Vladimir Putin

President of Russia (1999–2008; since 2012)

"Putin" redirects here. For other uses, see Putin (disambiguation).

Vladimir Putin

Владимир Путин

Putin in 2024

President of Russia

Incumbent

Assumed office
7 May 2012
Prime Minister|

* Dmitry Medvedev
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Andrey Belousov (acting)
* Mikhail Mishustin

Preceded by| Dmitry Medvedev
In office
7 May 2000 – 7 May 2008
Acting: 31 December 1999 – 7 May 2000
Prime Minister|

* Himself
* Mikhail Kasyanov
* Mikhail Fradkov
* Viktor Zubkov

Preceded by| Boris Yeltsin
Succeeded by| Dmitry Medvedev
Prime Minister of Russia
In office
8 May 2008 – 7 May 2012
President| Dmitry Medvedev
First Deputy|

* Sergei Ivanov
* Viktor Zubkov
* Igor Shuvalov

Preceded by| Viktor Zubkov
Succeeded by| Viktor Zubkov (acting)
In office
9 August 1999 – 7 May 2000
President| Boris Yeltsin
Himself (acting)
First Deputy|

* Nikolay Aksyonenko
* Viktor Khristenko
* Mikhail Kasyanov

Preceded by| Sergei Stepashin
Succeeded by| Mikhail Kasyanov
Secretary of the Security Council of Russia
In office
9 March – 9 August 1999 (1999-03-09 – 1999-08-09)
Chairman| Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by| Nikolay Bordyuzha
Succeeded by| Sergei Ivanov
Director of the Federal Security Service
In office
25 July 1998 – 29 March 1999
President| Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by| Nikolay Kovalyov
Succeeded by| Nikolai Patrushev
First Deputy Chief of the Presidential Administration
In office
25 May – 24 July 1998 (1998-05-25 – 1998-07-24)
President| Boris Yeltsin
Deputy Chief of the Presidential Administration – Head of the Main Supervisory Department
In office
26 March 1997 – 24 May 1998
President| Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by| Alexei Kudrin
Succeeded by| Nikolai Patrushev
Personal details
Born|  (1952-10-07) 7 October 1952 (age 72)
Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Political party| Independent
(1991–1995, 2001–2008, 2012–present)
Other political
affiliations|

* People's Front (since 2011)
* United Russia[1] (2008–2012)
* Unity (1999–2001)
* Our Home – Russia
* (1995–1999)
* CPSU (1975–1991)

Spouse|

Lyudmila Shkrebneva

(m. 1983; div. 2014)​

[a]
Children| At least 2, Maria and Katerina[b]
Relatives| Putin family
Residence(s)| Novo-Ogaryovo, Moscow
Alma mater|

* Leningrad State University (LLB)
* Leningrad Mining Institute (Candidate of Sciences)

Awards| Full list
Signature|
Website| en.putin.kremlin.ru
Military service
Allegiance| Soviet Union
Russia
Branch/service|

* KGB
* FSB
* Russian Armed Forces

Years of service|

* 1975–1991
* 1997–1999
* 2000–present

Rank|

* Colonel
* 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation

Commands| Supreme Commander-in-Chief
Battles/wars|

* Second Chechen War
* Russo-Georgian War
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Syrian Civil War
* Central African Republic Civil War

Vladimir Putin's voice

Putin declaring a "special military operation" in Ukraine
Recorded 24 February 2022

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin[d] (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008. Putin also served as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000[e] and again from 2008 to 2012.[f][7]

Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He resigned in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg. In 1996, he moved to Moscow to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin. He briefly served as the director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) and then as secretary of the Security Council of Russia before being appointed prime minister in August 1999. Following Yeltsin's resignation, Putin became acting president and, less than four months later in May 2000, was elected to his first term as president. He was reelected in 2004. Due to constitutional limitations of two consecutive presidential terms, Putin served as prime minister again from 2008 to 2012 under Dmitry Medvedev. He returned to the presidency in 2012, following an election marked by allegations of fraud and protests, and was reelected in 2018.

