University of Oxford

Collegiate university in Oxford, England

"Oxford University" redirects here. For other uses, see Oxford University (disambiguation).

University of Oxford

Coat of arms

Latin: Universitas Oxoniensis[1][2][3]

Other name

| The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford[4]
Motto| Dominus illuminatio mea (Latin)

Motto in English

| The Lord is my light
Type| Collegiate research university
Ancient university
Established| c. 1096; 929 years ago (1096)[5]
Endowment| £8.708 billion (2024; including colleges)[8]
Budget| £3.055 billion (2023/24)[7]
Chancellor| The Lord Hague of Richmond
Vice-Chancellor| Irene Tracey[9]

Academic staff

| 7,220 (2023/24)[10]

Administrative staff

| 8,295 (2023/24)[10]
Students| 27,160 (2023/24)[11]
22,150 FTE (2023/24)[11]
Undergraduates| 15,040 (2023/24)[11]
Postgraduates| 12,120 (2023/24)[11]

Other students

| 430 (2023)[12][13]
Location|

Oxford

England

51°45′18″N 01°15′18″W﻿ / ﻿51.75500°N 1.25500°W﻿ / 51.75500; -1.25500
Campus| University town
Colours|  Oxford Blue[14]
Affiliations|

* ACU
* EUA
* Europaeum
* IARU
* LERU
* Russell Group
* SES
* Universities UK

Website| ox.ac.uk

The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,[5] making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation.[5][15][16] It grew rapidly from 1167, when Henry II prohibited English students from attending the University of Paris.[5] When disputes erupted between students and the Oxford townspeople, some Oxford academics fled northeast to Cambridge, where they established the University of Cambridge in 1209.[17] The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.[18]

The University of Oxford comprises 43 constituent colleges, consisting of 36 semi-autonomous colleges, four permanent private halls and three societies (colleges that are departments of the university, without their own royal charter).[19][20] and a range of academic departments that are organised into four divisions.[21] Each college is a self-governing institution within the university that controls its own membership and has its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college.[19] Oxford does not have a main campus. Its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre and around the town. Undergraduate teaching at the university consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided in a predominantly centralised fashion.

Oxford operates the Ashmolean Museum, the world's oldest university museum; Oxford University Press, the largest university press in the world; and the largest academic library system nationwide.[22] In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2024, the university had a total consolidated income of £3.05 billion, of which £778.9 million was from research grants and contracts.[7] In 2024, Oxford ranked first nationally for undergraduate education.

Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 31 prime ministers of the United Kingdom[23] and many heads of state and government around the world.[24] As of October 2022,[update] 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have matriculated, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford. Its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals.[25] Oxford is home to a number of scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes in the world.

## History

[edit]

See also: Timeline of Oxford

Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed between 1288 and 1378 In 1605, Oxford was a walled city with several colleges outside the city walls (north is at the bottom).

### Founding

[edit]

Balliol, one of Oxford's oldest colleges

The University of Oxford's foundation date is unknown.[26]

While no official papal bull established Oxford, the university emerged in the 12th century as part of Western Europe's Catholic educational system. Early teaching was conducted by clerics like Theobald of Étampes, and the curriculum focused on theology and canon law, reflecting its ecclesiastical roots. Most scholars were members of the clergy until the Reformation. [27][28][29]

In the 1300s, the chronicler Ranulf Higden wrote that the university was founded in the 9th century by Alfred the Great;[30] the story is today considered apocryphal, although it was believed until the 18th century.[31] It is known that teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when the university came into being.[5] Scholar Theobald of Étampes lectured at Oxford in the early 1100s.[32]

The university experienced rapid growth beginning in 1167, when English students were expelled from the University of Paris by order of King Henry II, who, amid tensions with France and the Church, banned his subjects from studying abroad—prompting many scholars to return and establish a thriving academic community in Oxford.[5] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231.[5][33] The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.[34] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.[17][35]

The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two 'nations', representing the North (northerners or Boreales, who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (southerners or Australes, who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh).[36][37] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary at Oxford. Additionally, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.[38] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,[38] and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.[36] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, composed a series of regulations for college life;[39][40] Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[41] as well as at Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.[38]

In 1333–1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire, was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.[42] Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries.[43][44]

### Renaissance period

[edit]

An engraving of Christ Church, Oxford, 1742

The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies,[45] and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar.[46]

With the English Reformation and the break of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai.[47] The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university experienced losses of land and revenues. As a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxford's reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected.[48]

In 1636, William Laud, the chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university's statutes.[49] These, for the most part, remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made notable contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university. From the beginnings of the Church of England as the established church until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to graduate as a Bachelor of Arts, and Dissenters were only permitted to be promoted to Master of Arts starting in 1871.[50] The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642–1651), while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause.[51]

Emblem of the 17th-century English Invisible College

Wadham College, founded in 1610, was the undergraduate college of Sir Christopher Wren. He was part of a group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group, which has at times been linked with Boyle's "Invisible College", held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college's warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the Royal Society.[52]

### Modern period

[edit]

#### Students

[edit]

In 1827, a major review of the university's statutes, some over 500 years old, was conducted. Among the changes made at this time was the removal of the requirement that students swear an oath of enmity towards an Oxford townsman Henry Symeonis, who was found guilty of murdering an Oxford student in the mid-13th century.[53]

Before reforms in the early 19th century, the curriculum at Oxford was notoriously narrow and impractical. Sir Spencer Walpole, a historian of contemporary Great Britain and a senior government official, had not attended any university. He said, "Few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career." He quoted the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: "The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except those intended for the ministry."[54] Nevertheless, Walpole argued:

