Uranus Orbiter and Probe

Proposed NASA space mission to Uranus

Uranus Orbiter and Probe

Mosaic of images of Uranus and its 5 major moons from Voyager 2

Mission type| Uranus orbiter
Operator| NASA
Mission duration| Cruise:
13.4 years
Science phase:
4.5 years[1]
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass| 7,235 kg (15,950 lb)[1]
Dry mass| 2,756 kg (6,076 lb)[1]
Payload mass| Orbiter:
60.5 kg (133 lb)
Atmospheric Probe:
19.7 kg (43 lb)[1]
Dimensions| 7.1 × 5.0 × 5.0 m (23.3 × 16.4 × 16.4 ft)[1]
Power| 735 W (0.986 hp) from 3 Mod1 Next-Generation Radioisotope thermoelectric generators[1]
Start of mission
Launch date| Not earlier than 2031[1][2]
Rocket| Proposed:
Falcon Heavy (expendable)[1]
Launch site| Kennedy LC-39A[1]
Flyby of Earth (gravity assist)
Closest approach| Not earlier than 2033
Distance| 450 km (280 mi)
Flyby of Jupiter (gravity assist)
Closest approach| Not earlier than 2035
Distance| 370,000 km (230,000 mi)
Uranus orbiter
Orbital insertion| Not earlier than 2044
Uranus atmospheric probe
Atmospheric entry| Not earlier than 2045

Large Strategic Science Missions
Planetary Science Division

<- Mars Sample Return

Enceladus Orbilander ->

Solar System Exploration program

<- Europa Clipper

Enceladus Orbilander ->

The Uranus Orbiter and Probe is an orbiter mission concept to study Uranus and its moons.[1] The orbiter would also deploy an atmospheric probe to characterize Uranus's atmosphere. The concept is being developed as a potential large strategic science mission for NASA. The science phase would last 4.5 years and include multiple flybys of each of the major moons.

The mission concept was selected as the highest priority Flagship-class mission by the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey, ahead of the Enceladus Orbilander.[3][4] A Neptune orbiter mission concept, Neptune Odyssey, that would address many of the same scientific goals regarding ice giants was also considered, but for logistical and cost reasons a mission to Uranus was favored.

The original proposal targeted a launch in 2031 using a Falcon Heavy expendable launch vehicle with a gravity assist at Jupiter, allowing arrival at Uranus in 2044. In 2023, however, NASA announced that due to a shortfall in plutonium production a mid to late 2030s launch would be more likely.[2]

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Exploration of Uranus

Voyager 2 is the only space probe to have visited the Uranus system, completing a flyby on January 24, 1986. The 2011-2022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended a Flagship-class orbiter mission to an ice giant with priority behind what would become the Mars 2020 rover and the Europa Clipper.[5][6][7] Ice giants are now appreciated as a common type of exoplanet, precipitating the need for further study of ice giants in the Solar System.[8] The ice giants Uranus and Neptune were seen as unique yet equally compelling scientific targets, but a Uranus orbiter and atmospheric probe was given preference for logistical and cost reasons.[5][7] A Uranus orbiter would logically follow Flagship-class orbiter missions undertaken at Jupiter and Saturn (Galileo and Cassini, respectively).

In 2017, prior to the 2023–2032 survey, a committee narrowed twenty mission concepts to three scenarios for Uranus and a fourth for Neptune.[8][9][10][11] A mission to Neptune is viewed by some to be of greater scientific merit[12] because Triton, likely a captured Kuiper belt object and ocean world, is a more compelling astrobiology target than the moons of Uranus (though Ariel and Miranda in particular are possible ocean worlds).[13] There was also a study that considered a New Frontiers-level Uranus orbiter mission concept if a Flagship-class mission to Neptune were favored.[14] Nevertheless, again due to cost and logistical considerations including launch vehicle availability and available launch windows, the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended the Uranus Orbiter and Probe instead of an analogous proposal for Neptune, Neptune Odyssey.[3][4]

## Key science questions

[edit]

The orbiter paired with an atmospheric probe will address a variety of scientific questions across all aspects of the Uranus system:[3]

### Origin, interior, and atmosphere

[edit]

* How does atmospheric circulation function, from interior to thermosphere, in an ice giant?
* What is the 3D atmospheric structure of the weather layer?
* When, where, and how did Uranus form, how did it evolve both thermally and spatially, including migration, and how did it acquire its retrograde obliquity?
* What is Uranus' bulk composition and its depth dependence?
* Does Uranus have discrete layers or a dilute core, and can this be tied to its formation and tilt?
* What is the true rotation rate of Uranus, does it rotate uniformly, and how deep are the winds?

