University of Michigan

Public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US

For other uses, see University of Michigan (disambiguation).

University of Michigan

Former names

| Catholepistemiad (1817–1821)
Motto| Latin: Artes, Scientia, Veritas[1]

Motto in English

| "Arts, Knowledge, Truth"[1]
Type| Public research university
Established| August 26, 1817; 207 years ago (1817-08-26)
Founders| John Monteith
Gabriel Richard
Accreditation| HLC

Academic affiliations

* AAU
* ORAU
* URA
* URC
* Sea-grant
* Space-grant

Endowment| $19.2 billion (2024)[2][3]
Budget| $13.4 billion (2024)[4]
President| Domenico Grasso (interim)
Provost| Laurie McCauley

Academic staff

| 7,096 full-time, 1,714 part-time (fall 2023)[5]
Students| 52,855 (fall 2024)[6]
Undergraduates| 34,454 (fall 2024)[7]
Postgraduates| 18,401 (fall 2024)[7]
Location|

Ann Arbor

Michigan

United States

42°16′37″N 83°44′17″W﻿ / ﻿42.27694°N 83.73806°W﻿ / 42.27694; -83.73806
Campus| Midsize city[10], 3,177 acres (12.86 km2)[8][9]
Newspapers|

* The Michigan Daily
* The Michigan Review

Yearbook| Michiganensian
Colors| Maize and blue[11]

Nickname| Wolverines

Sporting affiliations

* NCAA Division I FBS – Big Ten
* CWPA

Website| umich.edu

The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Michigan is one of the earliest American research universities and is a founding member of the Association of American Universities.

UMich is considered one of the flagship public universities,[a] and elite institutions in the United States.[b] It is also one of the most selective public universities in the country,[c] and ranks among the most selective institutions nationwide.[d] Recognized as one of the Public Ivy institutions,[e] UMich is classified as an "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" by the Carnegie Classification.[12] It consists of 19 schools and colleges, offers more than 280 degree programs.[13][14] The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. In 2021, it ranked third among American universities in research expenditures according to the National Science Foundation.

The campus, comparable in scale to a midsize city, spans 3,177 acres (12.86 km2). It encompasses Michigan Stadium, which is the largest stadium in the United States, as well as the Western Hemisphere, and ranks third globally. The University of Michigan's athletic teams, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams competing in intercollegiate sports, are collectively known as the Wolverines. They compete in NCAA Division I (FBS) as a member of the Big Ten Conference. Between 1900 and 2022, athletes from the university earned a total of 185 medals at the Olympic Games, including 86 gold.[15]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of the University of Michigan

### The Catholepistemiad (1817–1821)

[edit]

The University of Michigan traces its origins to August 26, 1817,[16][17] when it was established in the Territory of Michigan as the Catholepistemiad or University of Michigania through a legislative act signed by acting governor and secretary William Woodbridge, presiding judge Augustus B. Woodward of the Territorial Supreme Court, and judge John Griffin.[18] In 1821, by a new enactment, the university itself was created as a "body politic and corporate",[19] maintaining its corporate status through various modifications to its charter.[20] The term "Catholepistemiad," a neologism derived from a blend of Greek and Latin roots, can be loosely translated as "School of Universal Knowledge".[21] This corporation was modeled after the Imperial University of France, an entity established by Napoleon I a decade prior,[22][23] and included an array of schools and libraries under a single administration,[24] with the authority to establish additional schools across the territory.[23] It wasn't until Michigan became a state in 1837 that the corporation focused solely on higher education.[22]

First Annual Report of the University of Michigania, authored by its first president John Monteith, November 16, 1818

Promptly after the Territory of Michigan's formation in 1805, prominent citizens acknowledged the need for a college.[25] In 1806, Gabriel Richard, who presided over several schools in the Town of Detroit, first petitioned for land to found a college.[26][27] Although Governor William Hull and Woodward promulgated an act in 1809 to establish public school districts, this preliminary endeavor yielded negligible results.[28] Woodward, aspiring to categorize knowledge (which he termed "encathol epistemia"), discussed this with Thomas Jefferson in 1814.[29] In 1817, Woodward drafted a territorial act for the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, which included thirteen professorships, or didaxiim.[30] The act was enacted on August 26, 1817, with Richard appointed vice president and John Monteith as president. Woodward sought funding from the Zion Masonic Lodge, which contributed $250, leading to a total of $5,000 raised for the university.[31][32] The cornerstone for the first schoolhouse, situated near the intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817, and by the following year, a Lancasterian school, taught by Lemuel Shattuck, and a classical academy were operational.[33] Additional schools were established in Monroe and Mackinaw by the end of September 1817.[20] In 1821, a new act placed the corporation under the control of a board of trustees.[34] Monteith, no longer president, joined the board, and Richard served on the board until his death in 1832.[35] The trustees continued to manage the schools and classical academy, but established no new schools.[36] By 1827, all schools had closed, and the Detroit schoolhouse was leased to private teachers.[36]

### Early years (1837–1851)

[edit]

Alexander J. Davis's original designs for the university featured the Gothic Revival style. He is generally credited with coining the term "Collegiate Gothic"

In 1837, following Michigan's admission to the Union, its constitution enabled the appointive regents to oversee university operations directly alongside professors, without the need for a president.[22] The regents met in Ann Arbor and accepted the town's proposal for the university to relocate,[37][38] based on a 40 acres (16 ha) grant from the Treaty of Fort Meigs[39][40] on Henry Rumsey's farmland.[41] Alexander Jackson Davis devised the original campus plan in Gothic Revival style,[42] and the regents unanimously approved his proposal;[43] however, the plan was abandoned due to financial constraints resulting from the Panic of 1837.[44][45] In 1841, Mason Hall, the first campus building, was completed, followed by the construction of South College, an identical building to the south, in 1849, leaving a gap for a future grand centerpiece.[43]

From top to bottom: a colored elevation of Mason Hall (1841–1950), the first instructional building on the Ann Arbor campus. Its design inspired North Hall (1851) in Madison, Wisconsin[46]; University of Michigan (1855) by Jasper Francis Cropsey

Asa Gray was appointed the first professor following the university's move to Ann Arbor in 1837,[47][48][49][50][51] alongside early faculty members Douglass Houghton and Andrew Ten Brook.[51][52] The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore taught by two professors, Joseph Whiting and George Palmer Williams.[53][54] In the first commencement of 1845, eleven graduates, including Judson Dwight Collins, were awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree.[55] In subsequent years, the regents established branches across the state as preparatory schools for the university,[56] starting with Pontiac and followed by Kalamazoo, Detroit, Niles, Tecumseh, White Pigeon, and Romeo.[56] However, they struggled to enroll students and some merged with local colleges.[56] Kalamazoo College was the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan from 1840 to 1850.[56] Furthermore, the university struggled with issues due to its regents' dependence on the legislature from 1837 to 1850.[57] Despite several attempts to gain independence, progress was slow until the late 1840s, when regents gained leverage, supported by Michigan citizens.[57] This led to a revision of the organic act on April 8, 1851, which freed the university from legislative control, changed the regent position from appointed to elected, and established a president selected by the regents.[57]

### 1851 to 1900

[edit]

Henry Philip Tappan became the university's first president in 1852, with the ambition to shape the institution as a model for future universities. During his decade of service, he overhauled the curriculum,[58] expanded the library and museum collections,[58] established the law school,[22] and supervised the construction of the Detroit Observatory.[58] He secularized faculty appointments by prioritizing merit in selections,[58] breaking away from the retrograde tradition of regents distributing positions among Protestant denominations.[58] In 1855, Michigan became the second university in the country to issue Bachelor of Science degrees.[59] The following year, the country's first chemical laboratory was built on campus, specifically designed for chemistry education, providing additional space for classes and laboratories.[60] Tappan's tenure also saw the creation of the Michigan Glee Club, the oldest student organization at the university, and the publication of the first student newspaper, The Peninsular Phoenix and Gazetteer, in 1857.[61] Despite these accomplishments, Tappan's 11-year presidency was marked by considerable tension.[58] His impartial stance on religion faced backlash during a time of heightened religious fervor.[58] Due to changes in the Board of Regents and discontent with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1863.[58]

In 1863, Erastus Otis Haven took office as president, having been a professor at the time and needing to prove his right for the presidency.[62] The campus was divided by conflicting views among students, faculty, and regents regarding Tappan's restoration, the homeopathy crisis, and the Civil War.[62] Haven's administration faced routine administrative difficulties and struggled to garner support for increased state aid, despite achieving modest gains.[62] The university, which had received a fixed $15,000 since 1869, still required additional funding.[62] Frustrated, Haven resigned in 1869 to become president of Northwestern, a Methodist institution, a move that sectarians viewed as a setback for secular colleges.[62] The presidency remained vacant from 1869 to 1871, with Professor Henry Simmons Frieze serving as acting president.[63] During this period, the university raised funds for University Hall, overhauled admissions with a diploma system, and introduced coeducation.[63] Women were first admitted in 1870,[64] although Alice Robinson Boise Wood was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–67.[65] In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from the law school as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States.[66] In 1871, Sarah Killgore became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to the bar of any state in the United States.[67] Frieze, a champion of music education, also established the University Musical Society.[63] By the late 1860s, the university had become one of the largest in the nation, alongside Harvard in Cambridge.[68] However, it faced ongoing issues with student discipline, including class rushes, instances of hazing, and rowdiness in chapel.[69][63] Frieze attributed these problems to a lack of centralized faculty control.[63]

University Hall (center, 1872–1950), flanked by Mason Hall (left, 1841–1950) and South College (right, 1849–1950), was located partly on the grounds of present-day Angell Hall

A statue of Benjamin Franklin stood on the west side of South State Street in front of University Hall, beside The First Congregational Church

James Burrill Angell became president in 1871 and would remain in the post for nearly four decades.[70] His tenure would be remembered as the most successful in the university's history.[70] Tappan's reforms in the 1850s set the university on a path to becoming an elite institution, but it was Angell who completed that transformation.[70] Shortly after his arrival, University Hall was completed and dedicated.[70] During his presidency, he restored campus discipline,[69][70] resolved the long-standing homeopathy problem,[70] led non-denominational church services,[69][70] broadened the curriculum,[22] raised entrance and graduation requirements,[70] and persuaded the legislature to increase state aid.[70] Angell's tenure saw the addition of many extracurricular activities, including the intercollegiate football team.[70] Though a reformer, Angell was not authoritarian; he encouraged open debate and aimed for near-unanimous agreement before implementing changes, rather than pushing through with only a narrow majority.[70] Angell transformed the curriculum to focus on electives, expanding course offerings.[69] That led to a faculty of great minds in many fields, from John Dewey in philosophy to Frederick George Novy in bacteriology.[71] In 1871-72, Charles Kendall Adams first introduced the German seminar method of study, marking its first use in America.[72][73] In 1875, the university founded the College of Dental Surgery, followed by the establishment of the College of Pharmacy by Albert B. Prescott in 1876. That year, the university awarded its first Doctor of Philosophy degrees: to Victor C. Vaughan in chemistry and William E. Smith in zoology.[74][25] They were among the first doctoral degrees to be conferred in the nation.[74] The university remained the only institution in the state to grant PhD degrees until the late 1940s.[75]

Literary Class of 1880 (includes Mary Henrietta Graham, the first African American woman graduate of the University of Michigan)

> "Stand up for America; devote your life to its cause; love your homes, and prove as worthy of our cherished free institutions as they are worthy of your allegiance and service. Let not the high standard of National Honor, raised by the fathers, be lowered by their sons. Let learning, liberty and law be exalted and enthroned."

William McKinley, speaking to the first National Convention of the College Republicans in Newberry Hall in 1892[76]

With his presidency, Angell focused the university on preparing a new generation of secular leaders in public service.[70] Angell himself was frequently called upon by the White House for diplomatic missions.[70] In 1880, U.S. President Rutherford Hayes appointed him as Minister to China, where he successfully negotiated an immigration treaty that increased Chinese student enrollment.[70] Later, in 1887, 1896, and 1897, Grover Cleveland appointed him to fisheries and waterways commissions.[70] That same year, William McKinley named him Envoy Extraordinary to Turkey.[70] By the late 19th century, the university had gained an international reputation, partly due to Angell's diplomatic efforts.[70] During this period, over 80 subjects of the Emperor of Japan were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence.[77] The university was also involved in building the Philippine education, legal, and public health systems during the era of American colonization of the Philippines, thanks to the efforts of Michigan alumni, including Dean Conant Worcester and George A. Malcolm.[78] Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first Puerto Rican to earn a university degree in the United States.[79] Ida Gray graduated from the School of Dentistry in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in the United States.[80] Angell retired in 1909, and seven years later, he died in the President's House, which had been his home for forty-five years.[70] His successor, Harry Burns Hutchins, who was once his student, would lead the university through World War I and the Great Influenza epidemic.[70]

### 1900 to 1950

[edit]

Law Quadrangle, ca. 1930s

In 1910, Harry Burns Hutchins assumed the presidency, becoming the first alumnus to hold that position.[81] He had spent seven years in Ithaca, New York, where he was called by Andrew Dickson White and Charles Kendall Adams to establish the Cornell Law School.[81] Hutchins then became the dean of the law school at his alma mater, where he introduced the case method of instruction.[81] Hutchins was acting president when Angell was absent.[81] During his presidency, Hutchins established the Graduate School,[81] doubled enrollment,[81] and increased the faculty.[81] He secured more state aid and alumni support to fund the university's capital needs,[81] including the gothic Law Quadrangle,[82] Martha Cook Building,[83] Hill Auditorium, and Michigan Union, which became campus landmarks. Hutchins enhanced the university health service,[81] but wartime distractions plagued his presidency. The influenza epidemic, which caused student deaths from poor care, deeply troubled him.[81] Well-liked by the regents who encouraged him to remain president, nonetheless, Hutchins retired in 1920.[81]

A postcard depicting college life at Michigan in the early twentieth century, created by F. Earl Christy

The 1920s at the university were marked by the brief tenures of two presidents, Marion LeRoy Burton and Clarence Cook Little.[84] In 1920, when Burton assumed office, a conference on higher education took place at the university, resulting in the establishment of the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges.[85] Under his leadership, construction boomed on campus,[85] and enrollments increased,[85] propelled by the prosperous economy of the Roaring Twenties. He initiated the annual honors convocation,[85] introduced the deans' conference,[85] and increased university income.[85] The proposal for establishing a nonsectarian divinity school on campus came after strong advocacy from Charles Foster Kent and received unanimous backing from nearby churches.[86] The school was short-lived and was quietly shelved in 1927.[86] Burton fell ill in 1924 and died in 1925.[85] In this emergency, President Emeritus Hutchins was called by the regents to assist, with Alfred Henry Lloyd serving as acting president until Little's arrival.[85] Clarence Cook Little was elected president in 1925,[87] advocating for individualized education[87] and reforming curricula, particularly for women.[87] Little proposed a curriculum division after two years to address knowledge gaps, leading to the University College proposal, which was ultimately abandoned after his resignation in 1929.[87]