> Among the many deficiencies attending a university education there was, however, one good thing about it, and that was the education which the undergraduates gave themselves. It was impossible to collect some thousand or twelve hundred of the best young men in England, to give them the opportunity of making acquaintance with one another, and full liberty to live their lives in their own way, without evolving in the best among them, some admirable qualities of loyalty, independence, and self-control. If the average undergraduate carried from University little or no learning, which was of any service to him, he carried from it a knowledge of men and respect for his fellows and himself, a reverence for the past, a code of honour for the present, which could not but be serviceable. He had enjoyed opportunities... of intercourse with men, some of whom were certain to rise to the highest places in the Senate, in the Church, or at the Bar. He might have mixed with them in his sports, in his studies, and perhaps in his debating society; and any associations which he had this formed had been useful to him at the time, and might be a source of satisfaction to him in after life.[55]

Of the students who matriculated in 1840, 65% were sons of professionals (34% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (59% as Anglican clergy). Out of the students who matriculated in 1870, 59% were sons of professionals (25% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (42% as Anglican clergy).[56][57]

M. C. Curthoys and H. S. Jones argue that the rise of organised sport was one of the most remarkable and distinctive features of the history of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was carried over from the athleticism prevalent at the public schools such as Eton, Winchester, Shrewsbury, and Harrow.[58]

All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first-year examination that was heavily focused on classical languages. Science students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with Greek language study removed from their required courses. This concept of a Bachelor of Science had been adopted at other European universities (London University had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful. After considerable internal haggling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the "natural science preliminary" was recognised as a qualifying part of the first year examination.[59]

At the start of 1914, the university housed about 3,000 undergraduates and around 100 postgraduate students. During the First World War, many undergraduates and fellows joined the armed forces. By 1918 nearly all fellows were serving in uniform, and the student population in residence was reduced to 12% of the pre-war total.[60] The University Roll of Service records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.[61] Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War fought with the Allies; there is a memorial to members of New College who served in the German armed forces, bearing the inscription, 'In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914–1918'. During the war years the university buildings became hospitals, cadet schools and military training camps.[60]

#### Reforms

[edit]

Two parliamentary commissions in 1852 issued recommendations for Oxford and Cambridge. Archibald Campbell Tait, a former headmaster of Rugby School, was a key member of the Oxford Commission; he wanted Oxford to follow the German and Scottish model in which the professorship was paramount. The commission's report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research. The professional staff should be strengthened and better paid. For students, restrictions on entry should be dropped, and more opportunities given to poorer families. It called for an expansion of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields. Undergraduate scholarships should be open to all Britons. Graduate fellowships should be opened up to all members of the university. It recommended that fellows be released from an obligation for ordination. Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in one of the colleges.[62][63]

The system of separate honour schools for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores.[64] Schools of "Natural Sciences" and "Law, and Modern History" were added in 1853.[64] By 1872, the last of these had split into "Jurisprudence" and "Modern History". Theology became the sixth honour school.[65] In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees, the postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.) was, and still is, offered.[66]

The mid-19th century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833–1845), led, among others, by the future Cardinal John Henry Newman. Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the establishment of four women's colleges. Privy Council decisions in the 20th century - the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of colleges' theological bequests to other purposes - loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Furthermore, although the university's emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical studies.

The postgraduate degrees of Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Letters (renamed Master of Science and Master of Letters in the 1970s) were introduced in 1895, and the university began to award doctorates for research in 1900 with the Doctor of Letters and Doctor of Science degrees.[67] Oxford was the first British university to institute a Doctor of Philosophy degree (abbreviated DPhil) in 1917; it was first awarded in 1919 to Lakshman Sarup of Balliol College.[68]

### Women's education

[edit]

First women's colleges

Lady Margaret Hall, founded in 1878

Somerville College, founded in 1879

St Hugh's College, founded in 1886

See also: Delegacy for Women Students and First women admitted to degrees at the University of Oxford

The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for women at a level approximately equivalent to undergraduate studies;[69] for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the "steamboat ladies" to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin.[70] In June 1878, the Association for the Education of Women (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were George Granville Bradley, T. H. Green and Edward Stuart Talbot. Talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot's group founded Lady Margaret Hall in 1878, while T. H. Green founded the non-denominational Somerville College in 1879.[71] Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville opened their doors to their first 21 students (12 at Somerville, 9 at Lady Margaret Hall) in 1879, who attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.[69] There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into St Anne's College.[72][73]

These first three societies for women were followed by St Hugh's (1886)[74] and St Hilda's (1893).[75] All of these colleges later became coeducational, starting with Lady Margaret Hall and St Anne's in 1979,[76][72] and finishing with St Hilda's, which began to accept male students in 2008.[77] In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of male privilege;[78] however, the integration of women into Oxford moved forward during the First World War. In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men, and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women's examinations.[60]

On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.[79] In 1927 the university's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.[69] Additionally, during this period Oxford colleges were single sex, so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.[80]

In 1974, Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, Hertford and St Catherine's became the first formerly all-male colleges to admit women.[81][82] The majority of men's colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,[82] with Christ Church following in 1980,[83] and Oriel becoming the last men's college to admit women in 1985.[84] Most of Oxford's graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony's, which was founded as a men's college in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.[85] By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;[86] in 2016, 45% of the student population, and 47% of undergraduate students, were female.[87][88]

In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting in the 2018 academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.[89] That same summer, maths and computer science tests were extended by 15 minutes, in a bid to see if female student scores would improve.[90][91]

The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers, one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female Shrewsbury College, Oxford (based on Sayers' own Somerville College[92]), and the issue of women's education is central to its plot. Social historian and Somerville College alumna Jane Robinson's book Bluestockings: A Remarkable History of the First Women to Fight for an Education gives a very detailed and immersive account of this history.[93]

