United States embargo against Cuba

Ongoing restriction on trade with Cuba by the United States

The National Capitol of Cuba in Havana was built in 1929 and is said to be modeled on the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., 2014

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The United States embargo against Cuba is an embargo preventing U.S. businesses and citizens from conducting trade or commerce with Cuban interests since 1960. Modern diplomatic relations are cold, stemming from historic conflict and divergent political ideologies. U.S. economic sanctions against Cuba are comprehensive and impact all sectors of the Cuban economy. It is the most enduring trade embargo in modern history.[1][2] The U.S. government influences extraterritorial trade with Cuba. The embargo has had a significant effect on the economic development of Cuba. As a result, the embargo has shaped regional geopolitics and America's sphere of influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The embargo has faced international criticism for its severity and impact on Cubans.

The U.S. government first launched an arms embargo against Cuba in 1958, with their energy and agricultural sectors targeted in 1960. The Cuban Revolution led to nationalization and a trade war with the U.S. that prompted seizure of American economic assets, including oil refineries. The U.S. retaliated with a total embargo on Cuban trade, with exception for food and medicine. Cuba held nuclear missiles for the Soviet Union during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, which led the U.S. to fully blockade the island. The embargo was briefly loosened by the Obama administration in 2015 during the Cuban thaw, before the Trump administration tightened it sharply in 2017, citing human rights issues in Cuba. In 2025, the second Trump administration imposed a "total pressure" embargo on Cuba.

The embargo is enforced mainly through the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act of 1996, and the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000.[3][4] Its legal framework reflects a complex mixture of federal law, entrenched and codified across multiple branches of government. Relations remain tense due to stark differences on immigration, counterterrorism, civil and political rights, human rights, electoral interference, disinformation campaigns, humanitarian aid, trade policy, financial claims, fugitive extradition and Cuban foreign policy.[5]

## History

[edit]

### Eisenhower presidency

[edit]

See also: Agrarian reforms in Cuba and Cuban Revolution

Cuban leader Fidel Castro, Washington, D.C., 1960

The United States imposed an arms embargo on Cuba on March 14, 1958, during the armed conflict of 1953-1959 between rebels led by Fidel Castro and the Fulgencio Batista régime. Arms sales violated U.S. policy which had permitted the sale of weapons to Latin-American countries which had signed the 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) as long as the weapons were not used for hostile purposes.[6] After the Castro socialist government came to power on January 1, 1959, relations were initially friendly between Castro and the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration but became strained after the Agricultural Reform confiscated land owned by many American businesses and Cuba continued to sponsor revolutionary movements in other parts of the Caribbean.[7] By March 1960 the U.S. government began making plans to help overthrow the Castro administration.[7]

In April 1960, the U.S. Department of State issued a memorandum acknowledging majority support within Cuba for the Castro administration, the fast spread of communism within the country, and the lack of an effective political opposition.[8] The memorandum stated that the "only foreseeable means of alienating internal support is through disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship."[9] It recommended a policy that would be "adroit and inconspicuous as possible" while aiming to deny "money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government."[10][11] In May 1960 the Cuban government began regularly and openly purchasing armaments from the Soviet Union, citing the U.S. arms embargo. In July 1960 the U.S. reduced the import quota of brown sugar from Cuba to 700,000 tons under the Sugar Act of 1948;[12] and the Soviet Union responded by agreeing to purchase the sugar instead.[13]

In June 1960, Eisenhower's government refused to export oil to the island, leaving Cuba reliant on Soviet crude oil. Cuba and the Soviet Union signed a trade agreement according to which the Soviet Union would provide 900,000 tons of oil to Cuba.[14]: 40 The U.S. viewed the agreement as a provocation, and successfully urged Esso, Texaco, and Shell to refuse to process Soviet crude in their Havana and Santiago de Cuba refineries.[14]: 40 On June 29 and July 1, 1960, Cuba confiscated the refineries.[14]: 40 The U.S. responded by canceling its quota of sugar purchases from Cuba.[14]: 40

On July 11, 1960, Eisenhower wrote a personal letter to the UK prime minister Harold Macmillan encouraging joint action in sanctioning Cuba. Eisenhower elaborates in the letter that the reason for the original diplomatic decline with Cuba was:

> The story of the cancellation of elections, of the ascendancy of the Communist oriented group and purge of the moderates, of the executions and the hounding of all anti-Communists, of the abortive Cuban-supported efforts to overthrow various Caribbean governments, and of the shrill anti-American diatribes... We were directly affected when Castro, choosing the Agrarian Reform Law version advanced by the extremists, authorized the expropriation of extensive American properties without acceptable provision for compensation.

Eisenhower goes on to mention that despite these issues, he pursued a "policy of restraint" throughout 1959, but that the ultimate factor leading to a proactive approach against the Castro government in 1960 was:

> ...the degree to which Cuba had been handed over to the Soviet Union as an instrument with which to undermine our position in Latin America and the world.[15]

In response to sanctions, on August 30, 1960, the Cuban government nationalized three American-owned oil refineries as well as Compañía Cubana de Electricidad, the Cuban Telephone Company, and 36 sugar mills.[14]: 40 The refineries became part of the state-run company, Unión Cuba-Petróleo.[16] This prompted the Eisenhower administration to launch the first trade embargo—a prohibition against selling all products to Cuba outside of humanitarian aid.[8]

In October 1960, the Cuban administration responded by nationalizing all American businesses and most American privately owned properties on the island. Castro promised to separate Americans in Cuba from all of their possessions "down to the nails in their shoes".[8] Cuba's nationalization laws required the government to compensate the owners of seized property, but compensation was to be made in Cuban bonds, an offer rejected by American authorities.[8] Payments pursuant to the Cuban bonds were to be paid from the sale of Cuban sugar to the U.S., but the Americans had just canceled its purchases of Cuban sugar.[17]: 347 No compensation was paid. Other countries which had their assets nationalised, including Switzerland, Canada, Spain, and France, were more agreeable to Castro’s terms, seemingly convinced that they would not be able to get a better deal.[18]

