Vesicular acetylcholine transporter

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

SLC18A3

Identifiers
Aliases| SLC18A3, VACHT, solute carrier family 18 member A3, CMS21
External IDs| OMIM: 600336; MGI: 1101061; HomoloGene: 11022; GeneCards: SLC18A3; OMA:SLC18A3 - orthologs
| Gene location (Human)

Chr.| Chromosome 10 (human)[1]

Band| 10q11.23| Start| 49,610,310 bp[1]
End| 49,612,720 bp[1]
| Gene location (Mouse)

Chr.| Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2]

Band| 14 B|14 19.4 cM| Start| 32,184,395 bp[2]
End| 32,186,807 bp[2]
| RNA expression pattern

Bgee| | Human| Mouse (ortholog)

|

| Top expressed in

* gonad

* putamen

* caudate nucleus

* placenta

* muscle layer of sigmoid colon

* nucleus accumbens

* hypothalamus

* C1 segment

* muscle tissue

* pituitary gland

| Top expressed in

* lumbar subsegment of spinal cord

* facial motor nucleus

* anterior horn of spinal cord

* habenula

* neural tube

* embryo

* superior frontal gyrus

* Basal plate

* embryo

* neural layer of retina

More reference expression data
BioGPS| | n/a

| Gene ontology

Molecular function|

* acetylcholine binding
* acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity

Cellular component|

* integral component of membrane
* plasma membrane
* clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle membrane
* AP-2 adaptor complex
* AP-1 adaptor complex
* clathrin-coated vesicle membrane
* presynapse
* membrane
* terminal bouton

Biological process|

* neurotransmitter transport
* neurotransmitter secretion
* transmembrane transport
* ammonium transmembrane transport
* membrane organization
* xenobiotic transmembrane transport
* organic cation transport
* acetate ester transport

Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
| Orthologs

Species| Human| Mouse
Entrez| |

6572

20508

Ensembl| |

ENSG00000187714

ENSMUSG00000100241

UniProt| |

Q16572

O35304
Q3TYJ1

RefSeq (mRNA)| |

NM_003055

NM_021712

RefSeq (protein)| |

NP_003046

NP_068358

Location (UCSC)| Chr 10: 49.61 – 49.61 Mb| Chr 14: 32.18 – 32.19 Mb
PubMed search| [3]| [4]
Wikidata
| View/Edit Human| View/Edit Mouse

|

The Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) is a neurotransmitter transporter which is responsible for loading acetylcholine (ACh) into secretory organelles in neurons making acetylcholine available for secretion.[5][6] It is encoded by Solute carrier family 18, member 3 (SLC18A3) gene, located within the first intron of the choline acetyltransferase gene. VAChT is able to transport ACh into vesicles by relying on an exchange between protons (H+) that were previously pumped into the vesicle diffusing out, thus acting as an antiporter. ACh molecules are then carried into the vesicle by the action of exiting protons.[7] Acetylcholine transport utilizes a proton gradient established by a vacuolar ATPase.

## VAChT uptake inhibitors

[edit]

### Radiolabeled compounds

[edit]

PET imaging of the VAChT may provide insights into early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

