Valerie Sutton

American dancer and inventor (born 1951)

Valerie Sutton

Born|

Valerie Sutton

(1951-02-22) February 22, 1951 (age 74)

Manhattan, New York City

Nationality| American
Occupation(s)|

Developer, Dancer

Relatives| Pam (sister)

Valerie Sutton (born February 22, 1951) is an American developer of movement notation and a former dancer.

## Early life

[edit]

She was born in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City, the daughter of a physicist father and a poet/model mother. She has an older sister Pam, a doctor of medicine.[1]

At the age of six months, she moved with her family to Corning, New York, where her father became a physicist. She lived in Corning until the age of eight years, and then moved to Corona del Mar, a part of Newport Beach, California. She spent the rest of her childhood in Corona del Mar, and as an adult moved to the San Diego, California area, where she has since lived. Her current home is in the San Diego suburb of La Jolla.[1]

## Developed

[edit]

In California, she credits the influence of Disney animation, as well as the theater and dance environment of Hollywood for directing her interest toward movement.[1]

She developed the system known as Sutton Movement Writing (lately also entitled the International Movement Writing Alphabet (the IMWA),[2] subdivided into five sections:

1. DanceWriting, which records dance choreography
2. SignWriting, which records signed languages
3. MimeWriting, which records classic mime and gesture
4. SportsWriting, which records such activities as gymnastics, ice skating, skateboarding and karate
5. ScienceWriting, which records physical therapy, body language, animal movements, and other forms of movement[2]

The two forms of Sutton Movement Writing that have been most widely adopted[3] are DanceWriting and SignWriting.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

## Becoming a dancer

[edit]

DanceWriting was first developed in 1966, when Sutton was only 15, training as a professional ballet dancer. She invented a stick figure notation for her own personal use. Four years later she went to Copenhagen, Denmark to train with the Royal Danish Ballet. Over the next two years she applied her system to recording the historic ballet steps of the Royal Danish Ballet, which were in danger of being forgotten from lack of recording. The first DanceWriting textbook, Sutton Movement Shorthand, The Classical Ballet Key, Key One, was produced in December 1973. Within a year, it became outdated as Sutton improved her system. In the fall of 1974, by special invitation, she taught her system to the members of the RDB.

In 1974, articles about Sutton's DanceWriting system came to the attention of Lars van der Leith, a sign language researcher, and others who worked with him at the Audiologopædisk Forskningsgruppe of the University of Copenhagen, and they asked for a demonstration. As a result, van der Leith and his colleagues asked Sutton to develop a version of her movement notation adapted to the recording of sign languages. As a result, SignWriting was developed; it has been used for writing not only Danish Sign Language, but the private sign language of a deaf South Pacific islander (in 1975), and American Sign Language.

## Center for Sutton Movement Writing, Inc

[edit]

Sutton has continually worked to improve her notation systems and now leads the Center For Sutton Movement Writing, Inc. to spread her system.

## Wikimedia involvement

[edit]

Valerie Sutton on the right, with Stephen E Slevinski Jr in the middle, at the NA Wiki Conference 2016

Valerie Sutton was part of the ASL Wikipedia presentation at the North American Wiki Conference in 2016. The presentation "Writing the American Sign Language Wikipedia on Incubator" involved 3 Deaf editors, Valerie Sutton, and Stephen E Slevinski Jr, along with two interpreters.

Valerie Sutton explaining the American Sign Language Wikipedia during NA Wiki Conference 2016

During the 2016 conference, Valerie Sutton explained the importance of the American Sign Language Wikipedia. She handed out several copies of the "ASL Wikipedia Excerpt booklet".

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Sutton, Valerie. "Valerie Sutton, Inventor Sutton Movement Writing & Shorthand". www.valeriesutton.org.
2. ^ a b Sutton, Valerie. "Sutton Movement Writing". movementwriting.org.
3. ^ "Wrights of Limm page on SignWriting".
4. ^ "Links & SignWriting".
5. ^ "University of California's list of scripts requiring Unicode representations". Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
6. ^ Ahmed, Aisha Shamsuna; Seong, Daniel Su Kuen (June 7, 2017). "SignWriting on Mobile Phones for the Deaf". Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile technology, applications & systems - Mobility '06. ACM. p. 28\. doi:10.1145/1292331.1292363. ISBN 978-1595935199.
7. ^ "Mihoko Kato (Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan), A Study of Notation and Sign Writing Systems for the Deaf, in Intercultural Communication Studies XVII (2008)" (PDF).
8. ^ "Harry van der Hulst and Rachel Channon, Notation Systems" (PDF).
9. ^ Almasoud, Ameera M., and Hend S. Al-Khalifa. "SemSignWriting: A Proposed Semantic System for Arabic Text-to-SignWriting Translation." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 5.8 (2012).

