United States sanctions against China

The United States government applies economic sanctions against certain institutions and key members of the government of the People's Republic of China and its ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP), certain companies linked to the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and other affiliates that the U.S. government has accused of aiding in human rights abuses. The U.S. maintained embargoes against China from the inception of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until 1972. An embargo was reimposed by the U.S. following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. From 2020 onward, the U.S. imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against several Chinese government officials and companies, in response to the persecution of Uyghurs in China, human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Tibet, military-civil fusion, support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine, transnational repression, and fentanyl production.

Economic sanctions and export controls against China are administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), respectively.

## History

[edit]

Due to concerns about national security and human rights, the United States has gradually increased sanctions against Chinese businesses and organizations. As of July 2023[update], 721 Chinese businesses, organizations, and individuals have been added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List that restricts their ability to purchase goods from the United States.[1][needs update]

### Sanctions in the early PRC (1949–1979)

[edit]

After the establishment of Communist rule in China in 1949, an embargo against the sale of military technology or infrastructure, previously levied against the Soviet Union, was expanded to include the newly established People's Republic of China.[2] Following the onset of the Korean War, further trade restrictions were imposed.[3] According to academic Chun Lin, the embargo resulted in increased Chinese nationalism.[4]

The trade embargo was lifted under President Richard Nixon in 1972 right before the opening of China and establishment of official relations.[5]

### Sanctions after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

[edit]

Further information: Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

Following the Tiananmen Square massacre, the Bush Sr. administration imposed an arms embargo against the PRC after the massacre of the protesters.[6]

### Sanctions related to military support for Iran

[edit]

The United States has sanctioned and prosecuted Chinese companies and individuals for providing material assistance to Iran's missile program. In 2014, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Sinotech Dalian Carbon and Graphite Manufacturing Corporation for helping Iran buy parts to produce ballistic missiles.[7] In June 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Zhejiang Qingji and other entities in China and Hong Kong for selling centrifuge equipment to Iran.[8][9] In September 2023, six Chinese entities were sanctioned for allegedly assisting the Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industries Corporation make drones to attack oil tankers and for export to Russia's military.[10] In April 2025, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Chinese entities accused of being part of an Iranian procurement network.[11]

### Sanctions under the first Trump administration

[edit]

#### Ban of Huawei and ZTE equipment

[edit]

See also: Entity List

In August 2018, President Trump signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA 2019) which banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the U.S. federal government, citing security concerns.[12][13][14]

In addition, on 15 May 2019, the Department of Commerce added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its Entity List under the Export Administration Regulations, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)".[15] This restricts U.S. companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.[16][17][18][19] Various U.S.-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.[20] That same year, it was determined that Huawei also provided equipment to build North Korea’s 3G network.[21]

#### Currency manipulator designation

[edit]

In August 2019, the United States Department of the Treasury designated China a currency manipulator,[22][23][24] which resulted in China being excluded from U.S. government procurement contracts.[22] The designation was withdrawn in January 2020 after China agreed to refrain from devaluing its currency to make its own goods cheaper for foreign buyers.[25]

#### Uyghurs

[edit]

In 2019, the Xinjiang public security bureau and its subordinate municipal PSBs were to the Entity List for their role in human rights abuses against the Uyghurs.[26] In 2020, the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) imposed sanctions on the Xinjiang public security bureau under the Global Magnitsky Act.[27]

##### Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act

[edit]

This paragraph is an excerpt from Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act.[edit]

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The Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020 (S. 3744)[28] is a United States federal law that requires various United States government bodies to report on human rights abuses by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Chinese government against Uyghurs in Xinjiang, China, including the Xinjiang internment camps.[29][30]

#### Hong Kong Autonomy Act

[edit]

Main article: Executive Order 13936 § Sanctions

See also: Hong Kong Autonomy Act

The United States imposed six rounds of sanctions between 2020 and 2025 under Hong Kong Autonomy Act and Executive Order 13936 after the passage of the national security law for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy and restricting freedom of Hong Kong people. Then Chief Executive Carrie Lam and her successor John Lee, then as Secretary for Justice, were sanctioned along with several Hong Kong and Chinese government officials and legislators.