## Buildings and sites

[edit]

Scrollable image. Aerial 2016 panorama of the university

### Map

[edit]

Map of the University of Oxford

St Anne's College

Balliol College

Christ Church College

The Queen's College

Worcester College

Oriel College

Corpus Christi College

St Antony's College

St Hugh's College

Somerville College

St John's College

New College

St Catherine's College

Magdalen College

All Souls College

Brasenose College

Exeter College

Green Templeton College

Harris Manchester College

Hertford College

Jesus College

Keble College

Kellogg College

Lady Margaret Hall

Linacre College

Lincoln College

Mansfield College

Merton College

Nuffield College

Pembroke College

Reuben College

St Cross College

St Edmund Hall

St Hilda's College

St Peter's College

Trinity College

University College

Wadham College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College

Wolfson College is on Linton Road, 580m from this arrow

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen's House is on Marston Street, 350m from this arrow

Wycliffe Hall

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Stephen’s House

St Stephen’s House

Wycliffe Hall

Maths

Zoology

Theology and Religion

Philosophy

Computer Science

Plant Sciences

Law

Social Policy and Intervention

Medieval and Modern Languages

ROQ

Physics

Blavatnik School of Government

Chemistry

Rothermere American Institute

History

Internet

Martin School

Oxford-Man Institute

International Development

Pathology

Geography and the Environment

Classics

Archaeology

Biochemistry

Bodleian Library

Administration

Radcliffe Science Library

Radcliffe Camera

Exam Schools

Materials & Engineering

Medicine

Saïd Business School

Ashmolean & Taylor Institution

Sackler

Oxford University Press

Hebrew & Jewish studies

Linguistics

Oriental Institute

Ruskin Art School

class=notpageimage|

University of Oxford Faculties & Facilities (Central Oxford)

Show map of Oxford city centre

St Anne's College

Balliol College

Christ Church College

The Queen's College

Worcester College

Oriel College

Corpus Christi College

St Antony's College

St Hugh's College

Somerville College

St John's College

New College

St Catherine's College

Magdalen College

All Souls College

Brasenose College

Exeter College

Green Templeton College

Harris Manchester College

Hertford College

Jesus College

Keble College

Kellogg College

Lady Margaret Hall

Linacre College

Lincoln College

Mansfield College

Merton College

Nuffield College

Pembroke College

Reuben College

St Cross College

St Edmund Hall

St Hilda's College

St Peter's College

Trinity College

University College

Wadham College

Wolfson College

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Stephen’s House

Wycliffe Hall

Blackfriars

Campion Hall

Regent’s Park College (Permanent Private Hall)

St Stephen’s House

Wycliffe Hall

Maths

Zoology

Theology and Religion

Philosophy

Computer Science

Plant Sciences

Law

Social Policy and Intervention

Medieval and Modern Languages

ROQ

Physics

Blavatnik School of Government

Chemistry

Rothermere American Institute

History

Internet

Martin School

Oxford-Man Institute

International Development

Pathology

Geography and the Environment

Classics

Archaeology

Biochemistry

Bodleian Library

Administration

Radcliffe Science Library

Radcliffe Camera

Exam Schools

Materials & Engineering

Medicine

Saïd Business School

Ashmolean & Taylor Institution

Sackler

Oxford University Press

Hebrew & Jewish studies

Linguistics

Oriental Institute

Ruskin Art School

class=notpageimage|

University of Oxford

Show map of Oxford

Key
\- University Department  |  \- University Facility  |  \- University Office
\- College (illustrative)  |  \- Permanent Private Hall

### Main sites

[edit]

Atrium of the Chemistry Research Laboratory; the university has invested heavily in new facilities at the laboratory in recent years. Sheldonian Theatre, built by Christopher Wren between 1664 and 1668, hosts the university's Congregation and its concerts and degree ceremonies.

The university is a "city university" in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout central Oxford and in some other areas of the city. The Science Area, in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus. There is a ten-acre (4-hectare) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city.

Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera, the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies, and the Examination Schools, where examinations and some lectures take place. The University Church of St Mary the Virgin was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian.

In 2012–2013, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400 m × 25 m) Castle Mill development of 4–5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow, blocking views of the spires in the city centre.[94] The development has been likened to building a "skyscraper beside Stonehenge".[95]

### Parks

[edit]

Summer in the Botanic Garden

The University Parks are a 70-acre (28 ha) parkland area in the northeast of the city, near Keble College, Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall. It is open to the public during daylight hours. There are also various college-owned open spaces open to the public, including Bagley Wood and most notably Christ Church Meadow.[96]

The Botanic Garden on the High Street is the oldest botanic garden in the UK. It contains over 8,000 different plant species on 1.8 ha (4+1⁄2 acres). It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90% of the higher plant families. The Harcourt Arboretum is a 130-acre (53 ha) site six miles (9.7 km) south of the city that includes native woodland and 67 acres (27 hectares) of meadow. The 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) Wytham Woods are owned by the university and used for research in zoology and climate change.[97]

## Organisation

[edit]

See also: Category:Departments of the University of Oxford

Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates, and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges. Though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g., Nuffield College as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a diverse community of students and academics representing a wide range of disciplines. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university (the Bodleian), by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members).[98]

### Central governance

[edit]

Wellington Square has become synonymous with the university's central administration.

