Viral disease

Animal or plant disease resulting from a viral infection

Medical condition

Viral disease

Other names| Viral infection
Types of viral diseases
Specialty| Infectious disease
Causes| Virus
Medication| Antiviral drugs

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Examples include the common cold, gastroenteritis, COVID-19, the flu, and rabies.[2]

## Structural characteristics

[edit]

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands for SARS-CoV-1 or COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

* Double-stranded DNA families: three are non-enveloped (Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae) and two are enveloped (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral capsids.
* Partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.
* One family of single-stranded DNA viruses infects humans: Parvoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped.
* Positive single-stranded RNA families: three non-enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped (Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
* Negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.
* Double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae.
* The Hepatitis D virus has not yet been assigned to a family, but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.
* Viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.

### Pragmatic rules

[edit]

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

* Segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae, and Reoviridae (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
* Viruses transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus, and Togavirus. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors. All are RNA viruses.[3]
* One family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non-enveloped.

### Baltimore group

[edit]

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[citation needed]

* I - dsDNA
* II - ssDNA
* III - dsRNA
* IV - positive-sense ssRNA
* V - negative-sense ssRNA
* VI - ssRNA-RT
* VII - dsDNA-RT

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics  Family  | Baltimore group | Important species  | Envelopment

|
|
|

Adenoviridae | I[4][5] | Adenovirus[4][5] | N[4][5]
Herpesviridae | I[4][5] | Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[6][7][8] | Y[4][5]
Papillomaviridae | I[4][9] | Human papillomavirus[4][9] | N[4][9]
Polyomaviridae | I[4][10] | BK virus, JC virus[4][10] | N[4][10]
Poxviridae | I[4][5] | Smallpox[4][5] | Y[4][5]
Parvoviridae | II[4][5] | Parvovirus B19[4][5] | N[4][5]
Reoviridae | III[11] | Rotavirus,[11] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus | N[5]
Astroviridae | IV[12] | Human astrovirus[5] | N[5]
Caliciviridae | IV[11] | Norwalk virus[5] | N[5]
Coronaviridae | IV[13] | Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,[5] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | Y[5]
Flaviviridae | IV[4][5][14] | Hepatitis C virus,[4] yellow fever virus,[4] dengue virus,[4] West Nile virus,[4] TBE virus,[5] Zika virus | Y[4][5]
Hepeviridae | IV[15] | Hepatitis E virus[5] | N[5][15]
Matonaviridae | IV[4][5][16] | Rubella virus[4][17] | Y[4][5]
Picornaviridae | IV[18] | coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[5] rhinovirus | N[5]
Arenaviridae | V[19] | Lassa virus[5][19] | Y[5][19]
Bunyaviridae | V[20] | Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[5] | Y[5][20]
Filoviridae | V[21] | Ebola virus,[21] Marburg virus[21] | Y[5]
Orthomyxoviridae | V[4][22] | Influenza virus[4][22] | Y[4][22]
Paramyxoviridae | V[23] | Measles virus,[4] Mumps virus,[4] Parainfluenza virus[4][5] | Y[4][23]
Pneumoviridae | V [24] | Respiratory syncytial virus[4] | Y[4]
Rhabdoviridae | V[25] | Rabies virus[4][5] | Y[4][5]
Unassigned[26] | V[26] | Hepatitis D[26] | Y[26]
Retroviridae | VI[4][27] | HIV[4][5] | Y[4][5]
Hepadnaviridae | VII[4] | Hepatitis B virus[4][5] | Y[4][5]

### Clinical characteristics

[edit]

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type  | Family  | Transmission | Diseases  | Treatment  | Prevention

|
|
|
|
|

Adenovirus | Adenoviridae |

* droplet contact[4]
* fecal-oral[4]
* venereal[4]
* direct eye contact[4]

* gastroenteritis[4]
* keratoconjunctivitis[4]
* pharyngitis[4]
* pharyngoconjunctival fever[4]

| None[4] |

* Adenovirus vaccine
* hand washing
* covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
* avoiding close contact with the sick

Coxsackievirus | Picornaviridae |

* fecal-oral[4][28]
* respiratory[28] droplet contact[4]