H.A. Kramers, second row, sixth left with J. Robert Oppenheimer, second row, fourth left, in a photograph of the Summer Symposium on Theoretical Physics in 1931 at the University of Michigan

Following Little's resignation, Alexander Grant Ruthven, an alumnus, was elected president by unanimous vote.[88] He would lead the university through the Great Depression and World War II.[88] Under Ruthven's leadership, the university administration became more decentralized with the creation of the university council, various divisions, and a system of committees[88] For years, the university was a backwater in theoretical physics. Nonetheless, this changed under department head Harrison McAllister Randall, who brought theorists Samuel Goudsmit, George Uhlenbeck, and Otto Laporte onto the faculty.[89] Goudsmit mentored famous students at the university, including Robert Bacher and Wu Ta-You, the Father of Chinese Physics, who in turn taught Zhu Guangya and two Nobel laureates, Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee. From 1928 to 1941, the Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics featured renowned physicists like Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac, and Erwin Schrödinger, with at least fifteen attendees being Nobel laureates or future laureates.[90] Wolfgang Pauli held a visiting professorship at the university in 1931.[91] Stephen Timoshenko created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university. In 1948, shortly after World War II, the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Project was established to honor the hundreds of lives lost from the university during the war.[92][22] Funded by numerous contributors, including the Ford Motor Company, the Phoenix Project operated the Ford Nuclear Reactor, which established the nation's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.[93]

### 1950 to present

[edit]

In 1951, Harlan Hatcher succeeded Ruthven and served as president until 1968, overseeing the construction of North Campus, the founding of Flint Senior College, and the establishment of the Dearborn Center, both now full-fledged branch campuses.[94][95] The tenures of Hatcher and his successor, Robben Wright Fleming, were marked by a sharp rise in campus activism, highlighted by the increase in political dissent linked to the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.[94] In 1963, a controversial admission policy known as "affirmative action" was introduced.[96] It was a radical measure originated by Hobart Taylor Jr., aimed at boosting Black student enrollment at elite universities.[96] In 1964, a group of faculty hosted the nation's first "teach-in" against U.S. foreign policy in Southeast Asia, attended by thousands of students.[97][98] Subsequent sit-ins by campus groups prompted administrative crackdowns, escalating tensions among radicals.[94] This included a notable incident involving the Jesse James Gang, an offshoot of Students for a Democratic Society, which took an on-campus military recruiter hostage.[94] Meanwhile, Hatcher controversially dismissed three professors for their refusal to cooperate with Joseph McCarthy's House Un-American Activities Committee during his tenure.[99] Hatcher's successor, Robben Wright Fleming, an experienced labor negotiator, guided the university through a turbulent era of activism.[94] The far-left militant organization Weather Underground was founded at the university in 1969.[100] Unlike some other universities, Michigan did not experience violent outbreaks during this period.[94] In 1970, two years after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a strike organized by the Black Action Movement resulted in the university agreeing to several demands for minority support.[101] In 1971, the Spectrum Center was founded as the nation's oldest collegiate LGBT student center.[102] Meanwhile, support among students for marijuana legalization was gaining traction on campus, as highlighted by the annual Hash Bash rally that began in 1972.[103] Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, campus unrest began to affect the university's academic standing, which had been ranked among the top five in the nation.[104] This standing started to decline during Fleming's tenure. Campus unrest persisted during Harold Tafler Shapiro's presidency, which began in 1980, fueled by controversies surrounding the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa.

A celebratory dinner for the university's matriculating PhD students in 2017

President James Duderstadt would succeed Shapiro and remain president until 1996.[105] He facilitated achievements in the campus's physical growth and fundraising efforts. Duderstadt's successor, Lee Bollinger, conducted several major construction projects like the School of Social Work building[106] and the Tisch Hall, named in honor of alumnus Preston Robert Tisch.[107] In 2003, two lawsuits involving the university's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court: Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger. In 2002, the university elected its first female president, Mary Sue Coleman, by unanimous vote.[108][109] Throughout her presidency, Michigan's endowment saw continued growth, accompanied by a major fundraising drive known as "The Michigan Difference".[110] The Coleman's administration faced labor disputes with the university's labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization and the Graduate Employees Organization.[111] In the early 2000s, the university faced declining state funding, prompting suggestions for privatization.[112][113] Despite being a state institution de jure, it adopted private funding models.[114] A 2008 legislative panel further recommended converting it to a private institution due to its minimal ties to the state.[115] Mark Schlissel succeeded Coleman in 2014. Before his firing in 2022, Schlissel expanded financial aid offerings,[116] enhanced international engagement,[117] and raised student diversity.[118] He also led initiatives in biosciences[119] and the arts.[120] The university's 15th president was Santa Ono, from 2022 to 2025. Domenico Grasso, then-chancellor of the University of Michigan-Dearborn is the current interim president, since May 2025.[121]

Students at the University of Michigan participated in the 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses. Protestors set up an encampment on the campus Diag[122] and participated in other actions, including a die-in.[123] The university called on police to disband these protests. Police used force against protestors and made arrests.[122][123] The board of regents recruited Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel to crack down on pro-Palestinian student protestors when local prosecutors proved unwilling to do so.[124] In September 2024, she charged several protestors with felonies over their refusal to disperse from the encampment.[125][126] In April 2025, the FBI and Ann Arbor Police raided the homes of University of Michigan activists in what Nessel called a multijurisdictional investigation into vandalism.[127][126][128] In May, the charges against seven protestors were dropped amid scrutiny over Nessel's financial and personal ties to regents and allegations of prosecutorial bias.[129] In June, The Guardian revealed that the university had hired City Shield, a Detroit based security firm, to send undercover investigators to surveil student activists in addition to providing other security services related to protests at the school.[130]

### Historical links

[edit]

University presidents Harry Burns Hutchins, left, and James Burrill Angell, center, with Cornell University founder Andrew Dickson White, right, in a 1900s photograph

The founding of the University of Michigan in the 19th century was influenced by the transatlantic Republic of Letters, an intellectual community that spanned Europe and the Americas.[58] Key figures, such as Henry Philip Tappan, were instrumental in aligning the university with the ideals championed by the intellectual community, including liberty, reason, and scientific inquiry.[58] Alumni and faculty from Michigan, like Andrew Dixon White, carried these ideals forward as they shaped other institutions.[131][132] Notably, Cornell alumni David Starr Jordan and John Casper Branner later introduced these concepts to Stanford University in the late 19th century.[131] Early university leaders like James Burrill Angell contributed to establishing other universities by sharing their insights.[70] Alongside Charles William Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, and Noah Porter of Yale, Angell was heavily involved in the early period of Johns Hopkins University as an advisor to the trustees and recommended Daniel Coit Gilman as the first president of the wealthy new foundation.[133] Clark Kerr, the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, referred to Michigan as the "mother of state universities."[134]

* University of California: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.[f][135][136]
* University of Chicago: Michigan alumnus Robert Ezra Park played a leading role in the development of the Chicago School of sociology. The University of Chicago Laboratory School was founded in 1896 by John Dewey and Calvin Brainerd Cady, who were members of the Michigan faculty.
* Cornell University: Andrew Dixon White and Charles Kendall Adams, the first and second presidents of Cornell, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty. Cornell had its Law School founded by Michigan alumni Charles Kendall Adams and Harry Burns Hutchins. Six of the fourteen past presidents of Cornell University have had connections to the University of Michigan. Edmund Ezra Day, the fifth president, was the founding dean of Michigan's business school. Frank H. T. Rhodes, the ninth president, spent three years as vice president of academic affairs at Michigan. Martha E. Pollack, the fourteenth president, served as provost at Michigan from 2013 to 2017. Additionally, Jeffrey S. Lehman received his graduate degrees from Michigan.[132]
* Harvard University: Michigan alumnus Edwin Francis Gay was the founding dean of the Harvard Business School from 1908 to 1919,[137] instrumental in the school's planning.
* Johns Hopkins University: had its pharmacology department established by John Jacob Abel, an alumnus of Michigan.
* Massachusetts Institute of Technology: had its Media Lab co-founded by Michigan alumnus Jerome Wiesner. Nicholas Negroponte, the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Media Lab, has held a visiting professorship at the University of Michigan.
* Northwestern University: Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers was instrumental in transforming Northwestern from a small cluster of colleges into a major, nationally recognized university. His wife, Emma Winner Rogers, founded the Northwestern University Settlement Association.[138]
* Syracuse University: Alexander Winchell and Erastus O. Haven, the first and second chancellors of Syracuse University, respectively, were members of the Michigan faculty.
* University of Washington: Charles Odegaard, who served as president of the University of Washington from 1958 to 1973 and is credited with elevating its academic standing, was previously the dean of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.
* Wellesley College: Michigan alumna Alice Freeman Palmer, the president of Wellesley College from 1881 to 1887, "transformed the fledgling school from one devoted to Christian domesticity into one of the nation's premier colleges for women."[139]
* Yale University: had its residential college system co-organized by James Rowland Angell, a graduate of Michigan.[140] Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers introduced the "case system" and the college degree requirement into the Yale Law School.

## Campus

[edit]

University of Michigan Campus

Historic buildings

Museums

Libraries

Arts venues

Housing and dining

Open spaces

Sports

University of Michigan campus

Lawyers Club (1924), Law Quadrangle

The University of Michigan's campus in Ann Arbor is divided into four main areas: the Central Campus area, the North Campus area, the North Medical Campus area, and Ross Athletic Campus area. The campus areas include more than 500 major buildings,[141] with a combined area of more than 37.48 million square feet (860 acres; 3.482 km2).[142] The Central and Athletic Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.[143] The North Medical Campus area was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[144]

All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campus areas. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campus areas, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[145]

There is leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. In addition to the University of Michigan Golf Course on Ross Athletic Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course.[146] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor. The Inglis House is an off-campus facility, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[147] Another major off-campus facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of the City of Ann Arbor.[148]

### Central Campus Historic District

[edit]

Further information: University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District

See also: The Diag

The northwest corner of The Diag around 1873, showing the university's gate, the Law Building (1863–1950) and University Hall (1872–1950)

The original Central Campus spanned 40 acres (16 ha), bordered by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The master plan was developed by Alexander Jackson Davis. The first structures built included four Greek Revival faculty residences in 1840,[149][150][151][152] as well as Mason Hall (1841–1950)[153] and South College (1849–1950),[154] which functioned as both academic spaces and dormitories. Only one of the original faculty residences remains today; it has been renovated in the Italianate style to serve as the President's House,[152] making it the oldest building on campus.[40] The Chemical Laboratory,[155] built by Albert Jordan in 1856 and operational until 1980, was notable for housing the nation's first instructional chemistry lab. After the completion of the Old Medical Building (1850–1914)[156] and the Law Building (1863–1950),[157] an open space known as The Diag began to take shape. Among the notable structures on the original Central Campus were University Hall (1872–1950),[158] designed by alumnus E. S. Jennison,[159] and the Old Library (1881–1918),[160] designed by Henry Van Brunt, who was also the architect behind Memorial Hall (1870) in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The Old Library (1881–1918), designed by Henry Van Brunt, had an addition built to the south in 1898. The portion constructed in 1883 was torn down in 1918.

The Central Campus today, however, bears little resemblance to its 19th-century appearance, as most of its original structures were demolished and rebuilt in the early 20th century.[161][162] The rebuilt structures are primarily the work of Albert Kahn, who served as the university's supervising architect during that period.[163] In 1909, Regent William L. Clements became chairman of the Building and Grounds Committee, leading to Albert Kahn's growing influence in the university's architectural development. Clements, impressed by Kahn's work on his industrial projects and residence in Bay City, awarded him multiple university commissions and appointed him as the university's supervising architect. The West Engineering Hall (1910), Natural Science Building (1915), and General Library (1920) were all designed by Kahn. During a period of limited construction funding, these structures exhibited a simple design with minimal ornamentation. However, Kahn's Hill Auditorium (1913), adequately funded by Regent Arthur Hill, features extensive Sullivanesque ornamentation and excellent acoustic design, which was rare for that period.[159]

James Burrill Angell Hall (1924) on Central Campus serves as a major academic building for the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts

Beginning in 1920, the university received greater funding for construction projects, thanks to president Burton's fiscal persuasiveness with the legislature, propelled by a prosperous economy. This allowed campus buildings to be constructed in a grand manner. Kahn's Italian Renaissance Clements Library (1923), Classical Greek Angell Hall (1924), and Art Deco Burton Memorial Tower (1936) all feature unusual and costly materials and are considered some of his most elegant university buildings. The last of Kahn's university commissions was the Ruthven Museums Building (1928), designed in the Renaissance style.[159]

Other architects who contributed to the Central Campus include Spier & Rohns, who designed Tappan Hall (1894) and the West Medical Building (1904); Smith, Hinchman and Grylls, the architects of the Chemistry Building (1910) and East Engineering Building; and Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton, who designed University High School (1924). The Michigan Union (1919) and Michigan League (1929), completed by alumni Irving Kane Pond and Allen Bartlit Pond, house the university's various student organizations. Alumni Memorial Hall, funded by contributions from alumni in memory of the university's Civil War dead, was completed by Donaldson and Meier. It was designated as the University Museum of Art in 1946.[159]

Hutchins Hall (1933), designed by alumnus James Baird, is named after Harry Burns Hutchins, the fourth president of the university

The area just south of The Diag is predominantly Gothic in character, contrasting with the classical designs prevalent in many of Kahn's university buildings. The Martha Cook Building (1915), completed by York and Sawyer, Samuel Parsons, and George A. Fuller in 1915, draws inspiration from England's Knole House and Aston Hall. It was one of the university’s early women’s residences. York and Sawyer also designed the Law Quadrangle, which features a flagstone courtyard by landscape architect Jacob Van Heiningan. The Lawyers' Club, part of the quadrangle, includes a clubhouse, dining hall, and dormitory, modeled after English clubs with an Elizabethan-style lounge and a dining hall inspired by the chapels of Eaton. The Law Library's main reading room showcases craftsmanship from the Rockefeller Church of New York. Following its completion, nearby buildings like the School of Education Building, by Malcomson and Higginbotham, and Emil Lorch's Architecture and Design Building adopted Gothic elements reflecting the style of the Law Quadrangle and Martha Cook Residence.[159]

The Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Law School, Ross School of Business, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two main libraries, Hatcher Graduate Library and Shapiro Undergraduate Library, as well as the university's many museums, are also on Central Campus.[164]

### North Campus

[edit]

Earl V. Moore Building (1964), designed by Eero Saarinen

The North Campus area built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.[165] Architect Eero Saarinen devised the early master plan for the North Campus area and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[166] The North Campus Diag features a bell tower called Lurie Tower, which contains a grand carillon.[167] The university's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is in the North Campus area.[162]

The North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the Stamps School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.[168] The campus area is served by Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.[169] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library.