The university's formal head is the chancellor, with Lord Hague of Richmond expected to be inaugurated in early 2025[99] although, as at most British universities, the chancellor is a titular figurehead and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The chancellor is elected by the members of convocation, a body comprising all graduates of the university, and may hold office until death.[100]

The vice-chancellor, currently Irene Tracey,[9] is the de facto head of the university. There are five pro-vice-chancellors with specific responsibilities.[101]

Two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from any two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student discipline and complaints, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings.[102] The university's professors are collectively referred to as the Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford. They are particularly influential in the running of the university's graduate programmes. Examples of statutory professors are the Chichele Professorships and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy.

Oxford is a "public university" in that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a "private university" in that it is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.[103]

### Colleges

[edit]

Main article: Colleges of the University of Oxford

Tom Quad, Christ Church Main Quad, Worcester College Christ Church, Oxford

To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall. There are thirty-nine colleges of the University of Oxford and four permanent private halls (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.[19] Not all colleges offer all courses, but they generally cover a broad range of subjects.

The 39 colleges are:

* All Souls All Souls
* Balliol Balliol
* Brasenose Brasenose
* Christ Church Christ Church
* Corpus Christi Corpus Christi
* Exeter Exeter
* Green Templeton Green Templeton
* Harris Manchester Harris Manchester
* Hertford Hertford
* Jesus Jesus
* Keble Keble
* Kellogg Kellogg‡
* Lady Margaret Hall Lady Margaret Hall
* Linacre Linacre
* Lincoln Lincoln
* Magdalen Magdalen
* Mansfield Mansfield
* Merton Merton
* New New College
* Nuffield Nuffield
* Oriel Oriel
* Pembroke Pembroke
* The Queen's The Queen's
* Reuben Reuben‡
* Somerville Somerville
* St Anne's St Anne's
* St Antony's St Antony's
* St Catherine's St Catherine's
* St Cross St Cross‡
* St Edmund Hall St Edmund Hall
* St Hilda's St Hilda's
* St Hugh's St Hugh's
* St John's St John's
* St Peter's St Peter's
* Trinity Trinity
* University University
* Wadham Wadham
* Wolfson Wolfson
* Worcester Worcester

‡ These three have no royal charter, and are officially departments of the university rather than independent colleges.

The permanent private halls were founded by different Christian denominations. One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the fellows of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the corresponding Christian denomination. The four PPHs are:

* Blackfriars Hall Blackfriars Hall
* Campion Hall Campion Hall
* Regent's Park Regent's Park
* Wycliffe Hall Wycliffe Hall

The PPHs and colleges join as the Conference of Colleges, which represents their common concerns, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.[104][105] The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the Franks Commission in 1965.[106]

Teaching members of the colleges (i.e. fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as dons, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments.

### Finances

[edit]

Dining hall at Christ Church; the hall is an important feature of the typical Oxford college, providing a place to dine and socialise. University of Oxford's finances: key statistics (£ billions)  | Financial year ending 31 July

|

2024 | 2023
Total group income of the University (excluding colleges) | 3.054 | 2.829
Total expenditure during the year[7] | 2.263 | 2.581
Key sources of income[7]
Tuition fees and education contracts | 0.551 | 0.5042
Grants from funding bodies | 0.2247 | 0.2292
Research grants and contracts | 0.7789 | 0.789
Publishing services | 0.7468 | 0.753
Investment income | 0.1972 | 0.1805
Donations and endowments | 0.238 | 0.1869
Assets at year end
University endowments (excluding colleges) | 1.912 | 1.678
Total net assets[7] | 6.388 | 5.385
Total College endowments | 6.796 | 6.388
Total college net assets[6] | 8.738 | 8.176

The combined endowment figure of £8.708 billion makes Oxford hold the largest endowment of any university in the UK.[7] The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.[107]

The central University's endowment, along with some of the colleges', is managed by the university's wholly owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.[108] The university used to maintain substantial investments in fossil fuel companies.[109] However, in April 2020, the university committed to divest from direct investments in fossil fuel companies and to require indirect investments in fossil fuel companies be subjected to the Oxford Martin Principles.[110][111]

The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the Campaign for Oxford. The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled "Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford".[112] This is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure;[113] having passed its original target of £1.25 billion in March 2012, the target was raised to £3 billion.[114]

#### Funding criticisms

[edit]

The university has faced criticism for some of its sources of donations and funding. In 2017, attention was drawn to historical donations including All Souls College receiving £10,000 from slave trader Christopher Codrington in 1710,[115] and Oriel College receiving £100,000 from the will of the imperialist Cecil Rhodes in 1902.[116][117] In 1996 a donation of £20 million was received from Wafic Saïd who was involved in the Al-Yammah arms deal,[118][119] and taking £150 million from the US billionaire businessman Stephen A. Schwarzman in 2019.[120] The university has defended its decisions saying it "takes legal, ethical and reputational issues into consideration".

The university also faced criticism, as noted above, over its decision to accept donations from fossil fuel companies having received £21.8 million from the fossil fuel industry between 2010 and 2015,[121] £18.8 million between 2015 and 2020[122][123] and £1.6 million between 2020 and 2021.[124]

The university accepted £6 million from The Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust in 2021. Former racing driver Max Mosley stated that he set up the trust "to house the fortune he inherited" from his father,[125] Oswald Mosley, who was founder of two far-right groups: Union Movement and the British Union of Fascists.[126]

### Affiliations

[edit]

Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities and is regarded to be part of the non-formal grouping of universities which make up the "golden triangle" in South East England. Internationally, it is a member of the Europaeum, the League of European Research Universities, and the International Alliance of Research Universities.[127]

## Academic profile

[edit]

### Admission

[edit]

