Virginia Slims World Championship Series

Tennis tour

Virginia Slims World Championship Series

Details
Duration| 1970–1989
Edition| 1-19
Achievements (singles)

The Virginia Slims World Championship Series[1] (its sponsored name) or WTA World Championship Series (it's tour name) was the women's top tier tennis tour administered by the Women's Tennis Association that was first founded in 1970 as the Virginia Slims Series of events that were then part of ILTF World Circuit. It eventually became the basis for the later WTA Tour.[2] The players, dubbed the Original 9, rebelled against the United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA) because of the wide inequality between the amount of prize money paid to male tennis players and to female tennis players.[3] In 1971 it was rebranded as the Virginia Slims Circuit until 1978 and was a rival tour to the ILTF Women's International Grand Prix until 1976. In 1979 it was branded as the Avon Championship Circuit until 1981. In 1982 it was merged with the Toyota International Series as a single women's tennis tour and rebranded under its last title name until 1989. In 1990 it was succeeded by the WTA World Tour.

## Background

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The Open era began with the British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth in 1968. At the first Open Wimbledon, the prize-fund difference was 2.5:1 in favour of men. Billie Jean King won £750 for taking the title, while Rod Laver took £2,000. The total purses of the competitions were £14,800 for men and £5,680 for women.[4] By the 1970s, the pay difference which had been a 2.5:1 ratio between men and women had increased. In 1969, ratios of 5:1 in terms of pay were common at smaller tournaments; by 1970, these figures increased to 8:1 and even 12:1.[5]

The situation came to a head in 1970, when most tournaments offered four times as much prize money to men than they did to women. At the 1970 Italian Open, men's singles champion Ilie Năstase was paid US$3,500 while women's singles champion King received just US$600.[6] On top of this, the USLTA failed to organise any tournaments for women in 1970.[7]

## The campaign

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King and eight other female tennis players – Americans Rosemary Casals, Nancy Richey, Peaches Bartkowicz, Kristy Pigeon, Valerie Ziegenfuss, and Julie Heldman;[8] and Australians Kerry Melville Reid and Judy Tegart Dalton – decided to enlist World Tennis magazine publisher Gladys Heldman to help negotiate for greater equality in prize money and provide valuable public relations assistance. All the players were putting their tennis careers at risk because the influential USLTA did not back them.

Gladys Heldman and the "Original 9" decided to target the Pacific Southwest Championships held in Los Angeles on the grounds that it paid eight times more money to men than it did to women. Heldman attempted to get the tournament chairman, former professional tennis player Jack Kramer, to reduce the inequality between the prize money purses for men and women. Kramer refused, leading the "Original 9" to declare at a press conference held at Forest Hills, New York that they would boycott the Pacific Southwest Championships and play at what would become the first Virginia Slims Circuit event, a US$7,500 tournament held in Houston, Texas in September 1970.[9] Despite the USLTA's declaration that it would not sanction this event, the "Original 9" went ahead, with Casals defeating Dalton in the final 5–7, 6–1, 7–5.

## The formation

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Heldman, with the assistance of Joe Cullman of Philip Morris, then offered US$5,000 out of her own pocket to allow the "Original 9" to sign token $1 contracts and set up their own tour of eight professional tournaments in 1970.[10][11] The tour was sponsored by Virginia Slims. This independent women's professional tennis circuit provided more equal[clarification needed] prize money than had been provided previously by the USLTA and other organisations.[12] Despite the USLTA's suspension of the "Original 9" from its tournaments, by the end of the year the Virginia Slims Circuit was able to boost its numbers from nine to forty members, which helped pave the way for the first full year season of the Circuit in 1971. Subsequently, in the aftermath of the creation of the Women's Tennis Association in 1973, the Virginia Slims Circuit would eventually absorb the ILTF's Women's Grand Prix circuit and become the WTA Tour.