The second wave of nationalizations prompted the Eisenhower administration, in one of its last actions, to sever all diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961.[8] The U.S. partial trade embargo with Cuba continued under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917.[19] The Cuban government's nationalization of U.S. owned property is the “largest uncompensated taking of American property by a foreign government in history.”[20] Assets seized, included vacation homes and bank accounts of wealthy individuals, but most seized property was owned by large American corporations, including sugar factories, mines and oil refineries.[18]

### Kennedy presidency

[edit]

See also: Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis

At the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 17 to 20 April 1961, an operation devised under Eisenhower but which President John F. Kennedy had approved preceding his presidency, Castro characterized the Cuban revolution and state as "socialist".[21][22][23] It aligned with the Soviet Union. On September 4, 1961, partly in response, Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act, a Cold War Act that prohibited aid to Cuba and authorized the President to impose a complete trade-embargo against Cuba. On January 21, 1962, Cuba was suspended by the Organization of American States (OAS), by a vote of 14 in favor, one (Cuba) against with six abstentions.[24] Mexico and Ecuador, two abstaining members, argued that the OAS Charter did not authorize expulsion. Multilateral sanctions were imposed by OAS, led by the U.S., on July 26, 1964, but were later rescinded on July 29, 1975. Relations between Cuba and the OAS have since warmed and the suspension was lifted on June 3, 2009.[25]

Kennedy extended measures by executive order, first widening the scope of the trade restrictions on February 8 and then again on March 23, 1962.[26] These measures expanded the embargo to include all imports of products containing Cuban goods, even if the final products had been made or assembled outside Cuba. On August 3, 1962, the Foreign Assistance Act was amended to prohibit aid to any country that provides assistance to Cuba. On September 7, 1962, Kennedy formally expanded the Cuban embargo to include all Cuban trade, except for the non-subsidized sale of food and medicines.[27] Following the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, Kennedy imposed travel restrictions on February 8, 1963, and the Cuban Assets Control Regulations were issued on July 8, 1963, again under the Trading with the Enemy Act, in response to Cuba hosting Soviet nuclear weapons. These measures froze Cuban assets in the U.S. and consolidated existing restrictions.[28]

### Rapprochement with Cuba

[edit]

See also: El Diálogo

The restrictions on U.S. citizens traveling to Cuba lapsed on March 19, 1977;[29] the regulation was renewable every six months, but President Jimmy Carter did not renew it and the regulation on spending U.S. dollars in Cuba was lifted shortly afterwards.[30][31] President Ronald Reagan reinstated the trade embargo on April 19, 1982, though it was now only restricted to business and tourist travel and did not apply to travel by U.S. government officials, employees of news or film making organizations, persons engaging in professional research, or persons visiting their close relatives.[31] This has been modified subsequently with the present regulation, effective June 30, 2004, being the Cuban Assets Control Regulations (31 C.F.R. Part 515).[32][33]

The current regulation does not prohibit travel by U.S. citizens to Cuba per se, but it makes it illegal for U.S. citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts) in Cuba under most circumstances without a U.S. government Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued license.[34] Since even paying unavoidable airfare ticket taxes into a Cuban airport would violate this transaction law, it is effectively impossible for ordinary tourists to visit Cuba without breaking the monetary transaction rule.[35]

### Increasing legislation

[edit]

Further information: Cuban Democracy Act and Helms–Burton Act

The embargo was reinforced in October 1992 by the Cuban Democracy Act and in 1996 by the Cuban Liberty and Democracy Solidarity Act (known as the Helms–Burton Act) which penalizes foreign companies that do business in Cuba by preventing them from doing business in the U.S.[36] The Helms-Burton Act further restricted U.S. citizens from doing commerce in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met. The key sponsor of the Cuban Democracy Act, Democrat Robert Torricelli, stated that the legislation would "wreck havoc on that island."[36][unbalanced opinion?] Justification provided for these restrictions was that these companies were trafficking in stolen U.S. properties, and should, thus., be excluded from the United States.[citation needed] President Barack Obama tried to lift the embargo, but Congress did not allow it.[37] The European Union criticized the Helms-Burton Act because it felt that the U.S. was dictating how other nations ought to conduct their trade and challenged it on that basis. The E.U. eventually dropped its challenge in favor of negotiating a solution.[38]

After the Cuban military shot down two airplanes operated by Hermanos al Rescate (Brothers to the Rescue) in 1996, killing three Americans and a U.S. resident, a bi-partisan coalition in the U.S. Congress approved the Helms–Burton Act.[39] The Title III of this law also states that any non-U.S. company that "knowingly traffics in property in Cuba confiscated without compensation from a U.S. person" can be subjected to litigation and that company's leadership can be barred from entry into the United States. Sanctions may also be applied to non-U.S. companies trading with Cuba. This restriction also applies to maritime shipping, as ships docking at Cuban ports are not allowed to dock at U.S. ports for six months. This title includes waiver authority, so that the President might suspend its application. The waiver must be renewed every six months and traditionally was until U.S. President Donald Trump in 2019.[40]

In response to pressure from some American farmers and agribusiness, the embargo was relaxed by the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act, which was passed by Congress in October 2000 and signed by President Bill Clinton. The relaxation allowed the sale of agricultural goods and medicine to Cuba for humanitarian reasons. Although Cuba initially declined to engage in such trade (having even refused U.S. food aid in the past, seeing it as a half-measure serving U.S. interests),[41] the Cuban government began to allow the purchase of food from the U.S. as a result of Hurricane Michelle in November 2001.[42] In some tourist spots across the island, American brands such as Coca-Cola can be purchased. Ford tankers refuel planes in airports and some computers use Microsoft software.[43] The origin of the financing behind such goods is not always clear. The goods often come from third parties based in countries outside the U.S., even if the product being dealt originally has U.S. shareholders or investors.[44]

### Cuban thaw

[edit]