During Putin's initial presidential tenure, the Russian economy grew on average by seven percent per year[8] as a result of economic reforms and a fivefold increase in the price of oil and gas.[9][10] Additionally, Putin led Russia in a conflict against Chechen separatists, re-establishing federal control over the region.[11][12] While serving as prime minister under Medvedev, he oversaw a military conflict with Georgia and enacted military and police reforms. In his third presidential term, Russia annexed Crimea and supported a war in eastern Ukraine through several military incursions, resulting in international sanctions and a financial crisis in Russia. He also ordered a military intervention in Syria to support his ally Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian civil war, with the aim of obtaining naval bases in the Eastern Mediterranean.

In February 2022, during his fourth presidential term, Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which prompted international condemnation and led to expanded sanctions. In September 2022, he announced a partial mobilization and forcibly annexed four Ukrainian oblasts into Russia. In March 2023, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Putin for war crimes[13] related to his alleged criminal responsibility for illegal child abductions during the war.[14] In April 2021, after a referendum, he signed constitutional amendments into law that included one allowing him to run for reelection twice more, potentially extending his presidency to 2036.[15][16] In March 2024, he was reelected to another term.

Under Putin's rule, the Russian political system has been transformed into an authoritarian dictatorship with a personality cult. His rule has been marked by endemic corruption and widespread human rights violations, including the imprisonment and suppression of political opponents, intimidation and censorship of independent media in Russia, and a lack of free and fair elections.[17][18][19] Russia has consistently received very low scores on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, The Economist Democracy Index, Freedom House's Freedom in the World index, and the Reporters Without Borders' World Press Freedom Index.

## Early life and education

[edit]

Putin, c. 1960s |  |

This article is part of
a series about

Vladimir Putin

|

* * *

Personal

* Putinism
* Family
* Meeting table
* Honours
* Language
* Opinions
* Pets
* Intelligence career
* Political career
* Rise to power
* Public image
* Speeches

* * *

Prime Minister of Russia

* Premiership
* Cabinets
* first
* second
* International trips

* * *

President of Russia

* Presidency
* Inaugurations
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* International trips
* International trips
* Political groups
* Opposition
* Speeches
* Munich 2007
* Crimea 2014
* Valdai 2014
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Federal Assembly 2020
* Donetsk and Luhansk 2022
* Ukraine 2022
* Moscow 2022
* Summits
* Ljubljana
* Bratislava
* Helsinki
* Geneva
* Alaska

* * *

Policies

* Domestic policy
* legislation and programs
* military reform
* constitutional reform
* national champions
* priority projects
* stabilization fund
* undesirable organizations law
* Foreign policy
* 2014 annexation of Crimea
* 2014 war in Donbas
* 2015 intervention in Syria
* 2022 invasion of Ukraine
* 2022 annexation of four Ukrainian regions
* Putin's Plan

* * *

Elections

* Electoral history
* 2000
* campaign
* 2004
* campaign
* 2012
* campaign
* 2018
* campaign
* PutinTeam
* 2024
* campaign

* v
* t
* e

Putin was born on 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia),[20] the youngest of three children of Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina (née Shelomova; 1911–1998). His grandfather, Spiridon Putin (1879–1965), was a personal cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.[21][22] Putin's birth was preceded by the deaths of two brothers: Albert, born in the 1930s, died in infancy, and Viktor, born in 1940, died of diphtheria and starvation in 1942 during the Siege of Leningrad by Nazi Germany's forces in World War II.[23][24]

Putin's mother was a factory worker, and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy, serving in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. During the early stage of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, his father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD.[25][26][27] Later, he was transferred to the regular army and was severely wounded in 1942.[28] Putin's maternal grandmother was killed by the German occupiers of Tver region in 1941, and his maternal uncles disappeared on the Eastern Front during World War II.[29]

### Education

[edit]

On 1 September 1960, Putin started at School No. 193 at Baskov Lane, near his home. He was one of a few in his class of about 45 pupils who were not yet members of the Young Pioneer (Komsomol) organization. At the age of 12, he began to practice sambo and judo.[30] In his free time, he enjoyed reading the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Lenin.[31] Putin attended Saint Petersburg High School 281 with a German language immersion program.[32] He is fluent in German and often gives speeches and interviews in that language.[33][34]