* Hand, foot and mouth disease[29]
* pleurodynia[28]
* aseptic meningitis[28]
* pericarditis
* myocarditis

| None[4] |

* hand washing
* covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
* avoiding contaminated food/water
* improved sanitation

Cytomegalovirus | Herpesviridae |

* vertical transmission[4][30][31]
* bodily fluids[4]

* infectious mononucleosis[4]
* Cytomegalic inclusion disease[4]
* Premature birth[31]
* liver, lung and spleen diseases in the newborn[31]
* Small size at birth[31]
* Small head size[31]
* congenital seizures in the newborn[31]

* ganciclovir[4]
* cidofovir[4]
* foscarnet[4]

* hand washing
* avoid sharing food and drinks with others
* safe sex

Epstein–Barr virus | Herpesviridae |

* saliva[4]

* infectious mononucleosis[4]
* Burkitt's lymphoma[4]
* Hodgkin's lymphoma
* nasopharyngeal carcinoma

| None[4] |

* avoiding close contact with the sick

Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae |

* fecal-oral[4][32]

* acute hepatitis[4][32]

| Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[4] |

* Hepatitis A vaccine[4][32]
* avoiding contaminated food/water[4]
* improved sanitation

Hepatitis B virus | Hepadnaviridae |

* bodily fluids[4]

Vertical and sexual[33]

* acute hepatitis[4][33]
* chronic hepatitis[33]
* hepatic cirrhosis[33]
* hepatocellular carcinoma[33]

* Lamivudine[4][33]
* immunoglobulin[4]
* Adefovir[4]
* Entecavir[4]
* Pegylated interferon alfa-2[4]

* Hepatitis B vaccine[4][33]
* immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis)[4]
* avoiding shared needles/syringes
* safe sex

Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae |

* blood[4]
* sexual contact[4]

* acute hepatitis[4][34]
* chronic hepatitis[4]
* hepatic cirrhosis[4]
* hepatocellular carcinoma[4]

* Ribavirin[4][34]
* Pegylated interferon alfa-2[4]

* avoiding shared needles/syringes
* safe sex

Herpes simplex virus, type 1 | Herpesviridae |

* direct contact[4][30]
* saliva[4][30]

* herpes labialis,[4] cold sores[4][30] – can recur by latency[4]
* gingivostomatitis in children[4]
* tonsillitis & pharyngitis in adults[4]
* keratoconjunctivitis[4]

* acyclovir[4][30]
* famciclovir[4][30]
* foscarnet[4]
* penciclovir[4]

* avoiding close contact with lesions
* safe sex

Herpes simplex virus, type 2 | Herpesviridae |

* sexual contact[4][30]
* vertical transmission[4][30]

* Skin vesicles, mucosal ulcers,[30] Oral and/or genital[30]
Can be latent[4]
* Aseptic meningitis[4]

* acyclovir[4][30]
* famciclovir[4][30]
* foscarnet[4]
* penciclovir[4]
* cidofovir[4]

* avoiding close contact with lesions[4]
* safe sex[4]

HIV | Retroviridae |

* sexual contact[4][35]
* blood[4][35]
* breast milk[4][35]
* vertical transmission

* AIDS[4]

| HAART,[4] such as protease inhibitors[35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[35] |

* zidovudine (perinatally)[4]
* blood product screening[4]
* safe sex[4]
* avoiding shared needles/syringes

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) | Coronaviridae |

* droplet contact
* fomites

* common cold
* pneumonia
* bronchiolitis

|  |
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) | Coronaviridae |

* droplet contact

* common cold
* rhinitis
* bronchitis
* bronchiolitis
* pneumonia
* croup

|  |
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) | Coronaviridae |  |

* common cold
* pneumonia

|  |
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) | Coronaviridae |  |

* common cold
* pneumonia
* bronchiolitis

|  |
Human herpesvirus, type 8 | Herpesviridae |

* Saliva[30]
* Sexual[30]

* Kaposi sarcoma[4]
* multicentric Castleman disease[4]
* primary effusion lymphoma[4]

| many in evaluation-stage[4] |

* avoid close contact with lesions
* safe sex

Human papillomavirus | Papillomaviridae |

* direct contact[4][36]
* sexual contact[36]
* vertical transmission

* (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis)[4]
* Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma,[36] squamous cell carcinomas)[4]