Main article: Cuban thaw

Barack Obama and Raúl Castro at the Palace of the Revolution in Havana, 2016

In April 2009, President Barack Obama first attempted to warm relations by easing the U.S. travel ban, allowing Cuban-Americans to travel freely to Cuba.[45][46] Ana Cecilia became the first officially approved ship to sail in July 2012 from Miami to Cuba.[47][48] Two years later, in 2014, the Obama administration announced its intention to formally re-establish relations with Cuba and later completed a prisoner exchange.[49][50][51] President Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro met on April 11, 2015, the first meeting in over 50 years.[49][52][53] On May 29, 2015, the U.S. removed Cuba from its designated list of state sponsors of terrorism on May 29, 2015, later re-adding it on January 12, 2021.[54][55][56][57] U.S. banks then were temporarily allowed to open accredited accounts in Cuban banks.[58][59]

Relations officially established on July 20, 2015, with increased travel licenses, amended civil aviation and commercial passenger aircraft regulations, and normalized import-export license requirements announced in September.[60] In February 2016, the U.S. agreed to allow two American men to build a $5-10 million tractor factory.[61] The deal was later disallowed by Cuban authorities because factory ownership is illegal in Cuba.[62][63] In his final eight days in office, Obama formally discontinued the wet feet, dry feet policy, halting all illegal immigration from Cuba in an effort to promote legal alternatives.[64][65][66]

### Renewed embargo

[edit]

On November 8, 2017, it was announced that President Trump's administration had enacted new rules which would re-enforce the business and travel restrictions which were loosened by the Obama administration and would go into effect on November 9.[67][68] In 2019, ExxonMobil, the largest American energy producer, sued the Cuban government for their theft of U.S. oil assets in the 1960s.[16] In September 2019, the U.S. tightened restrictions on Cuba by limiting U.S. remittances to Cuba and further closing the country's access to the U.S. financial system.[69] Immediately following Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in January 2021, the State Department launched new political sanctions against Cuba's support of Venezuela and their president, Nicolás Maduro.[70] That month the U.S. Treasury additionally sanctioned the Cuban Ministry of Interior for human rights abuse in Cuba.[71]

A protest against the Cuban government and in support of the U.S. embargo in Naples, Florida, 2021

In July 2021, under President Joe Biden, the U.S. imposed sanctions on Cuba's domestic police force and on two of Cuba's leaders in response to political violence related to the 2021 Cuban protests.[72] Cuba attempted to embargo the U.S. by banning U.S. cash deposits at Cuban banks in 2021 but had to reverse the ban due to economic distress in 2023.[73] The U.S. government eased select financial sanctions against companies that serve Cuban interests but have no link to the Cuban government in 2024.[74] President Biden authorized additional sanctions against Cuba during the 2024 Cuban protests which caused further diplomatic strain with Cuba's president Miguel Díaz-Canel.[75] President Díaz-Canel was joined by former president Raúl Castro in a protest with "tens of thousands of Cubans" against the U.S. embargo in December following the re-election of President Trump.[76]

As of 2024, Cuba was experiencing its worst economic crisis in 30 years due to increased sanctions, the challenges of economic reforms, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[77][78]

### "Total pressure" embargo

[edit]

The U.S. government significantly tightened its economic sanctions against Cuba in January 2025, orienting around a "total pressure" or "maximum pressure" strategy.[79][80] In addition to re-designating the island as a state sponsor of terrorism for a third time, the State Department announced further sanctions against Cuban military contractors and further restricted Cuba's access to the U.S. dollar.[81] U.S. Homeland Security and Coast Guard soon thereafter restricted immigration of economic refugees from Cuba, along with Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela.[82] The U.S. re-activiated Title III of the Helms–Burton Act, an international deterrent against foreign investment in Cuba.[83][84] The U.S. government halted foreign aid funding, expanded visa restrictions, and formally cautioned against Cuban forced labor in February.[85][86] President Trump issued a presidential directive in July for greater enforcement of the Cuban travel ban, further isolating the tourism industry of Cuba.[87] The U.S. government banned President Díaz-Canel along with two ministers from entering the U.S., later restricting access the Cuban luxury real estate sector.[88]

## Impact

[edit]

### Economic impact

[edit]

Further information: Economy of Cuba

Cuban oil production and consumption remained depressed from 1991 to 2000 during an extended period of economic distress.

The economic impact of the U.S. trade embargo on Cuba is comprehensive and impacts all sectors of the Cuban economy.[89] The United Nations estimated in 2023 the total economic damage to the Cuban economy to be in the "trillions of dollars" since inception.[90][91] A 2015 report in Al Jazeera estimated that the embargo had cost the Cuban economy $1.1 trillion in the 55 years since its inception, once inflation is taken into account.[92] The Cuban government assessed the cost in 2018 to be around $933 billion since inception.[93] In 2009, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce estimated that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $1.2 billion per year in lost sales and exports, while the Cuban government estimates that the embargo has cost the island itself $753 million annually.[94][95] In 2001, the U.S. International Trade Commission found that, from 1996 and 1998, without the embargo, Cuban imports to the U.S. would be worth $658 million.[96] In 2002, the U.S.-based, anti-embargo Cuba Policy Foundation estimated that the embargo costs the U.S. economy $3.6 billion per year in economic output.[97] The U.N. assessed the damage to the Cuban economy from 2022 to 2023 to be at $4.87 billion.[90]

The U.S. government has pursued extraterritorial measures to enforce its embargo. Cuban ambassador Ricardo Alarcón cited 27 recent cases of trade contracts interrupted by U.S. pressure to the U.N. in 1991. British Petroleum was seemingly dissuaded by U.S. authorities from investing in offshore oil exploration in Cuba despite initially expressing interest. In 1992, the U.S. State Department discouraged firms like Royal Dutch Shell and Clyde Petroleum from investing in Cuba.[98] In 1998, U.S. officials attributed Cuba's economic penury not as a result of the embargo, but instead its unwillingness to liberalize its own economy and substantial debts owed to its Japanese, European, and Latin American trading partners.[99]