Putin studied law at the Leningrad State University named after Andrei Zhdanov (now Saint Petersburg State University) in 1970 and graduated in 1975.[35] His thesis was on "The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law".[36] While there, he was required to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); he remained a member until it ceased to exist in 1991.[37] Putin met Anatoly Sobchak, an assistant professor who taught business law,[g] and who later became the co-author of the Russian constitution. Putin was influential in Sobchak's career in Saint Petersburg, and Sobchak was influential in Putin's career in Moscow.[38]

In 1997, Putin received a degree in economics (Candidate of Economical Sciences) at the Saint Petersburg Mining University for a thesis on energy dependencies and their instrumentalisation in foreign policy.[39][40] His supervisor was Vladimir Litvinenko, who in 2000 and again in 2004 managed his presidential election campaigns in St Petersburg.[41] Igor Danchenko and Clifford Gaddy consider Putin to be a plagiarist according to Western standards. One book from which he copied entire paragraphs is the Russian-language edition of King and Cleland's Strategic Planning and Policy (1978).[41] Balzer wrote on the Putin thesis and Russian energy policy and concludes along with Olcott that "The primacy of the Russian state in the country's energy sector is non-negotiable", and cites the insistence on majority Russian ownership of any joint-venture, particularly since BASF signed the Gazprom Nord Stream-Yuzhno-Russkoye deal in 2004 with a 49–51 structure, as opposed to the older 50–50 split of BP's TNK-BP project.[42]

## Intelligence career

[edit]

Main article: Intelligence career of Vladimir Putin

Putin in the KGB, c. 1980

In 1975, Putin joined the KGB and trained at the 401st KGB School in Okhta, Leningrad.[43] After training, he worked in the Second Chief Directorate (counterintelligence), before he was transferred to the First Chief Directorate, where he monitored foreigners and consular officials in Leningrad.[43][44][45] In September 1984, Putin was sent to Moscow for further training at the Yuri Andropov Red Banner Institute.[46][47][48]

From 1985 to 1990, he served in Dresden, East Germany,[49] using a cover identity as a translator.[50] While posted in Dresden, Putin worked as one of the KGB's liaison officers to the Stasi secret police and was reportedly promoted to lieutenant colonel. According to the official Kremlin presidential site, the East German communist regime commended Putin with a bronze medal for "faithful service to the National People's Army". Putin has publicly conveyed delight over his activities in Dresden, once recounting his confrontations with anti-communist protestors of 1989 who attempted the occupation of Stasi buildings in the city.[51]

"Putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings, thus contributing to the mountains of useless information produced by the KGB", Russian-American Masha Gessen wrote in their 2012 biography of Putin.[50] His work was also downplayed by former Stasi spy chief Markus Wolf and Putin's former KGB colleague Vladimir Usoltsev. Journalist Catherine Belton wrote in 2020 that this downplaying was actually cover for Putin's involvement in KGB coordination and support for the terrorist Red Army Faction, whose members frequently hid in East Germany with the support of the Stasi. Dresden was preferred as a "marginal" town with only a small presence of Western intelligence services.[52] According to an anonymous source who claimed to be a former RAF member, at one of these meetings in Dresden the militants presented Putin with a list of weapons that were later delivered to the RAF in West Germany. Klaus Zuchold, who claimed to be recruited by Putin, said that Putin handled a neo-Nazi, Rainer Sonntag, and attempted to recruit an author of a study on poisons.[52] Putin reportedly met Germans to be recruited for wireless communications affairs together with an interpreter. He was involved in wireless communications technologies in South-East Asia due to trips of German engineers, recruited by him, there and to the West.[45] However, a 2023 investigation by Der Spiegel reported that the anonymous source had never been an RAF member and is "considered a notorious fabulist" with "several previous convictions, including for making false statements".[53]

The Stasi identity card of Vladimir Putin, who worked in Dresden as a KGB liaison officer to the Stasi[54]

According to Putin's official biography, during the fall of the Berlin Wall that began on 9 November 1989, he saved the files of the Soviet Cultural Center (House of Friendship) and of the KGB villa in Dresden for the official authorities of the would-be united Germany to prevent demonstrators, including KGB and Stasi agents, from obtaining and destroying them. He then supposedly burnt only the KGB files, in a few hours, but saved the archives of the Soviet Cultural Center for the German authorities. Nothing is told about the selection criteria during this burning; for example, concerning Stasi files or about files of other agencies of the German Democratic Republic or of the USSR. He explained that many documents were left to Germany only because the furnace burst but many documents of the KGB villa were sent to Moscow.[55]