### Ross Athletic Campus

[edit]

The University of Michigan Golf Course was designed by Scottish golf course architect Alister MacKenzie and opened in 1931

Ross Athletic Campus is the site for the university's athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. The campus area is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,[170] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.[171] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on Ross Athletic Campus.[170]

The University of Michigan Golf Course is located south of Michigan Stadium. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, home of the Masters Tournament.[172] The course opened to the public in 1931 and has one of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" according to the magazine Sports Illustrated in 2006.[173]

## Organization and administration

[edit]

### Governance

[edit]

See also: Board of Regents of the University of Michigan and President of the University of Michigan

William W. Cook Legal Research Building at the Law School, showing the emblem of the University of Michigan Photograph of Michigan University Regents 75th Anniversary Celebration on June 27, 1912.
Standing L-R: Frank B. Leland, John H. Grant, Shirley W. Smith, Harry O. Bulkey, William L. Clements, Lucius Lee Hubbard, Benjamin Hanchett, Junius E. Beal
Seated L-R: Luther L. Wright, James B. Angell, Harry B. Hutchins, Walter M. Sawyer

The University of Michigan is governed by the Board of Regents, established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837. It consists of eight members, elected at large in biennial state elections for overlapping eight-year terms.[174][175][176] Before the Office of President was established in 1850, the University of Michigan was directly managed by the appointed regents, with a rotating group of professors responsible for carrying out day-to-day administrative duties.[177] The Constitution of the State of Michigan of 1850 restructured the university's administration. It established the Office of the President and transitioned the Board of Regents to an elected body. The state constitution granted the Board of Regents the power to appoint a non-voting presiding president to lead their meetings,[178] effectively elevating the board to the level of a constitutional corporation independent of the state administration and making the University of Michigan the first public institution of higher education in the country so organized. As of 2021–22, the Board of Regents is chaired by Jordan B. Acker (B.A. '06).

The Board of Regents delegates its power to the university president who serves as the chief executive officer responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the university, that is, the main campus in Ann Arbor. The president retains authority over the branch campuses in Dearborn and Flint but is not directly involved in their day-to-day management. Instead, two separate chancellors are appointed by the president to serve as chief executive officers overseeing each branch campus. All presidents are appointed by the Board of Regents to serve five-year terms, at the board's discretion, and there are no term limits for university presidents. The board has the authority to either terminate the president's tenure or extend it for an additional term.

The presidency of the University of Michigan is currently vacant, with Domenico Grasso (PhD ‘87) serving as the interim president.[179] Following the immediate resignation of Santa Ono,[180][181][182][183] the university's former president, the board of regents named Grasso as the university’s interim president on May 8, 2025.[179] He will lead the university during the search for the next president.[179] Laurie McCauley has been serving as the 17th and current provost of the university since May 2022, and she was recommended by former president Santa Ono to serve a full term through June 30, 2027.[184]

The President's House, located at 815 South University Avenue on the Ann Arbor campus, is the official residence and office of the University President. Constructed in 1840, the three-story Italianate President's House is the oldest surviving building on the Ann Arbor campus and a University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District contributing property.[185]

#### Student government

[edit]

The Central Student Government, housed in the Michigan Union, is the university's student government. As a 501(c)(3) independent organization, it represents students from all colleges and schools, manages student funds on campus, and has representatives from each academic unit. The Central Student Government is separate from the University of Michigan administration.[186]

Photograph of the senior parade on commencement day, circa 1903

Over the years, the Central Student Government has led voter registration drives,[187] revived Homecoming events,[188] changed a football seating policy,[189] and created a Student Advisory Council for Ann Arbor city affairs.[190] A longstanding goal of the Central Student Government has been to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents.[191] In 2000 and 2002, students Nick Waun, Scott Trudeau, Matt Petering, and Susan Fawcett ran for the Board of Regents on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees, though none were successful.[192] A 1998 poll by the State of Michigan concluded that a majority of voters would approve adding a student regent position if put to a vote.[191] However, amending the composition of the Board of Regents would require a constitutional amendment in Michigan.[193]

In addition to the Central Student Government, each college and school at the University of Michigan has its own independent student governance body. Undergraduate students in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts are represented by the LS&A Student Government.[194] Engineering Student Government manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government, and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition, the students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association, which contains the third most constituents after Central Student Government and LS&A Student Government.[195]

### Finances

[edit]

The William W. Cook Legal Research Library and other buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were built during 1923–33 and then donated to the university by William Wilson Cook. It was the university's most significant private gift at the time.

In the fiscal year 2022–23, the State of Michigan spent $333 million on the university, which represents 3.03% of its total operating revenues of $11 billion.[196] The university is the second-largest recipient of state appropriations for higher education in Michigan for 2022-23, trailing Michigan State University ($372 million).[197] The Office of Budget and Planning reports that Michigan Medicine's auxiliary activities are the largest funding source, contributing $6.05 billion to the Auxiliary Funds, which accounts for 55.1% of the total operating budget. Student tuition and fees contributed $1.95 billion to the General Fund, accounting for 11% of the total budget.[196] Research grants and contracts from the U.S. federal government contributed $1.15 billion to the Expendable Restricted Funds, accounting for 10.4% of the total budget.[196]

The university's current (FY 2022–23) operating budget has four major sources of funding:[196]

* General Fund money, which accounts for 25.4% of the operating budget, is derived from various sources: student tuition and fees ($1.95 billion or 75.2%), state support ($333 million or 12.8%), sponsored research ($301 million or 11.6%), and other revenue ($8 million or 0.3%). It covers the costs of teaching, student services, facilities, and administrative support. The state's annual contribution to the school's operating budget was 3.03% in 2023 and does not cover intercollegiate athletics, housing, or Michigan Medicine.[196]
* Auxiliary Funds, which account for 58.2% of the operating budget, are sourced from self-supporting units and do not receive taxpayer or tuition support. These include Michigan Medicine ($6.16 billion), intercollegiate athletics ($186 million), student housing ($160 million), and student publications.[196]
* Expendable Restricted Funds, which account for 14.2% of the operating budget, are from providers who designate how their money is spent. Funding comes from research grants and contracts, endowment payout ($305 million), and private gifts ($157 million). It pays for scholarships and fellowships; salaries, benefits and research support for some faculty; and research, programs and academic centers.[196]
* Designated Funds, which account for 2.2% of the operating budget, come from fees charged for and spent on experiential learning, programs, conferences, performance venues, and executive and continuing education.[196]

#### Endowment

[edit]

The university's financial endowment, known as the "University Endowment Fund", comprises over 12,400 individual funds.[198] Each fund must be spent according to the donor's specifications.[198] Approximately 28% of the total endowment is allocated to support academic programs, while 22% is designated for student scholarships and fellowships.[198] Approximately 19% of the endowment was allocated to Michigan Medicine and can only be used to support research, patient care, or other purposes specified by donors.[198]

As of 2023[update], the university's endowment, valued at $17.9 billion, ranks as the tenth largest among all universities in the country.[199][200] The university ranks 86th in endowment per student.[199] The law school's endowment, totaling over $500 million, has a significantly higher per-student value compared to that of its parent university.[201] It ranks as the eighth wealthiest law school in the nation in 2022.[201]

### Schools and colleges

[edit]

Samuel Trask Dana Building (West Medical Building) houses the School for Environment and Sustainability

There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[202] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[203] At the graduate level, the Rackham School of Graduate Studies serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[204] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges. Professional degrees are conferred by the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, the School of Nursing, the School of Dentistry, the Law School, the Medical School, and the College of Pharmacy.[203] Michigan Medicine, the university's health system, comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.

College/school  | Year
founded[205] | Enrollment
(FA 2023)  | General Fund Budget
($, 2022–23)[196] | Budget
per student
($, 2022–23)[196]

|
|
|
|

A. Alfred Taubman College of
Architecture & Urban Planning | 1906 | 737 | 25,707,200 | 34,881
School of Dentistry | 1875 | 670 | 41,055,284 | 61,277
College of Engineering | 1854 | 11,113 | 276,845,246 | 24,912
School for Environment and Sustainability | 1927 | 516 | 28,034,976 | 54,331
School of Information | 1969 | 1,760 | 50,147,537 | 28,493
School of Kinesiology | 1984 | 1,312 | 22,088,845 | 16,836
Law School | 1859 | 1,017 | 57,495,856 | 56,535
College of Literature, Science, and the Arts | 1841 | 21,973 | 522,704,411 | 23,788
Marsal Family School of Education | 1921 | 371 | 19,058,427 | 51,370
Medical School | 1921 | 1,677 | 124,714,812 | 74,368
School of Music, Theatre & Dance | 1880 | 1,134 | 43,101,134 | 38,008
School of Nursing | 1893 | 1,183 | 31,644,687 | 26,750
College of Pharmacy | 1876 | 561 | 22,056,888 | 39,317
School of Public Health | 1941 | 1,162 | 49,478,265 | 42,580
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy | 1914 | 362 | 17,191,821 | 47,491
Stephen M. Ross School of Business | 1924 | 4,433 | 137,479,144 | 31,013
School of Social Work | 1951 | 940 | 31,557,111 | 33,571
Penny W. Stamps School of Art & Design | 1974 | 740 | 18,111,495 | 24,475
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor*  |  –  | 52,065 | 2,590,485,130 | 49,755
*included other standalone units

## Academics

[edit]

### Admissions

[edit]

#### Undergraduate

[edit]

Undergraduate admission statistics of
the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

| 2024[206] | 2023[207] | 2022[208] | 2021[209] | 2020[210]
First-time fall freshman
Early action & regular decision, combined
Applicants  | 98,310  | 87,632  | 84,289  | 79,743  | 65,021
Admits  | 15,373  | 15,722  | 14,914  | 16,071  | 16,974
Admit rate  | 15.64%  | 17.94%  | 17.69%  | 20.15%  | 26.11%
Enrolled  | 7,278  | 7,466  | 7,050  | 7,290  | 6,879
Yield | 47.34%  | 47.49%  | 47.27%  | 45.36%  | 40.53%
SAT range  | 1360-1530  | 1350–1530  | 1350–1530  | 1360–1530  | 1340–1520
ACT range  | 31-34  | 31–34  | 31–34  | 31–35  | 31–34
Fall transfers
Applicants  | 6,832  | 6,113  | 5,633  | 4,942  | 4,513
Admits  | 2,385  | 2,109  | 2,062  | 2,051  | 2,066
Admit rate  | 34.91%  | 34.50%  | 36.61%  | 41.50%  | 45.78%
Enrolled  | 1,580  | 1,414  | 1,342  | 1,407  | 1,305
Yield  | 66.25%  | 67.05%  | 65.08%  | 68.60%  | 63.17%

The University of Michigan is one of the most selective public universities in the United States,[c] and ranks among the most selective institutions nationwide.[d] U.S. News & World Report rates Michigan "Most Selective",[222] and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 96 out of 99.[223] Admissions are characterized as "more selective, lower transfer-in" according to the Carnegie Classification.[224][225] Michigan received over 83,000 applications for a place in the 2021–22 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States.[225][226] Of those students accepted to Michigan's Class of 2027, 7,050 chose to attend.

Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. The university's admission process is need-blind for domestic applicants.[227] Admissions officials consider a student's standardized test scores, application essay and letters of recommendation to be important academic factors, with emphasis on an applicant's academic record and GPA, while ranking an applicant's high school class rank as 'not considered'.[208][209] In terms of non-academic materials as of 2022, Michigan ranks character/personal qualities and whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant as 'important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking extracurricular activities, talent/ability, geographical residence, state residency, volunteer work, work experience and level of applicant's interest as 'considered'.[208] Some applicants to Music, Theatre and Dance and some applicants to the College of Engineering may be interviewed.[208] A portfolio is required and considered for admission for Art, Architecture and the Ross School of Business.[208] Submission of standardized test scores is recommended but not compulsory.[228] Of the 52% of enrolled freshmen in 2023 who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1350–1530. Of the 18% of the incoming freshman class who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 31 and 34.

Since the fall of 2021, the university has had the largest number of students in the state, surpassing Michigan State University's former enrollment leadership.[229] Given the state's shrinking pool of college-age students, there is public concern that the university's expansion could harm smaller schools by drawing away good students.[230][231] Some of the state's regional public universities and smaller private colleges have already seen significant declines in enrollment, while others face difficulties in maintaining enrollment figures without lowering admission standards.[230]

The university experienced an unexpected surge in student enrollment for the 2023 academic year, having admitted more students than it could support.[232] This over-yield situation has placed considerable strain on student housing affordability, heightened faculty members' workloads, and stretched resources thin.[232] The university is now embracing a steady-state admissions management strategy aimed at maintaining a stable class size.[232]

#### Graduate

[edit]

Doctoral program statistics of
the Rackham Graduate School

| 2024[233] | 2023[233] | 2022[233] | 2021[233] | 2020[233]
Applicants  | 21,554  | 19,166  | 17,547  | 18,820  | 17,061
Offers  | 2,586  | 2,875  | 2,480  | 2,349  | 2,326
Selectivity  | 12.00%  | 15.00%  | 14.13%  | 12.48%  | 13.63%
Matriculations  | 1,102  | 1,258  | 981  | 1,013  | 945
Yield  | 42.61%  | 43.76%  | 39.56%  | 43.12%  | 40.63%

The Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, the graduate school of the University of Michigan, received a total of 21,554 applications for admission into its doctoral programs for the 2024 admission year, encompassing the Summer and Fall terms.[233] The school extended offers of admission to 2,586 applicants, representing 12.00% of the applicant pool.[233] Subsequently, 1,102 of the offers were accepted, resulting in a yield rate of 42.61% for the academic year.[233] Applicants may submit multiple applications to different doctoral programs and receive multiple offers, but can only matriculate into one program at a time. Doctoral programs that are not administered by Rackham are not included in the statistics.