Economic sanctions against Cuba has had disproportionate effects on its trade. According to a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate dissertation submitted to the Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies, between 1954 and 1959, trade between Cuba and the U.S. was at a higher level than what it was in 2003, with 65% of Cuba's total exports sent to the U.S. while American imports totaled 74% of Cuba's international purchases.[100] After the formal implementation of the embargo and the passage of Proclamation 3355, there was a 95% decrease in Cuba's sugar quota, which canceled roughly 700,000 tons of the 3,119,655 tons previously allotted to the United States.[100] A year later, Cuba's sugar quota was reduced to zero when President Eisenhower issued Proclamation 3383.[100] This substantially affected Cuba's total exports, as Cuba was one of the world's leading sugar exporters at the time.[100]

In 1989, with the collapse of the Soviet bloc, Cuba witnessed its most devastating economic crises. Cuba's GDP plummeted 34% and trade between the nations apart from the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) declined by 56%.[100] Between 1989 and 1992 (the Special Period), the termination of trade partnerships with the Soviet bloc caused the total value of Cuba's exports to fall by 61% and imports to drop by approximately 72%.[101] International economists believed the Cuban government would fall along with the Soviet Union but Cuba instituted a campaign of macroeconomic adjustment and liberalization instead, which provided significant economic recovery.[100]

### Financial impact

[edit]

The U.S. government has implemented significant restrictions on financial activity within Cuba. The U.S. Treasury holds over $6 billion worth of financial claims against the Cuban government according to the U.S. Foreign Claims Settlement Commission.[102][103] There are over 6,000 financial claims against the Cuban government by American companies valued at around $2 billion.[104] The Cuban government is required to pay cash for all food imports from the U.S., as credit is not allowed.[105] Cuba is heavily dependent on U.S. remittances from family members and access to U.S. dollar deposits influences financial decision-making on the island.[106] Limited access to the U.S. dollar and financial system has exacerbated wealth inequality in Cuba and forced involuntary dollarization on the island.[106] Cuban banks are banned from operating within the United States.[107] U.S. investors are prohibited from owning and trading Cuban sovereign debt.[104]

Cuba conducts international financing with many countries, including many U.S. allies; U.S.-based companies, and companies that do business with the U.S. which trade in Cuba do so at the risk of U.S. sanctions.[108][109] The U.S. has threatened to stop financial aid to other countries if they trade non-food items with Cuba. The U.S.'s attempts to do so have been vocally condemned by the United Nations General Assembly as an extraterritorial measure that contravenes "the sovereign equality of States, non-intervention in their internal affairs and freedom of trade and navigation as paramount to the conduct of international affairs".[110]

### Humanitarian impacts

[edit]

The embargo has been criticized for its effects on food, clean water, medicine, and other economic needs of the Cuban population.[111][112] Criticism has come from both Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro, citizens and groups from within Cuba, and international organizations and leaders. U.S. diplomat Lester D. Mallory wrote an internal memo on April 6, 1960, arguing in favor of an embargo to "(make) the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government".[113][114]

The embargo has been linked to shortages of medical supplies and soap which have resulted in a series of medical crises and heightened levels of infectious diseases.[115][116] Medical scholars have also linked the embargo to epidemics of specific diseases, including neurological disorders and blindness caused by poor nutrition.[115][117] An article written in 1997 suggests malnutrition and disease resulting from increased food and medicine prices have affected men and the elderly in particular, due to Cuba's rationing system which gives preferential treatment to women and children.[116] In 1997, the American Association for World Health stated that the embargo contributed to malnutrition, poor water access, lack of access to medicine and other medical supplies and concluded that "a humanitarian catastrophe has been averted only because the Cuban government has maintained a high level of budgetary support for a health care system designed to deliver primary and preventative medicine to all its citizens."[92][111] The AAWH found that travel restrictions embedded in the embargo have limited the amount of medical information that flows into Cuba from the United States.[112] Since 2000, the embargo has explicitly excluded the acquisition of food and medicines.[118]

### Political impact

[edit]

U.S. Defense Sectary Pete Hegseth aboard a ship on Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, 2025

The severe effects of the U.S. embargo on the economic activity and political affairs of Cuba has led political scientists to classify the effort as a full-scale "blockade".[119] They claim that violations of the embargo are too harsh, citing the fact that violations often lead to severe sanctions.[119] Academic Nigel White writes, "While the U.S. measures against Cuba do not amount to a blockade in a technical or formal sense, their cumulative effect is to put an economic stranglehold on the island, which not only prevents the U.S. intercourse but also effectively blocks commerce with other states, their citizens and companies."[13] Political economist Jorge Antonio stated in 2000 that the effects of the embargo on the development of Cuba are likely negligible.[120] His research concluded: "Under the real world of Castroism, however, the answer must be a terse one: none. The embargo has not harmed the Cuban economy. Cooperation between the U.S. and Cuba would have been impossible from the very beginning of the Revolution for legal, political, ideological, strategic, and economic reasons, not to mention others of a philosophical or moral character."[120]

Former Central Bank of Cuba economist Pavel Vidal said "Reforms in Cuba do not depend on the embargo, and the embargo should be eliminated unilaterally, independently from reforms in Cuba. Both cause problems".[121] A 2009 report by Amnesty International found that the "Cuban embargo has had an adverse effect on human rights" and said that "states must take into account the effects that [imposed] sanctions may have on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in the country affected".[122] In Cuba, the embargo is commonly called el bloqueo (the blockade), especially by the government and its supporters.[123]

### Food and medicine

[edit]

Since the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act was enacted in 2000, the trade of food and medicine goods is excluded from the embargo. Complex licensing and regulatory requirements severely limit export of medicines, medical equipment and supplies, which contain anything produced or patented by the United States, to Cuba.[124][125] In 2020, $176.8 million worth of goods were exported to Cuba from the U.S. and $14.9 million imported to the U.S. from Cuba.[126]

### Travel restrictions

[edit]