* liquid nitrogen[4]
* laser vaporization[4]
* cytotoxic chemicals[4]
* interferon[4]
* cidofovir[4]

* HPV vaccine[4][36]
* avoiding close contact with lesions[4]
* safe sex[4]

Influenza virus | Orthomyxoviridae |

* droplet contact[4]

* influenza[4]
* (Reye syndrome)[4]

* amantadine[4][22]
* rimantadine[4][22]
* zanamivir[4][22]
* oseltamivir[4][22]

* influenza vaccine[4][22]
* amantadine[4]
* rimantadine[4]
* hand washing
* covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
* avoiding close contact with the sick

Measles virus | Paramyxoviridae |

* droplet contact[4][23]

* measles[4][23]
* postinfectious encephalomyelitis[4]

| None[4] |

* MMR vaccine[4][23]
* quarantining the sick
* avoiding contact with the sick

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Coronaviridae |

* close human contact

* Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

|  |
Mumps virus | Paramyxoviridae |

* droplet contact[4][23]

* mumps[4][23]

| None[4] |

* MMR vaccine[4][23]
* avoiding close contact with the sick

Parainfluenza virus | Paramyxoviridae |

* droplet contact[4][23]

* croup[4]
* pneumonia[4]
* bronchiolitis[4]
* common cold[4]

| None[4] |

* hand washing
* covering mouth when coughing/sneezing

Poliovirus | Picornaviridae |

* fecal-oral[4]

* poliomyelitis[4]

| None[4] |

* Polio vaccine[4][32]
* avoiding contaminated food and water
* improved sanitation

Rabies virus | Rhabdoviridae |

* animal bite[4][25]
* droplet contact[4]

* rabies[4] (fatal encephalitis)[25]

| Post-exposure prophylaxis[4] |

* rabies vaccine[25]
* avoiding rabid animals

Respiratory syncytial virus | Pneumoviridae |

* droplet contact[4][23]
* hand to mouth[4]

* bronchiolitis[4]
* pneumonia[4]
* influenza-like syndrome[4]
* severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia[4]

| (ribavirin)[4] |

* hand washing[4]
* avoiding close contact with the sick[4]
* palivizumab in high risk individuals[4]
* covering mouth when coughing/sneezing

Rubella virus | Togaviridae |

* Respiratory[37] droplet contact[4]

* congenital rubella[4][37]
* German measles[4]

| None[4] |

* MMR vaccine[4][37]
* avoiding close contact with the sick

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Coronaviridae |

* droplet contact

* severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

|  |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Coronaviridae |

* droplet contact

* coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

* Molnupiravir,
* Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir

* hand washing
* covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
* social distancing

Varicella-zoster virus | Herpesviridae |

* droplet contact[4]
* direct contact

* chickenpox[30]
* herpes zoster[4]
* Congenital varicella syndrome[30]

Varicella:

* acyclovir[4]
* famciclovir[4]
* valacyclovir[4]

Zoster:

* acyclovir[4]
* famciclovir[4]

Varicella:

* varicella vaccine[4]
* varicella-zoster immunoglobulin[4]
* avoiding close contact with the sick

Zoster:

* vaccine
* varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

## See also

[edit]

