Vietnamese exonyms

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:

## History

[edit]

Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.

During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.

Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.

### Sino-Vietnamese exonyms

[edit]

Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries, such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries, retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only two cities in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.

### Exonyms from other languages

[edit]

In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.

See also: Spelling of Shakespeare's name

However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.[1]

There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French[citation needed]. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.

### Other cases

[edit]

The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជា Kâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວ Lav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញ Phnum Pénh, Lao ວຽງຈັນ Viangchan and Thai บางกอก Bāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.

## Afghanistan

[edit]

Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan[2]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Kabul | Ka-bun[3] | Kābol (کابل)  | Persian  |
Kābəl (کابل)  | Pashto  |

## Albania

[edit]

Albania An-ba-ni[4]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tirana | Ti-ra-na[5] | Tiranë  | Albanian  |

## Algeria

[edit]

Algeria An-giê-ri

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Algiers | thủ đô nước An-giê-ri  | Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر)  | Standard Arabic  |

## Argentina

[edit]

Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na[6]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Buenos Aires | Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[7] | Buenos Aires  | Spanish  |

## Australia

[edit]

Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Melbourne | Miêu Bình, Mai Bình[8] | Melbourne  | English  |
Sydney | Xích-ni  | Sydney  | English  |

## Austria

[edit]

Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Vienna | Viên  | Wien  | German  |

## Bahrain

[edit]

Bahrain Ba-ranh

## Bangladesh

[edit]

Bangladesh Băng-la-đét

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Dhaka | Đắc-ca  | Dhaka (ঢাকা)  | Bengali  |

## Belarus

[edit]

Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga[9]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Minsk | Min-xcơ[10] | Minsk (Мінск)  | Belarusian  |

## Belgium

[edit]

Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích,[11] Bỉ[12]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Brussels | Bức San, Brúc-xen[13] | Brussel  | Dutch  |
Bruxelles  | French  |

## Brazil

[edit]

Brazil Ba Tây,[14] Bi Lê Diên Lô,[15] Bra-xin[16]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Brasilia | Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[17] | Brasilia  | Portuguese  |
Rio de Janeiro | Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô  | Rio de Janeiro  | Portuguese  |
São Paulo | Thánh Phao Lồ  | São Paulo  | Portuguese  |

## Bulgaria

[edit]

Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri[18]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Sofia | Xô-phi-a[19] | Sofija (София)  | Bulgarian  |

## Cambodia

[edit]

Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia)

English  | Vietnamese  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Angkor | Đế Thiên Đế Thích  | Ângkôr (អង្គរ)  | Khmer  |
Banteay Meas | Sài Mạt  | Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស)  | Khmer  |
Battambang | Bát Tầm Bôn  | Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង)  | Khmer  |
Bavet | Truông Cát  | Bavĭt (បាវិត)  | Khmer  |
Bokor | Tà Lơn  | Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ)  | Khmer  |
Damrei Mountains | Tượng Sơn  | Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី)  | Khmer  |
Kampot | Cần Bột  | Kâmpôt (កំពត)  | Khmer  |
Kep | Bạch Mã  | Kêb (កែប)  | Khmer  |
Kiri Vong | Linh Quỳnh  | Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់)  | Khmer  |
Koh Tang | Hòn Thăng  | Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង)  | Khmer  |
Koh Wai | Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây  | Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ)  | Khmer  |
Kompong Chhnang | Xà Năng  | Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង)  | Khmer  |
Kratié | Cần Ché  | Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ)  | Khmer  |
Lavek/Longvek | La Bích  | Lvêk (ល្វែក)
Lôngvêk (លង្វែក)  | Khmer  |
Neak Loeung | Hối Lương,[20] Cầu Nam  | 'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង)  | Khmer  |
Peam Chor | Biên Chúc  | Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ)  | Khmer  |
Phnom Penh | Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên,[21] Phnôm Pênh[22] | Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ)  | Khmer  |
Pursat | Phú Túc  | Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់)  | Khmer  |
Siem Reap | Xiêm Riệp[23] | Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប)  | Khmer  |
Sihanoukville | Kâm Póng Sao,[24] Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm  | Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ)
Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម)  | Khmer  |
Svay Rieng | Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng  | Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង)  | Khmer  |
Tonlé Sap | Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ  | Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប)  | Khmer  |