Undergraduate admission statistics  | 2023[128] | 2022[129] | 2021[130] | 2020[131] | 2019[132]

|
|
|
|
|

Applications | 23,211  | 23,819  | 24,338  | 23,414  | 23,020
Offer Rate (%) | 16.0  | 15.3  | 14.6  | 16.8  | 16.9
Enrolments | 3,219  | 3,271  | 3,298  | 3,695  | 3,280
Yield (%) | 86.5  | 89.7  | 92.8  | 94.0  | 84.3
Applicant/Enrolled Ratio | 7.21  | 7.28  | 7.38  | 6.34  | 7.02
Average Entry Tariff[133] | —  | 202  | 205  | 201  | 200
HESA Student Body Composition (2023/24)  Domicile[134] and Ethnicity[135] | Total

|

British White[a] | 46%  |

British Ethnic Minorities[b] | 18%  |

International EU | 8%  |

International Non-EU | 28%  |

Undergraduate Widening Participation Indicators[134][136]
Female | 53%  |

Independent School | 31%  |

Low Participation Areas[c] | 7%  |

Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge[137][138]

In common with most British universities, prospective undergraduate students apply through the UCAS application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and University of Cambridge applicants, must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.[139] The Sutton Trust maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit undergraduates disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.[140]

To allow a more individualized judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for organ scholarships[141] and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.[142] Oxford has the lowest offer rate of all Russell Group universities.[143]

Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges. Undergraduate applicants benefit from the collaborative efforts of the colleges, which aim to ensure that top students secure a place at the university, regardless of their initial college choices. Postgraduate applicants who are offered admission by the university are assured a place in one of the colleges, even if their preferred college cannot accommodate them.[144]

Undergraduate shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results, school references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December. Most undergraduate applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college. In 2020 interviews were moved online,[145] and they will remain online until at least 2027.[146]

Undergraduate offers are sent out in early January, with each offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make "open offers" to some candidates, who are not assigned to a particular college until A Level results day in August.[147][148]

The university has come under criticism for the number of students it accepts from private schools;[149] for instance, Laura Spence's rejection from the university in 2000 led to widespread debate.[150] In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students to students from state schools, while about 93% of all UK pupils and 86% of post-16 UK pupils are educated in state schools.[151][152][153] However, 64% of UK applicants were from state schools and the university notes that state school students apply disproportionately to oversubscribed subjects.[154] The proportion of students coming from state schools has been increasing. From 2015 to 2019, the state proportion of total UK students admitted each year was: 55.6%, 58.0%, 58.2%, 60.5% and 62.3%.[155] Oxford University spends over £6 million per year on outreach programs to encourage applicants from underrepresented demographics.[151]

In 2018 the university's annual admissions report revealed that eight of Oxford's colleges had accepted fewer than three black applicants in the past three years.[156] Labour MP David Lammy said, "This is social apartheid and it is utterly unrepresentative of life in modern Britain."[157] In 2020, Oxford had increased its proportion of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students to record levels.[158][159] The number of BAME undergraduates accepted to the university in 2020 rose to 684 students, or 23.6% of the UK intake, up from 558 or 22% in 2019; the number of Black students was 106 (3.7% of the intake), up from 80 students (3.2%).[159][160] UCAS data also showed that Oxford is more likely than comparable institutions to make offers to ethnic minority and socially disadvantaged pupils.[158]

### Teaching and degrees

[edit]

Main articles: Degrees of the University of Oxford, List of professorships at the University of Oxford, and Undergraduate education at University of Oxford

Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1–4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week's work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight-week academic terms: Michaelmas, Hilary and Trinity.[161] (These are officially known as 'Full Term': 'Term' is a lengthier period with little practical significance.) Internally, the weeks in a term begin on Sundays, and are referred to numerically, with the initial week known as "first week", the last as "eighth week" and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term (for example "noughth week" precedes term).[162] Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week. These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities,[163] and their total duration amounts to less than half the year. However, undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacations).

### Scholarships and financial support

[edit]

Rhodes House is home to the awarding body for Rhodes Scholarships, often considered the world's most prestigious scholarship.

There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate, with a total possible grant of £10,235 over a 3-year degree. In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the university, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from Rhodes Scholarships to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships.[164] Oxford also offers the Clarendon Scholarship which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities.[165] The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by Oxford University Press in association with colleges and other partnership awards.[166][167] In 2016, Oxford University announced that it is to run its first free online economics course as part of a "massive open online course" (MOOC) scheme, in partnership with a US online university network.[168] The course available is called 'From Poverty to Prosperity: Understanding Economic Development'.

Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and exhibitions, normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; "commoners" (originally those who had to pay for their "commons", or food and lodging) are restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term "scholar" in relation to Oxford therefore has a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were "noblemen commoners" and "gentlemen commoners", but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. "Closed" scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, were abolished in the 1970s and 1980s.[169]

### Libraries

[edit]

See also: Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford

Bodleian Library

The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK,[22] and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the British Library. The Bodleian is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[170]

Clarendon Building, home to many senior staff of Bodleian Libraries, previously housed the university's own central administration.

The buildings referred to as the university's main research library, The Bodleian, consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1598 and opened in 1602,[171] the Radcliffe Camera, the Clarendon Building, and the Weston Library. A tunnel underneath Broad Street connects these buildings, with the Gladstone Link, which opened to readers in 2011, connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera.

The Bodleian Libraries group was formed in 2000, bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together.[172] It now comprises 28[173] libraries, a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together, including the Sackler Library, Law Library, Social Science Library and Radcliffe Science Library.[172] Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, OLIS (Oxford Libraries Information System),[174] and its public interface, SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information.[175]

Duke Humfrey's Library in the Bodleian Library

A new book depository opened in South Marston, Swindon, in October 2010,[176] and recent building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which was renamed the Weston Library when it reopened in 2015.[177][178] The renovation is designed to better showcase the library's various treasures (which include a Shakespeare First Folio and a Gutenberg Bible) as well as temporary exhibitions.