After the collapse of the Communist East German government, Putin was to resign from active KGB service because of suspicions aroused regarding his loyalty during demonstrations in Dresden and earlier, although the KGB and the Soviet Army still operated in eastern Germany. He returned to Leningrad in early 1990 as a member of the "active reserves", where he worked for about three months with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to Vice-Rector Yuriy Molchanov, while working on his doctoral dissertation.[45]

There, he looked for new KGB recruits, watched the student body, and renewed his friendship with his former professor, Anatoly Sobchak, soon to be the Mayor of Leningrad.[56] Putin said that he resigned with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 20 August 1991,[56] on the second day of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt against Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev.[57] Putin stated: "As soon as the coup began, I immediately decided which side I was on", although he said that the choice was hard because he had spent the best part of his life with "the organs".[58]

## Political career

[edit]

Main article: Political career of Vladimir Putin

Further information: Russia under Vladimir Putin, Putinism, List of speeches given by Vladimir Putin, and Politics of Russia

Putin's political rise began in the Saint Petersburg administration (1990–1996), where in May 1990 he was appointed as an advisor on international affairs to Mayor Anatoly Sobchak. Shortly thereafter, in June 1991, he became the head of the Committee for External Relations of the Saint Petersburg Mayor's Office, overseeing the promotion of international ties, foreign investment, and the registration of business ventures. Though his tenure was marred by investigations from the city legislative council concerning discrepancies in asset valuation and the export of metals, Putin retained his position until 1996. During the mid-1990s, he expanded his responsibilities in Saint Petersburg, serving as first deputy head of the city administration and leading the local branch of the pro-government political party Our Home Is Russia, as well as participating in advisory roles with regional newspapers.

Bill Clinton, Vladimir Putin, his wife Ludmila Putina and George H. W. Bush at the state funeral of Boris Yeltsin on 23 April 2007

Transitioning to the national scene in 1996, Putin was called to Moscow following the electoral defeat of Sobchak, where he assumed the role of Deputy Chief of the Presidential Property Management Department. In this capacity, he was responsible for managing the transfer of former Soviet assets to the Russian Federation. His career in Moscow advanced rapidly with his appointment in 1997 as deputy chief of the Presidential Staff and later as chief of the Main Control Directorate of the same department. A pivotal moment came in 1998 when President Boris Yeltsin appointed him director of the FSB, Russia's primary intelligence and security agency. In this role, Putin concentrated on reorganising and strengthening the agency after years of perceived decline, a period that would prove formative for his later approach to governance.

In August 1999, Putin's profile increased substantially when he was named one of the three First Deputy Prime Ministers, and later the acting Prime Minister following the dismissal of Sergei Stepashin's cabinet. Endorsed by Yeltsin as his preferred successor, Putin quickly capitalised on his law-and-order reputation and rose in popularity, winning the presidential election in March 2000 and being inaugurated on 7 May 2000. Throughout his subsequent terms, alternately serving as President and Prime Minister, Putin has overseen extensive reforms aimed at consolidating state power, restructuring federal relations, and curbing the influence of oligarchs. His tenure has been punctuated by significant foreign policy actions, including the controversial annexation of Crimea in 2014, military interventions in Syria, and ongoing involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

### 2024–present: Fifth presidential term

[edit]

Putin and Vietnamese president Tô Lâm in Hanoi, Vietnam, June 2024 Putin with heads of delegations at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia in October 2024

Putin won the 2024 Russian presidential election with 88% of the vote. International observers did not consider the election to be free or fair,[59] with Putin having increased political repressions after launching his full-scale war with Ukraine in 2022.[60][61] The elections were also held in the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine.[61] There were reports of irregularities, including ballot stuffing and coercion,[62] with statistical analysis suggesting unprecedented levels of fraud in the 2024 elections.[63][64][65] In March 2024, the Crocus City Hall attack took place, causing the deaths of 145 people and injuring 551 more.[66][67] It was the deadliest terrorist attack on Russian soil since the Beslan school siege in 2004.[68][69]