* List of latent human viral infections
* Pathogenic bacteria

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Taylor M, Kobiler O, Enquist LW (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (42). PNAS: 17046–17051\. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10917046T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212926109. PMC 3479527. PMID 23027939.
2. ^ see below in this article
3. ^ Hunt M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (PDF). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354–366\. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Table 1 in: Dimitrov DS (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2): 109–22\. doi:10.1038/nrmicro817. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 7097642. PMID 15043007.
6. ^ Adams MJ, Carstens EB (Jul 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)" (PDF). Arch. Virol. 157 (7): 1411–22\. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMC 7086667. PMID 22481600.
7. ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007.
8. ^ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03303-9.
9. ^ a b c de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses". Virology. 324 (1): 17–27\. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033. PMID 15183049.
10. ^ a b c "Polyomavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
11. ^ a b c Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1420084962.
12. ^ Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Méndez E, Arias CF (2015). "Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells". J. Virol. 89 (20): 10359–70\. doi:10.1128/JVI.01225-15. PMC 4580174. PMID 26246569.
13. ^ Stapleford KA, Miller DJ (2010). "Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function". Viruses. 2 (5): 1055–68\. doi:10.3390/v2051055. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3187604. PMID 21994671.
14. ^ Cook S, Moureau G, Harbach RE, Mukwaya L, Goodger K, Ssenfuka F, Gould E, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X (2009). "Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda". Journal of General Virology. 90 (11): 2669–78\. doi:10.1099/vir.0.014183-0. ISSN 0022-1317. PMC 2885038. PMID 19656970.
15. ^ a b "Hepeviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
16. ^ Simon-Loriere E, Holmes EC (2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (8): 617–26\. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 3324781. PMID 21725337.
17. ^ "2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
18. ^ Tuthill TJ, Groppelli E, Hogle JM, Rowlands DJ (2010). Picornaviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 343\. pp. 43–89\. doi:10.1007/82_2010_37. ISBN 978-3-642-13331-2. ISSN 0070-217X. PMC 3018333. PMID 20397067.
19. ^ a b c "Arenaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
20. ^ a b "Bunyaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
21. ^ a b c "Filoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h "Orthomyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Paramyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
24. ^ "Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
25. ^ a b c d "Rhabdoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
26. ^ a b c d "Deltavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
27. ^ "Retroviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
28. ^ a b c d "Enterovirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
29. ^ Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med. 81 (9): 537–43\. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132. PMID 25183845.
30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Herpesviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
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32. ^ a b c d "Picornaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
33. ^ a b c d e f g "Hepadnaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
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## External links

[edit]

Classification|

* MeSH: D014777

|

* v
* t
* e

Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases

Oncovirus|

DNA virus
HBV

Hepatocellular carcinoma
HPV

Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
Vulvar cancer
Vaginal cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer
KSHV

Kaposi's sarcoma
EBV

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt's lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
MCPyV

Merkel-cell carcinoma

RNA virus
HCV

Hepatocellular carcinoma
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
HTLV-I

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Immune disorders|

* HIV
* AIDS

Central
nervous system|

| Encephalitis/
meningitis|

DNA virus
Human polyomavirus 2

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

RNA virus
MeV

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
LCV

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Arbovirus encephalitis
Orthomyxoviridae (probable)

Encephalitis lethargica

Rabies
Chandipura vesiculovirus
Herpesviral meningitis
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2

|

Myelitis|

* Poliovirus
* Poliomyelitis
* Post-polio syndrome
* HTLV-I
* Tropical spastic paraparesis

Eye|

* Cytomegalovirus
* Cytomegalovirus retinitis
* HSV
* Herpes of the eye

Cardiovascular|

* CBV
* Pericarditis
* Myocarditis

Respiratory system/
acute viral
nasopharyngitis/
viral pneumonia|

| DNA virus|

* Epstein–Barr virus
* EBV infection/Infectious mononucleosis
* Cytomegalovirus

|

RNA virus|

* IV: Human coronavirus 229E/NL63/HKU1/OC43
* Common cold
* MERS coronavirus
* Middle East respiratory syndrome
* SARS coronavirus
* Severe acute respiratory syndrome
* SARS-CoV-2
* COVID-19

* V, Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza virus A/B/C/D
* Influenza/Avian influenza

* V, Paramyxoviridae: Human parainfluenza viruses
* Parainfluenza
* Human orthopneumovirus
* hMPV

Human
digestive system|

| Pharynx/Esophagus|

* MuV
* Mumps
* Cytomegalovirus
* Cytomegalovirus esophagitis

|

Gastroenteritis/
diarrhea|

DNA virus
Adenovirus

Adenovirus infection

RNA virus
Rotavirus (Gastroenteritis)
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Coronavirus

Hepatitis|

DNA virus
HBV (B)

RNA virus
CBV
HAV (A)
HCV (C)
HDV (D)
HEV (E)