* (−)-trans-2-Hydroxy-3-(4-(4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl)piperidino)tetralin; racemate: Ki = 2.70 nM for VAChT, 191 nM for σ1, and 251 nM for σ2[8]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000187714 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000100241 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. ^ Erickson JD, Varoqui H (Dec 2000). "Molecular analysis of vesicular amine transporter function and targeting to secretory organelles". FASEB Journal. 14 (15): 2450–8. doi:10.1096/fj.00-0206rev. PMID 11099462. S2CID 15305436.
6. ^ Weihe E, Tao-Cheng JH, Schäfer MK, Erickson JD, Eiden LE (Apr 1996). "Visualization of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in cholinergic nerve terminals and its targeting to a specific population of small synaptic vesicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (8): 3547–52. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.3547W. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3547. PMC 39647. PMID 8622973.
7. ^ Waymire J. "Storage of ACh". University of Texas Medical Center.
8. ^ Tu Z, Efange SM, Xu J, Li S, Jones LA, Parsons SM, Mach RH (Mar 2009). "Synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 18F-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) ligands for imaging the vesicular acetylcholine transporter". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52 (5): 1358–69. doi:10.1021/jm8012344. PMC 2765529. PMID 19203271.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Matsuo A, Bellier JP, Nishimura M, Yasuhara O, Saito N, Kimura H (Feb 2011). "Nuclear choline acetyltransferase activates transcription of a high-affinity choline transporter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (7): 5836–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.147611. PMC 3037696. PMID 21163949.
* Lau JK, Brown KC, Thornhill BA, Crabtree CM, Dom AM, Witte TR, Hardman WE, McNees CA, Stover CA, Carpenter AB, Luo H, Chen YC, Shiflett BS, Dasgupta P (Feb 2013). "Inhibition of cholinergic signaling causes apoptosis in human bronchioalveolar carcinoma". Cancer Research. 73 (4): 1328–39. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3190. PMC 10461321. PMID 23222296.
* Varoqui H, Erickson JD (Nov 1996). "Active transport of acetylcholine by the human vesicular acetylcholine transporter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (44): 27229–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.44.27229. PMID 8910293.
* Harold D, Peirce T, Moskvina V, Myers A, Jones S, Hollingworth P, Moore P, Lovestone S, Powell J, Foy C, Archer N, Walter S, Edmonson A, McIlroy S, Craig D, Passmore PA, Goate A, Hardy J, O'Donovan M, Williams J, Liddell M, Owen MJ, Jones L (Aug 2003). "Sequence variation in the CHAT locus shows no association with late-onset Alzheimer's disease". Human Genetics. 113 (3): 258–67. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0960-2. PMID 12759818. S2CID 24977017.
* Morgan AR, Turic D, Jehu L, Hamilton G, Hollingworth P, Moskvina V, Jones L, Lovestone S, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Lawlor B, Gill M, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Williams J (Sep 2007). "Association studies of 23 positional/functional candidate genes on chromosome 10 in late-onset Alzheimer's disease". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B. 144B (6): 762–70. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30509. PMID 17373700. S2CID 26081707.
* Schütz B, Chen L, Schäfer MK, Weihe E, Eiden LE (2000). "Somatomotor neuron-specific expression of the human cholinergic gene locus in transgenic mice". Neuroscience. 96 (4): 707–22. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00587-4. PMID 10727789. S2CID 44276305.
* Khare P, Mulakaluri A, Parsons SM (Nov 2010). "Search for the acetylcholine and vesamicol binding sites in vesicular acetylcholine transporter: the region around the lumenal end of the transport channel". Journal of Neurochemistry. 115 (4): 984–93. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06990.x. PMC 2962730. PMID 20831599.
* Tayebati SK, El-Assouad D, Ricci A, Amenta F (Nov 2002). "Immunochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of cholinergic markers in human peripheral blood lymphocytes". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 132 (1–2): 147–55. doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00325-9. PMID 12417445. S2CID 20921312.
* Chireux MA, Le Van Thai A, Weber MJ (Mar 1995). "Human choline acetyltransferase gene: localization of alternative first exons". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 40 (4): 427–38. doi:10.1002/jnr.490400402. PMID 7616604. S2CID 42856768.