#### Prohibition of investment in companies linked to China’s military

[edit]

Further information: Military-civil fusion

On 12 November 2020, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13959, titled "Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies". The executive order prohibits all U.S. investors (institutional and retail investors alike) from purchasing or investing in securities of companies identified by the U.S. Department of Defense as "Communist Chinese military companies."[31][32] As of 14 January 2021, 44 Chinese companies were identified. Five of these companies are to be delisted by the New York Stock Exchange by March 2021.[33] On 13 January 2021, the executive order was amended to require divestment from the companies by 11 November 2021.[34]

Section 1260H of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 requires the U.S. Department of Defense to release the names of all "Chinese military companies" operating directly or indirect in the United States.[35][36]

### Sanctions under the Biden administration

[edit]

#### Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

Further information: China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine and International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In April 2022, United States Secretary of Treasury Janet Yellen warned China that it could face consequences for not sanctioning Russia.[37] In June 2022, the United States Department of Commerce placed five Hong Kong companies on the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List for providing support to Russia's military.[38][39] The U.S. Treasury Department separately sanctioned a Chinese and an Armenian vendor for maintaining trade relationship with a Russian arms procurement firm.[40][41] In September 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned Sinno Electronics of Shenzhen for supplying a Russian military procurement network.[40][42]

In January 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Spacety China, also known as Changsha Tianyi Space Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd., for providing satellite imagery to the Wagner Group.[43] In February 2023, the U.S. Commerce Department added AOOK Technology Ltd, Beijing Ti-Tech Science and Technology Development Co, Beijing Yunze Technology Co, and China HEAD Aerospace Technology Co to the Entity List for aiding Russia's military.[44][45][46]

In March 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned five Chinese companies for supplying equipment to the Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industries Corporation, which manufactures HESA Shahed 136 drones used by Russia against Ukraine.[47][48]

In July 2023, the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence published a report stating that the Chinese government is assisting Russia to evade sanctions and providing it with dual-use technology.[49][50]

In October 2023, the U.S. Department of Commerce added 42 Chinese companies to the Entity List for supplying Russia with microelectronics for missile and drone guidance systems.[51] In April 2024, the Department of Commerce sanctioned a Chinese company for supporting Russia's military through the procurement, development, and proliferation of Russian drones.[52] In May 2024, the U.S. sanctioned 20 companies in China and Hong Kong for supplying Russia's military.[53] In October 2024, the U.S. sanctioned two companies, Xiamen Limbach Aircraft Engine Co. and Redlepus Vector Industry, involving the production of long-range attack drones for Russia, including the Garpiya.[54]

In June 2025, a majority of U.S. senators supported secondary sanctions against Russia that would impose 500% tariffs on countries that buy Russian oil, natural gas, uranium and other exports. China is one of the main consumers of Russian energy.[55]

#### Sanctions on Chinese semiconductor industry

[edit]

On 7 October 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the United States Department of Commerce implemented controls related to advanced computing and semiconductor manufacturing in China. Some of these controls began immediately whereas others became effective on 12 October 2022, and 21 October 2022.[56][57][58]

In March 2023, the U.S. Department of Commerce added 28 additional Chinese firms to the Entity List, including Inspur and Loongson, for acquiring American technology in support of the PLA.[59][60] In October 2023, the Department of Commerce added Biren Technology and Moore Threads to the Entity List.[61][62]

#### Sanctions on producers of fentanyl and drug money launderers

[edit]

Fentanyl. 2 mg (white powder to the right) is a lethal dose in most people.[63] US penny is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide.

See also: Opioid epidemic in the United States and China and the opioid epidemic in the United States

In April 2023, OFAC sanctioned two companies and four individuals in China, pursuant to Executive Order 14059, for supplying precursor chemicals for fentanyl production to drug cartels in Mexico.[64][65] In May 2023, OFAC sanctioned an additional seven companies and six people in China for supplying equipment to cartels for fentanyl production.[66] In June 2023, U.S. federal prosecutors announced criminal indictments of fentanyl precursor producers in China.[67] In October 2023, OFAC sanctioned a China-based network of fentanyl manufacturers and distributors.[68][69] In July 2024, OFAC sanctioned individuals in China accused of money laundering for the Sinaloa Cartel.[70]