Pancreatitis|

* CBV

Urogenital|

* BK virus
* MuV
* Mumps

* v
* t
* e

Skin infections, symptoms and signs related to viruses

| DNA virus|

| Herpesviridae|

| Alpha.|

| HSV|

* Herpes simplex
* Herpetic whitlow
* Herpes gladiatorum
* Herpes simplex keratitis
* Herpetic sycosis
* Neonatal herpes simplex
* Genital herpes
* Cold sore
* Eczema herpeticum
* Herpetiform esophagitis
* Herpetic gingivostomatitis

|

B virus|

* B virus infection

VZV|

* Chickenpox
* Herpes zoster
* Herpes zoster oticus
* Ophthalmic zoster
* Disseminated herpes zoster
* Zoster-associated pain
* Modified varicella-like syndrome

Beta.|

* Human herpesvirus 6/Roseolovirus
* Exanthema subitum
* Roseola vaccinia
* Cytomegalic inclusion disease

Gamma.|

* Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
* Kaposi's sarcoma

Poxviridae|

| Ortho.|

* Variola
* Smallpox
* Alastrim
* Monkeypox virus
* Monkeypox
* Cowpox
* Vaccinia virus
* Vaccinia
* Generalized vaccinia
* Eczema vaccinatum
* Progressive vaccinia
* Buffalopox

|

Para.|

* Farmyard pox: Milker's nodule
* Bovine papular stomatitis
* Pseudocowpox
* Orf
* Sealpox

Other|

* Yatapoxvirus: Tanapox
* Yaba monkey tumor virus
* Molluscum contagiosum virus

Papillomaviridae|

| HPV|

* Wart/plantar wart
* Heck's disease
* Genital wart
* giant
* Laryngeal papillomatosis
* Butcher's wart
* Bowenoid papulosis
* Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
* Verruca plana
* Pigmented wart
* Verrucae palmares et plantares

|

* Bovine papillomavirus
* Equine sarcoid

Parvoviridae|

* Parvovirus B19
* Erythema infectiosum
* Reticulocytopenia
* Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome

Polyomaviridae|

* Merkel cell polyomavirus
* Merkel cell carcinoma

RNA virus|

| Paramyxoviridae|

* MeV
* Measles

|

Matonaviridae|

* Rubella virus
* Rubella
* Congenital rubella syndrome ("German measles")

Togaviridae|

* Alphavirus infection
* Chikungunya fever

Picornaviridae|

* Coxsackie A virus
* Hand, foot, and mouth disease
* Herpangina
* Foot-and-mouth disease virus
* Boston exanthem disease

Ungrouped|

* Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
* Post-vaccination follicular eruption
* Lipschütz ulcer
* Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
* Viral-associated trichodysplasia
* Gianotti–Crosti syndrome

* v
* t
* e

Microbiology: Virus

* History
* Introduction
* Social history of viruses
* Virology

Components|

* Capsid
* Viral envelope
* Viral protein

Viral life cycle|

* Viral entry
* Viral replication
* Viral shedding
* Viroplasm
* Virus latency
* Lytic cycle
* Lysogenic cycle

Genetics|

* Antigenic drift
* Antigenic shift
* Phenotype mixing
* Reassortment
* Viral evolution

By host|

* Animal virus
* Bacteriophage
* Virophage
* Human virome
* Mycovirus
* Plant virus

Other|

* Antiviral drug
* Giant virus
* Helper virus
* Viral vector
* Helper dependent virus
* Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
* Marine viruses
* Neurotropic virus
* Oncovirus
* Satellites
* Viral disease
* Viral load
* Virus-like particle
* Virus classification
* Virus quantification
* Virome
* Virosphere

* Portal
* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Baltimore (virus classification)

DNA|

I: dsDNA viruses

| Adnaviria|

| Zilligvirae|

| Taleaviricota|

| Tokiviricetes|

| Ligamenvirales|

* Lipothrixviridae
* Rudiviridae

|

Primavirales|

* Tristromaviridae

Duplodnaviria|

| Heunggongvirae|

| Peploviricota|

| Herviviricetes|

| Herpesvirales|

* Alloherpesviridae
* Herpesviridae
* Malacoherpesviridae

|

Uroviricota|

| Caudoviricetes|

| Caudovirales|

* Ackermannviridae
* Autographiviridae
* Chaseviridae
* Demerecviridae
* Drexlerviridae
* Guelinviridae
* Herelleviridae
* Myoviridae
* Podoviridae
* Rountreeviridae
* Salasmaviridae
* Schitoviridae
* Siphoviridae
* Zobellviridae