## Canada

[edit]

Canada Gia Nã Đại

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
British Columbia | Columbia Thuộc Anh  | British Columbia  | English  |
Montreal | Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn  | Montréal  | French  |
Ottawa | Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[25] | Ottawa  | English  |
Quebec | Quế Bích  | Québec  | French  |
Toronto | Tô Luân  | Toronto  | English  |
Vancouver | Văn Cầu  | Vancouver  | English  |

## China

[edit]

China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Beijing | Bắc Kinh  | Běijīng (北京)  | Mandarin  |
Changchun | Trường Xuân  | Chángchūn (长春)  | Mandarin  |
Chengdu | Thành Đô  | Chéngdū (成都)  | Mandarin  |
Chongqing | Trùng Khánh  | Chóngqìng (重庆)  | Mandarin  |
Fujian | Phúc Kiến  | Fújiàn (福建)  | Mandarin  |
Hok-kiàn  | Hokkien  |
Guangzhou | Quảng Châu  | Guǎngzhōu (广州)  | Mandarin  |
Guilin | Quế Lâm  | Guìlín (桂林)  | Mandarin  |
Hainan | Hải Nam  | Hǎinán (海南)  | Mandarin  |
Harbin | Cáp Nhĩ Tân  | Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨)  | Mandarin  |
Hohhot | Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột  | Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特)  | Mandarin  |
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ)  | Mongolian script  |
Hong Kong | Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông  | Xiānggǎng (香港)  | Mandarin  |
Hēunggóng  | Cantonese  |
Hong Kong  | English  |
Inner Mongolia | Nội Mông (Cổ)  | Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古)  | Mandarin  |
Öbür Monggol

(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)

| Mongolian script  |
Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao  | Àomén(澳門)  | Mandarin  |
Ōumún  | Cantonese  |
Macau  | Portuguese  |
Nanjing | Nam Kinh  | Nánjīng (南京)  | Mandarin  |
Sanya | Tam Á  | Sānyà (三亚)  | Mandarin  |
Shanghai | Thượng Hải  | Shànghǎi (上海)  | Mandarin  |
Shenzhen | Thâm Quyến  | Shēnzhèn (深圳)  | Mandarin  |
Sichuan | Tứ Xuyên  | Sìchuān (四川)  | Mandarin  |
Ürümqi | U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề  | Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐)  | Mandarin  |
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی)  | Uyghur  |
Wuhan | Vũ Hán  | Wǔhàn (武汉)  | Mandarin  |
Xiamen | Hạ Môn  | Xiàmén (厦门)  | Mandarin  |
Xi'an | Tây An  | Xī'ān (西安)  | Mandarin  |
Yangtze River | Trường Giang  | Cháng Jiāng (长江)  | Mandarin  |
Zhengzhou | Trịnh Châu  | Zhèngzhōu (郑州)  | Mandarin  |

## Cyprus

[edit]

Cyprus Đảo Síp[26]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Nicosia | Ni-cô-xi-a[27] | Lefkosía (Λευκωσία)  | Greek  |
Lefkoşa  | Turkish  |

## Czechia

[edit]

Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc[28]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Prague | Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha[29] | Praha  | Czech  |

## Denmark

[edit]

Denmark Đan Mạch

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Copenhagen | Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[30] | København  | Danish  |
Greenland | Grin-len,[31] Thanh Đảo  | Grønland  | Danish  |
Nuuk | Nu-úc[32] | Godthåb  | Danish  |

## East Timor

[edit]

East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Dili | Đi-li[33] | Dili  | Tetum  |

## Egypt

[edit]

Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Alexandria | A-lếch-xan-đri-a  | al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية)  | Standard Arabic  |
Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ)  | Coptic  |
Cairo | Kê Thành  | al-Qāhirah (القاهرة‎)  | Standard Arabic
Maṣr (مَصر)  | Egyptian Arabic  | Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city, the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well.
Port Said | thành phố Cảng (Port) Said[34] | Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد)  | Egyptian Arabic  |

## Eritrea

[edit]

Eritrea Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a[35]

## Estonia

[edit]

Estonia E-xtô-ni-a

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tallinn | Ta-lin[36] | Talin  | Estonian

## Ethiopia

[edit]

Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a[37]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Addis Ababa  | A-đi A-ba-ba  | አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba)[38] | Amharic

## Finland

[edit]

Finland Phần Lan

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Helsinki | Hiệu Sinh Kì  | Helsinki  | Finnish

## France

[edit]

France Pháp Lan Tây, Pháp, Phú Lãng Sa

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Lyon | Li-ông  | Lyon  | French
Marseille | Ma-xai[39] | Marseille  | French
Nice | Niết-xa[40] | Nice  | French
Nouvelle Calédonie | Tân Thế Giới  | Nouvelle Calédonie  | French
Paris | Ba Lê, Pha Lí,[39] Pa-ri[41] | Paris  | French
Sète | Xét-ta[42] | Sète  | French
Toulon | Thu-long[39] | Toulon  | French

## Georgia

[edit]

Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a[43]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tbilisi | Tbi-li-xi[44] | Tbilisi (თბილისი)  | Georgian

## Germany

[edit]

Germany Đức, An-lê-mân[45]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Berlin | Bá Linh, Béc-lin[46] | Berlin  | German
Cologne | Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ  | Köln / Koeln  | German
Hamburg | Hàm Phủ  | Hamburg  | German
Hanover | An-nô-vi[47] | Hannover  | German

## Greece

[edit]

Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách,[48] Gờ-réc

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Athens | Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten[49] | Athína (Αθήνα)  | Greek
Ionian Islands | Y Du Nhiên  |  | Greek
Santorini | Đảo San Hô  | Thíra (Θήρα)  | Greek
Thessalonica | Salonica  | Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη)  | Greek
Zakynthos | San-tê  | Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος)  | Greek

## Iceland

[edit]

Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len[50]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Reykjavik | Rây-ki-a-vích[51] | Reykjavík  | Icelandic

## India

[edit]

India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Ganges | sông Hằng  | Gangā (गंगा)  | Hindi
Goa | Cô Á  | Gōvā (गोवा)  | Hindi
New Delhi | Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li[52] | Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली)  | Hindi

## Indonesia

[edit]

Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a[53]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Aceh | A Chinh[54] | Aceh  | Indonesian
Batavia | Ba Thiềng  |  |  | modern-day Jakarta
Jakarta | Giang Lưu Ba  | Jakarta  | Indonesian
Java | Trảo Oa  | Java  | Indonesian
Palembang | Tam Phật Tề[55] | Palembang  | Indonesian

## Iran

[edit]

Iran Ba Tư

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tehran | Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran[56] | Ťehrân (تهران‎)  | Persian

## Iraq

[edit]

Iraq Y Lạp

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Baghdad | Bác Đạt, Bát-đa  | Baghdad (بغداد‎)  | Standard Arabic

## Ireland

[edit]

Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Dublin | Đạp Lân, Đu-blin[57] | Baile Átha Cliath  | Irish  | English name also used locally

## Israel

[edit]

Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en, Y-sơ-ra-ên, Ít-ra-en

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Acre | Akko  | Ako (עכו)  | Hebrew  |
Bethlehem | Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem  | Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם)  | Hebrew  | currently in Palestinian territories
Jerusalem | Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem[58] | Yerushaláyim (ירושלים)  | Hebrew  | partially in Palestinian territories
Judea | Do Thái  | Yehuda (יהודה)  | Hebrew  | currently in Palestinian territories

## Italy

[edit]

Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Capri | Ca Pha Lí[59] | Capri  | Italian  |
Genoa | Giai Noa[60] | Genoa  | Italian  |
Naples | Nạp Bồ Lê[60] | Napoli  | Italian  |
Rome | La Mã  | Roma  | Italian  |
Venice | Vơ-ni-dơ  | Venezia  | Italian  |

## Japan

[edit]

Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật, Nhựt Bổn

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Hiroshima | Quảng Ðảo  | Hiroshima (広島)  | Japanese  |
Hokkaido | Bắc Hải Ðạo  | Hokkaidō (北海道)  | Japanese  |
Honshu | Bổn Châu  | Honshū (本州)  | Japanese  |
Kansai | Quan Tây  | Kansai (関西)  | Japanese  |
Kanto | Quan Ðông  | Kantō (関東)  | Japanese  |
Kobe | Thần Hộ  | Kōbe (神戸)  | Japanese  |
Kyoto | Kinh Ðô  | Kyōto (京都)  | Japanese  |
Kyushu | Cửu Châu  | Kyūshū (九州)  | Japanese  |
Nagasaki | Tràng Kỳ  | Nagasaki (長崎)  | Japanese  |
Okinawa | Xung Thằng  | Okinawa (沖縄)  | Japanese  |
Osaka | Đại Phản  | Ōsaka (大阪)  | Japanese  |
Ryukyu | Lưu Cầu  | Ryūkyū (琉球)  | Japanese  |
Sapporo | Trát Hoảng  | Sapporo (札幌)  | Japanese  |
Sendai | Tiên Ðài  | Sendai (仙台)  | Japanese  |
Senkaku | Tiêm Các  | Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島)  | Japanese  |
Shikoku | Tứ Quốc  | Shikoku (四国)  | Japanese  |
Tokyo | Đông Kinh  | Tōkyō (東京)  | Japanese  |

While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.

## Jordan

[edit]

Jordan Gióc-đan, Gioóc-đa-ni[61]

## Kazakhstan

[edit]

Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan[62]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Nur-Sultan | A-xta-na[63] | Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан)  | Kazakh  |

## Kyrgyzstan

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Bishkek | Bi-sơ-kếch  | Bishkek (Бишкек)  | Kyrgyz  |
Russian  |

## Laos

[edit]

Laos Ai Lao, Lào

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Champasak | Ba Thắc  | Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ)  | Lao  |
Houaphanh | Sầm Châu  | Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)  | Lao  |
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang | Nam Chưởng  |  |  |
Khamkeut | Cam Cát  | Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)  | Lao  |
Khammouane | Cam Môn  | Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)  | Lao  |
Luang Phrabang | Luông Pha Băng,[64] Lão Qua  | Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)  | Lao  |
Samneua | Sầm Nứa  | Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)  | Lao  |
Sam Tai | Sầm Tộ  | Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້)  | Lao  |
Vientiane | Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn[65] | Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)  | Lao  | Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling
Xiangkhoang | Trấn Ninh  | Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)  | Lao  |
Xiengkho | Trình Cố  | Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)  | Lao  |

## Latvia

[edit]

Latvia Lát-vi-a[66]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Riga | Ri-ga[66] | Riga  | Latvian  |

## Libya

[edit]

Libya Li-bi[67]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tripoli | Tri-po-li[68] | Ṭarābulus (طرابلس)  | Standard Arabic  |

## Lithuania

[edit]

Lithuania Lít-va[69]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Vilnius | Vin-ni-út[70] | Vilnius  | Lithuanian  |

## Luxembourg

[edit]

Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo[71]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Luxembourg City | Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua  | Lëtzebuerg  | Luxembourgish  |

## Malaysia

[edit]

Malaysia Mã Lai Tây Á, Ma-lai-xi-a

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Bidong Island | Hòn Rắn  | Pulau Bidong  | Malay  |
Kuala Lumpur | Cát Long Pha  | Kuala Lumpur  | Malay  |
Penang Island | Cù lao Cau  | Pulau Pinang  | Malay  |

## Moldova

[edit]

Moldova Môn-đô-va[72]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Chisinau | Ki-si-nhốp[73] | Chișinău  | Moldovan  |