### Magnetosphere

[edit]

* What dynamo process produces Uranus' complex magnetic field?
* What are the plasma sources & dynamics of Uranus' magnetosphere and how does it interact with the solar wind, Uranus' upper atmosphere, and satellite surfaces?

### Satellites and rings

[edit]

* What are the internal structures and rock-to-ice ratios of the large Uranian moons and which moons possess substantial internal heat sources or possible oceans?
* How do the compositions and properties of the Uranian moons constrain their formation and evolution?
* What geological history and processes do the surfaces record and how can they inform outer solar system impactor populations? What evidence of exogenic interactions do the surfaces display?
* What are the compositions, origins and history of the Uranian rings and inner small moons, and what processes sculpted them into their current configuration?

## Mission details

[edit]

Schematic of the 2021 concept study design for the Orbiter and Probe

The atmospheric probe element of this mission would study the vertical distribution of cloud-forming molecules, thermal stratification, and wind speed as a function of depth. The 2010 mission design envisioned a probe of 127 kg (280 lb), less than half that of the Galileo atmospheric probe.[7] A later design study suggested results could be significantly enhanced by adding a second probe which could be as small as 30 kg (66 lb) in mass and about 0.5 m (20 in) in diameter.[15]

### Orbiter instruments

[edit]

The orbiter is proposed to carry the following instruments in the baseline concept, with additional instruments possible should they prove to be within mass, power, and cost limitations:[1]

Instrument | Heritage Instrument | Heritage Mission

|
|

Magnetometer | MESSENGER Magnetometer  | MESSENGER
Narrow-Angle Camera  | Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI)  | New Horizons
Thermal Infrared Camera  | Diviner | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Langmuir Probe and Waves  | MAVEN Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW)  | MAVEN
Search coil magnetometer | TRACERS search coil magnetometer (MSC)  | TRACERS
Fast imaging plasma spectrometer  | MESSENGER energetic particle and plasma spectrometer (EPPS)  | MESSENGER
Electrostatic analyzers | Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP)  | Parker Solar Probe
Energetic Charged Particle Detector  | EPI-Lo | Parker Solar Probe
Visible-Near Infrared Imaging Spectrometer & Wide-angle camera  | L'Ralph | Lucy
Radio Science Experiment  | UltraStable Oscillator  | none (part of spacecraft communications system)

### Atmospheric probe instruments

[edit]

The atmospheric probe is proposed to carry 4 scientific instruments as part of the baseline concept.[1]

Instrument | Heritage Instrument | Heritage Mission

|
|

Double focus mass spectrometer | Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA)  | Rosetta
Atmospheric Structure Instrument  | Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI)  | Huygens
Ortho-Para H2 Detector  | (in development)[8] | none
Radio Science Experiment  | UltraStable Oscillator  | none (part of probe communications system)

## See also

[edit]

* Atmosphere of Uranus
* Exploration of Uranus
* Moons of Uranus

Uranus mission proposals

* MUSE
* Oceanus (New Frontiers-class proposal of the 2010s)
* ODINUS
* Uranus Pathfinder (ESA M-Class proposal of the 2010s)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Simon, Amy; Nimmo, Francis; Anderson, Richard C. (7 June 2021). "Journey to an Ice Giant System: Uranus Orbiter and Probe". Planetary Mission Concept for the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. NASA. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
2. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (2023-05-03). "Plutonium availability constrains plans for future planetary missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
3. ^ a b c Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 (Prepublication ed.). National Academies Press. 2022. p. 800\. doi:10.17226/26522. ISBN 978-0-309-47578-5. S2CID 248283239. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
4. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022). "Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
5. ^ a b "Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
6. ^ Chris Gebhardt (20 November 2013). "New SLS mission options explored via new Large Upper Stage". NASASpaceFlight.
7. ^ a b c Hubbard, William B. (3 June 2010). "SDO-12345: Ice Giants Decadal Study" (PDF). National Academies Press. National Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
8. ^ a b c "Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Survey Mission Study Report (June 2017)" (PDF). Retrieved 13 Feb 2024.
9. ^ It’s time to explore Uranus and Neptune again — and here's how NASA could do it. Loren Grush, The Verge. 16 June 2017.
10. ^ Revisiting the ice giants: NASA study considers Uranus and Neptune missions. Jason Davis. The Planetary Society. 21 June 2017.
11. ^ NASA Completes Study of Future ‘Ice Giant’ Mission Concepts Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. NASA TV. 20 June 2017.
12. ^ Moore, Jeff; Spilker, Linda; Bowman, Jeff; Cable, Morgan; Edgington, Scott; Hendrix, Amanda; Hofstadter, Mark; Hurford, Terry; Mandt, Kathleen; McEwen, Alfred; Paty, Carol; Quick, Lynnae; Rymer, Abigail; Sayanagi, Kunio; Schmidt, Britney; Spilker, Thomas (2021). "Exploration Strategy for the Outer Planets 2023–2032: Goals and Priorities". Bulletin of the AAS. 53 (4): 371. arXiv:2003.11182. Bibcode:2021BAAS...53d.371M. doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.1f297498. S2CID 214641023. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
13. ^ Hendrix, Amanda R.; Hurford, Terry A.; Barge, Laura M.; Bland, Michael T.; Bowman, Jeff S.; Brinckerhoff, William; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Cable, Morgan L.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Collins, Geoffrey C.; Diniega, Serina; German, Christopher R.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Hoehler, Tori; Hosseini, Sona; Howett, Carly J.A.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Neish, Catherine D.; Neveu, Marc; Nordheim, Tom A.; Patterson, G. Wesley; Patthoff, D. Alex; Phillips, Cynthia; Rhoden, Alyssa; Schmidt, Britney E.; Singer, Kelsi N.; Soderblom, Jason M.; Vance, Steven D. (2019). "NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds". Astrobiology. 19 (1): 1–27\. Bibcode:2019AsBio..19....1H. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1955. PMC 6338575. PMID 30346215. S2CID 53043052.
14. ^ THE CASE FOR A URANUS ORBITER, Mark Hofstadter et al.
15. ^ K. M. Sayanagi, R. A. Dillman, A. A. Simon, et al. " Small Next-generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP) Concept", LPI 2083 (2018): 2262. Long version of paper: Space Sci Rev, 216, 72 (June 10, 2020) Small Next-Generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP) Concept to Enable Future Multi-Probe Missions: A Case Study for Uranus. Retrieved June 22, 2020.