## External links

[edit]

* Vesicular+Acetylcholine+Transporter at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

* v
* t
* e

Membrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)

By group

SLC1–10

| (1):|

* high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter
* SLC1A1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7

|

(2):|

* facilitative GLUT transporter
* SLC2A1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14

(3):|

* heavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters
* SLC3A1
* 2

(4):|

* bicarbonate transporter
* SLC4A1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11

(5):|

* sodium glucose cotransporter
* SLC5A1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12

(6):|

* sodium\- and chloride\- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters
* SLC6A1
* SLC6A2
* SLC6A3
* SLC6A4
* SLC6A5
* SLC6A6
* SLC6A7
* SLC6A8
* SLC6A9
* SLC6A10
* SLC6A11
* SLC6A12
* SLC6A13
* SLC6A14
* SLC6A15
* SLC6A16
* SLC6A17
* SLC6A18
* SLC6A19
* SLC6A20

(7):|

* cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated
* SLC7A1
* SLC7A2
* SLC7A3
* SLC7A4
* glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters
* SLC7A5
* SLC7A6
* SLC7A7
* SLC7A8
* SLC7A9
* SLC7A10
* SLC7A11
* SLC7A13
* SLC7A14

(8):|

* Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
* SLC8A1
* SLC8A2
* SLC8A3

(9):|

* Na+/H+ exchanger
* SLC9A1
* SLC9A2
* SLC9A3
* SLC9A4
* SLC9A5
* SLC9A6
* SLC9A7
* SLC9A8
* SLC9A9
* SLC9A10
* SLC9A11

(10):|

* sodium bile salt cotransport
* SLC10A1
* SLC10A2
* SLC10A3
* SLC10A4
* SLC10A5
* SLC10A6
* SLC10A7
* 10A1
* 10A2
* 10A3
* 10A7

SLC11–20

| (11):|

* proton coupled metal ion transporter
* SLC11A1
* SLC11A211A3

|

(12):|

* electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter
* SLC12A1
* SLC12A2
* SLC12A3
* SLC12A4
* SLC12A5
* SLC12A6
* SLC12A7
* SLC12A8
* SLC12A9

(13):|

* human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter
* SLC13A1
* SLC13A2
* SLC13A3
* SLC13A4
* SLC13A5

(14):|

* urea transporter
* SLC14A1
* SLC14A2

(15):|

* proton oligopeptide cotransporter
* SLC15A1
* SLC15A2
* SLC15A3
* SLC15A4

(16):|

* monocarboxylate transporter
* SLC16A1
* SLC16A2
* SLC16A3
* SLC16A4
* SLC16A5
* SLC16A6
* SLC16A7
* SLC16A8
* SLC16A9
* SLC16A10
* SLC16A11
* SLC16A12
* SLC16A13
* SLC16A14

(17):|

* Vesicular glutamate transporter 1
* SLC17A1
* SLC17A2
* SLC17A3
* SLC17A4
* SLC17A5
* SLC17A6
* SLC17A7
* SLC17A8
* SLC17A9

(18):|

* vesicular monoamine transporter
* SLC18A1
* SLC18A2
* SLC18A3

(19):|

* folate/thiamine transporter
* SLC19A1
* SLC19A2
* SLC19A3

(20):|

* type III Na+-phosphate cotransporter
* SLC20A1
* SLC20A2

SLC21–30

| (21):|

* Organic anion-transporting polypeptide
* SLCO1A2
* SLCO1B1
* SLCO1B3
* SLCO1B4
* SLCO1C1
*     * SLCO2A1
* SLCO2B1
*     * SLCO3A1
*     * SLCO4A1
* SLCO4C1
*     * SLCO5A1(SLCO6A1)

|

(22):|

* organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter
* SLC22A1
* SLC22A2
* SLC22A3
* SLC22A4
* SLC22A5
* SLC22A6
* SLC22A7
* SLC22A8
* SLC22A9
* SLC22A10
* SLC22A11
* SLC22A12
* SLC22A13
* SLC22A14
* SLC22A15
* SLC22A16
* SLC22A17
* SLC22A18
* SLC22A19
* SLC22A20

(23):|

* Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter
* SLC23A1
* SLC23A2
* SLC23A3
* SLC23A4