Cuba is 90 miles (145 kilometers) south of Florida, 2006

The U.S. embargo has included travel restrictions for American tourists visiting the island since 1961. The U.S. government maintains a Level II Travel Advisory Alert for the island, cautioning citizens against legally traveling through Cuba due to crime.[127] Federal law requires persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction to obtain a license to engage in any travel-related transactions pursuant to travel to, from, and within Cuba.[128] Transactions related solely to tourist travel are not licensable.[128] The U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) considers any visit of more than one day to be prima facie proof of violation.[129] OFAC also holds that U.S. citizens may not receive goods or services for free from any Cuban national, eliminating any attempts to circumvent the regulation based on that premise.[129]

Spurred by a burgeoning interest in the assumed untapped product demand in Cuba, a growing number of free-marketers in Congress, backed by Western and Great Plains lawmakers who represent agribusiness, have tried each year since 2000 to water down or lift regulations preventing Americans from traveling to Cuba.[130] President George W. Bush threatened to veto such efforts which stalled the legislation during the 2000s.[130]

#### Violations

[edit]

U.S. nationals have circumvented the ban by traveling to Cuba from a different country, such as Mexico, The Bahamas, Canada, or Costa Rica.[131] The practice opens U.S. citizens to a risk of prosecution and fines by the U.S. government if discovered.[131] In 2006, the U.S. announced the creation of a task force that will more aggressively pursue violations of the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, with severe penalties.[132] Criminal penalties for violating the embargo range up to ten years in prison, $1 million in corporate fines, and $250,000 in individual fines; civil penalties up to $55,000 per violation.[133]

## Criticism

[edit]

### International

[edit]

A poster in Havana, depicting a Cuban soldier defying Uncle Sam, with the inscription, "Mister Imperialists, we are not afraid of you at all!", 2005

The embargo is formally opposed by multiple international organizations including: Amnesty International,[3] Human Rights Watch,[134] and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,[135] among others around the world.[3]

The Helms-Burton Act has been the target of criticism from Canadian and European governments in particular, who object to what they say is the extraterritorial pretensions of a piece of legislation aimed at punishing non-U.S. corporations and non-U.S. investors who have economic interests in Cuba. The European Council has criticized the embargo as being extraterritorial and indirectly impacting the economic growth of European countries that have ties to Cuba, recommending WTO dispute settlement.[136]

### Domestic

[edit]

The embargo has also faced criticism from a select faction of international trade advocates and business leaders.[137] Cato Institute's Daniel Griswold called the embargo a failure, saying the economic sanctions have impoverished Cubans and "deprived Americans of their freedom to travel and has cost US farmers and other producers billions of dollars of potential exports."[138] Business leaders who have opposed the embargo include: James E. Perrella, Dwayne O. Andreas, and Peter Blyth, according to Foreign Affairs.[139]

It has faced criticism from a variety of U.S. political figures since inception.[140] President Jimmy Carter called for an end to the embargo in 2002 saying the U.S. and Cuba were "trapped in a destructive state of belligerence."[141] George Shultz, who served as Secretary of State under Reagan, called the embargo "insane" in 2005.[142] Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez criticized the embargo in 2009 calling it a "great farce" later stating that the "U.S. empire [is] alive and well, threatening us."[143] During this time U.S. President Barack Obama discussed easing the embargo during his 2008 campaign for president,[144] though he promised to maintain it.[145][146] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton publicly shared the view that the embargo helps the Castros stay in power by enabling an anti-American narrative.[147] The Latin America Working Group argues that pro-embargo Cuban-American exiles, whose votes are crucial in the U.S. state of Florida, have swayed many politicians to adopt views similar to their own.[148] In June 2011, George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for president in 1972, blamed "embittered Cuban exiles in Miami" for keeping the embargo alive.[149] Political scientist William LeoGrande opined in 2015 that the embargo "has never been effective at achieving its principal purpose: forcing Cuba's revolutionary regime out of power or bending it to Washington's will.'[150]

Humanitarian opposition of the embargo has persisted since the 1970s due to the strict restrictions the embargo imposes on Cubans. Pope John Paul II criticized the embargo during his 1979 pastoral visit to Mexico.[151] Patriarch Bartholomew I called the embargo a "historic mistake" while visiting the island in 2004.[152] Reverends Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton as well as minister Louis Farrakhan have also publicly opposed the embargo. The U.S. bishops called for an end to the embargo on Cuba, after Pope Benedict XVI's 2012 visit to the island.[153]

Film director Michael Moore challenged the embargo by bringing 9/11 rescue workers in need of healthcare to Cuba to obtain subsidized health care.[154]

### United Nations

[edit]

Every year since 1992, except for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[155][156] the UN General Assembly has passed a non-binding resolution that condemns the ongoing impact of the embargo and declares it in violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law. Israel is the only country that routinely joins the U.S. in voting against the resolution.[157] Other countries that voted against the resolution in the past include Romania in 1992, Albania and Paraguay in 1993, Uzbekistan from 1995 to 1997, Marshall Islands from 2000 to 2007, Palau from 2004 to 2009 then once in 2012, and Brazil in 2019. 187 countries voted in favor of the resolution in 2024, with only the United States and Israel voting against it and Moldova abstaining.[158][159]

U.N. Resolutions against the U.S. embargo on Cuba

year  | date  | resolution number  | link  | for  | against  | abstention  | voting against
1992  | November 24  | 47/19  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/47/19