The selectivity of admissions to doctoral programs varies considerably among different disciplines, with certain highly competitive fields exhibiting acceptance rates in the single digits. For instance, in 2023, the field of Business Administration admitted only 5.2% of its 519 applicants. Similarly, the field of Sociology had a selectivity rate of 5.01%, selecting from a pool of 439 applicants. The field of Psychology was even more competitive, with a selectivity rate of 4.1% out of 805 applicants. Other traditionally highly competitive fields include Philosophy, Public Policy & Economics, Political Science, and Robotics.[233]

#### History of admissions policies

[edit]

Enrollment in University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (2013–2024)  Academic Year  | Undergraduates  | Graduate  | Total Enrollment

|
|
|

2013–2014[234] | 28,283 | 15,427 | 43,710
2014–2015[235] | 28,395 | 15,230 | 43,625
2015–2016[236] | 28,312 | 15,339 | 43,651
2016–2017[237] | 28,964 | 15,754 | 44,718
2017–2018[238] | 29,821 | 16,181 | 46,002
2018–2019[239] | 30,318 | 16,398 | 46,716
2019–2020[240] | 31,266 | 16,824 | 48,090
2020–2021[210] | 31,329 | 16,578 | 47,907
2021–2022[209] | 32,282 | 17,996 | 50,278
2022–2023[208] | 32,695 | 18,530 | 51,225
2023–2024[207] | 33,730 | 18,335 | 52,065

In August 1841, the university first published its admission requirements for incoming freshmen. These criteria placed a strong emphasis on proficiency in ancient languages, particularly Latin and Greek.[241] Prospective students faced an examination process that assessed their knowledge across various subjects, including arithmetic, algebra, English grammar, geography, Latin literature (Virgil and Cicero's Select Orations), Greek literature (Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader), Latin grammar (Andrews and Stoddard's), and Greek grammar (Sophocles's).

A decade later, the university made a significant change to its admission policy. In 1851, it introduced a more flexible approach by waiving the ancient language requirement for students not pursuing the traditional collegiate course and allowing admission without examination in classical languages for these students.[242] This adjustment can be viewed as a prelude to scientific education, signaling a gradual shift from the classical curriculum to a more diverse and modern academic offering.

In the early days of the university, the admission requirements varied across different departments, and most admissions were based on referrals. However, in 1863, a standardized entrance examination was introduced, establishing a single set of qualifications for admission to all academic and professional departments.[243] The university administration at the time praised the implementation of this entrance examination, recognizing its contribution to enhancing the admission process.[242] This entrance examination played a crucial role in the admission process throughout the 19th century until the introduction of nationwide standardized tests.

#### Affirmative action

[edit]

Main article: Affirmative action at the University of Michigan

In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). U.S. President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.[244] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding, but it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.[245] The debate continued because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[246] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action that Proposal 2 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[246]

### Undergraduate graduation and retention

[edit]

Among all first-time freshmen students who enrolled at the university in fall 2017, 82.0% graduated within four years (by August 31, 2021); 10.2% graduated in more than four years but in five years or less (after August 31, 2021 and by August 31, 2022); 1.1% graduated in more than five years but in six years or less (after August 31, 2022 and by August 31, 2023).[207] The percentage of undergraduate students from the fall 2022 cohort returning in fall 2023 was 98.0% for full-time freshman students.[207]

### Majors and programs

[edit]

The university offers 133 undergraduate majors & degrees across the College of Engineering (18), College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (77), College of Pharmacy (1), Ford School of Public Policy (1), LSA Residential College (3), Marsal Family School of Education (3), Ross School of Business (1), School of Dentistry (1), School of Information (2), School of Kinesiology (3), School of Music, Theatre & Dance (16), School of Nursing (1), School of Public Health (2), Stamps School of Art & Design (2), and Taubman College of Architecture & Urban Planning (2). The most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were computer and information sciences (874), business administration and management (610), economics (542), behavioral neuroscience (319), mechanical engineering (316), experimental psychology (312).[247]

The Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies offers more than 180 graduate degree programs in collaboration with fourteen other schools and colleges. Nineteen graduate and professional degree programs, including the juris doctor, master of business administration, doctor of dental surgery, master of engineering, doctor of engineering, doctor of medicine, and doctor of pharmacy, are offered exclusively by the schools and colleges; Rackham does not oversee their administration. The university conferred 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011–2012.[248][249]

### Employability

[edit]

An archway leading into the Law Quadrangle from South University Avenue

The university is listed among the leading suppliers of undergraduate and graduate alumni to Silicon Valley tech firms.[250] In 2015, the university ranked 6th on the list of top feeder schools for Google, which employed over 500 graduates at the time. The university ranked 10th on the list of top feeder schools for Meta.[251] Google and Meta remain the university's first and second top employers in 2024.[252]

The university has ranked 3rd overall in investment banking analyst placements, according to data from Terrain Analytics.[citation needed] This ranking is based on 216 total hires of graduates from 2008 to 2023 who secured positions within the United States, including 74 placements at elite firms such as Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, Evercore, and Centerview Partners.[citation needed] The ranking adjusts to 8th place when accounting for the size of the undergraduate population.[citation needed] The university also ranked 3rd overall in recruiting for undergraduate management consulting jobs, with 102 graduates from 2014-2020 securing positions at the Big Three firms: McKinsey, BCG, and Bain.[citation needed]

In 2022, Michigan Ross ranked 11th among all business schools in the United States according to Poets & Quants, with its MBA graduates earning an average starting base salary of $165,000 and an average sign-on bonus of $30,000.[253]

In academia, the university ranks among the five most common institutions for doctoral training, alongside UC Berkeley, Harvard, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Stanford. Together, these universities have trained one in eight tenure-track faculty members currently serving at institutions of higher learning across the nation.[254]

The U.S. Department of Education reports that as of June 2024, federally aided students who attended University of Michigan-Ann Arbor had a median annual income of $83,648 (based on 2020-2021 earnings adjusted to 2022 dollars) five years after graduation.[255] This figure exceeds both the midpoint for 4-year schools of $53,617 and the U.S. real median personal income of $40,460 for the year 2021 adjusted to 2022 dollars.[255][256] Federally aided bachelor's graduates from the university's largest program, computer and information science, which had over 950 students in the 2020-21 cohort, had a median annual income of $153,297 five years after graduation.[255]

According to data from the U.S. Department of Education, law tops the list of most valuable first professional degrees offered by the university when ranked by earnings potential in 2022, with its federally aided students earning a median salary of $197,273 five years after graduation.[255] Dentistry ($158,677), pharmacy ($142,224), and medicine ($134,187) follow behind in that order.[255]

The fields of business administration ($140,827), economics ($108,627), mathematics ($107,395), and statistics ($105,494) are among the bachelor's degree programs with the highest earning potential offered by the university.[255] In 2022, the university's federally aided students in these programs were earning median salaries exceeding the $100,000 threshold five years after graduation.[255] Additionally, various engineering disciplines such as computer engineering ($123,120), aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering ($113,025), industrial engineering ($109,239), electrical, electronics and communications engineering ($109,107), mechanical engineering ($101,514), chemical engineering ($100,000) are among the top-earning majors.[255] Computer sciences ($153,297) and information science ($125,257) also fall into this high-earning category.[255]

### Libraries and publications

[edit]

Main articles: University of Michigan Library and University of Michigan Press

The University of Michigan library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 13.3 million volumes as of 2012.[257] The university was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.[258] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the library system.

Several academic journals are published at the university:

* The Law School publishes Michigan Law Review and six other law journals: The Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender and Law.[259]
* The Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business.
* Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies.

### Reputation and rankings

[edit]

Academic rankings

National
Forbes[260]| 29
U.S. News & World Report[261]| 21 (tie)
Washington Monthly[262]| 18
WSJ/College Pulse[263]| 22
Global
ARWU[264]| 30
QS[265]| 45
THE[266]| 22 (tie)
U.S. News & World Report[267]| 21 (tie)

The University of Michigan is considered one of the flagship public universities,[a] and elite institutions in the United States.[b] It is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[224][279][280] The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[224] The university has been included on the list of Public Ivies.[e][287]

#### Comprehensive rankings

[edit]

The 2025-2026 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities report ranked the university 21st among world universities with a global score of 83.2.[288] The university scored highly in global and regional research reputation, ranking #12 and #5 respectively, as well as in total citations (#14) and the number of publications among the top 10% most cited (#13). However, it lags in areas such as international collaboration (ranked #1202), international collaboration relative to its country (#857), normalized citation impact (#146), and the percentage of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited (#191). The university is decently ranked in categories like publications (#17), books (#27), conferences (#31), and the number of highly cited papers that are among the top 1% most cited (#18).[288]

University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 26th among world universities in 2023 by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, based on the number of alumni or staff as Nobel laureates and Fields Medalists, the number of highly cited researchers, the number of papers published in Nature and Science, the number of papers indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index, and the per capita academic performance of the institution.

The 2024 edition of the CWUR Rankings ranked the university 13th nationally and 16th globally, with an overall score of 89.1, taking into account all four areas evaluated by CWUR: education, employability, faculty, and research.[289][290] The university excels in research (ranked 9th globally), measured by the total number of research papers (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in top-tier journals (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in highly-influential journals (10% weight), and the number of highly-cited research papers (10% weight).[289] However, its ranking in the faculty category is relatively lower at 63rd globally. This metric evaluates the number of faculty members who have received prestigious academic distinctions (10% weight).[289] The university's employability ranking is 42nd globally, based on the professional success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).[289] In the education category, the university is ranked 35th globally. This metric assesses the academic success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).[289]

In the 2025 QS World University Rankings, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 44th in the world, its lowest position in 10 years, with an overall score of 79.[291][292] The university excels in academic reputation (97.9), international research network (95.8), employment outcomes (94.5), and employer reputation (92.1), indicating a strong academic standing and industry recognition. However, it lags in areas like international faculty ratio (65.5), sustainability (62.2), citations per faculty (47.6), and international students ratio (39.2). The faculty-student ratio (80.3) is decent but could be improved.[291]

Global/overall rankings

Country of publication  |  | Score (out of 100)  | World rank  | Year  | Change
(Y/Y)  | Change
(5 Yr.)
China | Academic Ranking of World Universities | 38.0  | 30  | 2024  |  4  |  10
United States | U.S. News Best Global Universities | 83.2  | 21  | 2025–26  |  2  |  2
United Kingdom | QS Top Global Universities | 84.7  | 45  | 2026  |  1  |  24
United Kingdom | THE World University Rankings | 87.7  | 22  | 2025  |  1  |  1
United Arab Emirates | CWUR World University Rankings | 89.1  | 16  | 2025  |  |

#### Specific rankings

[edit]

Michigan was ranked 6th in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs Rankings.[293] Michigan was ranked 3rd in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Business Programs Rankings.[294] The 2020 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked Michigan as the No. 9 "Dream College" among students and the No. 7 "Dream College" among parents.[295]

Department rankings

Institution  |  | National rank  | Year  | Change
(Y/Y)  | Source[296][297]
Undergraduate
University of Michigan—Ann Arbor  | Best National Universities  | 21  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Dream College Among Students  | 5  | 2024  |  4  | Princeton
Review
Dream College Among Parents  | 6  | 2024  |  2  | Princeton
Review
Undergraduate Research/
Creative Projects  | =5  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Stephen M. Ross School of Business  | Undergraduate Business  | 4  |  –  |  | U.S. News
College of Engineering  | Undergraduate Engineering  | =5  |  –  |  | U.S. News
School of Nursing  | Bachelor of Science in Nursing  | =7  |  –  |  | U.S. News
College of Literature, Science, and
the Arts  | Undergraduate Psychology  | =3  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Graduate
College of Engineering | Best Engineering Schools  | =9  | 2024  |  2  | U.S. News
Aerospace Engineering  | 6  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Biomedical Engineering  | =10  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Chemical Engineering  | =7  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Civil Engineering  | =5  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Computer Engineering  | =6  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Electrical Engineering  | =7  | 2024  |  3  | U.S. News
Environmental Engineering  | =2  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Industrial Engineering  | 2  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Materials Engineering  | =8  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Mechanical Engineering  | =6  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Nuclear Engineering  | 1  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
School for Environment and Sustainability | Best Colleges for Environmental Science in America  | 7  | 2025  |  | Niche
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy | Best Public Affairs Programs  | =4  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
School of Information | Best Library and
Information Studies Programs  | =6  | 2021  |  | U.S. News
School of Kinesiology | Best Colleges for Kinesiology and Physical Therapy in America  | 4  | 2025  |  | Niche
Marsal Family School of Education | Best Education Schools  | =3  | 2024  |  2  | U.S. News
School of Public Health | Best Public Health Schools  | =5  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Biostatistics  | 4  | 2022  |  | U.S. News
Health Care Management  | =3  | 2023  |  | U.S. News
College of Literature, Science, and
the Arts | Biological Sciences  | =23  | 2022  |  | U.S. News
Chemistry  | =14  | 2023  |  | U.S. News
Earth Sciences  | =9  | 2023  |  | U.S. News
Economics  | =12  | 2022  |  | U.S. News
English  | =8  | 2021  |  | U.S. News
History  | =2  | 2021  |  | U.S. News
Mathematics  | 11  | 2023  |  | U.S. News
Physics  | =13  | 2023  |  | U.S. News
Political Science  | =4  | 2021  |  | U.S. News
Psychology  | =3  | 2022  |  | U.S. News
Sociology  | =2  | 2021  |  | U.S. News
Statistics  | =7  | 2022  |  | U.S. News
School of Music, Theatre & Dance | Best Colleges for Music in America  | 15  | 2025  |  | Niche
School of Social Work | Best Schools for Social Work  | 1  | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Stamps School of Art & Design | Best Art Schools  | =8  | 2020  |  | U.S. News
Stephen M. Ross School of
Business | Best B-Schools  | 8  | 2024–25  |  1  | Bloomberg
Businessweek
Best Business Schools  | =12  | 2024  |  4  | U.S. News
Part-time MBA  | 6  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Professional
School of Dentistry | Top Colleges for Dental Studies in America  | 3  | 2025  |  | Niche
Law School | Best Law Schools  | =9  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Medical School | Best Medical Schools: Research  | Unranked[g] | 2024  |  | U.S. News
Best Medical Schools: Primary Care  | Unranked[g] | 2024  |  | U.S. News
School of Nursing  | Best Nursing Schools: Master's  | 7  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Best Nursing Schools: Doctor of
Nursing Practice  | =8  | 2024  |  2  | U.S. News
Midwifery  | =6  | 2024  |  4  | U.S. News
College of Pharmacy | Best Pharmacy Schools  | =2  | 2024  |  1  | U.S. News
Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning | Best Colleges for Architecture In America  | 28  | 2025  |  | Niche
Other
University of Michigan—Ann Arbor  | Top Public Schools  | 3  | 2025  |  | U.S. News
Public Universities  | 1  | 2022  |  | THE
Top 25 Public Colleges  | 4  | 2023  |  | Forbes
Top Public Universities In America  | 2  | 2025  |  | Niche