(24):|

* Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger
* SLC24A1
* SLC24A2
* SLC24A3
* SLC24A4
* SLC24A5
* SLC24A6

(25):|

* mitochondrial carrier
* SLC25A1
* SLC25A2
* SLC25A3
* SLC25A4
* SLC25A5
* SLC25A6
* SLC25A7
* SLC25A8
* SLC25A9
* SLC25A10
* SLC25A11
* SLC25A12
* SLC25A13
* SLC25A14
* SLC25A15
* SLC25A16
* SLC25A17
* SLC25A18
* SLC25A19
* SLC25A20
* SLC25A21
* SLC25A22
* SLC25A23
* SLC25A24
* SLC25A25
* SLC25A26
* SLC25A27
* SLC25A28
* SLC25A29
* SLC25A30
* SLC25A31
* SLC25A32
* SLC25A33
* SLC25A34
* SLC25A35
* SLC25A36
* SLC25A37
* SLC25A38
* SLC25A39
* SLC25A40
* SLC25A41
* SLC25A42
* SLC25A43
* SLC25A44
* SLC25A45
* SLC25A46

(26):|

* multifunctional anion exchanger
* SLC26A1
* SLC26A2
* SLC26A3
* SLC26A4
* SLC26A5
* SLC26A6
* SLC26A7
* SLC26A8
* SLC26A9
* SLC26A10
* SLC26A11

(27):|

* fatty acid transport proteins
* SLC27A1
* SLC27A2
* SLC27A3
* SLC27A4
* SLC27A5
* SLC27A6

(28):|

* Na+-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1
* SLC28A2
* SLC28A3

(29):|

* facilitative nucleoside transporter
* SLC29A1
* SLC29A2
* SLC29A3
* SLC29A4

(30):|

* zinc efflux
* SLC30A1
* SLC30A2
* SLC30A3
* SLC30A4
* SLC30A5
* SLC30A6
* SLC30A7
* SLC30A8
* SLC30A9
* SLC30A10

SLC31–40

| (31):|

* copper transporter
* SLC31A1

|

(32):|

* Vesicular glutamate transporter 1
* SLC32A1

(33):|

* Acetyl-CoA transporter
* SLC33A1

(34):|

* type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter
* SLC34A1
* SLC34A2
* SLC34A3

(35):|

* nucleoside-sugar transporter
* SLC35A1
* SLC35A2
* SLC35A3
* SLC35A4
* SLC35A5
*     * SLC35B1
* SLC35B2
* SLC35B3
* SLC35B4
*     * SLC35C1
* SLC35C2
*     * SLC35D1
* SLC35D2
* SLC35D3
*     * SLC35E1
* SLC35E2
* SLC35E3
* SLC35E4

(36):|

* proton-coupled amino-acid transporter
* SLC36A1
* SLC36A2
* SLC36A3
* SLC36A436A2

(37):|

* sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger
* SLC37A1
* SLC37A2
* SLC37A3
* SLC37A4

(38):|

* System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter
* SLC38A1
* SLC38A2
* SLC38A3
* SLC38A4
* SLC38A5
* SLC38A6
* SLC38A10

(39):|

* metal ion transporter
* SLC39A1
* SLC39A2
* SLC39A3
* SLC39A4
* SLC39A5
* SLC39A6
* SLC39A7
* SLC39A8
* SLC39A9
* SLC39A10
* SLC39A11
* SLC39A12
* SLC39A13
* SLC39A14

(40):|

* basolateral iron transporter
* SLC40A1

SLC41–48

| (41):|

* Magnesium transporter E
* SLC41A1
* SLC41A2
* SLC41A3

|

(42):|

* Ammonia transporter
* RhAG
* RhBG
* RhCG

(43):|

* Na+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter
* SLC43A1
* SLC43A2
* SLC43A3