## Further reading

[edit]

* Sordelet, Rebecca (July 4, 1975). "Dance 'Shorthand' Expanded To Aid Physical Handicaps (part 1 of 2)". Santa Ana Register. p. F1.
* Sordelet, Rebecca (July 4, 1975). "Dance 'Shorthand' Expanded To Aid Physical Handicaps (part 2 of 2)". Santa Ana Register. p. F2.
* LaRiviere, Anne (June 9, 1976). "Dancers Dig Doodles". Los Angeles Times. p. OC A1.
* Dierks, Donald (June 14, 1977). "Novel Dance Step Notation System Advanced For Ballet". The San Diego Union. p. D-1.
* Otis, Elaine (1979). "Sutton Movement Shorthand Dance Writing". In Taplin, Diana Theodores (ed.). New Directions in Dance: Collected Writings from the Seventh Dance in Canada Conference Held at the University of Waterloo, Canada, June 1979. Pergamon Press. pp. 179–. ISBN 0-08-024773-3.
* Carr, Al (November 15, 1980). "She Writes Sign Language". Los Angeles Times. p. OC A1.
* Osborne, Elaine (November 3, 1981). "Newport Beach woman develops visual alphabet for hearing-impaired". The Orange County Register. p. B1.
* Sutton, Valerie (1981–1982). "Sutton Movement Writing & Shorthand". Dance Research Journal. 14 (1/2): 78–85\. doi:10.2307/1477966. JSTOR 1477966.78-85&rft.date=1981/1982&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1477966&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1477966#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Valerie+Sutton" class="Z3988">
* Brown, Doug (May 7, 1983). "Newspaper for Deaf in Signs, Symbols of the Own Language". Los Angeles Times. p. SD C1.
* Curtis, Cathy (April 26, 1987). "Reading the signs (part 1 of 2)". The Orange County Register. p. J01.
* Curtis, Cathy (April 26, 1987). "Reading the signs (part 2 of 2)". The Orange County Register. p. J11.
* Pasles, Chris (May 10, 1987). "Sticking to Her Figures". Los Angeles Times. p. K66.
* Guest, Ann Hutchinson (1990). "Dance Notation". Perspecta. 26: 203–214\. doi:10.2307/1567163. JSTOR 1567163.203-214&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1567163&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1567163#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Ann+Hutchinson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Valerie+Sutton" class="Z3988">
* Hasemyer, David (March 9, 2003). "Symbols widen deaf children's understanding". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. B-2.
* Waters, Sandie H.; Gibbons, Andrew S. (2004). "Design Languages, Notation Systems, and Instructional Technology: A Case Study". Educational Technology Research and Development. 52 (2): 57–68\. doi:10.1007/BF02504839. JSTOR 30221196.57-68&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/BF02504839&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30221196#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Sandie+H.&rft.au=Gibbons,+Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Valerie+Sutton" class="Z3988">
* Scott, Laurel (January 31, 2005). "Five Questions: Valerie Sutton". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. E-1.
* Silverman, Fran (March 2005). "ESL REDEUX: When Sign Language is First". District Administration. p. 85.
* Wilkins, John (November 6, 2008). "He Had a Dream". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. G-1.
* Hoffmann-Dilloway, Erika (2011). "Writing the smile: Language ideologies in, and through, sign language scripts". Language & Communication. 31 (4): 345–355\. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2011.05.008.345-355&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.langcom.2011.05.008&rft.aulast=Hoffmann-Dilloway&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Valerie+Sutton" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

Valerie Sutton at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Sign language

* List of sign languages
* List by number of signers

Language
families[a]|

Sign languages by family

Australian
Aboriginal
(multiple families)[c]|

* Diyari
* Djingili
* Eltye eltyarrenke
* Iltyeme iltyeme
* Jaralde
* Kalkutungu
* Miriwoong
* Mudburra
* Pitha Pitha
* Rdaka rdaka
* Umpila
* Far North Queensland
* Warlmanpa
* Warluwara
* Warramunga
* Worora Kinship
* Yan-nhaŋu
* Yir Yoront
* Yolŋu

| Western Desert|

* Kartutjarra
* Manjiljarra
* Ngaatjatjarra

|

Zendath Kesign|

* Meriam
* Western Torres Strait Islander

Arab (Ishaaric)|

* Egyptian
* Kuwaiti
* Libyan
* Qatari Unified
* Yemeni

Iraqi–
Levantine|

* Iraqi

Levantine|

* Jordanian
* Lebanese
* Palestinian
* Syrian

Possible|

* Emirati
* Saudi
* Omani

Chinese Sign|

* Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
* Shanghai
* Hong Kong (HKSL)
* Macau