Subject-specific rankings

Institution  |  | World rank  | Year  | Change
(Y/Y)  | Source
School of Dentistry  | Dentistry & Oral Sciences  | 1  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
College of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering  | 6  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Automation & Control  | 12  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Biomedical Engineering  | 36  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Biotechnology  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Chemical Engineering  | 94  |  –  |  | U.S. News
101–150  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Civil Engineering  | 46  |  –  |  | U.S. News
51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Computer Science  | 18  |  –  |  | U.S. News
41  |  –  |  | THE
Computer Science & Engineering  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Electrical and
Electronic Engineering  | 105  |  –  |  | U.S. News
51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Energy and Fuels  | 76  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Energy Science & Engineering  | 76–100  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Engineering  | 21  |  –  |  | U.S. News
19  |  –  |  | THE
Environmental Science & Engineering  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Instruments Science & Technology  | 201–300  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Materials Science  | 44  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Materials Science & Engineering  | 46  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Mechanical Engineering  | 36  |  –  |  | U.S. News
76–100  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Metallurgical Engineering  | 34  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology  | 87  |  –  |  | U.S. News
101–150  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Optics  | 57  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Remote Sensing  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Space Science  | 25  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Telecommunication Engineering  | 201–300  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Transportation Science & Technology  | 14  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
School for Environment and
Sustainability  | Environment/Ecology  | 35  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Gerald R. Ford School of
Public Policy  | Political Sciences  | 9  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Public Administration  | 101–150  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
School of Information  | Library & Information Science  | 42  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Law School  | Law  | 9  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
26  |  –  |  | THE
College of Literature, Science, and
the Arts
Agricultural Sciences  | 201–300  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Arts & Humanities  | 10  |  |  | U.S. News
18  |  –  |  | THE
Atmospheric Science  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Biological Sciences  | 44  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Biology & Biochemistry  | 17  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Biotechnology and
Applied Microbiology  | 56  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Chemistry  | 46  |  –  |  | U.S. News
76–100  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Communication  | 6  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Condensed Matter Physics  | 85  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Earth Sciences  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Ecology  | 51–75  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Economics  | 23  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Geography  | 151–200  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Geosciences  | 67  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Human Biological Sciences  | 44  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Life sciences  | 29  |  –  |  | THE
Mathematics  | 21  |  –  |  | U.S. News
30  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Oceanography  | 101–150  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Physical Chemistry  | 84  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Physical sciences  | 23  |  –  |  | THE
Physics  | 25  |  –  |  | U.S. News
24  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Plant and Animal Science  | 93  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Psychiatry/Psychology  | 13  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Psychology  | 11  |  –  |  | THE
11  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Social sciences  | 9  |  –  |  | THE
Sociology  | 4  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Statistics  | 16  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Marsal Family School of Education  | Education  | 8  |  –  |  | THE
1  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Medical School
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems  | 18  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Cell Biology  | 26  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Clinical Medicine  | 12  |  –  |  | U.S. News
36  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Clinical and Health  | 21  |  –  |  | THE
Endocrinology and Metabolism  | 23  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Gastroenterology and Hepatology  | 22  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Immunology  | 31  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Infectious Diseases  | 12  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Medical Technology  | 31  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Microbiology  | 43  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Molecular Biology & Genetics  | 15  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Neuroscience & Behavior  | 40  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Oncology  | 15  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and
Medical Imaging  | 37  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Surgery  | 11  |  –  |  | U.S. News
School of Nursing  | Nursing  | 32  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
College of Pharmacy  | Pharmacology & Toxicology  | 27  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences  | 42  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
School of Public Health
Public, Environmental and
Occupational Health  | 22  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Public Health  | 12  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Social Sciences & Public Health  | 6  |  –  |  | U.S. News
Stephen M. Ross School of
Business
Business Administration  | 50  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Economics & Business  | 13  |  –  |  | U.S. News
20  |  –  |  | THE
Global MBA  | 26  | 2023  |  2  | Financial Times
Finance  | 34  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking
Management  | 7  | 2023  |  | ShanghaiRanking

## Research

[edit]

R&D statistics, by year | National Science Foundation | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

|
|

| Total R&D
expenditures
($000)  | National
rank  | National
Academy
members  | National
rank
2024  |  –  |  –  | 139  |  –
2023  | 1,925,875[298] | 4  |  –  |  –
2022  | 1,770,708[298] | 4  |  –  |  –
2021  | 1,639,645[298] | 3  |  –  |  –
2020  | 1,673,862[298] | 2  |  –  |  –
2019  | 1,675,805[298] | 2  | 120[299] | 10
2018  | 1,600,869[298] | 2  | 118[300] | 9
2017  | 1,530,139[298] | 2  | 113[301] | 12

The University of Michigan is one of the twelve founding members of the Association of American Universities, a consortium of the leading research universities in North America. The university manages the fourth-largest research budget of any university in the United States, with total R&D expenditures of $1.925 billion in 2023.[302][303] The federal government was the main source of funding, with grants from the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, NASA, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Department of Transportation, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), collectively accounting for over half of the research volume.[304]

The first measurement of the magnetic moment and spin of free electrons and positrons was conducted by H. Richard Crane, an experimental physicist at the university.[305] The university operated the Ford Nuclear Reactor from 1933 to 1955, during which it conducted extensive research related to nuclear energy. It currently hosts several major research centers focusing on optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, and wireless integrated microsystems.

A pioneer in computing technology, the university designed and built the Michigan Terminal System, an early time-sharing computer operating system,[306][307][308] and was involved in the development of the NSFnet national backbone, which is regarded as the foundation upon which the global Internet was built.[309][310][311] In 2024, the university began collaborating with Los Alamos National Laboratory on high-performance computing and AI research.[312][313]

The first inactivated flu vaccine was developed by Thomas Francis Jr. and Jonas Salk at Michigan.[314][315][316] This was the first of many advancements at the university related to vaccination, including the development of a live attenuated influenza vaccine by Hunein Maassab.[317] The university also introduced histotripsy, a non-invasive technique that uses focused ultrasound to treat diseased tissue, and has made significant contributions to medical technology with innovations such as the EKG and gastroscope.[318][319][320]

In the social sciences, the Klein–Goldberger model, an enhanced macroeconomic model, was developed by Lawrence Klein and Arthur Goldberger at the university.[321] George Katona created consumer confidence measures in the late 1940s. J. David Singer initiated the Correlates of War project in 1963 to compile scientific knowledge about war.[322][323] The American National Election Studies, established with a National Science Foundation grant in 1977, has been based at the university and partnered with Stanford University since 2005.[citation needed] The Institute for Social Research, established in 1949, is the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences.[324]

| Clarivate
(Web of Science)  | Nature Index | ARWU | NTU Rankings | URAP

|
|
|
|
|

| Highly Cited
Researchers  | Share**  | National
rank  | Global
rank  | World rank  | World rank  | World rank
2024  | 25[325] |  –  |  –  |  –  | 30  | 13[326] |  –
2023  | 28[325] | 380.50[327] | 4  | 21  | 26  | 10[326] | 16[328]
2022  | 32[325] | 372.55[329] | 6  | 23  | 28  | 14[326] | 12[330]
2021  | 27[325] | 338.53[331] | 6  | 24  | 26  | 9[326] | 8[332]
2020  | 29[325] | 398.65[333] | 4  | 16  | 22  | 9[326] | 8[334]
2019  | 37[325] | 343.97[335] | 5  | 19  | 20  | 8[326] | 8[336]
2018  | 38[325] | 344.07[337] | 6  | 19  | 27  | 7[326] | 9[338]
2017  | 20[325] | 336.04[339] | 5  | 16  | 24  | 7[326] |  –
**Time frame: January 1 - December 31

The university has been featured in multiple bibliometric rankings that assess its impact on academic publications through citation analysis. The University Ranking by Academic Performance for 2023–24 has positioned the university at 16th globally.[340] Additionally, in 2024, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked it 13th worldwide.[341] The university has a significant presence in the Nature Index, ranking 6th nationally and 23rd globally among research institutions, with a share of 365.97 and a count of 1199 in 2022.[329] The university boasted 28 researchers who were recognized by Clarivate as being highly cited in 2023.[325] In 2019, the university had 120 faculty members who were national academy members, placing it 10th among its peers in this metric.[299]

Undergraduate students participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[342][343][344]

The university is a member of the international research association Universities Research Association and the state-wise University Research Corridor.[345][346] Beginning in 2005, the university operated the UM-SJTU Joint Institute with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, but in 2025, it withdrew from the partnership due to national security concerns.[347]

## Student life

[edit]

### Student body

[edit]

Undergraduate demographics
as of July 2025[348] Race and ethnicity  | Total

|

White | 49%  |

Asian | 19%  |

Hispanic | 10%  |

Foreign national | 8%  |

Black | 5%  |

Two or more races  | 5%  |

Unknown  | 4%  |

Economic diversity[348]
Low-income[h] | 18%  |

As of fall 2023, the Ann Arbor campus had 52,065 students enrolled: 33,730 undergraduate students and 18,335 graduate students. The total number of employees reached 53,831, which included 21,475 individuals working with Michigan Medicine, 6,114 supplemental staff, 7,820 faculty members, and 18,422 regular staff.[13][349] The largest college at the university was the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts with 21,973 students (42.2% of the total student body), followed by the College of Engineering (11,113; 21.3%) and Ross School of Business (4,433; 8.1%). All other colleges each hosted less than 5% of the total student population.[350]

Students come from all 50 U.S. states and nearly 100 countries.[225] As of 2022, 52% of undergraduate students were Michigan residents, while 43% came from other states. The remainder of the undergraduate student body was composed of international students.[351] Of the total student body, 43,253 (83.1%) were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 8,812 (16.9%) were international students as of November 2023.[352]

As of October 2023, 53% of undergraduate students self-identified as White, 17% as Asian, 7% as Hispanic, 4% as Black, 5% as belonging to two or more races, and 5% as having an unknown racial composition. The remaining 8% of undergraduates were international students.[348]

According to a 2017 report by the New York Times, the median family income of a student at Michigan was $154,000. 66% of students came from families within the top 20% in terms of income.[353] As of 2022, approximately 23% of in-state undergraduate students and 14% of out-of-state students received a Pell Grant.[351]

### Residential life

[edit]

Main article: University of Michigan Housing

The University of Michigan's residential system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students.[354] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: the Central Campus area, The Hill (between the Central Campus area and the main medical campus) and the North Campus area. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,[355] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[356]

* Residential halls at the University of Michigan
* Martha Cook Building

* Law Quadrangle

* John P. Cook Dormitory

* Lawyers Club

* Stockwell Residence Hall

* Betsy Barbour House

* North Quadrangle

* Joseph A. and Marguerite K. Bursley Hall

* Vera Baits Houses

* West Quandrangle

* Mosher-Jordan Hall

* Northwood Apartments

### Groups and activities

[edit]

Photograph of the University of Michigan Democratic Club in 1898.
Back Row (L–R): Arthur Lacy, C. Thomas, J.M. Baily
Front Row (L–R): F.K. Bowers, C.F. Kelley, C.D. Landis, JS. McElligott

By 2012, the university had 1,438 student organizations.[357] The student body is politically engaged, though, with 96% stating they intended to vote in the 2020 election. It is largely progressive, with 43% identifying as very liberal, 33% as somewhat liberal, and 13% moderate. 11% identified as conservative or very conservative.[358] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights, such as local chapters of Students for a Democratic Society and United Students Against Sweatshops. Conservative groups also organize, such as the Young Americans for Freedom.[359]

There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge ten times and podium in the World Solar Challenge seven times[360] and the Wolverine Soft student-run game studio, which has released more than 15 video games on itch.io and Steam.[361] Michigan Interactive Investments,[362] the TAMID Israel Investment Group,[363] and the Michigan Economics Society[364] are also affiliated with the university.

The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[365] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[366] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[367]

Michigan Union, an Art Deco building constructed on land wholly owned by the student society in 1917, was designed by Michigan alumni Irving Kane Pond and Allen Bartlit Pond.

The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[368] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[369] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.

Michigan Marching Band on the field at Michigan versus Harvard football game in 1940

The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[370] is the university's marching band. Over 125 years old (with a first performance in 1897),[371] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[372] Its eight-member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[373] The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and Compulsive Lyres, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.[374] The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.[375] Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017.

The University of Michigan also has over 380 cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus.[376] These range the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association[377] to African Students Association[378] to even the Egyptian Student Association.[379]

#### Fraternities and sororities

[edit]

Photograph of the 14 founding members of Acacia, the only general fraternity to be founded in Michigan.

Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately seven percent of undergraduate men and 16% of undergraduate women are active in the Greek system.[380] Four different Greek councils—the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association—represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[381]

Delta Sigma Delta, the first dental fraternity in the world

National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[382] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors", "with High Honors", or "with Honors".[382] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[382]

Phi Delta Phi, the oldest legal organization in continuous existence in the United States

#### Collegiate secret societies

[edit]

The University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed.

* Michigauma, more recently known as the Order of Angell, was formed in 1902 by a group of seniors in coordination with university president James Burrill Angell. The group disbanded itself in 2021 due to public concerns about elitism and the society's history. The group was granted a lease for the top floor of the Michigan Union tower in 1932, which they referred to as the "tomb", but the society vacated the space in 2000. Until more recent reforms, the group's rituals were inspired by the culture of Native Americans.[383] Some factions on campus identified Michigauma as a secret society, but many disputed that characterization, as its member list has been published some years in The Michigan Daily and the Michiganensian, and online since 2006 reforms.
* Adara, known as Phoenix, was formed in the late 1970s by women leaders on campus and disbanded itself in 2021 amid campus criticisms of secret societies.[384] In the early 1980s they joined the tower society and occupied the sixth floor of the tower just below Michigamua.
* Vulcans, occupied the fifth floor of the Union tower though were not formally a part of the tower society. They draw their heritage from the Roman god Vulcan. The group which used to do its tapping publicly is known for its long black robes and for its financial contributions of the College of Engineering.