In May 2024, Putin was inaugurated as president of Russia for the fifth time.[70] According to analysts, replacing Sergei Shoigu with Andrey Belousov as defense minister signals that Putin wanted to transform the economy into a war economy and is "preparing for many more years of war".[71][72] Four Russian sources told Reuters that Putin was ready to end the war in Ukraine with a negotiated ceasefire that would recognize Russia's war gains and freeze the war on the then front lines, as Putin wanted to avoid unpopular steps such as further mobilization and increased war spending.[73]

In August 2024, Putin pardoned American journalist Evan Gershkovich, opposition figures Vladimir Kara-Murza, Ilya Yashin and others in a prisoner swap with western countries.[74][75][76] The 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange was the most extensive between Russia and United States since the end of the Cold War, involving the release of 26 people.[77]

In September 2024, Putin warned the West that if attacked with conventional weapons Russia would consider a nuclear retaliation,[78] in an apparent deviation from the no first use doctrine.[79] Putin went on to threaten nuclear powers that if they supported another country's attack on Russia, then they would be considered participants in such an aggression.[80][81] Russia and the United States are the world's biggest nuclear powers, holding 88% of the world's nuclear weapons.[82] Putin has made implicit nuclear threats since the outbreak of war against Ukraine.[83] Experts say Putin's announcement was aimed at dissuading the US, UK and France from allowing Ukraine to use Western-supplied long-range missiles such as the Storm Shadow and ATACMS in strikes against Russia.[84]

In April 2025, US President Donald Trump criticized Putin's determination to continue the war against Ukraine despite the horrific death toll and called for a peace deal, posting on social media: "Vladimir, STOP! 5000 soldiers a week are dying. Lets get the Peace Deal DONE!"[85] Putin rejected a proposal by the United States and Ukraine for an unconditional 30-day ceasefire.[86] In May 2025, Putin attended the Victory Day parade in Moscow with Chinese President Xi Jinping, Brazilian President Lula da Silva and other foreign leaders.[87]

In May 2025, Putin approved Alexander Novak's coal industry bailout plan.

On 15 May 2025, Russian and Ukrainian delegations held direct talks in Istanbul for the first time since early 2022.[88] As a condition for peace, Putin called on Ukraine to abandon four partially occupied Ukrainian regions that Russia has annexed but not conquered: a territorial concession that Ukraine has repeatedly rejected. He also listed other demands that critics say would lead to the end of Ukraine as a sovereign and independent state.[89][90] Putin rejected calls for an unconditional ceasefire and escalated attacks on Ukraine.[91]

On 22 June 2025, Putin condemned Trump's strikes on Iranian nuclear sites as an "unprovoked act of aggression," although at the same time he authorized Russian strikes against Ukraine.[92] As of July 2025, Russian casualties in the war with Ukraine were estimated at 1 million.[93]

## Domestic policies

[edit]

Main article: Domestic policy of Vladimir Putin

See also: Freedom of assembly in Russia, Media freedom in Russia, and Internet censorship in Russia

Further information: 2011–2013 Russian protests, 2017–2018 Russian protests, and Bolotnaya Square case

Putin's domestic policies, particularly early in his first presidency, were aimed at creating a vertical power structure. On 13 May 2000, he issued a decree organizing the 89 federal subjects of Russia into seven administrative federal districts and appointed a presidential envoy responsible for each of those districts (whose official title is Plenipotentiary Representative).[94]

In May 2000, Putin introduced seven federal districts for administrative purposes. In January 2010, the 8th North Caucasus Federal District (shown here in purple) was split from the Southern Federal District. In March 2014, the new 9th Crimean Federal District was formed after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. In July 2016, it was incorporated into the Southern Federal District.