The Bodleian engaged in a mass-digitisation project with Google in 2004.[179][180] Notable electronic resources hosted by the Bodleian Group include the Electronic Enlightenment Project, which was awarded the 2010 Digital Prize by the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies.[181]

### Museums

[edit]

See also: Category:Museums of the University of Oxford

Interior of the Pitt Rivers Museum

Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries, open for free to the public. The Ashmolean Museum, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.[182] It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.[183]

The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area.[184][185] Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy.[186]

Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.[187]

The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.[188] It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a large collection of old master paintings and drawings.[189]

### Publishing

[edit]

Main article: Oxford University Press

The Oxford University Press is the world's second oldest and currently the largest university press by the number of publications.[190] More than 6,000 new books are published annually,[191] including many reference, professional, and academic works (such as the Oxford English Dictionary, the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, the Oxford World's Classics, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and the Concise Dictionary of National Biography).

### Reputation and ranking

[edit]

RankingsNational rankings

Complete (2026)[192]| 2
Guardian (2025)[193]| 1
Times / Sunday Times (2025)[194]| 3
Global rankings
ARWU (2025)[195]| 6
QS (2026)[196]| 4
THE (2025)[197]| 1
University of Oxford's national league table performance over the past ten years

Due to its age[198][199] and its social and academic status,[200][201] the University of Oxford is considered to be one of Britain's most prestigious or elite universities[202][203] and to form, along with the University of Cambridge, a top two that stand above other UK universities in this regard.[198][200][201][204]

Oxford is regularly ranked within the top five universities in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[205][206] as well as the Forbes's World University Rankings.[207] It held the number one position in the Times Good University Guide for eleven consecutive years,[208] and the medical school has also maintained first place in the "Clinical, Pre-Clinical & Health" table of the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings for the past seven consecutive years.[209] In 2021, it ranked sixth among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[210] The THE has also recognised Oxford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its World Reputation Rankings, along with Berkeley, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.[211] The university is fourth worldwide on the US News ranking.[212] Its Saïd Business School came 13th in the world in Financial Times Global MBA Ranking.[213]

Oxford was ranked 13th in the world in 2022 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.[214][215] It is ranked fifth best university worldwide and first in Britain for forming CEOs according to the Professional Ranking World Universities,[216] and first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK's major companies.[217]

In the 2018 Complete University Guide, all 38 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only two multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge) in the UK to have 100% of their subjects in the top 10.[218] Computer Science, Medicine, Philosophy, Politics and Psychology were ranked first in the UK by the guide.[219]

According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, the University of Oxford also ranks as number one in the world for four Humanities disciplines: English Language and Literature, Modern Languages, Geography, and History. It also ranks second globally for Anthropology, Archaeology, Law, Medicine, Politics & International Studies, and Psychology.[220]

## Student life

[edit]

### Traditions

[edit]

See also: Academic dress of the University of Oxford

An undergraduate student at the University of Oxford in subfusc for matriculation

Academic dress is required for examinations, matriculation, disciplinary hearings, and when visiting university officers. A referendum held among the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76% against making it voluntary in examinations – 8,671 students voted, with the 40.2% turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum.[221] This was widely interpreted by students as being a vote not so much on making subfusc voluntary, but, in effect, on abolishing it by default, in that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc, the rest would soon follow.[222] In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to transgender people.[223]

'Trashing' is a tradition of spraying those who just finished their last examination of the year with alcohol, flour and confetti. The sprayed student stays in the academic dress worn to the exam. The custom began in the 1970s when friends of students taking their finals waited outside Oxford's Examination Schools where exams for most degrees are taken.[224] Other traditions and customs vary by college. For example, some colleges have formal hall six times a week, but in others this only happens occasionally, or even not at all. Balls are major events held by colleges; the largest, held triennially in ninth week of Trinity Term, are known as commemoration balls; the dress code is usually white tie. Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties.

### Clubs and societies

[edit]

See also: Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford

The Oxford Union's debating chamber Rowing at Eights Week, an annual intercollegiate bumps race

The Oxford Union (distinct from Oxford University Student Union) is an independent debating society which hosts weekly debates and high-profile speakers. Party political groups include Oxford University Conservative Association and Oxford University Labour Club. Most academic areas have student societies of some form, for example the Scientific Society.

There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent Cherwell and OUSU's The Oxford Student. Other publications include the Isis magazine, the satirical Oxymoron, the graduate Oxonian Review, the Oxford Political Review,[225] and the online only newspaper The Oxford Blue. The student radio station is Oxide Radio.

Sport is played between college teams, in tournaments known as cuppers (the term is also used for some non-sporting competitions). In particular, much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas: Christ Church Regatta, Torpids, and Summer Eights. In addition, there are higher standard university wide teams. Significant focus is given to annual varsity matches played against Cambridge, the most famous of which is The Boat Race, watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers. A blue is an award given to those who compete at the university team level in certain sports.

Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at the collegiate level and as university-wide groups, such as the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Oxford Revue. Most colleges have chapel choirs. The Oxford Imps, a comedy improvisation troupe, perform weekly at The Jericho Tavern during term time.[226]

Private members' clubs for students include Vincent's Club (primarily for sportspeople)[227] and The Gridiron Club.[228] A number of invitation-only student dining clubs also exist, including the Bullingdon Club.

### Student union and common rooms

[edit]

The Oxford University Student Union, formerly better known by its acronym OUSU and now rebranded as Oxford SU,[229] exists to represent students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students.