### Media and publications

[edit]

Stanford Lipsey Student Publications Building

The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, which was founded in 1890 and is editorially and financially independent from the university. The Daily publishes daily online content and a weekly print edition. The yearbook is the Michiganensian, founded in 1896. Other student publications at the university include the conservative Michigan Review and the Gargoyle Humor Magazine.

WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A carrier current station, it was launched in 1953.[385]

### Safety

[edit]

Violent crime is rare on campus, though there have been a few notorious cases, including Theodore Kaczynski's attempted murder of professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino in 1985. In 2022, David DePape, the man convicted of attacking Paul Pelosi, who is the husband of former U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, targeted Gayle Rubin, an associate professor of anthropology and women’s studies at the university.[386] DePape testified during his trial that he hoped to use Nancy and Paul Pelosi in an effort to get to Gayle Rubin.[386]

In 2014, the University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.[387] Seven years later, in 2021, the university attracted national attention when a report commissioned by the university was released that detailed an investigation into sexual assault allegations against doctor Robert Anderson who reportedly abused at least 950 university students, many of whom were athletes, from 1966 to 2003.[388] Several football players from that time say football coach Bo Schembechler ignored and enabled the abuse and told players to "toughen up" after being molested.[389] Schembechler reportedly punched his then 10-year-old son Matthew after he reported abuse by Anderson.[390] Following the exposure of a similar history of abuse at Ohio State University, male survivors of both Anderson at Michigan and Strauss at Ohio State spoke out to combat sexual abuse.[391] The University of Michigan settled with the survivors for $490 million.[392]

## Athletics

[edit]

Main article: Michigan Wolverines

Burgee of University of Michigan

The university's athletics history dates back to the late 19th century, with the baseball team founded in 1866, the football team established in 1879, and the men's tennis team originating in 1893. The university has 27 varsity intercollegiate sports, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams.[393]

The university's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the "Wolverines," participate in the Big Ten Conference in most sports, with the exception of the women's water polo team, which competes in the Collegiate Water Polo Association. The teams compete at the NCAA Division I level in all sports, including Division I FBS in football. The teams share the nickname "Wolverines" with several other collegiate athletic teams in the country, such as the Utah Valley Wolverines, the Grove City Wolverines, and the Morris Brown Wolverines.

In 1896, the university became a founding member of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, which later evolved into the Western Conference (1896–1899) and eventually became known as the Big Ten Conference (since 1950). However, by April 1907, just a decade later, the university was voted out of the conference for refusing to adhere to league rules. Following a nine-year absence, the university rejoined the conference in 1917.

In 1926, Harvard made an agreement to play football against Michigan, dropping Princeton from its schedule due to past rough matches. Princeton perceived this move as a threat to the 'Big Three' relationship, fearing it would lose its status as a rival to Harvard and be relegated to a secondary class. By the 1930s, the 'Big Three' was restored and expanded into the Ivy League in 1939.[394]

In 2023, during the NCAA's investigation into sign-stealing allegations against the football team's staff members, the university's board of regents considered the possibility of leaving the Big Ten conference due to dissatisfaction with the conference's handling of the investigation.[395][396]

### Venues

[edit]

The Ray Fisher Stadium, constructed in 1923, serves as the home venue for the baseball team. The Alumni Field at Carol Hutchins Stadium, formerly known as the Varsity Diamond, is the home field for the university's softball team. The Yost Ice Arena, opened in 1923, is the home arena for the men's ice hockey team. The Crisler Center, opened in 1967 and previously known as the University Events Building and Crisler Arena, serves as the home venue for the men's and women's basketball teams as well as the women's gymnastics team. The Phyllis Ocker Field, constructed in 1995 and built partially on the site of Regents Field, is the home venue for the university's field hockey teams.

Michigan Stadium is the largest stadium in the United States,[397][398][399] as well as the Western Hemisphere,[400][401] and ranks third globally.[402][403][404] The extra seat in the stadium's capacity is said to be "reserved" for former head coach Fritz Crisler.[405] Prior to the construction of Michigan Stadium in 1927, the football team played their home games at Regents Field. In 1902, Dexter M. Ferry donated land adjacent to Regents Field, and the entire complex was renamed Ferry Field. Ferry Field served as the home stadium for the football team until the opening of Michigan Stadium. Today, Ferry Field serves as a tailgating space for Michigan Stadium during football games.

### Fight songs and chants

[edit]

Singing The Yellow and the Blue between halves of the Penn Game, November 1916

The Michigan fight song, "The Victors", was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa to be "the greatest college fight song ever written."[406] The song refers to the teams as being "the Champions of the West". At the time, the Big Ten Conference was known as the Western Conference.

Although mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. U.S. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief",[407] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at his funeral.[408] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue". A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[409]

Before "The Victors" was officially the university's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.[410] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song, "Varsity", was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.[411]

### Accomplishments

[edit]

The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (1,004 through the end of the 2023 season) and tied for 1st among FBS schools in winning percentage (.734).[412][413] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. the university had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[414] The Wolverines have won a record 45 Big Ten championships. The program claims 12 national championships,[415][416] most recently winning the 2024 National Championship Game,[417] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard, and Charles Woodson.[418]

The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships.[419]

The men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which illicit payments to players took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[420] The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships.

More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events,[421] and as of 2021 its students and alumni have won 155 Olympic medals.[422] Through the 2012 Summer Olympics, 275 Michigan students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. the university's students/student-coaches (e.g., notably, Michael Phelps) have won a total of 185 Olympic medals: 85 golds, 48 silvers, and 52 bronzes.[423]

In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, the university has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. The university has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 21 of the award's 29 seasons between 1993–2021 and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.[424]

## Museums

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of museums and collections at the University of Michigan.

Newberry Hall (Kelsey Museum of Archeology)

The university is also home to several public and research museums including but not limited to the University Museum of Art, University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, Detroit Observatory, Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry, and the LSA Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.

Kelsey Museum of Archeology has a collection of Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern artifacts.[425] Between 1972 and 1974, the museum was involved in the excavation of the archaeological site of Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria.[426] The Kelsey Museum re-opened November 1, 2009, after a renovation and expansion.[427]

The collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art include nearly 19,000 objects that span cultures, eras, and media and include European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African art, as well as changing exhibits. The Museum of Art re-opened in 2009 after a three-year renovation and expansion.[428] UMMA presents special exhibitions and diverse educational programs featuring the visual, performing, film and literary arts that contextualize the gallery experience.[429]

The University of Michigan Museum of Natural History began in the mid-19th century and expanded greatly with the donation of 60,000 specimens by Joseph Beal Steere in the 1870s. The building also houses three research museums: the Museum of Anthropology, Museum of Paleontology. Today, the collections are primarily housed and displayed in the Ruthven Museums Building which was completed in 1928.[430]

## Notable people

[edit]

### Benefactors

[edit]

Henry Ford (second from the left) at the dedication of Yost Field House in 1923

The university was assisted in its formation in the 1810s by a Masonic lodge (Zion Lodge No. 1 F&AM), which provided much-needed financial support for its establishment.[431] Of the total amount subscribed to start the university, two-thirds came from the Masonic lodge and its members.[431] Since then, private donors have become an important source of funding for the university. Among the individuals who have made significant donations commemorated at the university are William Wilson Cook, Dexter Mason Ferry, the Ford family, the Nichols family, the Marsal Family, the Tisch Family, William Erastus Upjohn, John Stoughton Newberry, Clara Harrison Stranahan, William K. Brehm, William Morse Davidson, A. Alfred Taubman, Penny W. Stamps, and Ronald Weiser. The Zell Family Foundation, led by Sam and Helen Zell, has donated a total of $152 million to the university over the years.[432][433] Stephen M. Ross made a $200 million donation to the business school and athletic campus in 2013.[434] Ross made a separate $100 million contribution to the university in 2004.[435] Charles Munger pledged $110 million in 2013 for a graduate residence and fellowships.[436] In 2024, the Hong Kong-based Li Ka Shing Foundation endowed a professorship at the university to support research in biomedical engineering.[437]

### Faculty

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan faculty and staff.

The university employs 8,189 faculty members,[438][439] of whom 3,195 are tenured or on a tenure track.[438] Among them, there are 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[440] 62 members of the National Academy of Medicine,[441] 30 members of the National Academy of Engineering,[442] 89 Sloan Research Fellows,[443] 17 Guggenheim Fellows,[444] 99 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[445] and 17 members of the American Philosophical Society.[446][447] The university's current and former faculty includes thirteen Nobel laureates, eight Pulitzer Prize winners, three David M. Holland Medal winners, and one John Bates Clark Medal recipient.

Current faculty include physicists Mark Newman, Duncan G. Steel, Steven Cundiff, Stephen Forrest, and Gordon Kane; mathematicians Hyman Bass, Sergey Fomin, William Fulton, Robert Griess, and Melvin Hochster; chemist Melanie Sanford; Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Heather Ann Thompson; National Medal of Science recipients Huda Akil and Robert Axelrod; biostatistician Gonçalo Abecasis; philosophers Elizabeth S. Anderson, Allan Gibbard, and Peter Railton; and social psychologist Richard E. Nisbett. The faculty also includes feminist legal theorist Catharine MacKinnon, Strict Scrutiny co-host Leah Litman, engineer James P. Bagian, and A. Galip Ulsoy, co-inventor of the Reconfigurable Manufacturing System.

Photograph of Joseph Brodsky teaching at the University of Michigan

Philosophers who were members of the faculty include pragmatists John Dewey, Charles Horton Cooley, and George H. Mead, along with analytic philosophers William Frankena and Cooper Harold Langford. The faculty included notable writers such as Nobel Prize-winning essayist Joseph Brodsky, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet W. H. Auden, and Robert Frost, the only poet to receive four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.

Notable faculty in physics have included Donald A. Glaser, the inventor of the bubble chamber; Samuel Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck, discoverers of electron spin; Juris Upatnieks and Emmett Leith, inventors of 3D holography; Gérard Mourou, inventor of chirped pulse amplification; and H. Richard Crane, who was called "one of the most distinguished experimental physicists of the 20th century". Wolfgang Pauli, a pioneer of quantum physics, served as a visiting professor at the university in 1931 and again in 1941. Physicists Martin Lewis Perl and Lawrence W. Jones served as co-advisors to Nobel laureate Samuel C. C. Ting at the university. Perl himself was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton. Other distinguished physicists who have served on the faculty include Martinus Veltman, Carl Wieman, and Charles H. Townes. Notable mathematicians Raoul Bott, Richard Brauer, Samuel Eilenberg (co-founder of category theory), Frederick Gehring, Herman Goldstine, and Anatol Rapoport have all served on the faculty.

In medicine, notable individuals who have served on the faculty include the former director of the National Institutes of Health Francis Collins, the developer of the polio vaccine Jonas Salk, Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Charles B. Huggins, co-discoverer of tumour-inducing viruses Peyton Rous, geneticist James V. Neel, neuroanatomist Elizabeth C. Crosby, and co-discoverer of restriction enzymes Hamilton O. Smith.

Past faculty have also included "the founding father of 21st-century sociology" Charles Tilly, social psychologist Robert Zajonc, chemical engineer Donald L. Katz, Supreme Court justice Henry Billings Brown, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Leslie Bassett, Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer David C. Turnley, Nobel Prize-winning economist Lawrence R. Klein, and John Bates Clark Medal recipient Kenneth E. Boulding.

* Robert Frost

* John Dewey

* Charles H. Townes

* Elizabeth C. Crosby

* Francis Collins

* Gérard Mourou

### Alumni

[edit]

This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (March 2025)

|

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan alumni.

Michigan alumni include nine Nobel laureates,[448] two Abel Prize winners (Isadore M. Singer and Karen Uhlenbeck), two Fields Medalists (June Huh and Stephen Smale), 31 MacArthur Fellows, and 35 Pulitzer Prize winners. By alumni count, Michigan ranks fifth as of 2018,[update] among all universities whose alumni have won Pulitzers.

#### Mathematics and sciences

[edit]

Jerome Karle

Claude Shannon,[449] who laid the foundations of the Information Age, ranks among the most distinguished mathematicians from the university. Two Fields medalists Stephen Smale and June Huh, both completed their Ph.D.s in Mathematics at Michigan. Isadore Singer, the Abel Prize-winning mathematician who helped prove the Atiyah–Singer index theorem, studied physics at the university during World War II. Karen Uhlenbeck, the first woman to win the Abel Prize, received her bachelor's degree from the university in 1964. George Dantzig, who developed linear programming, studied at Michigan under G.Y. Rainich, R.L. Wilder, and T.H. Hildebrandt. Other mathematicians from the university include Kenneth Ira Appel, who, along with Wolfgang Haken, solved the famous Four Color Theorem; Leonard Jimmie Savage, who was known for his contributions to Bayesian statistics and decision theory; and Carl R. de Boor, a renowned mathematician in numerical analysis.

In physics, Nobel laureate Samuel C. C. Ting, who discovered the J/ψ particle, studied under Martin Lewis Perl, another Nobel-winning physicist who discovered the tau lepton, at the university. Chemist Jerome Karle, who revealed molecular structures, completed his Ph.D. in Physics at Michigan in 1943. His wife, Isabella Karle, an alumna, developed techniques to extract plutonium chloride from plutonium oxide mixtures. Other alumni include nuclear physicist Robert Bacher, a leader of the Manhattan Project; Richard Smalley, who discovered fullerenes; Moses Gomberg, a pioneer in radical chemistry, who later became a professor at the university and taught Frank Spedding, who led the development of the Ames process in the Manhattan Project.

Alumni in biology and medicine include Marshall Warren Nirenberg, famous for breaking the genetic code, who received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the university in 1957; Stanley Cohen, who discovered growth factors; and John Jacob Abel, regarded as the father of pharmacology, who studied under the university's physiologist Henry Sewall in 1883. Other alumni include Raymond Pearl, a founder of biogerontology, and David Botstein, a leader of the Human Genome Project.

Other notable alumni in science include Edgar F. Codd, who developed the relational model of data and completed his Ph.D. at Michigan, and computer scientist Michael Stonebraker, who also made contributions to database research. Both Codd and Stonebraker are Turing Award winners.

#### Law and government

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan law and government alumni.