According to Stephen White, under the presidency of Putin, Russia made it clear that it had no intention of establishing a "second edition" of the American or British political system, but rather a system that was closer to Russia's own traditions and circumstances.[95] Some commentators have described Putin's administration as a "sovereign democracy".[96][97][98] According to the proponents of that description (primarily Vladislav Surkov), the government's actions and policies ought above all to enjoy popular support within Russia itself and not be directed or influenced from outside the country.[99]

The practice of the system is characterized by Swedish economist Anders Åslund as manual management, commenting: "After Putin resumed the presidency in 2012, his rule is best described as 'manual management' as the Russians like to put it. Putin does whatever he wants, with little consideration to the consequences with one important caveat. During the Russian financial crash of August 1998, Putin learned that financial crises are politically destabilizing and must be avoided at all costs. Therefore, he cares about financial stability"[100]

The period after 2012 saw mass protests against the falsification of elections, censorship and toughening of free assembly laws. In July 2000, according to a law proposed by Putin and approved by the Federal Assembly of Russia, Putin gained the right to dismiss the heads of the 89 federal subjects. In 2004, the direct election of those heads (usually called "governors") by popular vote was replaced with a system whereby they would be nominated by the president and approved or disapproved by regional legislatures.[101][102]

This was seen by Putin as a necessary move to stop separatist tendencies and get rid of those governors who were connected with organised crime.[103] This and other government actions effected under Putin's presidency have been criticized by many independent Russian media outlets and Western commentators as anti-democratic.[104][105]

During his first term in office, Putin opposed some of the Yeltsin-era business oligarchs, as well as his political opponents, resulting in the exile or imprisonment of such people as Boris Berezovsky, Vladimir Gusinsky, and Mikhail Khodorkovsky; other oligarchs such as Roman Abramovich and Arkady Rotenberg are friends and allies with Putin.[106] Putin succeeded in codifying land law and tax law and promulgated new codes on labour, administrative, criminal, commercial and civil procedural law.[107] Under Medvedev's presidency, Putin's government implemented some key reforms in the area of state security, the Russian police reform and the Russian military reform.[108]

In 1999, Putin described communism as "a blind alley, far away from the mainstream of civilization".[109]

### Economic, industrial, and energy policies

[edit]

See also: Economy of Russia, Energy policy of Russia, Great Recession in Russia, Russian financial crisis (2014–2016), and Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian GDP since the end of the Soviet Union

Sergey Guriyev, when talking about Putin's economic policy, divided it into four distinct periods: the "reform" years of his first term (1999–2003); the "statist" years of his second term (2004—the first half of 2008); the world economic crisis and recovery (the second half of 2008–2013); and the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russia's growing isolation from the global economy, and stagnation (2014–present).[110]

In 2000, Putin launched the "Programme for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period 2000–2010", but it was abandoned in 2008 when it was 30% complete.[111] Fueled by the 2000s commodities boom including record-high oil prices,[9][10] under the Putin administration from 2000 to 2016, an increase in income in USD terms was 4.5 times.[112] During Putin's first eight years in office, industry grew substantially, as did production, construction, real incomes, credit, and the middle class.[113][114] A fund for oil revenue allowed Russia to repay the Soviet Union's debts by 2005. Russia joined the World Trade Organization in August 2012.[115]

In 2006, Putin launched an industry consolidation programme to bring the main aircraft-producing companies under a single umbrella organization, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC).[116][117] In September 2020, the UAC general director announced that the UAC will receive the largest-ever post-Soviet government support package for the aircraft industry in order to pay and renegotiate the debt.[118][119]

Putin, Gazprom CEO Alexey Miller and Chinese president Xi Jinping. The Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas[120]

In 2014, Putin signed a deal to supply China with 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Power of Siberia, which Putin has called the "world's biggest construction project", was launched in 2019 and is expected to continue for 30 years at an ultimate cost to China of $400bn.[121] The ongoing financial crisis began in the second half of 2014 when the Russian ruble collapsed due to a decline in the price of oil and international sanctions against Russia. These events in turn led to loss of investor confidence and capital flight, although it has also been argued that the sanctions had little to no effect on Russia's economy.[122][123][124] In 2014, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project named Putin their Person of the Year for furthering corruption and organized crime.[125][126]

According to Meduza, Putin has since 2007 predicted on a number of occasions that Russia will become one of the world's five largest economies. In 2013, he said Russia was one of the five biggest economies in terms of gross domestic product but still lagged behind other countries on indicators such as labour productivity.[127] By the end of 2023, Putin planned to spend almost 40% of public expenditures on defense and security.[128]