(44):|

* Choline-like transporter
* SLC44A1
* SLC44A2
* SLC44A3
* SLC44A4
* SLC44A5

(45):|

* Putative sugar transporter
* SLC45A1
* SLC45A2
* SLC54A3
* SLC45A4

(46):|

* Folate transporter
* SLC46A1
* SLC46A2

(47):|

* multidrug and toxin extrusion
* SLC47A1
* SLC47A2

(48):|

* Heme transporter

SLCO1–4

* O1A2
* O1B1
* O1B3
* O2B1
* O431
* O4A1

Ion pumps

| Symporter, Cotransporter|

* Na+/K+,Cl−
* Na+/Pi3
* Na+/Cl−
* Na+/glucose
* Na+/I−
* Cl−/K+
* 4
* 5

|

Antiporter (exchanger)|

* Na+/H+
* Na+/Ca2+
* Na+/(Ca2+-K+) - Cl−/HCO−
3 (Band 3)
* Cl−-formate
* Cl−-oxalate

see also solute carrier disorders

* v
* t
* e

Membrane transport protein: neurotransmitter transporters (TC 2.A.1.2)

Vesicular|

* Vesicular monoamine
* VMAT1
* VMAT2
* Vesicular acetylcholine
* Vesicular glutamate
* Vesicular GABA

Other|

* Monoamine
* DAT
* NET
* SERT
* PMAT
* Excitatory amino-acid transporter
* GABA transporter

* v
* t
* e

Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators

Enzyme
(modulators)|

| ChATTooltip Choline acetyltransferase|

* Inhibitors: 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
* 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
* 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
* 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
* Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
* Acryloylcholine
* AF64A
* B115
* BETA
* CM-54,903
* N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
* N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate

|

AChETooltip Acetylcholinesterase|

* Inhibitors: Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb
* Aminocarb
* Bendiocarb
* Bufencarb
* Carbaryl
* Carbendazim
* Carbetamide
* Carbofuran
* Carbosulfan
* Chlorbufam
* Chloropropham
* Dimetilan
* Ethienocarb
* Ethiofencarb
* Fenobucarb
* Formetanate
* Formparanate
* Methiocarb
* Methomyl
* Metolcarb
* Miotine
* Oxamyl
* Phenmedipham
* Pinmicarb
* Pirimicarb
* Promecarb
* Propamocarb
* Propham
* Propoxur
* Thiodicarb
* Thiofanox; Stigmines: Distigmine
* Eptastigmine
* Ganstigmine
* Neostigmine +glycopyrronium bromide
* Phenserine
* Physostigmine
* Pyridostigmine
* Quilostigmine
* Rivastigmine
* Terestigmine; Others: Acotiamide
* Ambenonium
* Caffeine
* Donepezil
* EA-3990
* EA-4056
* Edrophonium
* Galantamine
* Huperzine A
* Huprine W
* Huprine X
* Huprine Y
* Ipidacrine
* Itopride
* Ladostigil
* Minaprine
* Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
* T-1123
* T-1152
* T-1194
* TL-599
* TL-1238
* Tacrine
* Zanapezil