|

Monodnaviria|

| Shotokuvirae|

| Cossaviricota|

| Papovaviricetes|

| Sepolyvirales|

* Polyomaviridae

|

Zurhausenvirales|

* Papillomaviridae

Varidnaviria|

| Bamfordvirae|

| Nucleocytoviricota|

| Pokkesviricetes|

| Asfuvirales|

* Asfarviridae

|

Chitovirales|

* Poxviridae

Megaviricetes|

| Algavirales|

* Phycodnaviridae

|

Imitervirales|

* Mimiviridae

Pimascovirales|

* Ascoviridae
* Iridoviridae
* Marseilleviridae

Preplasmiviricota|

| Maveriviricetes|

| Priklausovirales|

* Lavidaviridae

|

Polintoviricetes|

| Orthopolintovirales|

* Adintoviridae

|

Tectiliviricetes|

| Belfryvirales|

* Turriviridae

|

Kalamavirales|

* Tectiviridae

Rowavirales|

* Adenoviridae

Vinavirales|

* Corticoviridae

Helvetiavirae|

| Dividoviricota|

| Laserviricetes|

| Halopanivirales|

* Matshushitaviridae
* Simuloviridae
* Sphaerolipoviridae

|

Unassigned|

| Naldaviricetes|

| Lefavirales|

* Baculoviridae
* Hytrosaviridae
* Nudiviridae

|

Unassigned|

* Nimaviridae

Unassigned|

* Families: Ampullaviridae
* Bicaudaviridae
* Clavaviridae
* Fuselloviridae
* Globuloviridae
* Guttaviridae
* Halspiviridae
* Ovaliviridae
* Plasmaviridae
* Polydnaviridae
* Portogloboviridae
* Thaspiviridae
* Genera: Dinodnavirus
* Rhizidiovirus

II: ssDNA viruses

| Monodnaviria|

| Loebvirae|

| Hofneiviricota|

| Faserviricetes|

| Tubulavirales|

* Inoviridae
* Paulinoviridae
* Plectroviridae

|

Sangervirae|

| Phixviricota|

| Malgrandaviricetes|

| Petitvirales|

* Microviridae

|

Shotokuvirae|

| Commensaviricota|

| Cardeaviricetes|

| Sanitavirales|

* Anelloviridae

|

Cossaviricota|

| Mouviricetes|

| Polivirales|

* Bidnaviridae

|

Quintoviricetes|

| Piccovirales|

* Parvoviridae

|

Cressdnaviricota|

| Arfiviricetes|

| Baphyvirales|

* Bacilladnaviridae

|

Cirlivirales|

* Circoviridae

Cremevirales|

* Smacoviridae

Mulpavirales|

* Metaxyviridae
* Nanoviridae

Recrevirales|

* Redondoviridae

Repensiviricetes|

| Geplafuvirales|

* Geminiviridae
* Genomoviridae

|

Trapavirae|

| Saleviricota|

| Huolimaviricetes|

| Haloruvirales|

* Pleolipoviridae

|

Varidnaviria|

| Abedenavirae|

| Produgelaviricota|

| Ainoaviricetes|

| Lautamovirales|

* Finnlakeviridae

|

Unassigned|

* Families: Spiraviridae

RNA|

III: dsRNA viruses

| Riboviria|

| Orthornavirae|

| Duplornaviricota|

| Chrymotiviricetes|

| Ghabrivirales|

* Chrysoviridae
* Megabirnaviridae
* Quadriviridae
* Totiviridae

|

Resentoviricetes|

| Reovirales|

* Reoviridae

|

Vidaverviricetes|

| Mindivirales|

* Cystoviridae

|

Pisuviricota|

| Duplopiviricetes|

| Durnavirales|

* Amalgaviridae
* Curvulaviridae
* Hypoviridae
* Picobirnaviridae
* Partitiviridae

|

Unassigned|

* Families: Birnaviridae
* Polymycoviridae
* Genera: Botybirnavirus

IV: (+)ssRNA viruses

| Riboviria|

| Orthornavirae|

| Kitrinoviricota|

| Alsuviricetes|

| Hepelivirales|

* Alphatetraviridae
* Benyviridae
* Hepeviridae
* Matonaviridae

|

Martellivirales|

* Bromoviridae
* Closteroviridae
* Endornaviridae
* Kitaviridae
* Mayoviridae
* Togaviridae
* Virgaviridae