## Mongolia

[edit]

Mongolia Mông Cổ[74]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Ulaanbaatar | Ulan Bato[75] | Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар)  | Mongolian Cyrillic  |
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ)  | Mongolian script  |

## Montenegro

[edit]

Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô[76]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Podgorica | Pốt-gô-ri-xa  | Podgorica (Подгорица)  | Montenegrin  |

## Morocco

[edit]

Morocco Ma-rốc

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Casablanca | Bạch Ốc  | ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا)  | Arabic  |
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ)  | Berber languages  |
Rabat | Ra-bát  | ar-Rabat (الرباط)  | Arabic  |

## Mexico

[edit]

Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô[77]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Mexico City | Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[78] | Ciudad de México  | Spanish  |

## Myanmar

[edit]

Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện,[79] Diến Điện

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Naypyidaw | Nây-pi-tô[80] | Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်)  | Burmese
Yangon | Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon[81] | Raankone (ရန်ကုန်)  | Burmese

## Netherlands

[edit]

Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Amsterdam | Am-tước-đàm, Am-xtéc-đam[82] | Amsterdam  | Dutch
Rotterdam | Luật Tước Đàm  | Rotterdam  | Dutch
The Hague | Hạc Phủ  | Den Haag  | Dutch

## New Zealand

[edit]

New Zealand Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân[83]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Notes
Wellington | Oen-ling-tơn[84]

## North Korea

[edit]

North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Pyongyang | Bình Nhưỡng  | Phyŏngyang (평양)  | Korean
Hamhung | Hàm Hưng  | Hamhǔng (함흥)  | Korean
Rason | La Tiên  | Rasŏn (라선)  | Korean
Sinuiju | Tân Nghĩa Châu  | Sinŭiju (신의주)  | Korean
Kaesong | Khai Thành  | Kaesŏng (개성)  | Korean
Chongjin | Thanh Tân  | Chŏngjin (청진)  | Korean
Nampo | Nam Phổ  | Nampho (남포)  | Korean
Wonsan | Nguyên Sơn  | Wŏnsan (원산)  | Korean

## North Macedonia

[edit]

North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia[85]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Skopje | Xcốp-pi-ê[86] | Скопје (Skopje)  | Macedonian

## Norway

[edit]

Norway Na Uy

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Oslo | Ốt-xlô  | Oslo  | Norwegian

## Pakistan

[edit]

Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Islamabad | I-xla-ma-bát[87] | Islamabad (اسلام آباد)  | Urdu

## Philippines

[edit]

Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Manila | Ma Ní  | Manila  | Tagalog
Luzon | Lữ Tống  | Luzon  | Tagalog

## Poland

[edit]

Poland Ba Lan

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Warsaw | Vác-sa-va  | Warszawa  | Polish

## Portugal

[edit]

Portugal Bồ Đào Nha

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Lisbon | Lisboa  | Lisboa  | Portugal

## Qatar

[edit]

Qatar Ca-ta

## Romania

[edit]

Romania Ru-ma-ni[88]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Bucharest | Bu-ca-rét[89] | București  | Romanian

## Russia

[edit]

Russia Nga La Tư, Nga

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Kamchatka | Cam-sát-ca  | Kamchatka (Камчатка)  | Russian
Moscow | Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va  | Moskva (Москва)  | Russian
Novosibirsk | Nô-vô-xi-biếc  | Novosibirsk (Новосибирск)  | Russian
Saint Petersburg | Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc  | Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург)  | Russian
Sevastopol | Tô Bồ Lô[90] | Sevastopol' (Севастополь)  | Russian
Vladivostok | Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông  | Vladivostok (Владивосток)  | Russian
Volgagrad | Vôn-ga-grát  | Volgagrad (Волгоград)  | Russian

## Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Riyadh | E-ri-át  | ar-Riyadh (لرياض)  | Standard Arabic

## Singapore

[edit]

Singapore Xinh-ga-po, Tân Gia Ba

## South Africa

[edit]