(The 19th resolution of the 47th session of the UN General Assembly)

| 59  | 3  | 71  | U.S., Israel, Romania
1993  | November 3  | 48/16  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/48/16 | 88  | 4  | 57  | U.S., Israel, Albania, Paraguay
1994  | October 26  | 49/9  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/49/9 | 101  | 2  | 48  | U.S., Israel
1995  | November 2  | 50/10  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/50/10 | 117  | 3  | 38  | U.S., Israel, Uzbekistan
1996  | November 12  | 51/17  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/51/17 | 138  | 3  | 25  | U.S., Israel, Uzbekistan
1997  | November 5  | 52/10  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/52/10 | 143  | 3  | 17  | U.S., Israel, Uzbekistan
1998  | October 14  | 53/4  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/53/4 | 157  | 2  | 12  | U.S., Israel
1999  | November 9  | 54/21  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/54/21 | 155  | 2  | 8  | U.S., Israel
2000  | November 9  | 55/20  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/55/20 | 167  | 3  | 4  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands
2001  | November 27  | 56/9  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/56/9 | 167  | 3  | 3  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands
2002  | November 12  | 57/11  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/57/11 | 173  | 3  | 4  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands
2003  | November 4  | 58/7  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/58/7 | 179  | 3  | 2  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands
2004  | October 28  | 59/11  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/59/11 | 179  | 4  | 1  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2005  | November 8  | 60/12  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/60/12 | 182  | 4  | 1  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2006  | November 8  | 61/11  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/61/11 | 183  | 4  | 1  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2007  | October 30  | 62/3  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/62/3 | 184  | 4  | 1  | U.S., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2008  | October 29  | 63/7  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/63/7 | 185  | 3  | 2  | U.S., Israel, Palau
2009  | October 28  | 64/6  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/64/6 | 187  | 3  | 2  | U.S., Israel, Palau
2010  | October 26  | 65/6  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/65/6 | 187  | 2  | 3  | U.S., Israel
2011  | October 25  | 66/6  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/66/6 | 186  | 2  | 3  | U.S., Israel
2012  | November 13  | 67/4  | https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/4 | 188  | 3  | 2  | U.S., Israel, Palau
2013  | October 29  | 68/8  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/68/8 | 188  | 2  | 3  | U.S., Israel
2014  | October 28  | 69/5  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/69/5 | 188  | 2  | 3  | U.S., Israel
2015  | October 27  | 70/5  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/70/5 | 191  | 2  | 0  | U.S., Israel
2016  | October 26  | 71/5  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/71/5 | 191  | 0  | 2  |
2017  | November 1  | 72/4  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/72/4 | 191  | 2  | 0  | U.S., Israel
2018  | November 1  | 73/8  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/73/8 | 189  | 2  | 0  | U.S., Israel
2019  | November 7  | 74/7  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/74/7 | 187  | 3  | 2  | U.S., Israel, Brazil
2021  | June 23  | 75/289  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/75/289 | 184  | 2  | 3  | U.S., Israel
2022  | November 3  | 77/7  | https://undocs.org/A/Res/77/7 | 185  | 2  | 2  | U.S., Israel
2023  | November 2  | 78/38  | https://undocs.org/en/A/78/L.5 | 187  | 2  | 1  | U.S., Israel
2024  | October 30  | 79/38  | https://undocs.org/en/A/79/L.6 | 187  | 2  | 1  | U.S., Israel

## Public opinion in the U.S.

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> Cuba continues to play a destabilizing role in the Western Hemisphere, providing a communist foothold in the region and propping up U.S. adversaries in places like Venezuela and Nicaragua by fomenting instability, undermining the rule of law, and suppressing democratic processes. The U.S. government has made a strategic decision to reverse the loosening of sanctions and other restrictions on the Cuban regime. These actions will help to keep U.S. dollars out of the hands of Cuban military, intelligence, and security services.

—United States Department of the Treasury, on U.S. embargo implementation, June 2019[160]

A 2008 USA Today/Gallup Poll indicated that Americans believed that diplomatic relations should be re-established with Cuba, with 61% in favor and 31% opposed.[161] In January 2012, an Angus Reid Public Opinion poll showed that 57% of Americans called for ending the U.S. travel ban with Cuba, with 27% disagreeing and 16% not sure.[162]

The Cuban Research Institute at Florida International University has conducted thirteen polls (from 1991 to 2020) of Cuban Americans in Dade County, Florida.[163] In 1991, support for the embargo was 67.9% (5.5% don't know) shortly after the end of the Cold War, bottoming out at 31.6% (9.4% don't know) in 2016 during the Cuban thaw, and back up to 54% (8% don't know) in 2020 after relations with Cuba deteriorated.[163] In 2024, the Cuban Research Institute found high levels of support for the embargo among Cuban-American voters in southern Florida, reporting that 55% of Cuban-American voters were in favor of the embargo's continuation with 43% preferring a more humanitarian sanctions program.[164]

## See also

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to United States embargo against Cuba.

* Sanctions against Iraq
* Sanctions against Iran
* Sanctions against Russia

## References

[edit]