Tymovirales|

* Alphaflexiviridae
* Betaflexiviridae
* Deltaflexiviridae
* Gammaflexiviridae
* Tymoviridae

Flasuviricetes|

| Amarillovirales|

* Flaviviridae

|

Magsaviricetes|

| Nodamuvirales|

* Nodaviridae
* Sinhaliviridae

|

Tolucaviricetes|

| Tolivirales|

* Carmotetraviridae
* Luteoviridae
* Tombusviridae

|

Lenarviricota|

| Leviviricetes|

| Norzivirales|

* Atkinsviridae
* Duinviridae
* Fiersviridae
* Solspiviridae

|

Timlovirales|

* Blumeviridae
* Steitzviridae

Amabiliviricetes|

| Wolframvirales|

* Narnaviridae

|

Howeltoviricetes|

| Cryppavirales|

* Mitoviridae

|

Miaviricetes|

| Ourlivirales|

* Botourmiaviridae

|

Pisuviricota|

| Pisoniviricetes|

| Nidovirales|

* Abyssoviridae
* Arteriviridae
* Cremegaviridae
* Coronaviridae
* Euroniviridae
* Gresnaviridae
* Medioniviridae
* Mesoniviridae
* Mononiviridae
* Nanghoshaviridae
* Nanhypoviridae
* Olifoviridae
* Roniviridae
* Tobaniviridae

|

Picornavirales|

* Picornaviridae
* Marnaviridae
* Solinviviridae
* Caliciviridae
* Iflaviridae
* Secoviridae
* Dicistroviridae
* Polycipiviridae

Sobelivirales|

* Alvernaviridae
* Barnaviridae
* Solemoviridae

Stelpaviricetes|

| Patatavirales|

* Potyviridae

|

Stellavirales|

* Astroviridae

Unassigned|

* Families: Permutotetraviridae
* Sarthroviridae

V: (–)ssRNA viruses

| Riboviria|

| Orthornavirae|

| Negarnaviricota|

| Chunqiuviricetes|

| Muvirales|

* Qinviridae

|

Ellioviricetes|

| Bunyavirales|

* Cruliviridae
* Arenaviridae
* Fimoviridae
* Hantaviridae
* Leishbuviridae
* Mypoviridae
* Nairoviridae
* Peribunyaviridae
* Phasmaviridae
* Phenuiviridae
* Tospoviridae
* Wupedeviridae

|

Insthoviricetes|

| Articulavirales|

* Amnoonviridae
* Orthomyxoviridae

|

Milneviricetes|

| Serpentovirales |

* Aspiviridae

|

Monjiviricetes|

| Jingchuvirales|

* Aliusviridae
* Chuviridae
* Crepuscuviridae
* Myriaviridae
* Natareviridae

|

Mononegavirales|

* Artoviridae
* Bornaviridae
* Filoviridae
* Lispiviridae
* Mymonaviridae
* Nyamiviridae
* Paramyxoviridae
* Pneumoviridae
* Rhabdoviridae
* Sunviridae
* Xinmoviridae

Yunchangviricetes|

| Goujianvirales|

* Yueviridae

|

Ambiviricota|

| Suforviricetes|

| Crytulvirales|

* Dumbiviridae
* Quambiviridae
* Trimbiviridae
* Unambiviridae

|

RT|

VI: ssRNA-RT viruses

| Riboviria|

| Pararnavirae|

| Artverviricota|

| Revtraviricetes|

| Ortervirales|

* Belpaoviridae
* Metaviridae
* Pseudoviridae
* Retroviridae

|

VII: dsDNA-RT viruses

| Riboviria|

| Pararnavirae|

| Artverviricota|

| Revtraviricetes|

| Blubervirales|

* Hepadnaviridae

|

Ortervirales|

* Caulimoviridae

* v
* t
* e

Infectious disease and microbiology

Disciplines and pathogens|

* Bacteriology
* bacteria
* Virology
* viruses
* prions
* Mycology
* fungi
* Parasitology
* protozoa
* helminths
* Entomology
* ectoparasites

Portal:

* Viruses

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* 2
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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