South Africa Nam Phi

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Bloemfontein | Blô-phông-ten[91] | Bloemfontein  | English
Cape Town | Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao[92] | Cape Town  | English
Pretoria | Pri-tơ-ri-a[93] | Pretoria  | English

## South Korea

[edit]

South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Busan | Phủ Sơn  | Busan (부산)  | Korean
Chungju | Trung Châu  | Chungju (충주)  | Korean
Daegu | Đại Khâu  | Daegu (대구)  | Korean
Gangnam | Giang Nam  | Gangnam (강남)  | Korean
Incheon | Nhân Xuyên  | Incheon (인천)  | Korean
Jeju | Tế Châu  | Jeju (제주)  | Korean
Seoul | Hán Thành
Xơ-un  | Hanseong (한성)
Seoul (서울)  | Korean

## Spain

[edit]

Spain Tây Ban Nha, Y Pha Nho

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Alicante | A Li Căn[94] | Alicante  | Spanish
Almansa | An-ma-gia[95] | Almansa  | Spanish
Barcelona | Ba Xà Luân[96] | Barcelona  | Spanish
Cadiz | Ca-đích[97] | Cádiz  | Spanish
Madrid | Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí,[98] Ma-đrít[99] | Madrid  | Spanish
Menorca | Mi-nô-ca[94] | Menorca  | Spanish
Valencia | Ba-linh-xa[97] | València  | Spanish

## Sri Lanka

[edit]

Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng,[100] Xri Lan-ca[101]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Colombo | Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô[102] | Kolamba (කොළඹ)  | Sinhala
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு)  | Tamil

## Sweden

[edit]

Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà[103]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Stockholm | Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm[104] | Stockholm  | Swedish

## Switzerland

[edit]

Switzerland Thụy Sĩ[105]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Bern | Bơn[106] | Bern  | German
Bärn  | Alemannic German
Berne  | French
Berna  | Italian
Berna  | Romansch
Geneva | Genève[107] | Genève  | French

## Taiwan

[edit]

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|

Taiwan Đài Loan

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Hualien | Hoa Liên  | Huālián (花蓮)  | Mandarin  |
Kaohsiung | Cao Hùng  | Gāoxióng (高雄)  | Mandarin  |
Keelung | Cơ Long[108] | Jīlóng (基隆)  | Mandarin  |
Taichung | Đài Trung  | Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中)  | Mandarin  |
Tainan | Đài Nam  | Táinán (台南 / 臺南)  | Mandarin  |
Taipei | Đài Bắc  | Táiběi (台北 / 臺北)  | Mandarin
Taitung | Đài Đông  | Táidōng (台东 / 臺東)  | Mandarin  |

## Thailand

[edit]

Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc)

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Ayutthaya | Thượng Thành  | Ayutthaya (อยุธยา)  | Thai  |
Bangkok | Vọng Các, Băng Cốc  | Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ)  | Thai  |
Chanthaburi | Chân Bôn  | Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี)  | Thai  |
Chiang Mai | Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại  | Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่)  | Thai  |
Chiang Rai | Chiềng Rai  | Chiang Rai (เชียงราย)  | Thai  |
Chiềng Hai  | Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ)  | Northern Thai  |
Ko Chang | Dương Khảm  | Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง)  | Thai  |
Ko Kut | Cổ Cốt  | Ko Kut (เกาะกูด)  | Thai  |
Lopburi | La Hộc  | Lop Buri (ลพบุรี)  | Thai  |
Nakhon Phanom | Na Khổng Phù Nam  | Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม)  | Thai  |
Nakhon Ratchasima | Cổ Lạc  | Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา)  | Thai  |
Nakhon Si Thammarat | Na Khổng Tam Hoạt  | Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช)  | Thai  |
Nongkhai | Mường Nông  | Nongkhai (หนองคาย)  | Thai  |
Pattani | Tà Nê  | Pattani (ปัตตานี)  | Thai  |
Sukhothai | Xụ-khổ-thay  | Sukhothai (สุโขทัย)  | Thai  |