The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars).

## Notable alumni

[edit]

Main articles: List of University of Oxford people and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Oxford

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Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. More than 70 Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.[24] More information on notable members of the university can be found in the individual college articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate or member of staff.

Notable alumni

Oscar Wilde, Magdalen College

Tim Berners-Lee, The Queen's College

Bill Clinton, University College

Notable alumni include three Fields Medallists, two British kings and at least fifteen monarchs of eleven other sovereign states (including five reigning monarchs), twenty-eight British prime ministers, and thirty-five presidents and prime ministers of nineteen other countries. As of July 2019 there are seven Oxonians in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and two in the Shadow Cabinet.

The university has produced 291 Members of Parliament (excluding MPs who were subsequently peers), eleven Members of the European Parliament (excluding MEPs also serving at Westminster), twelve Lord Chancellors, nine Lord Chief Justices and twenty-two law lords; ten US Senators, ten US Representatives (including a Speaker of the House), three state governors, and four associate justices of the US Supreme Court; as well as six puisne justices of the Supreme Court of Canada and a chief justice of the now defunct Federal Court of Canada.

## Oxford in literature and popular media

[edit]

The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer, in Canterbury Tales, referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford".[230] Mortimer Proctor argues the first campus novel was The Adventures of Oxymel Classic, Esq; Once an Oxford Scholar (1768).[231] It is filled with violence and debauchery, with obnoxious, foolish dons becoming easy prey for cunning students.[232] Proctor argues that by 1900, "novels about Oxford and Cambridge were so numerous that they clearly represent a striking literary phenomenon."[233] By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise.[234]

Famous literary works range from Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh, which in 1981 was adapted as a television serial, to the trilogy His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman, which features an alternate-reality version of the university and was adapted for film in 2007 and as a BBC television series in 2019.

Other notable examples include:

* Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm, a satire about undergraduate life.
* Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself a graduate of Somerville College, a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery novel.
* The Inspector Morse detective novels (1975–1999) by Colin Dexter, adapted for television as Inspector Morse (1987–2000), the spin-off Lewis (2006–2015), and the prequel Endeavour (2012–2023).
* True Blue (1996), a film about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race of 1987.
* The History Boys (2004) by Alan Bennett, alumnus of Exeter College, a play about a group of grammar school boys in Sheffield in 1983 applying to read history at Oxford and Cambridge. It premiered at the National Theatre and was adapted for film in 2006.
* Posh (2010), a play by Laura Wade, and its film adaptation The Riot Club (2014), about a fictionalised equivalent of the Bullingdon Club.
* Testament of Youth (2014), a drama film based on the memoir of the same name written by Somerville alumna Vera Brittain.

Notable non-fiction works on Oxford include Oxford by Jan Morris.[235]

## See also

[edit]

Portals:

* University of Oxford
* Oxfordshire
* Education

* Academic scarves of the University of Oxford
* Gaudy celebrations
* List of medieval universities
* List of University of Oxford people
* May Morning celebration
* Oxford "-er"
* Oxford bags
* Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)
* Oxford University Police
* Town and gown
* University of Oxford tortoises

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Not be confused solely with White British
2. ^ Includes those who indicate that they identify as Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab or any other ethnicity except White.
3. ^ Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. Sydney, New South Wales: William Brooks and Co. 2009 [1903]. ISBN 9781112213304.
2. ^ Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. Dublin, Ireland: Hodges, Figgis & Co. 2016 [1894]. ISBN 9781355361602.
3. ^ Actes du Jubilé de 1909 (in Swiss French). Geneva, Switzerland: Georg Keck & Cie. 2016 [1910]. ISBN 9781360078335.
4. ^ "The University as a charity". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016.
5. ^ a b c d e f g "Introduction and History". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
6. ^ a b "Aggregated College Accounts: Consolidated and College Balance Sheets For the year ended 31 July 2024" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2025.
7. ^ a b c d e f g "Financial Statements 2023/24" (PDF). University of Oxford. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
8. ^ Colleges (group) £6,795.6M,[6] University (consolidated) £1,912.4M[7]
9. ^ a b "Professor Irene Tracey, CBE, FMedSci". Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
10. ^ a b "Who's working in HE?". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Staff numbers by HE provider: HE staff by HE provider and activity standard occupational classification. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
11. ^ a b c d "Where do HE students study?". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Students by HE provider: HE student enrolments by HE provider. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
12. ^ "University of Oxford – Student Statistics". Tableau Software. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
13. ^ "Student Numbers". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
14. ^ "The brand colour – Oxford blue". Ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
15. ^ Sager, Peter (2005). Oxford and Cambridge: An Uncommon History. p. 36.
16. ^ "The top 50 universities by reputation". Times Higher Education. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
17. ^ a b "Early records". University of Cambridge. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
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19. ^ a b c "What is an Oxford college?". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
20. ^ "Organisation | University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2024. "The three societies – Kellogg College, Reuben College, and St Cross College – operate very much like the other colleges but are considered departments of the University rather than independent colleges because, unlike the others, they do not have a royal charter."
21. ^ "Divisions and Departments". Oxford: University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
22. ^ a b "Libraries". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.
23. ^ "British Prime Ministers". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
24. ^ a b "Famous Oxonians". University of Oxford. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
25. ^ "Oxford at the Olympics". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
26. ^ "Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University". Oxford: University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
27. ^ Brockliss, L.W.B. (1 March 2016). The University of Oxford. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924356-3.
28. ^ Żołądź, Dorota (1 January 2019). "A History of the University in Europe, Vol. I Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Cambridge 1992, ss. 506". Biuletyn Historii Wychowania (2): 49–50\. doi:10.14746/bhw.1995.2.21. ISSN 1233-2224.
29. ^ Tierney, Brian (July 1998). "Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, 1: Foundations.R. W. Southern". Speculum. 73 (3): 899–901\. doi:10.2307/2887558. ISSN 0038-7134.
30. ^ Firth, Matthew (2024). "What's in a Name? Tracing the Origins of Alfred's 'the Great'". English Historical Review. 139 (596): 1–32\. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceae078. ISSN 1477-4534.
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212. ^ "Best Global Universities". US News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016.
213. ^ "Global MBA Ranking 2019". Financial Times. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
214. ^ "Ten institutions that dominated science in 2022". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
215. ^ "Introduction to the Nature Index". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
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217. ^ "The best UK universities chosen by major employers". Times Higher Education. London. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
218. ^ "Who's Who in the Subject League Tables". Complete University Guide. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
219. ^ "University of Oxford". Complete University Guide. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
220. ^ "University of Oxford". Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
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222. ^ See, for instance, "End of an era: subfusc could be sent down – oxfordstudent.com". Archived from the original on 8 March 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
223. ^ "Support for transgender students taking Oxford University exams". Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
224. ^ Clement, Mia (14 May 2021). "Who are we really trashing?". Cherwell. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
225. ^ "Call for submissions". Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
226. ^ "Shows and Workshops". The Oxford Imps. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
227. ^ "'Once a member, always a member'". Oxford Mail. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
228. ^ "A GQ student guide to Oxford University". British GQ. 27 August 2017. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
229. ^ ""Oxford SU" to replace OUSU brand". Cherwell. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
230. ^ Bert Dillon, "A Clerk Ther Was of Oxenford Also." in Chaucer's Pilgrims: An Historical Guide to the Pilgrims in (1996): 108–115.
231. ^ see online copy
232. ^ Mortimer Proctor, The English University Novel (U of California Press 1957) pp. 46–49. online
233. ^ Proctor, The English University Novel p. vii.
234. ^ Batson, Judy G. Oxford in Fiction: an annotated bibliography.
235. ^ Fergusson, Maggie (29 October 2016). "Jan Morris – 'the greatest descriptive writer of her time'". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2017.