#### Prohibition of U.S. investments in key technologies in China

[edit]

In August 2023, President Biden issued Executive Order 14105, titled “Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern” (the Outbound Order), which prohibits U.S. investments in semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies, and artificial intelligence technologies in China.[71][72] In October 2024, the U.S. Treasury Department issued regulations implementing the Outbound Order.[73][74]

#### Sanctions related to the 2023 Chinese balloon incident

[edit]

In May 2024, the U.S. Commerce Department added 37 units of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CETC) to the Entity List for their role in the 2023 Chinese balloon incident.[75]

#### Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act

[edit]

This paragraph is an excerpt from Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.[edit]

The Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (H.R. 6256) is a United States federal law that changed U.S. policy on China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR, or Xinjiang) with the goal of ensuring that American entities are not funding forced labor among ethnic minorities in the region. It was signed into law in December 2021 and starting from June 21, 2022, any company that imports goods from the Xinjiang region needs to certify that those goods were not produced using forced labor in order to avoid penalties.[76][77]

#### Sanctions related to support of North Korea's ballistic missile program

[edit]

Further information: International sanctions against North Korea

In July 2024, the U.S. sanctioned several individuals and entities in China for their alleged involvement in the procurement of items for North Korea's ballistic missile and space programs.[78][79]

#### Cyberattack actors

[edit]

In December 2024, OFAC sanctioned Sichuan Silence Information Technology Company while federal prosecutors indicted one of its employees for ransomware attacks.[80][81]

### Sanctions under the second Trump administration

[edit]

#### Fentanyl supply and drug money laundering

[edit]

On 1 February 2025, President Trump issued Executive Order 14195, "Imposing Duties To Address the Synthetic Opioid Supply Chain in the People's Republic of China," which imposes an additional 10% tariff on imports from China.[82][83][84] According to the White House Fact Sheet, Chinese officials have failed to take sufficient action to stop the supply of precursor chemicals to criminal cartels or to curb money laundering by transnational criminal organizations.[85]

#### "Teapot" oil refineries

[edit]

In March 2025, the U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned a Chinese "teapot" oil refinery, Shouguang Luqing Petrochemical in Shandong, and related executives for violations of international sanctions against Iran.[86][87] In April 2025, the U.S. sanctioned another teapot oil refinery.[88]

#### Presidential memorandum restricting Chinese investment

[edit]

In February 2025, President Trump signed a national security presidential memorandum (NSPM), directing the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to restrict Chinese investments in U.S. technology, critical infrastructure, health care, agriculture, energy, raw materials and other sectors.[89][90] According to Bloomberg, the NSPM commits to using “all necessary legal instruments” in curbing such investments.[90]

## See also

[edit]

* United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China
* United States sanctions
* China–United States relations
* Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019
* Secure Equipment Act of 2021
* All-American Flag Act

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[edit]

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China–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.
* Ambassadors of China to the United States
* Embassy of the United States, Beijing
* Ambassadors of the United States to China
* Chinese Consulate-Generals
* New York
* Los Angeles
* Houston
* American Consulate-Generals
* Chengdu
* Guangzhou
* Hong Kong and Macau
* Shanghai
* Shenyang
* Wuhan
* Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
* Office of China Coordination

Diplomacy|

* Treaty of Wanghia
* Treaty of Tientsin
* Burlingame Treaty
* Gresham-Yang Treaty
* Shanghai International Settlement
* American Concession (Shanghai)
* United States Court for China
* Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
* Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China
* Marshall Mission
* Loss of China
* China White Paper
* PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* Shanghai Communiqué
* Three Communiqués
* One-China policy
* Nixon goes to China
* Nixon's China Game
* Harvey Feldman
* Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing
* Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
* Goldwater v. Carter
* State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States
* Presidential Rule of Law Initiative
* Beijing–Washington hotline
* State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States
* 2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement
* Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
* United States–China talks in Alaska
* United States–China Working Group

Conflicts|

* Boxer Rebellion
* Eight-Nation Alliance
* China Relief Expedition
* Chinese Civil War
* Korean War
* Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War
* Cross-Strait conflict
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Operation King Kong
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
* CIA Tibetan program
* Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