## Tajikistan

[edit]

Tajikistan

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Dushanbe | Đu-san-be  | Dushanbe (Душанбе)  | Tajik

## Tunisia

[edit]

Tunisia Tuy-ni-di[109]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tunis | Tuy-nít  | Tunis (تونس)  | Standard Arabic

## Turkey

[edit]

Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky[110]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Ephesus | Ê-phê-sô  | Efes  | Turkish
Istanbul | Tân La Mã  | İstanbul  | Turkish

## Ukraine

[edit]

Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Kyiv | Ki-ép  | Kyiv (Київ)  | Ukrainian

## United Arab Emirates

[edit]

United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Abu Dhabi | ʼAbū Ẓaby  | Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي)  | Arabic
Dubai | Đu-bai  | Dubey (دبيّ)  | Arabic

## United Kingdom

[edit]

United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Edinburgh | Ê-đin-brơ  | Edinburgh  | English  |
Scots  |
England | Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao  | England  | English  |
Northern Ireland | Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan  | Northern Ireland  | English  |
London | Luân Đôn, Long-đôn  | London  | English
Scotland | Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[111] | Scotland  | English
Wales | Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales  | Wales  | English

## United States

[edit]

United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Notes
Arlington, VA | Ái Linh Tân  |
Arlington, TX |
Baltimore | Bạt Đế Mỗ  |
Boston | Bật Tân  |
California | Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha  |
Harlem | Hắc Lem  |
Hawaii | Hạ Uy Di  |
Hollywood | Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng  |
Honolulu | Hòn Lau  |
Los Angeles | Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê  |
Manhattan | Mã Nhật Tân[112] |
New Orleans | Ngọc Lân,[113] Tân Linh  |
New York | Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York[114] |
New York City | Thành phố New York  |
North Carolina | Bắc Carolina  |
North Dakota | Bắc Dakota  |
Orange County | Quận Cam  |
Philadelphia | Huynh Đệ thành  |
San Francisco | Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành  |
Seven Corners | Ngã Bảy[115] |
South Carolina | Nam Carolina  |
South Dakota | Nam Dakota  |
Washington | Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân  |
Washington, D.C. | Oa-xinh-tơn  |
West Virginia | Tây Virginia  |

The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.

## Uzbekistan

[edit]

Uzbekistan

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Endonym  | Notes
Name  | Language  |
Tashkent | Ta-sơ-ken  | Toshkent  | Uzbek

## Other

[edit]

English name  | Vietnamese name  | Notes

|
|

Alps | Ân Lô Bi,[40] An-pơ, dãy Anpơ  |
Annamite Mountains | Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn  |
Aral Sea | Hàm Hải, Biển Aral  |
Atlantic Ocean | Đại Tây  |
Dead Sea | Biển Chết  |
East China Sea | Biển Hoa Đông  |
Euphrates | Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates  |
Mount Everest | đỉnh Everest  |
Himalayas | Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya  |
Indian Ocean | Ấn Độ Dương  |
Indus River | Sông Ấn (Độ)  |
Issyk-Kul | Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul  |
Mediterranean Sea | (Biển) Địa Trung Hải  |
Mekong River | Mê Kông, Cửu Long  |
Nile River | Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô  |
Pacific Ocean | Thái Bình Dương  |
Palestine | Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine  |
Persian Gulf | Vịnh Ba Tư  |
Red Sea | Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ  |
Rocky Mountains | Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky  |
Sahara Desert | Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara  |
Sea of Japan | Biển Nhật Bản  |

See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute

Sunda Strait | Cửa Song Đề,[116] eo biển Sunda  |
South China Sea | Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông  |
Tigris | Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris  |
Baltic Sea | Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic  |

## References

[edit]

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* Lữ-y Đoan. Sấm truyền ca Genesia. Montréal: Tập san Y sĩ, 2000.
* Phạm Phú Thứ. Nhật ký đi Tây. HCM: Đà Nẵng, 1999.

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