## Circuit names

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* Virginia Slims Series (1970) part of the ILTF World Circuit
* Virginia Slims Circuit (1971–1972) part of the ILTF World Circuit
* Virginia Slims Circuit (1973–1978) part of the WTA Tour
* Avon Championship Circuit (1979–1981) ditto
* Virginia Slims World Championship Series (1982–1989) rebranded succeeded by a single WTA Tour

## See also

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* Colgate International Series
* Colgate Series
* History of tennis
* ILTF Women's International Grand Prix
* Toyota International Series

## References

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General

* Bodo, Peter. The Courts of Babylon. pp. 128–29. ([1])
* Collins, Bud. The Bud Collins History of Tennis. pp. 154–55.

Specific

1. ^ "Tour honoured by women's sports foundation". Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. 14 October 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
2. ^ "The "Original 9"". Women's Sports Foundation. 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
3. ^ "King, original 9 reunite to honor women's tennis". Retrieved April 7, 2012.
4. ^ King, Billie Jean; Starr, Cynthia (1988). "Birth of a Tour". In Regina Ryan (ed.). We Have Come a Long Way. Regina Ryan Publishing. pp. 116. ISBN 0-07-034625-9.
5. ^ King & Starr, p. 120.
6. ^ "'We've come a long way, baby' -- Honoring the 'Original 9' in 'Battle of the Sexes'". espnW. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
7. ^ admin (2015-09-23). "Looking Back On The Original Nine". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
8. ^ Nick Friend, for (4 March 2019). "'Tennis gave me the ability to be somebody': Julie Heldman on depression and bottling up abuse". CNN. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
9. ^ "The tour story - One of the greatest stories in sport". Sony Ericsson WTA Tour. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
10. ^ Vergara, Paula. "A league of their own: The historical grassroots of the WTA Tour". On the Baseline. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
11. ^ "Billie Jean King | Virginia Slims Tour | American Masters | PBS". American Masters. 2013-08-04. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
12. ^ Roberts, Selena (21 August 2005). "Tennis' other 'Battle of the Sexes', before King-Riggs". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2009.

## Further reading

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* Woolum, Janet (1998), Outstanding Women Athletes, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 1-57356-120-7, OCLC 593764497

* v
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Virginia Slims tennis tournaments

* Virginia Slims of Albuquerque
* Virginia Slims of Akron
* Virginia Slims of Atlanta
* Virginia Slims of Arizona
* Virginia Slims of Arkansas
* Virginia Slims of Boston
* Virginia Slims Championships
* Virginia Slims of Chicago
* Virginia Slims of Columbus
* Virginia Slims of Dallas
* Virginia Slims of Denver
* Virginia Slims of Detroit
* Virginia Slims of Florida
* Virginia Slims of Fort Lauderdale
* Virginia Slims of Hollywood
* Virginia Slims of Hawaii
* Virginia Slims of Houston
* Virginia Slims of Indianapolis
* Virginia Slims of Jacksonville
* Virginia Slims of Nashville
* Virginia Slims of Newport
* Virginia Slims of New England
* Virginia Slims of New Orleans
* Virginia Slims of New York
* Virginia Slims of Oklahoma City
* Virginia Slims of Pennsylvania
* Virginia Slims of Philadelphia
* Virginia Slims of Richmond
* Virginia Slims of San Diego
* Virginia Slims of St. Louis
* Virginia Slims of St. Petersburg
* Virginia Slims of Seattle
* Virginia Slims Thunderbird Classic
* Virginia Slims of Tucson
* Virginia Slims of Utah
* Virginia Slims of Washington

* v
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WTA Tour seasons

|  | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979

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2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019

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2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |  |  |  |

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* WTA Tennis Association

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Women's tennis seasons

Seasons (1881-1912)
ILTF (1913-72)|

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ILTF Independent Circuit|

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ILTF Grand Prix Circuit|

* 1971
* 1972
* 1973
* 1974
* 1975
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Virginia Slims Circuit|

* 1971
* 1972
* 1973
* 1974
* 1975

Virginia Slims/Colgate Series|

* 1976
* 1977
* 1978

Avon/Colgate Series|

* 1979
* 1980

Avon/Toyota Series|

* 1981
* 1982

Virginia Slims World Championship Series|

* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987

WTA Tour|

* 1988
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