### Environmental policy

[edit]

Main articles: Environment of Russia, Environmental issues in Russia, and Climate change in Russia

In 2004, Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol treaty designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[129] However, Russia did not face mandatory cuts, because the Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a percentage increase or decrease from 1990 levels and Russia's greenhouse-gas emissions fell well below the 1990 baseline due to a drop in economic output after the breakup of the Soviet Union,[130] excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF).[131]

In 2019 Russia joined the Paris Agreement.[132] Russia's goal is to reach net zero by 2060, but its energy strategy to 2035 is mostly about burning more fossil fuels.[133][134] Reporting military emissions is voluntary and, as of 2024, no data is available since before the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[135]

Putin described climate change as a concerning fact with big consequences for Russia. He is not sure if it man made or not, but said that Russia is trying and will try to reduce man made emissions with forests and "low-emission energy", by this term he intends Natural gas, Nuclear energy and Hydroenergy in Russia. He said that rich countries should provide finance and technology to those with less money for lower emissions.[136] Some describe his policy as "mimicry of climate policy" and say he turned environmentalism into tool of political influence.[137]

### Religious policy

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Russia

Putin with religious leaders of Russia, February 2001

Putin regularly attends the most important services of the Russian Orthodox Church on the main holy days and has established a good relationship with Patriarchs of the Russian Church, the late Alexy II of Moscow and the current Kirill of Moscow. As president, Putin took an active personal part in promoting the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate, signed 17 May 2007, which restored relations between the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia after the 80-year schism.[138]

Under Putin, the Hasidic Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia became increasingly influential within the Jewish community, partly due to the influence of Federation-supporting businessmen mediated through their alliances with Putin, notably Lev Leviev and Roman Abramovich.[139][140] According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Putin is popular amongst the Russian Jewish community, who see him as a force for stability. Russia's chief rabbi, Berel Lazar, said Putin "paid great attention to the needs of our community and related to us with a deep respect".[141] In 2016, Ronald S. Lauder, the president of the World Jewish Congress, also praised Putin for making Russia "a country where Jews are welcome".[142]

Human rights organizations and religious freedom advocates have criticized the state of religious freedom in Russia.[143] In 2016, Putin oversaw the passage of legislation that prohibited missionary activity in Russia.[143] Nonviolent religious minority groups have been repressed under anti-extremism laws, especially Jehovah's Witnesses.[144] One of the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia refers to belief in God.[145]

### Military development

[edit]

Main article: 2008 Russian military reform

Putin with Russia's long-serving Defense Minister Sergei Shoygu (left) and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov at the Vostok 2018 military exercise

The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian defense minister Anatoliy Serdyukov during his meeting with Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov, would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times.[146][147]

Key elements of the reform included reducing the armed forces to a strength of one million, reducing the number of officers, centralising officer training from 65 military schools into 10 systemic military training centres, creating a professional NCO corps, reducing the size of the central command, introducing more civilian logistics and auxiliary staff, elimination of cadre-strength formations, reorganising the reserves, reorganising the army into a brigade system, and reorganising air forces into an airbase system instead of regiments.[148]

Russian postage stamp honoring a soldier killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

According to the Kremlin, Putin embarked on a build-up of Russia's nuclear capabilities because of U.S. president George W. Bush's unilateral decision to withdraw from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.[149] To counter what Putin sees as the United States' goal of undermining Russia's strategic nuclear deterrent, Moscow has embarked on a program to develop new weapons capable of defeating any new American ballistic missile defense or interception system. Some analysts believe that this nuclear strategy under Putin has brought Russia into violation of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.[150]

Accordingly, U.S. president Donald Trump announced the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.[150] This prompted Putin to state that Russia would not launch first in a nuclear conflict but that "an aggressor should know that vengeance is inevitable, that he will be annihilated, and we would be the victims of the aggression. We will go to heaven as martyrs".[151]

Putin has also sought to increase Russian territorial claims in the Arctic and its military presence there. In August 2007, Russian expedition Arktika 2007, part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial extension claim, planted a flag on the seabed at the North Pole.[152] Both Russian submarines and troops deployed in the Arctic have been increasing.[153][154]

### Human rights policy

[edit]