Incidents|

* Rover incident
* Chy Lung v. Freeman
* Cheong Ah Moy v. United States
* Chae Chan Ping v. United States
* Twain–Ament indemnities controversy
* 1905 Chinese boycott
* USS Monocacy incident
* Red Scare
* Qian Xuesen
* 1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an
* Shen Chong case
* Lamont v. Postmaster General
* Hu Na
* Project Sabre II
* Yinhe incident
* 1996 United States campaign finance controversy
* Johnny Chung
* Liu Chaoying
* United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade
* Hainan Island incident
* Operation Shady RAT
* Operation Aurora
* United States diplomatic cables leak
* 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations
* Murder of Shao Tong
* Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon
* Trump–Tsai call
* Havana syndrome
* Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals
* China Initiative
* Trial of Anming Hu
* Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks
* Meng Wanzhou
* Extradition
* TikTok v. Trump
* U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump
* COVID-19 misinformation
* United States Department of Defense China Task Force
* 2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan
* Chinese espionage in the United States
* Cyberwarfare and China
* Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States
* Cox Report
* Timeline of the Cox Report controversy
* American espionage in China
* Cyberwarfare and the United States
* Hugh Francis Redmond
* Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay
* 2023 balloon incident
* Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections

Military relations|

* Yangtze Patrol
* Alice Dollar incident
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* American Volunteer Group
* Black Cat Squadron
* Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)
* China Air Task Force
* China Marines
* Dixie Mission
* Flying Tigers
* Operation Beleaguer
* Sino-American Cooperative Organization
* RIMPAC

Legislation|

* United States sanctions against China
* U.S. immigration policy
* Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act
* Taiwan Relations Act
* Executive Order 12711
* Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992
* United States-Hong Kong Policy Act
* United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders
* Forced Abortion Condemnation Act
* Taiwan Security Enhancement Act
* United States–China Relations Act of 2000
* Wolf Amendment
* Taiwan Travel Act
* EQUITABLE Act
* Hong Kong Be Water Act
* Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act
* Tibet Policy and Support Act
* Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act
* Proclamation 10043
* Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act
* Hong Kong Autonomy Act
* Executive Order 13936
* Executive Order 13959
* Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act
* Executive Order 14032
* United States Innovation and Competition Act
* Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
* Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act

Economic relations|

* Old China Trade
* United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
* Group of Two
* Strategic Economic Dialogue
* Summer Palace Dialogue
* U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue
* Senior Dialogue
* China–United States trade war
* Trump tariffs
* first
* second
* Permanent normal trade relations

Related|

* History of China–United States relations
* Hong Kong–United States relations
* Macau–United States relations
* Taiwan–United States relations
* Americans in China
* Chinese Americans
* Anti-American sentiment in China
* Ruguanxue
* Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
* Chimerica
* China Lobby
* Asia First
* Chinese Century
* China Hands
* China watcher
* Cold War in Asia
* Second Cold War
* Artificial Intelligence Cold War
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* Triangular diplomacy
* Peaceful Evolution theory
* Linkage (policy)
* String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
* Thucydides Trap
* Hong (business)
* Air route authority between the United States and China
* Blue Team
* TPE (cable system)
* Protestant missions in China
* Elijah Coleman Bridgman
* Divie Bethune McCartee
* The 1990 Institute
* Boxer Indemnity Scholarship
* China Aid Society
* China–United States Exchange Foundation
* Chinese Educational Mission
* Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy
* Congressional-Executive Commission on China
* Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association
* Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China
* United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
* Kissinger Institute on China and the United States
* National Committee on United States–China Relations
* Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association
* Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction
* US-China Business Council
* US–China Education Trust
* US–China Peoples Friendship Association
* Massachusetts International Academy
* Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China
* International School of Beijing
* SARS conspiracy theory
* Yixian glazed pottery luohans
* Harvard Bixi
* William H. Hinton
* Human Rights Record of the United States
* USA pavilion at Expo 2010
* New Federal State of China
* China Human Rights Biweekly
* Far East Reporter
* Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit
* The Coming Conflict with China
* A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China
* The New Chinese Empire
* The Art of Investing in America
* Death by China
* On China
* Peaceful War
* The Transpacific Experiment
* Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept
* Red Chinese Battle Plan
* The China Hustle

Category:China–United States relations
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