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117. ^ Kirkpatrick, Anthony F. (November 30, 1996). "Role of the USA in shortage of food and medicine in Cuba" (PDF). No. 348\. The Lancet. pp. 1489–1491.
118. ^ "Alberto Fernández exigió su fin: qué es el embargo de Estados Unidos a Cuba y qué impacto tiene" [Alberto Fernandez demanded its end: what is the US embargo of Cuba and which is its impact]. La Nación (in Spanish). July 13, 2021. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
119. ^ a b "UN votes overwhelmingly to condemn US embargo of Cuba". AP News. November 3, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
120. ^ a b Jorge, Antonio (February 2000). "The U.S. Embargo and the Failure of the Cuban Economy". ICCAS Occasional Paper Series: 16. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
121. ^ Sesin, Carmen (July 13, 2021). "Cuba's protests rocked the entire island. Here's why people flooded the streets". NBC News. Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
122. ^ "Cuba: The US embargo against Cuba: Its impact on economic and social rights". Amnesty International. September 2, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
123. ^ "515 - The President's News Conference November 20, 1962". White House Audio Recordings, 1961-1963. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
124. ^ "The US Embargo Against Cuba: Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2023. "Under the TSRA, exports of food and agricultural products to Cuba remain regulated by the Department of Commerce and require a licence for export or re-export. The export of medicines and medical supplies continues to be severely limited. Although the TSRA contemplates the export of medicine, this legislation does not supersede the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 and therefore the necessity of a presidential certificate through on-site verifications remains in force."
125. ^ Oliver, Isabella; Nodarse Venancio, Mariakarla (February 4, 2022). "Understanding the Failure of the U.S. Embargo on Cuba". Washington Office on Latin America. Retrieved October 12, 2023. "Its complex licensing requirements effectively prevent food, medicine, and medical equipment from reaching Cubans."
126. ^ Division, US Census Bureau Foreign Trade. "Foreign Trade: Data". www.census.gov.
127. ^ "Cuba International Travel Information". United States Department of State. January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024. "Petty crime is a threat for tourists in Cuba. Also, violent crime, including armed robbery and homicide, sometimes occurs in Cuba."
128. ^ a b "Traveling to Cuba". U.S. Embassy in Cuba. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
129. ^ a b "Sanctions against the Republic of Cuba". United States Office of Foreign Asset Control. September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
130. ^ a b "Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
131. ^ a b "2 New York men charged with violating Cuba trade embargo | ICE". www.ice.gov. September 23, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
132. ^ "US tightens Cuba embargo enforcement". turkishpress.com. Agence France Presse. October 10, 2006. Archived from the original on November 24, 2006. Retrieved November 5, 2006.
133. ^ "Treasury Announces Civil Penalties for Cuba Travel Violations". U.S. Department of the Treasury. September 12, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
134. ^ "Cuba: A Step Forward on US Travel Regulations". Human Rights Watch. January 19, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
135. ^ "IACHR Annual Report 2011". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
136. ^ "Report on the proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) on protecting against the effects of the application of certain legislation of certain third countries, and actions based thereon or resulting therefrom (COM(96)0420 - C4-0519/96 - 96/0217(CNS))". European Parliament Official Report
137. ^ Chirinos, Fanny S. (March 30, 2006). "Bonilla calls for end to Cuba trade embargo". caller.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2006.
138. ^ Griswold, Daniel (June 15, 2009). "The US embargo of Cuba is a Failure". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
139. ^ Falk, Pamela S. (April 29, 2016). "Eyes on Cuba: U.S. Business and the Embargo". Foreign Affairs.
140. ^ Naím, Moisés (June 22, 2009). "The Havana Obsession: Why All Eyes are on a Bankrupt Island". Newsweek. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
141. ^ Carter, Jimmy (May 15, 2002). "Full text of Carter's speech". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 26, 2025.
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144. ^ Luo, Michael (May 20, 2008). "McCain Attacks Obama on Cuba". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
145. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (May 23, 2008). "Obama Discusses Cuba Policy". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
146. ^ "Statement by the President on Cuba Policy Changes". whitehouse.gov (Press release). December 17, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2016 - via National Archives.
147. ^ "Castros sabotage ending U.S. Cuba embargo: Clinton". Reuters. April 9, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
148. ^ "Ignored Majority – The Moderate Cuban-American Community" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009.
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153. ^ "US bishops call for end to Cuba embargo". News.va. April 22, 2012. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
154. ^ Depalma, Anthony (May 27, 2007). "'Sicko', Castro and the '120 Years Club'". New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
155. ^ "UN General Assembly calls for U.S. to end Cuba embargo for 29th consecutive year". UN News. June 23, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
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157. ^ 'With the lonely support of only one ally, Israel, Washington has insisted on continuing six decades of crippling boycott on trade with Cuba despite overwhelming condemnation of it in the UN for the past 19 years.' Hugh O'Shaughnessy,O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (February 11, 2012). "'Young Castro steers Cuba to a new revolution,'". The Independent. London. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
158. ^ "UN once more calls on US to change course on Cuba". Reuters. October 30, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
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* v
* t
* e

Cuba–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.
* Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States
* Embassy of the United States, Havana
* Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
* United States Interests Section in Havana
* Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs

Diplomacy|

* Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)
* Hay-Quesada Treaty
* Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
* Good Neighbor policy
* Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
* El Diálogo
* Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement
* Tripartite Accord (1988)
* Cuban thaw
* JetBlue Flight 387

Conflicts|

* Spanish–American War
* Ostend Manifesto
* USS Maine
* Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)
* United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations
* The Paquete Habana
* Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
* Propaganda
* United States Military Government in Cuba
* Second Occupation of Cuba
* Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)
* Banana Wars
* Negro Rebellion
* Sugar Intervention
* Cuban Revolution
* Aftermath
* La Coubre explosion
* Cuban exodus
* Cuban exile
* Golden exile
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Brigade 2506
* Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
* Cuban Revolutionary Council
* Operation Ortsac
* Polita Grau
* José Antonio Llama
* Bay of Pigs Monument
* Bay of Pigs Museum
* Operation Peter Pan
* Operation 40
* Operation Mongoose
* JMWAVE
* Operation Northwoods
* Jamaican political conflict
* United States invasion of Grenada
* United States embargo against Cuba

Incidents|

* Cubana de Aviación Flight 493
* Matthew Edward Duke
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Crateology
* Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
* Zemel v. Rusk
* Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings
* Pan Am Flight 281
* Trans World Airlines Flight 106
* Southern Airways Flight 49
* Cubana de Aviación Flight 455
* Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents
* Mariel boatlift
* Garcia-Mir v. Meese
* Cuban boat people
* Sandy Pollack
* Regan v. Wald
* 1994 Cuban rafter crisis
* Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
* Bill Gaede
* 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft
* Cuban Five
* Elián González
* Ana Montes
* Carlos Alvarez
* Elsa Alvarez
* Kendall Myers
* Alan Gross
* Havana syndrome
* American fugitives in Cuba
* Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro

Legislation|

* Teller Amendment
* Platt Amendment
* Cuban Assets Control Regulations
* Cuban Adjustment Act
* Wet feet, dry feet policy
* Helms–Burton Act
* Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act
* Cuban Democracy Act
* Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act