### Sources

[edit]

#### Histories

[edit]

* Brock, Michael G., and Mark C. Curthoys, eds. The History of the University of Oxford Volumes 6 and 7: Nineteenth-Century (Oxford UP, 2000). vol 6 excerpt; vol 7 excerpt Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
* Brockliss, L.W.B. (2016). The University of Oxford. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243563.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-924356-3.
* Brooke, Christopher; Highfield, Roger (1988). Oxford and Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521301394. OL 2381624M. heavily illustrated
* Catto, Jeremy (ed.), The History of the University of Oxford, (Oxford UP, 1994).
* Clark, Andrew (ed.), The colleges of Oxford: their history and traditions, Methuen & C. (London, 1891).
* Deslandes, Paul R. Oxbridge Men: British Masculinity & the Undergraduate Experience, 1850–1920 (2005), 344pp
* Goldman, Lawrence (2004). "Oxford and the Idea of a University in Nineteenth Century Britain". Oxford Review of Education. 30 (4): 575–592\. JSTOR 4127167.
* Harrison, Brian Howard, ed. The History of the University of Oxford: Vol 8 The twentieth century (Oxford UP 1994).
* Hibbert, Christopher, The Encyclopaedia of Oxford, Macmillan (Basingstoke, 1988).
* McConica, James. History of the University of Oxford. Vol. 3: The Collegiate University (1986), 775pp.
* Mallet, Charles Edward. A history of the University of Oxford: The mediæval university and the colleges founded in the Middle Ages (2 vol 1924)
* Midgley, Graham. University Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford (1996) 192pp
* Simcock, Anthony V. The Ashmolean Museum and Oxford Science, 1683–1983 (Museum of the History of Science, 1984).
* Sutherland, Lucy Stuart, Leslie G. Mitchell, and T. H. Aston, eds. The history of the University of Oxford (Clarendon, 1984).

#### Popular studies and collections

[edit]

* Annan, Noel, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses HarperCollins (London, 1999)
* Batson, Judy G., Oxford in Fiction, Garland (New York, 1989).
* Betjeman, John, An Oxford University Chest, Miles (London, 1938).
* Casson, Hugh, Hugh Casson's Oxford, Phaidon (London, 1988).
* Dougill, John, Oxford in English Literature, (U of Michigan Press, 1998).
* Feiler, Bruce, Looking for Class: Days and Nights at Oxford and Cambridge, (2004).
* Fraser, Antonia (ed.), Oxford and Oxfordshire in Verse, Penguin (London, 1983).
* R.W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Golden Postwar Age, Threshold Press (2015).
* Kenny, Anthony & Kenny, Robert, Can Oxford be Improved?, Imprint Academic (Exeter, 2007)
* Knight, William (ed.), The Glamour of Oxford, (Blackwell, 1911).
* Miles, Jebb, The Colleges of Oxford, Constable (London, 1992).
* Morris, Jan, The Oxford Book of Oxford, (Oxford UP 2002).
* Pursglove, G. and A. Ricketts (eds.), Oxford in Verse, Perpetua (Oxford, 1999).
* Seccombe, Thomas and H. Scott (eds.), In Praise of Oxford (2 vols.), Constable (London, 1912). v.1
* Snow, Peter, Oxford Observed, John Murray (London, 1991).

#### Guide books

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see Timeline of Oxford § Further reading.

* Tames, Richard, A Traveller's History of Oxford, Interlink (New York, 2002).
* Tyack, Geoffrey, Oxford: An Architectural Guide, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 1998).

## External links

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