* v
* t
* e

Uranus

* Outline

Geography|

* Atmosphere
* Climate
* Dark Spot
* Rings

Major moons|

* Miranda
* Ariel
* Umbriel
* Titania
* Oberon

Astronomy|

| Discovery|

* William Herschel
* Gerard Kuiper
* James L. Elliot
* William Lassell

|

General|

* Uranus-crossing minor planets

Co-orbitals|

* Trojans
* 2011 QF99
* 2014 YX49
* 83982 Crantor
* (472651) 2015 DB216

Exploration|

| Past|

* Voyager 2 (1986 flyby)

|

Future|

* Tianwen-4 (2029, flyby 2045)

Proposals|

* MUSE
* OCEANUS
* ODINUS
* Uranus Orbiter and Probe
* Uranus Pathfinder

Related|

* Fiction

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2025|

* Shenzhou 21 (November)
* Soyuz MS-28 (November)

|

2026|

* SpaceX Crew-12
* Artemis II (April)
* Soyuz MS-29 (June)
* Boeing Starliner-1
* Vast-1
* Axiom Mission 5

2027+|

* Soyuz MS-30 (February 2027)
* Gaganyaan-4 (Q1 2027)
* Gaganyaan-5 (2027)
* Artemis III (2027)
* Artemis IV (2028)
* Artemis V (2030)
* Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission (~2030)

Uncrewed|

| 2025|

* Bion-M No.2
* Cygnus NG-22
* Cygnus NG-23 (Q4)
* ESCAPADE
* Gaganyaan-1 (Q4)
* Garatéa-L
* GOSAT-GW
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (September)
* HTV-X1 (September)
* IM-3 (October)
* LOXSAT1
* MetOp-SG Series A
* MetOp-SG Series B
* PETREL
* Progress MS-32 (August)
* Progress MS-33 (October)
* SMILE (Q3)
* SPARCS
* SSC Demo-1

|

2026|

* ALTIUS / FLEX
* Chang'e 7 / Rashid 2
* Gaganyaan-2
* Gaganyaan-3
* ispace M3
* MMX
* MULA
* Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027)
* Xuntian
* PLATO
* ULTRASAT

2027|

* Chandrayaan-4
* FORUM
* Luna 26
* NEO Surveyor (September)
* PPE / HALO
* Space Rider
* Superbird-9

2028|

* Chang'e 8
* DESTINY+
* Dragonfly
* JASMINE
* Luna 27
* LUPEX
* MBR Explorer
* MSR
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* SAOCOM-2A
* Solar-C EUVST
* Tianwen-3
* Venus Orbiter Mission

2029|

* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor
* Harmony
* Tianwen-4
* Solar Polar Orbit Observatory

2030+|

* ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
* Luna 28 (2030)
* SAOCOM-2B (2030)
* Spektr-UV (2030)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* EnVision (2031)
* Venera-D (2031)
* VERITAS (2031)
* DAVINCI (2031–2032)
* LiteBIRD (2032)
* Athena (2035)
* LISA (2035)

TBA|

* DISHA
* Janus
* MOM 2
* TEREX-1 (mid 2020s)
* Uranus Orbiter and Probe
* Habitable Worlds Observatory

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of proposed Solar System probes

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