Chilean-Paraguayan-
Uruguayan Sign|

* Chilean (LSCh)

Paraguayan-
Uruguayan Sign|

* Paraguay (LSPY)
* Uruguay (LSU)

Francosign|

* Algerian (LSA)
* Swiss-German (DSGS)
* Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
* Irish (ISL)
* Australian-Irish
* Brazilian (Libras)
* Lithuanian
* Catalan (LSC)
* Valencian (LSV)
* French (LSF)
* Old French[c]
* Romanian (LSR)

American
(ASLic)|

* American (ASL)
* Black ASL (BASL)
* Protactile
* Bolivian
* Burmese
* Yangon
* Mandalay
* Cambodian
* Costa Rican
* Dominican
* Jamaican
* Malaysian (BIM)
* Panamanian
* Filipino (FSL)
* Puerto Rican (PRSL)
* Singapore (SgSL)

Indonesian (Nusantaric)|

* Indonesian (Bisindo)
* Jakarta
* Yogyakarta

Francophone African
(Françafrosign)|

* Ethiopian
* Chadian
* Ghanaian
* Guinean
* Bamako (LaSiMa)
* Moroccan
* Nigerian
* Sierra Leonean

Mixed, Hand Talk|

* Oneida (OSL)

Mixed, Hoailona ʻŌlelo|

* Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)

Mixed, French (LSF)|

* Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
* Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
* Quebec (LSQ)

Austro-
Hungarian|

* Czech (ČZJ)
* Hungarian (Magyar Jelnyev)
* Austrian (ÖGS)
* Slovak (SPJ)
* Ukrainian (УЖМ/USL)

Russian Sign|

* Azerbaijani (AİD)
* Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
* Georgian
* Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
* Latvian (LSL)
* Mongolian
* Russian (РЖЯ)

Yugoslavic Sign|

* Croatian (HZJ)
* Kosovar
* Serbian
* Slovenian
* Yugoslav (YSL)

Dutch Sign|

* Dutch (NGT)
* Gambian

Italian Sign|

* Italian (LIS)
* Tunisian (TSL)

Mexican Sign|

* Mexican (LSM)
* Honduran (LESHO)

Old Belgian|

* Flemish (VGT)
* French Belgian (LSFB)

Danish (Tegnic)|

* Malagasy
* Icelandic (Táknmál)
* Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
* Danish (Tegnsprog)
* Teknmál

Viet-Thai|

* Hai Phong
* Hanoi
* Ho Chi Minh
* Thai (TSL/MSTSL)

Hand Talk|

* Great Basin
* Northeast
* Plains Sign Talk
* Southeast
* Southwest

Mixed, American (ASL)|

* Oneida (OSL)

Plateau|

* A'aninin
* Kalispel
* Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
* Nesilextcl'n
* Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
* Sqeliz

Indo-Pakistani
Sign|

* Bangalore-Madras
* Beluchistan
* Bengali
* Bombay
* Calcutta
* Delhi
* Nepali
* North West Frontier Province
* Punjab-Sindh

Japanese Sign|

* Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
* Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
* Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)

Kentish[c]|

* Old Kentish
* Chilmark
* Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)

Maya (Meemul Tziij /
Meemul Ch'aab'al)|

* Highland Maya
* Yucatec
* Chicán
* Nohkop
* Nohya
* Trascorral
* Cepeda Peraza

NW Eurosign|

| BANZSL|

* Auslan
* Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
* British (BSL)
* Northern Ireland (NISL)
* Fijian
* Maritime (MSL)
* New Zealand (NZSL)
* Samoan
* South African (SASL)

Swedish Sign|

* Eritrean (EriSL)
* Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
* Portuguese (LGP)
* Swedish (Teckenspråk)
* Finnish (Viittomakieli)

German Sign|

* German (DGS)
* Polish (PJM)
* Israeli (Shassi)

Original Thai Sign|

* Chiangmai
* Hai Phong
* Old Bangkok

Paget Gorman|

* Namibian (NSL)

Providencia–
Cayman Sign|

* Providence Island (Provisle)
* Old Cayman (Guyanese)