Related|

* Americans in Cuba
* Cuban Americans
* Little Havana
* Cuban migration to Miami
* Havana on the Hudson
* Cuban–American lobby
* Guantánamo Bay
* Timeline
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* 1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series
* Alpha 66
* Antonio Maceo Brigade
* Brothers to the Rescue
* Balseros
* Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
* Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus
* Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
* Cuban American National Foundation
* Cuban dissident movement
* Cuban Liberty Council
* CubaOne Foundation
* Cuban Power
* Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
* Engage Cuba
* Fair Play for Cuba Committee
* Friends of Democratic Cuba
* Havana Jam
* Omega 7
* Radio Free Dixie
* Radio y Televisión Martí
* US-Cuba Democracy PAC
* Varela Project
* Venceremos Brigade
* ZunZuneo
* Cuban football players who defected to the United States
* Filibuster (military)
* NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)
* Silver certificate
* Troika of tyranny
* Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
* Boquerón, Cuba
* Straits of Florida
* Third Border Initiative
* State Sponsors of Terrorism
* United States and state-sponsored terrorism
* Luis Posada Carriles
* Orlando Bosch
* Cuba–OAS relations
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 144
* Overthrow
* The Cuba Wars
* Balseros
* 638 Ways to Kill Castro

Category:Cuba–United States relations

* v
* t
* e

Cuba articles

History|

| Pre-Revolution|

* Timeline
* Colonial governors
* Slavery
* Ten Years' War
* Little War
* Cuban War of Independence
* Sinking of USS Maine
* Spanish–American War
* Platt Amendment
* Republic
* World War I
* 1932 hurricane
* World War II
* Cuban Revolution
* Attack on the Moncada Barracks
* Landing of the Granma
* United States embargo against Cuba
* Triumph of the Revolution

|

Post-Revolution|

* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* San Juan Hill massacre
* Revolution first, elections later
* Agrarian reforms in Cuba
* Huber Matos affair
* Golden exile
* Escambray rebellion
* La Coubre explosion
* Operation Peter Pan
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Cuban literacy campaign
* P.M. affair
* Four Year Plan (Cuba)
* Night of the Three Ps
* Escalante affair
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* Great Debate (Cuba)
* Freedom Flights
* Revolutionary Offensive
* Grey years
* Padilla affair
* Institutionalization process
* Sovietization of Cuba
* Cuban intervention in Angola
* Mariel boatlift
* Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980
* Rectification process
* Special Period
* Dollarization of Cuba
* Maleconazo
* 1994 Cuban rafter crisis
* Battle of Ideas
* Elian Gonzalez affair
* Energy Revolution
* Fidel's transfer of power
* Cuban thaw

Cities|

* History of Havana
* Timeline
* Other cities
* Timelines: Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Guantánamo, Holguín, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba

Geography|

* Cities
* Municipalities
* Provinces
* Islands
* Earthquakes
* Hurricanes
* Rivers
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

* Constitution
* Corruption
* Council of Ministers
* Council of State
* Elections
* Exodus
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* Censorship
* Human trafficking
* LGBT
* Law
* Political parties
* Cuban Communist Party
* National Assembly of People's Power
* President
* Propaganda
* President of Cuba
* list
* Vice President of Cuba
* Prime Minister of Cuba
* list

Military|

* Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR)
* Revolutionary Army
* Revolutionary Navy
* Air Force
* Territorial Troops Militia
* National Army (defunct)

Law enforcement|

* National Revolutionary Police Force

Intelligence|

* Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
* Dirección General de Inteligencia
* Military Counterintelligence Directorate

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Agrarian reform
* Cooperatives
* Central bank
* Dual economy of Cuba
* Peso (currency)
* Convertible peso
* International rankings
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* airline

Culture|

| Society|

* Art
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Cigars
* Cuisine
* Dance
* Education
* Universities
* Health
* Healthcare
* Hospitals
* Internet
* Censorship
* Language
* Literature
* Media
* Newspapers
* TV
* Music
* Musical theater
* Festivals
* Public holidays
* Radio
* Rationing
* Religion
* Scouting and Guiding
* Sociolismo
* Sport
* Association Football
* Baseball
* Boxing
* Women

|

Demographics|

* Cubans
* Afro-Cuban
* American
* Cape Verdean
* Chinese
* Ciboney
* Filipino
* French
* Haitian
* Isleños
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Korean
* Lebanese
* Mexican
* Spanish
* White

By occupation|

* Architects
* Artists
* Athletes
* Baseball players
* Painters
* abstract
* Writers
* women

* Category
* Outline
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Cold War

* United States
* Soviet Union
* NATO
* Warsaw Pact
* ANZUS
* METO
* SEATO
* NEATO
* Rio Pact
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
* Indonesian National Revolution
* Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)
* Operation Beleaguer
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Greek Civil War
* Baruch Plan
* Corfu Channel incident
* Turkish Straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* 1947 Polish parliamentary election
* Truman Doctrine
* Asian Relations Conference
* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
* Comecon
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Annexation of Hyderabad
* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo curtain
* McCarthyism
* First Indochina War
* Korean War
* Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* Iraqi Intifada (1952)
* Mau Mau rebellion
* East German uprising of 1953
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* Petrov Affair
* Domino theory
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of the Tuapse
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Algerian War
* Kashmir Princess
* Bandung Conference
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Cyprus Emergency
* "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences"
* 1956 Poznań protests
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Polish October
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Operation Gladio
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* Sputnik crisis
* Ifni War
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Kitchen Debate
* Cuban Revolution
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Sino-Soviet split
* Night Frost Crisis

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Laotian Civil War
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* John F. Kennedy
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Vietnam War
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen civil war
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Cambodian Civil War
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion
* Note Crisis

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1971 Bolivian coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* First Yemenite War
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* Paris Peace Accords
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Vietnam War
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
* Siege of Dhaka (1975)
* Sipahi-Janata revolution
* Angolan Civil War
* Indonesian invasion of East Timor
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Sino-Albanian split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Cambodian conflict
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Second Yemenite War
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen civil war
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation Denver
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid
* Finlandization

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* M. E. Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Pax Atomica
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

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