U.S. President Gerald Ford wears a "Michigan #1" sweater during the kick-off of Ford's 1976 presidential campaign at the University of Michigan's campus in Ann Arbor

The university boasts several holders or candidates of the United States presidency, including Gerald Ford,[450] the 38th president and the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1976; Thomas E. Dewey,[451] who was the Republican Party's nominee for president in both 1944 and 1948; Arthur LeSueur, a Socialist candidate for president in 1916; Gilbert Hitchcock, a Democratic candidate in 1928; Arthur Vandenberg, a Republican presidential hopeful in 1948; Ben Carson,[452] a Republican candidate in 2016; and Larry Elder, a Republican candidate in 2024. John Worth Kern and Burton K. Wheeler both ran for the vice presidency, with Kern representing the Democratic Party alongside William Jennings Bryan in 1908, and Wheeler as a Progressive Party's nominee with Robert La Follette Sr. in 1924.

Among the 23 former governors of Michigan who hold formal college degrees, 10 are graduates of the university. (Woodbridge N. Ferris only attended for a year) As of 2021, the university has matriculated 63 U.S. governors or lieutenant governors, including former Governor of Michigan Rick Snyder,[453] first female lieutenant governor of Missouri Harriett Woods, and former Governor of California Culbert Olson.[454] More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either a United States Senator (48 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 215 graduates), including former House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt,[455] U.S. Representative Justin Amash.[456] Former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan,[457] former Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot,[458] and Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan[459] are also Michigan graduates.

Michigan graduates have held a range of cabinet-level positions, including United States Secretary of State (William Rufus Day[460]); United States Secretary of the Treasury (George M. Humphrey[461]); United States Attorney General (Harry Micajah Daugherty[462]); United States Secretary of the Interior (Kenneth Lee Salazar[463]); United States Secretary of Agriculture (Clinton Anderson,[464] Julius Sterling Morton,[465] Arthur M. Hyde,[466] and Dan Glickman[467]); United States Secretary of Commerce (Roy D. Chapin[468] and Robert P. Lamont[469]); United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (Tom Price[470]); and Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget (Rob Portman[471]). Multiple alumni served in the judicial branch of the U.S. government, including William Rufus Day,[460] Frank Murphy,[472] and George Sutherland,[473] all of whom served as Supreme Court justices. As of 2019, the university has placed onto various State Supreme Courts over 125 graduates, 40 of whom served as Chief Justice.

Foreign alumni include the Prime Minister of Singapore (Lawrence Wong[474]); the current ruler of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah (Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi[475]); the 51st Prime Minister of Italy (Lamberto Dini); the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1994–2004 (Lester Bird); the 47th President of Costa Rica (Luis Guillermo Solís); the Prime Minister of Peru 1993–1994 (Alfonso Bustamante); the Prime Minister of Jordan 2012–2016 (Abdullah Ensour[476]); the 13th President of Pakistan (Arif Alvi[477]); Chief Secretary of Hong Kong 2007–2011 (Henry Tang Ying-yen[478]); Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea 2017–2018 (Kim Dong-yeon); Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria in the government of Boyko Borisov (Simeon Djankov); Deputy Prime Minister of Madagascar 1997–1998 (Herizo Razafimahaleo). British Members of Parliament Terry Davis and Howard Flight are also Michigan graduates. As of 2022, Michigan has matriculated 64 Ambassadors who served as Ambassador in more than 72 countries.

#### Engineering and technology

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan alumni § Computers, engineering, and technology.

Many alumni have made significant contributions to the fields of engineering and technology, including Clarence "Kelly" Johnson[479] and Joseph Francis Shea, a key figure in the Apollo program, earned his Ph.D. in 1955. The university produced numerous developers and original authors of widely recognized software programs, such as Thomas Knoll[480] (original author of Adobe Photoshop); Mike Engelhardt[481] (original author of LTspice); Niels Provos[482] (creator of Bcrypt); and Sid Meier[483] (creator of video games series Civilization).

#### Business and finance

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan business alumni.

George Getty, patriarch of the Getty family, earned his juris doctor from the law school in 1882

Michigan alumni have founded or cofounded many prominent companies, such as Alphabet Inc. (Larry Page[484]), Johnson & Johnson (Edward Mead Johnson[485]), Abbott Laboratories (Wallace Calvin Abbott), Stryker Corporation (Homer Stryker[486]), Emerson Electric Company (John Wesley Emerson), Loews Corporation (Preston Robert Tisch[487]), Devon Energy (J. Larry Nichols[488]), Merrill Lynch (Charles Edward Merrill[489]), Leidos as SAIC (J. Robert Beyster[490]), Rocket Mortgage (Gary Gilbert[491]), Domino's (Tom Monaghan[492]), H&R Block (Henry W. Bloch[493]), Related Companies (Stephen M. Ross[494]), Admiral Group (Henry Engelhardt[495]), Akamai Technologies (Randall Kaplan), Five Guys Enterprises (Jerry Murrell[496] ), Dart Container Corporation (William A. Dart[497]), and Groupon (Eric Lefkofsky[498] and Brad Keywell[499])

The university counts several patriarchs of influential business dynasties, including George Getty of the renowned Getty family. The university also boasts a number of graduates from affluent families, including heirs and heiresses to major fortunes, such as Josiah K. Lilly Jr. (heir to Eli Lilly and Company); Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.[500] (heir to Walgreens); John Gideon Searle (heir to G. D. Searle); Doug Meijer[501] and Hank Meijer[502] (heirs to Meijer); Christopher Ilitch (heir to Ilitch Holdings, Inc.); and Kenneth B. Dart (heir to Dart Container Corporation). Raoul Wallenberg, a member of the prominent Wallenberg family, one of the wealthiest families in the world, studied at the university in 1931.[503]

As of May 2024, about 2.8% of all Fortune 1000 executives with MBAs are alumni from Michigan Ross, ranking it as the 6th highest among all business schools in the United States.[504][505] Alumni have led several companies, including Berkshire Hathaway (Charlie Munger[506]), Ford (James Hackett[507]), General Motors (Roger Smith, Frederick Henderson, and Richard C. Gerstenberg[508]), State Farm Insurance (Jon Farney[509]), Citigroup (John C. Dugan[510]), Tencent (Martin Lau[511]), The Boeing Company (Edgar Gott[512]), Wells Fargo (Timothy J. Sloan[513]), Allstate Corp. (Thomas J. Wilson[505]), American Airlines (Robert Isom[505]), PNC Financial Services (William S. Demchak[514]), General Mills (Stephen Sanger[515]), Turkish Airlines (Temel Kotil[516]), International Paper (John V. Faraci[517]), KB Financial Group (Euh Yoon-dae[518]), Chrysler Group LLC (C. Robert Kidder[519]), BorgWarner Inc. (Timothy M. Manganello[520]), Bunzl (Michael Roney[521]), Celanese (David N. Weidman[522]), JetBlue (Dave Barger[523]), Restaurant Brands International (J. Patrick Doyle[524]), and Bain Capital (Edward Conard[525]).

#### Literature

[edit]

Notable writers who attended the university include playwright Arthur Miller,[455] essayists Susan Orlean,[455] Jia Tolentino,[526] Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,[455] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Indian author and columnist Anees Jung, Daniel Okrent,[455] and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy,[455] Brad Meltzer,[455] Betty Smith,[455] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,[455] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, Alireza Jafarzadeh (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator), and memoirist and self-help book author Jerry Newport.

#### Music and theatre

[edit]

Musical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman,[455] singer Joe Dassin, multiple members of the bands Tally Hall and Vulfpeck, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.[455] Well-known composers who are alumni include Frank Ticheli, Andrew Lippa, and the Oscar and Tony Award-winning duo Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. Pop superstar Madonna[455] and rock legend Iggy Pop[455] attended but did not graduate.

In Hollywood, famous alumni include actors Michael Dunn,[455] Darren Criss, James Earl Jones,[455] and David Alan Grier;[455] actresses Lucy Liu,[455] Gilda Radner,[455] and Selma Blair[455] as well as television director Mark Cendrowski and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.[455] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel,[455] Andrew Keenan-Bolger, his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger, and Taylor Louderman attended U-M for musical theatre. Emmy Award winner Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at the university.[527] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is another U-M law school graduate (J.D. 1988).[455]

#### Sports

[edit]

U-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as in other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[455] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991), and Charles Woodson (1997).[418] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan; the latter studied Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.[528] Israeli Olympic swimmer Gal Cohen Groumi has also competed for the Wolverines. The Canada national team's Shelina Zadorsky played soccer at the University of Michigan.[529]

National Hockey League players Marty Turco, Luke Hughes, Quinn Hughes, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Dylan Larkin, Zach Hyman, Brendan Morrison,[455] Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri[455] all played for U-M's ice hockey team. MLB Hall of Famers George Sisler and Barry Larkin also played baseball at the university.[455] Several team owners have been alumni, including multiple-team owner Bill Davidson (NBA Detroit Pistons, NHL Tampa Bay Lightning, WNBA Detroit Shock, among others) and NFL owners Stephen M. Ross (Miami Dolphins), Preston Robert Tisch (New York Giants), and Ralph Wilson (Buffalo Bills).

#### Activists and humanitarians

[edit]

Activists associated with the university include Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,[530] activist Tom Hayden,[455] architect Charles Moore,[531] Swedish hero of the Holocaust Raoul Wallenberg,[532] Civil War General Benjamin D. Pritchard,[533] assisted-suicide advocate Jack Kevorkian, and domestic eco-terrorist Ted Kaczynski (The Unabomber).

#### Exploration

[edit]

Several astronauts attended Michigan including the all-U-M crews of both Gemini 4,[534] and Apollo 15.[535] The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the Moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.[455][535]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Sources indicate that the University of Michigan is one of the flagship public universities in the United States:[268][269][270][271][272]
2. ^ a b Sources indicate that the University of Michigan is one of the elite institutions in the United States:[273][274][275][276][277][278]
3. ^ a b Sources indicate that the University of Michigan is one of the most selective public universities in the United States:[211][212][213][214][215][216]
4. ^ a b Sources indicate that the University of Michigan is one of the most selective universities in the United States:[217][218][219][220][221]
5. ^ a b Sources identify the University of Michigan as one of the Public Ivy institutions:[281][282][283][284][285][286]
6. ^ Page 138 of this source incorrectly states that the date of the final negotiations in which Governor Low participated was October 8, 1869, but it is clear from the context and the endnotes to that page (which cite documents from 1867) that the reference to 1869 is a typo.
7. ^ a b School declined to fill out the U.S. News statistical survey.
8. ^ The percentage of students from low-income backgrounds receiving Pell Grants.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Thelin 2021, p. 40.
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* Peckham, Howard Henry (1994). Steneck, Margaret; Steneck, Nicholas H. (eds.). The Making of The University of Michigan 1817-1992 (175th Anniversary ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library, Bentley Historical Library. doi:10.3998/mpub.10504. ISBN 978-0-472-09594-0. LCCN 94061108. OCLC 1063945020.
* Truettner, Julia M. (2003). Aspirations for Excellence: Alexander Jackson Davis and the First Campus Plan for the University of Michigan, 1838. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.17028. hdl:2027/mdp.39015058090906. ISBN 978-0-472-11277-7. LCCN 2001008276. OCLC 1062054245. S2CID 148435808.
* Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2008). Inventors and Inventions. Vol. 4\. New York: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7767-9. LCCN 2007060868. OCLC 1001496902.
* Green, James J. (1979). The Life and Times of General B.D. Pritchard. Allegan, Michigan: Allegan County Historical Society. OCLC 7406371.
* Olsson, Peter Alan (2014). The Making of a Homegrown Terrorist: Brainwashing Rebels in Search of a Cause. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4408-3101-0. LCCN 2013046085. OCLC 860943816.
* Hondorp, Michael; Alexis, Fabrikant (2005). University of Michigan Off The Record. Pittsburgh: College Prowler. ISBN 978-1-59658-163-0. OCLC 61329797.
* Stadtman, Verne A. (1970). The University of California, 1868–1968. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1135186290. S2CID 153159870.
* Marsden, George M. (1994). The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195070460.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-510650-3. JSTOR 144863064. LCCN 93025486. OCLC 28338933. S2CID 144863064.
* Rozell, Mark J. (1992). The Press and the Ford Presidency. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.23373. ISBN 978-0-472-10350-8. LCCN 92008700. OCLC 1405460769. S2CID 153281791.
* Brubacher, John Seiler; Rudy, Willis (1997). Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-917-7. LCCN 96053075. OCLC 36085114.
* Epstein, Roy J. (1987). A History of Econometrics. New York: North-Holland Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-444-70267-8. LCCN 87015308. OCLC 797126787. S2CID 203193851.
* Shayler, David (2001). Gemini Steps to the Moon. London: Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85233-405-5. LCCN 2001042668. OCLC 248213555. S2CID 108616597.
* Smith, Patti F.; Woodman, Britain (2019). Vanishing Ann Arbor. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6697-5. OCLC 1104090609.
* Beyster, J. Robert; Economy, Peter (2007). The SAIC Solution: How We Built an $8 Billion Employee-Owned Technology Company. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-09752-6. LCCN 2006037900. OCLC 1120428335.
* Calata, Alexander A. (2002). "The Role of Education in Americanizing Filipinos". In McFerson, Hazel M. (ed.). Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 90–91\. ISBN 978-0-313-30791-1. LCCN 00042654. OCLC 1390713954. S2CID 155062505.
* Miller, David L. (1973). George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72700-7. LCCN 72003098. OCLC 481217. S2CID 142420812.
* Hawkins, Hugh (1960). Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874–1889. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. LCCN 61000245. OCLC 189884. S2CID 144665244.
* Shaw, Wilfred B., ed. (1942). The University of Michigan, An Encyclopedic Survey. Vol. 1\. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015042059132. LCCN 61063636. OCLC 706784258.
* Hinsdale, Burke A. (1906). Demmon, Isaac (ed.). History of the University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. OCLC 926150.
* Dunbar, Willis F.; May, George S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-7055-1. LCCN 95013128. OCLC 32236861.
* Dupree, A. Hunter (1988). Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3741-8. LCCN 88045434. OCLC 1090662039.
* Dykes, De Witt S. Jr. (1996). "Ida Gray Nelson Rollins (1867-1953)". In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.). Notable Black American Women, Book II. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 496–497\. ISBN 978-0-8103-9177-2. LCCN 91035074. OCLC 1121298637. S2CID 163548838.
* Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1983). Yale's Residential Colleges: The First Fifty Years. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University. OCLC 18900125.
* American Medical Association (1856). Laws and Regulations of the American Medical Association, With a Sketch of Detroit, and a Brief History of the University of Michigan, and of the Development of the Resources of the State. Detroit: R. F. Johnstone & Company. hdl:2027/njp.32101074740950. OCLC 14842698.
* Shaw, Wilfred Byron (1920). The University of Michigan. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. LCCN 21000158. OCLC 3813056.
* Moll, Richard W. (1985). The Public Ivys: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-58205-1. LCCN 83040659. OCLC 11755334. S2CID 153005227.
* Greene, Howard; Greene, Matthew W. (2001). The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities. New York: Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-093459-0. LCCN 2001028712. OCLC 46683792. S2CID 152570548.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Dodge, Samuel (November 14, 2022). "10 remnants of the University of Michigan's 'lost campus'". MLive.com. MLive Media Group. Archived from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved July 16, 2025.
* Tobin, James (2021). Sing to the Colors: A Writer Explores Two Centuries at the University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.11721765. ISBN 978-0-472-03857-2. OCLC 1250307488.
* Young, Cyle; Duduit, Del (2020). Michigan Motivations: A Year of Inspiration with the University of Michigan Wolverines. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04819-6. JSTOR j.ctv104tb1b. LCCN 2019057314. OCLC 1111393391.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Michigan.