Isolates|

* Afghan
* Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
* Albanian (AlbSL)
* Albarradas Sign Language
* Alipur
* Argentine (LSA)
* Armenian
* Caucasian (Harsneren)[c]
* Belizean
* Bhutanese
* Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
* Bribri
* Brunca
* Cena
* Chatino
* Cuban (LSC)
* Dogon/Douentza
* Ecuadorian (LSEC)
* Enga
* Ghandruk
* Ghardaia (AJSL)
* Guatemalan (Lensegua)
* Guinea-Bissau
* Henniker[c]
* Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
* Creole HSL
* Inuit
* Inuit Uukturausingit (IUR)
* Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
* Jhankot
* Jumla
* Ka'apor
* Kajana
* Kafr Qasim
* Kailge
* Kata Kolok
* Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
* Somali (SSL)
* Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
* Kisindo
* Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
* Macedonian
* Maltese (LSM)
* Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
* Mardin
* Mauritian (MSL)
* M'bour
* Mehek
* Miyakubo Shuwa
* Burkina (Mossi)
* Mount Avejaha
* Mozambican
* Naga
* Navajo/Diné Family
* Nicaraguan (ISN)
* Old Costa Rican
* Orocovis (LSOR)
* Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
* Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
* Penang
* Persian
* Peruvian (LSP)
* Inmaculada
* Qahveh Khaneh
* Rennellese[c]
* Rossel Island
* Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
* Sandy River Valley[c]
* Salvadoran (LESSA)
* Sawmill
* Sinasina (SSSL)
* Sivia
* Spanish (LSE)
* Tebul
* Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
* Turkish (TİD)
* Ugandan (USL)
* Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
* Wanib
* West African
* Adamorobe (AdaSL/Mumu kasa)
* Bura (Burasl)
* Mofu-Gudur
* Nanabin (NanabinSL)
* Yoruban (YSL)
* Zambian (ZSL)

Other groupings|

* Amami Shuwa languages
* Ethiopian languages
* Laotian languages
* Sri Lankan languages
* Sudanese languages (~150)[b]
* Tanzanian languages (7+)[b]
* Zimsign languages

* International Sign
* Village languages

By region[a]|

Sign languages by region

Africa|

Algeria
Algerian
Ghardaia
Cameroon
Maroua
Ghana
Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
Nanabin
Ivory Coast
Bouakako (LaSiBo)
Kenya
Kenyan
Mali
Tebul
Bamako (LaSiMa)
Nigeria
Bura
Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
Senegal
Mbour
Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
Somali
South Africa
South African
Tanzania
Tanzanian
Uganda
Ugandan
Zambia
Zambian

Asia|

Bengal
Bengali
Cambodia
Cambodian
China
Chinese
Hong Kong
Hong Kong (HKSL)
India
Alipur
Bengali
Indo-Pakistani
Naga
Indonesia
Indonesian
Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
Iran
Persian
Iraq
Iraqi
Kurdish
Israel
Al-Sayyid Bedouin
Ghardaia
Israeli
Kafr Qasem
Japan
Japanese
Koniya
Miyakubo
Korea
Korean
Kazakhstan
Kazakh-Russian
Laos
Laotian
Malaysia
Malaysian
Penang
Selangor
Maldives
Maldives
Mongolia
Mongolian
Nepal
Ghandruk
Jhankot
Jumla
Nepalese
Philippines
Filipino
Saudi Arabia
Saudi
Singapore
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan
Taiwan
Taiwanese
Tajikistan
Russian
Tibet
Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
Thailand
Old Bangkok
Chiangmai
Thai
Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
Vietnam
Vietnamese

Europe|

Armenia
Armenian
Austria
Austrian
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani
Belgium
Flemish
French Belgian
United Kingdom
British
Croatia
Croatian
Denmark
Danish
Faroese (Teknmál)
Estonia
Estonian
Finland
Finnish
France
Ghardaia
French
Lyons
Germany
German
Greece
Greek
Hungary
Hungarian
Iceland
Icelandic
Ireland
Irish
Italy
Italian
Kosovo
Yugoslav (Kosovar)
Latvia
Latvian
Lithuania
Lithuanian
Moldova
Russian
Netherlands
Dutch
North Macedonia
Macedonian
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Norway
Norwegian
Poland
Polish
Portugal
Portuguese
Russia
Russian
Slovenia
Slovenian
Spain
Catalan
Spanish
Valencian
Sweden
Swedish
Switzerland
Swiss-German
Turkey
Central Taurus
Mardin
Turkish
Ukraine
Ukrainian