* Irreversible: Organophosphates: 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
* Acephate
* Armine
* Azinphos-ethyl
* Azinphos-methyl
* BAY-29952
* Bensulide
* Cadusafos
* Carbophenothion
* Chlorethoxyfos
* Chlorfenvinphos
* Chlorpyrifos
* Chlorpyrifos-methyl
* Coumaphos
* Crotylsarin
* Cyanophos
* Cyclosarin (GF)
* Demephion
* Demeton
* Demeton-S-methyl
* Dialifor
* Diazinon
* Dichlorvos
* Dicrotophos
* Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
* Diisopropylphosphate
* Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
* Dimefox
* Dimethoate
* Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
* Dioxathion
* Disulfoton
* EA-2012
* EA-2054
* EA-2098
* EA-2192
* EA-2613
* EA-3148
* EA-4352
* Echothiophate
* Ethylsarin (GE)
* Endothion
* EPN
* Ethion
* Ethoprop
* Fenamiphos
* Fenitrothion
* Fenthion
* Fluorotabun
* Fonofos
* Formothion
* Fosthiazate
* GD-42
* GH
* GT-45
* GV
* Guanitoxin
* Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)
* Isofluorophate
* Isoxathion
* Leptophos
* Malaoxon
* Malathion
* Mazidox
* Methamidophos
* Methidathion
* Methyl phenkapton
* Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)
* Metrifonate
* Mevinphos
* Mipafox
* Monocrotophos
* MSPI
* Naled
* Novichok agent
* Omethoate
* Oxydemeton-methyl
* Paraoxon
* Parathion
* Parathion-methyl
* Phorate
* Phosalone
* Phosfolan
* Phosmet
* Phosphamidon
* Phoxim
* Pirimiphos-methyl
* Profenofos
* Prothoate
* R-16661
* Ro 3-0340
* Ro 3-0346
* Ro 3-0347
* Ro 3-0351
* Ro 3-0352
* Ro 3-0397
* Ro 3-0411
* Ro 3-0412
* Ro 3-0417
* Ro 3-0419
* Ro 3-0422
* Ro 3-0433
* Ronnel
* Sarin (GB)
* Schradan
* Soman (GD)
* Sulfotep (TEDP)
* Tabun (GA)
* Tebupirimfos
* Temefos
* Terbufos
* Tetrachlorvinphos
* Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
* Triazofos
* Tribufos
* Trichlorfon
* Trichloronate
* Tricresyl phosphate
* VE
* VG
* VM
* VP
* VS
* VR
* VX; Others: Demecarium
* Fasciculins (green mamba toxins) (1, 2, 3, 4)
* Onchidal (Onchidella binneyi)
* Methanesulfonyl fluoride

* Unsorted: α-Pinene
* α-Viniferin
* Affinine
* Affinisine
* Arisugacin A
* Bulbocapnine
* Conodurine
* Coronaridine
* Corydaline
* Corynoline
* Crimidine
* Cyclanoline
* Cymserine
* Harmaline
* Kobophenol A
* Lactucopicrin
* Lycorine
* Phosacetim
* Rosmarinic acid
* Stercuronium iodide
* Taspine
* Tetrahydrocannabinol
* Ungeremine
* Ungiminorine
* Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
* BW284C51
* TMTFA
* 3152 CT

* Reactivators: Asoxime chloride
* Methoxime
* Obidoxime
* Pralidoxime
* Trimedoxime bromide

BChETooltip Butyrylcholinesterase|

* Inhibitors: Affinine
* Affinisine
* Conodurine
* Cymserine
* Ladostigil
* Profenamine (ethopropazine)
* Rivastigmine
* Tacrine
* ZINC-12613047
* Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above

Transporter
(modulators)|

| CHTTooltip Choline transporter|

* Inhibitors: Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)
* Triethylcholine

* Enhancers: Coluracetam

|

VAChTTooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter|

* Inhibitors: Vesamicol

Release
(modulators)|

| Inhibitors|

* SNAP-25Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 inactivators: Botulinum toxin (A, C, E)

* VAMPTooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein inactivators: Botulinum toxin (B, D, F, G)

* Others: Bungarotoxins (β-bungarotoxin, γ-bungarotoxin)

|

Enhancers|

* LPHNTooltip Latrophilin agonists: α-Latrotoxin

* Others: Atracotoxins (e.g., robustoxin, versutoxin)
* Crotoxin

See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators

This membrane protein–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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* v
* t
* e

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[ChAT]: Choline acetyltransferase
*[AChE]: Acetylcholinesterase
*[BChE]: Butyrylcholinesterase
*[CHT]: Choline transporter
*[VAChT]: Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
*[SNAP-25]: Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
*[VAMP]: Vesicle-associated membrane protein
*[LPHN]: Latrophilin