; Polish Institute
* Portugal: Instituto Camões
* Romania: Romanian Cultural Institute
* Russia: Russkiy Mir Foundation
* Spain: Instituto Cervantes / Institut Ramon Llull
* Sweden: Swedish Institute
* Switzerland: Pro Helvetia
* Ukraine: Ukrainian Institute
* United Kingdom: British Council

* v
* t
* e

Diplomacy and diplomats

Roles|

| Diplomatic
leader titles|

| Multilateral|

* Permanent representative
* United Nations
* Ambassador-at-large
* Resident representative

|

Bilateral-national|

* Ambassador
* High commissioner
* Nuncio
* Chargé d'affaires
* Head of mission
* Deputy chief of mission

Bilateral-subnational|

* Consul

Bilateral-insular|

* Resident
* Resident commissioner
* Envoy
* Agent-general

By portfolio (Attaché)|

* Agricultural attaché
* Chargé de mission
* Conseiller chargé des investissements
* Cultural attaché
* Military attaché
* Science attaché
* Trade commissioner

Other roles|

* Diplomatic courier
* King's Messenger
* Foreign minister
* Plenipotentiary

Classification|

* Diplomatic rank

Offices|

* Apostolic nunciature
* Consular corps
* Consulate
* De facto embassy
* Diplomatic corps
* African Diplomatic Corps
* Diplomatic mission
* High commission
* Legation
* Protecting power
* Exclusive mandate

Types|

* Caviar
* Checkbook
* Coercive
* Commercial
* Cultural
* Culinary
* Defence
* Debt-trap
* Digital
* Dollar
* Economic
* Energy
* Freelance
* Full-spectrum
* Guerrilla
* Gunboat
* Hostage
* Iron
* Medical
* Migration
* New
* Panda
* Bamboo
* Paradiplomacy
* Parley
* Pilgrimage
* Ping-pong
* Preventive
* Public
* Science
* Shuttle
* Stadium
* Track II
* Wolf warrior

Topics|

* Appeasement
* Consular assistance
* Consular immunity
* Diplomatic accreditation
* Diplomatic bag
* Diplomatic cable
* Diplomatic credentials
* Diplomatic history
* Diplomatic illness
* Diplomatic immunity
* Diplomatic law
* Diplomatic service
* Diplomatic uniform
* Protocol
* Persona non grata
* Soft power

Documents|

* Exequatur
* Letter of credence
* Letter of protest

Other topics|

* Development aid
* Agencies
* Parliamentary delegation
* Summit
* Plenipotentiary Conference
* Twin towns and sister cities
* Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy

* Category
* Commons

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