North and
Central
America|

Belize
Belizean
Canada
American (ASL)

Black ASL
Protactile
Hand Talk

Oneida (OSL)
Plateau
Inuit (IUR)
Maritime (MSL)
Sawmill
Quebec
Cayman
Old Cayman
Costa Rica
Bribri
Brunca
Old Costa Rican
New Costa Rican
Cuba
Cuban
Greenland
Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
Guatemala
Guatemalan
Mayan
Haiti
Haitian
Honduras
Honduran
Mexico
Albarradas
Chatino
Mayan
Mexican
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan
Panama
Chiriqui
Panamanian
Puerto Rico (USA)
American (ASL)

Puerto Rican
Orocovis
El Salvador
Salvadoran (LESSO)
Old Salvadoran
United States
American (ASL)

Black ASL
Protactile
Hand Talk

Oneida (OSL)
Plateau
Henniker
Keresan (Keresign)
Martha's Vineyard
Navajo Family
Sandy River Valley
Sawmill

Oceania|

Australia
Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
Auslan
Australian-Irish
Manjiljarra
Mudbura (Mudburra)
Ngada
Umpila

Far North Queensland
Warlmanpa
Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
Warumungu (Warramunga)
Western Desert
Western Torres Strait Islander
Yir Yoront
Yolŋu
Hawaii (USA)
Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
New Zealand
New Zealand (NZSL)
Papua New Guinea
Enga
Kailge
Mehek
Mount Avejaha
Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
Rossel Island
Sinasina
Wanib
Samoa and American Samoa
Samoan

South America|

Argentina
Argentine (LSA)
Bolivia
Bolivian
Brazil
Brazilian (Libras)
Cena
Ka'apor
Chile
Chilean
Colombia
Colombian
Provisle
Ecuador
Ecuadorian
Paraguay
Paraguayan
Peru
Inmaculada
Peruvian
Sivia
Uruguay
Uruguayan
Venezuela
Venezuelan

International|

* International Sign
* Makaton
* Monastic
* Signalong

ASL|

* Grammar
* Idioms
* Literature
* Profanity
* Name signs

Extinct
languages|

* Chilmark
* Diyari
* Jaralde
* Kalkutungu
* Henniker Sign Language
* Martha's Vineyard
* Old French
* Old Kent
* Plateau Sign Language
* Pitha Pitha
* Sandy River Valley Sign Language
* Warluwara

Linguistics|

* Grammar (ASL)
* Bimodal bilingualism
* Phonology (ASL)
* Handshape / Location / Orientation / Movement / Expression
* Mouthing
* Nonmanual feature
* Sign names
* Home sign

Fingerspelling|

* American
* British (two-handed)
* Catalan
* Chilean
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Hungarian
* Irish
* Japanese
* Korean
* Polish
* Russian
* Serbo-Croatian
* Spanish
* Ukrainian
* Portuguese

Writing|

* ASL-phabet
* Hamburg Notation System
* Stokoe notation
* SignWriting
* si5s
* ASLwrite ()

Language
contact|

* Contact sign
* Initialized sign
* Mouthing

Signed Oral
Languages|

* Indian Signing System
* Manually coded English
* Manually coded language in South Africa
* Manually Coded Malay
* Paget Gorman Sign System
* Signed Dutch
* Signed French
* Signed German
* Signed Italian
* Signed Japanese
* Signed Polish
* Signed Spanish
* Signing Exact English
* Signed Swedish

Others|

* Bilingual–bicultural education
* Manually coded language

Media|

* Films (list)
* Television shows (list)

Persons|

* Jabbar Baghtcheban
* Jeanette Berglind
* Pär Aron Borg
* Thomas Braidwood
* Laurent Clerc
* Abbé de l'Épée
* Roger Fouts
* Valerie Sutton
* Thomas Gallaudet
* Abbé Sicard
* William Stokoe
* Pierre Pélissier

Organisations|

* Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
* International Center on Deafness and the Arts
* Mimics and Gesture Theatre
* World Association of Sign Language Interpreters

Miscellaneous|

* Baby sign language
* CHCI chimpanzee center (Washoe, Loulis)
* Open Outcry
* Legal recognition
* U.S. Army hand and arm signals
* Monastic sign languages
* Tactile signing
* Protactile
* Tic-tac

^a Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, ASL and BSL both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to French Sign Language.

^b Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

^c Italics indicate extinct languages.

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef

Portal:

* Language

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*[e]: Edit this template