Wikiquote has quotations related to University of Michigan.

* Official website
* University of Michigan Athletics

Texts on Wikisource:

*     * Shaw, W. B. (1922). "Michigan, University of". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
* "Michigan, University of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
* "Michigan, University of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
* "Michigan, University of". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
* "Michigan, University of". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

* v
* t
* e

University of Michigan

Located in: Ann Arbor, Michigan

Colleges|

* Architecture and Urban Planning
* Art and Design
* Business
* Dentistry
* Education
* Engineering
* Environment and Sustainability
* Graduate Studies
* Information
* Kinesiology
* Law
* Literature, Science, and the Arts
* Medicine
* Music, Theatre, and Dance
* Nursing
* Pharmacy
* Public Health
* Public Policy
* Social Work

Athletics|

| Teams|

* Michigan Wolverines
* Baseball
* Men's basketball
* Women's basketball
* Field hockey
* Football
* Men's gymnastics
* Women's gymnastics
* Men's ice hockey
* Men's lacrosse
* Women's lacrosse
* Rugby
* Men's soccer
* Women's soccer
* Softball
* Swimming
* Track and field
* Women's volleyball

|

Venues|

* Alumni Field
* Canham Natatorium
* Crisler Center
* Ferry Field
* Michigan Stadium
* Phyllis Ocker Field
* Ray Fisher Stadium
* Regents Field
* Waterman Gymnasium
* Yost Ice Arena

Other|

* Cold War
* Little Brown Jug
* Paul Bunyan Trophy
* The Big Chill at the Big House
* Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry
* Michigan–Michigan State ice hockey rivalry
* Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry
* Michigan–Ohio State basketball rivalry

Campus|

* Angell Hall
* Observatory
* Burton Memorial Tower
* The Cube
* The Diag
* Ford Nuclear Reactor
* Hill Auditorium
* Library
* Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
* William L. Clements Library
* Life Sciences Institute
* Lurie Biomedical Engineering Center
* Lurie Tower
* Michigan Union
* Mcity
* President's House
* The Rock
* Student housing
* Bursley
* Barbour
* Martha Cook
* Markley
* Stockwell
* Weiser Hall

| Museums|

* Archaeology
* Art
* Behind the Walls
* Daedalus
* Orion
* The Romanovs Collect
* Shang
* Stiff Box 12
* Dentistry
* Natural History

|

Botanical|

* Herbarium
* Matthaei Botanical Gardens
* Nichols Arboretum

Media|

* Michiganensian
* Daily
* Every Three Weekly
* Michigan Mathematical Journal
* The Gargoyle
* Channel
* Michigan Public
* WFUM
* WUOM
* WVGR
* Review
* Street Journal
* Times
* Press
* WCBN-FM
* WJJX (defunct)

People|

* General alumni
* Arts alumni
* Business alumni
* Law and government alumni
* Faculty and staff
* University presidents
* Board of Regents

Research|

* American National Election Studies
* Business Engagement Center
* Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems
* Environmental Research Institute
* Global Feminisms Project
* Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments
* Institute for Social Research
* Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
* National Survey of Black Americans
* Michigan Aeronautical Research Center
* Michigan Life Sciences Corridor
* Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute
* National Quality Research Center
* American Customer Satisfaction Index
* University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index

Student life|

* Black Action Movement
* Compulsive Lyres
* The Detroit Partnership
* Eclipse Jazz
* Graduate Employees' Organization
* Inter-Cooperative Council
* Escher Cooperative House
* Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House
* Michigan Cooperative House
* Stefan T. Vail Cooperative House
* "Let's Go Blue"
* MHacks
* Michigan Marching Band
* Michigan Ultras
* Phi Delta Theta House
* Men's Glee Club
* Naked Mile
* Order of Angell
* Pops Orchestra
* Social Venture Fund
* Society of Les Voyageurs
* Solar Car Team
* Students for a Democratic Society
* Theta Phi Alpha
* "The Victors"
* "Varsity"
* "The Yellow and Blue"

History|

* 1965 Teach-in
* 2020 graduate students' strike
* Affirmative action
* Gratz v. Bollinger
* Grutter v. Bollinger
* Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
* Doe v. University of Michigan
* Michigan Paralyzed Veterans of America v. The University of Michigan
* Treaty of Fort Meigs
* Vietnam War protests

Campuses|

* Ann Arbor (Main)
* Dearborn
* Flint
* Detroit

* Founded: 1817
* Students: 52,065 (2023)
* Endowment: $17.9 billion (2023)

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Education|

| Basic|

* Ann Arbor Public Schools
* Huron HS
* Pioneer HS
* Skyline HS
* Community HS
* Clonlara School
* Greenhills School
* Rudolf Steiner School

|

Higher|

* University of Michigan
* Concordia University Ann Arbor
* Washtenaw Community College

Landmarks|

* Arborland Center
* The Ark
* Hands-On Museum
* Blind Pig
* Bookstore Mural
* Briarwood Mall
* Burton Memorial Tower
* Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor
* Michigan Theater
* Old West Side District
* Performance Network Theatre
* State Theatre
* St. Patrick's Parish Complex
* Tower Plaza
* University of Michigan Health System
* C.S. Mott Children's Hospital
* University Towers
* Veterans Memorial Arena

Culture|

* Art Fairs
* Film Festival
* Arborough Games
* Cannabis laws
* Hash Bash
* Jazz at Ann Arbor
* Shakespeare in the Arb

Media|

* Ann Arbor Argus
* The Ann Arbor News (AnnArbor.com
* Ann Arbor Business Review)
* Ann Arbor Observer
* Ann Arbor Sun
* Automobile
* Car and Driver
* Found Magazine
* Midwestern Gothic
* Repast
* Road & Track
* Signal of Liberty

Transportation|

* Transportation Authority
* Blake Transit Center
* Amtrak station
* Municipal Airport

History|

* Ann Arbor automobile
* Ann Arbor Hospital murders
* Michigan Anti-Slavery Society
* Michigan Murders

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Colleges and universities in Michigan

Public|

* Central
* Eastern
* Ferris
* Grand Valley
* Lake Superior
* Michigan
* Ann Arbor
* Dearborn
* Flint
* Michigan State
* Technological
* Northern
* Oakland
* Saginaw Valley
* Wayne
* Western

Private|

* Adrian
* Albion
* Alma
* Andrews
* Aquinas
* Calvin
* Cleary
* Creative Studies
* Concordia
* Cornerstone
* Davenport
* Detroit Mercy
* Grace Christian
* Great Lakes Christian
* Hillsdale
* Hope
* Kalamazoo
* Kettering
* Kuyper
* Lawrence Tech
* Madonna
* Northwood
* Olivet
* Rochester Christian
* Saint Mary's
* Siena Heights
* Spring Arbor
* Walsh

Community|

* Alpena
* Bay de Noc
* Bay Mills
* Delta
* Glen Oaks
* Gogebic
* Grand Rapids
* Henry Ford
* Jackson
* Kalamazoo Valley
* Kellogg
* Keweenaw Bay
* Kirtland
* Lake Michigan
* Lansing
* Macomb
* Mid Michigan
* Monroe County
* Montcalm
* C. S. Mott
* Muskegon
* North Central Michigan
* Northwestern Michigan
* Oakland
* Saginaw Chippewa
* St. Clair County
* Schoolcraft
* Southwestern Michigan
* Washtenaw
* West Shore

Defunct|

* Finlandia
* Marygrove
* Robert B. Miller
* William Tyndale

* v
* t
* e

Big Ten Conference

Full members|

* Illinois Fighting Illini
* Indiana Hoosiers
* Iowa Hawkeyes
* Maryland Terrapins
* Michigan Wolverines
* Michigan State Spartans
* Minnesota Golden Gophers
* Nebraska Cornhuskers
* Northwestern Wildcats
* Ohio State Buckeyes
* Oregon Ducks
* Penn State Nittany Lions
* Purdue Boilermakers
* Rutgers Scarlet Knights
* UCLA Bruins
* USC Trojans
* Washington Huskies
* Wisconsin Badgers

Associate members|

* Johns Hopkins Blue Jays1
* Notre Dame Fighting Irish2

Sports|

| Tournaments|

* Basketball (men's)
* Basketball (women's)
* Ice hockey (men's)
* Lacrosse (men's)
* Lacrosse (women's)
* Volleyball

|

Related|

* Football standings
* Football champions
* Basketball (men's) seasons
* Basketball (women's) seasons
* National Championships
* Athlete of the Year
* B1G Super Saturday

Media|

* Big Ten Network

* 1men's and women's lacrosse
* 2men's ice hockey

* v
* t
* e

Association of American Universities

Public|

* Arizona
* Arizona State
* California
* Berkeley
* Davis
* Irvine
* Riverside
* Los Angeles
* San Diego
* Santa Barbara
* Santa Cruz
* Colorado
* Florida
* Georgia Tech
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Maryland
* McGill
* Michigan
* Michigan State
* Minnesota
* Missouri
* New York
* Buffalo
* Stony Brook
* North Carolina
* Ohio State
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania State
* Pittsburgh
* Purdue
* Rutgers
* South Florida
* Texas
* Texas A&M
* Toronto
* Utah
* Virginia
* Washington
* Wisconsin

Private|

* Boston U
* Brandeis
* Brown
* Caltech
* Carnegie Mellon
* Case Western Reserve
* Chicago
* Columbia
* Cornell
* Dartmouth
* Duke
* Emory
* George Washington
* Harvard
* Johns Hopkins
* Miami
* MIT
* Northwestern
* Notre Dame
* NYU
* Penn
* Princeton
* Rice
* Rochester
* Southern California
* Stanford
* Tufts
* Tulane
* Vanderbilt
* Washington St. Louis
* Yale

* v
* t
* e

Big Ten Academic Alliance

* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Maryland
* Michigan
* Michigan State
* Minnesota
* Nebraska
* Northwestern
* Ohio State
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania State
* Purdue
* Rutgers
* UCLA
* USC
* Washington
* Wisconsin

* v
* t
* e

Public Ivy universities

Richard Moll's 1985 list

Original eight|

* William and Mary
* Miami
* California
* Michigan
* North Carolina
* Texas
* Vermont
* Virginia

"Worthy runners-up"|

* Binghamton
* Colorado
* Georgia Tech
* Illinois
* New College
* Penn State
* Pittsburgh
* Washington
* Wisconsin

Greenes' Guides 2001 list

Eastern|

* Binghamton
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Maryland
* North Carolina
* Penn State
* Rutgers
* Vermont
* Virginia
* William and Mary

Western|

* Arizona
* California
* Berkeley
* Davis
* Irvine
* Los Angeles
* San Diego
* Santa Barbara
* Colorado
* Washington

Great Lakes|

* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Miami
* Ohio State
* Michigan
* Michigan State
* Minnesota
* Wisconsin

Southern|

* Florida
* Georgia
* Texas

* v
* t
* e

CDIO Initiative

Africa|

| South Africa|

* Johannesburg
* Pretoria

|

Asia-Pacific|

| Australia|

* Chisholm
* Curtin
* Queensland Technology
* Royal Melbourne Technology
* Sydney
* Sunshine Coast

|

China|

* Beijing Petrochemical Technology
* Beijing Jiaotong
* Chengdu Information Technology
* Shantou
* Tsinghua
* Electronic Science and Technology
* Yanshan
* Dalian Neusoft

Elsewhere|

* MARA Technological (Malaysia)
* Ungku Omar Poly (Malaysia)
* Ibrahim Sultan Poly (Malaysia)
* Taylor's (Malaysia)
* Auckland (New Zealand)
* Singapore Poly (Singapore)
* National Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)

Europe|

| Finland|

* Lahti A.S.
* Lapland A.S.
* Metropolia A.S.
* Novia A.S.
* Savonia A.S.
* Seinäjoki A.S.
* Tampere A.S.
* Turku A.S.
* Turku

|

Russia|

* Astrakhan State
* Moscow State Technical
* Cherepovets State
* Don State Technical
* Kazan Federal
* Moscow Aviation
* Moscow Physics and Technology
* Moscow Engineering Physics
* North-Eastern Federal
* Orel State
* Saint Petersburg Aerospace Instrumentation
* Siberian Federal
* Skolkovo Science and Technology
* Tomsk Poly
* Tomsk Control Systems and Radioelectronics
* Ural Federal

Sweden|

* Blekinge Technology
* Chalmers Technology
* Jönköping Engineering
* Kristianstad
* Royal Technology
* Linköping
* Linnaeus
* Luleå Technology
* Umeå Technology
* West
* Skövde

UK|

* Aston
* Lancaster
* Queen's Belfast
* South Eastern Regional
* Ulster
* Bristol
* Chichester
* Leeds
* Liverpool
* Strathclyde

Elsewhere|

* Gent (Belgium)
* Aarhus (Denmark)
* Denmark Technical
* Bretagne Telecom (France)
* Hochschule Wismar (Germany)
* Milan Poly (Italy)
* Porto Superior Engineering (Portugal)
* Catalonia Poly (Spain)

North America|

| Canada|

* Montréal Poly
* Queen's Kingston
* Sheridan
* Calgary
* Manitoba

|

United States|

* Arizona State
* Cal State Northridge
* Duke
* Embry–Riddle Aeronautical
* MIT
* Naval Postgraduate
* Pennsylvania State
* Stanford
* Naval Academy
* Arkansas
* Colorado
* Michigan
* Notre Dame

Central and
South America

| Chile|

* Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception
* Chile
* Los Lagos
* Santiago Chile

|

Colombia|

* Higher Studies of Incolda
* Colombia National
* Pontifical Xavierian
* Antioquia
* Santo Tomas
* Quindío

Portals:

* Michigan
* Education

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Greece
* Korea
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz place

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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