Main article: Human rights in Russia

See also: Dima Yakovlev Law, Russian foreign agent law, and Russian Internet Restriction Bill

Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny attends a march in memory of assassinated opposition politician Boris Nemtsov, Moscow, 29 February 2020

New York City–based NGO Human Rights Watch, in a report titled Laws of Attrition, authored by Hugh Williamson, the British director of HRW's Europe & Central Asia Division, has claimed that since May 2012, when Putin was reelected as president, Russia has enacted many restrictive laws, started inspections of non-governmental organizations, harassed, intimidated and imprisoned political activists, and started to restrict critics. The new laws include the "foreign agents" law, which is widely regarded as over-broad by including Russian human rights organizations which receive some international grant funding, the treason law, and the assembly law which penalizes many expressions of dissent.[155][156] Human rights activists have criticized Russia for censoring speech of LGBT activists due to "the gay propaganda law"[157] and increasing violence against LGBT+ people due to the law.[158][159][160]

In 2020, Putin signed a law on labelling individuals and organizations receiving funding from abroad as "foreign agents". The law is an expansion of "foreign agent" legislation adopted in 2012.[161][162]

As of June 2020, per Memorial Human Rights Center, there were 380 political prisoners in Russia, including 63 individuals prosecuted, directly or indirectly, for political activities (including Alexey Navalny) and 245 prosecuted for their involvement with one of the Muslim organizations that are banned in Russia. 78 individuals on the list, i.e., more than 20% of the total, are residents of Crimea.[163][164] As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted for criticizing the war in Ukraine under Russia's war censorship laws.[165]

### The media

[edit]

See also: Mass media in Russia, Media freedom in Russia, and Propaganda in Russia

Putin being interviewed by Tucker Carlson on 6 February 2024

Scott Gehlbach, a professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, has claimed that since 1999, Putin has systematically punished journalists who challenge his official point of view.[166] Maria Lipman, an American writing in Foreign Affairs claims, "The crackdown that followed Putin's return to the Kremlin in 2012 extended to the liberal media, which had until then been allowed to operate fairly independently".[167] The Internet has attracted Putin's attention because his critics have tried to use it to challenge his control of information.[168] Marian K. Leighton, who worked for the CIA as a Soviet analyst in the 1980s says, "Having muzzled Russia's print and broadcast media, Putin focused his energies on the Internet".[169]

Robert W. Orttung and Christopher Walker reported that "Reporters Without Borders, for instance, ranked Russia 148 in its 2013 list of 179 countries in terms of freedom of the press. It particularly criticized Russia for the crackdown on the political opposition and the failure of the authorities to vigorously pursue and bring to justice criminals who have murdered journalists. Freedom House ranks Russian media as "not free", indicating that basic safeguards and guarantees for journalists and media enterprises are absent.[170] About two-thirds of Russians use television as their primary source of daily news,[171] while around 85% of Russians get most of their information from Russian state media.[172]

In the early 2000s, Putin and his circle began promoting the idea in Russian media that they are the modern-day version of the 17th-century Romanov tsars who ended Russia's "Time of Troubles", meaning they claim to be the peacemakers and stabilizers after the fall of the Soviet Union.[173] Since the 2022 Ukraine invasion, Putin has only once granted an interview to a Western journalist, namely Tucker Carlson in February 2024.[174]

### Promoting conservatism

[edit]

This article is part of a series on

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Putin attends the Orthodox Christmas service in the village Turginovo in Kalininsky District, Tver Oblast, 7 January 2016.

Putin has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social, cultural, and political matters, both at home and abroad. Putin has attacked globalism and neoliberalism and is identified by scholars with Russian conservatism.[175] Putin has promoted new think tanks that bring together like-minded intellectuals and writers. For example, the Izborsky Club, founded in 2012 by the conservative right-wing journalist Alexander Prokhanov, stresses (i) Russian nationalism, (ii) the restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and (iii) systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies.[176] Vladislav Surkov, a senior government official, has been one of the key economics consultants during Putin's presidency.[177]

In cultural and social affairs Putin has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012 stating Putin's terms were like "a miracle of God".[178] Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions... Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an alliance with the state".[179]

Mark Woods, a Baptist Union of Great Britain minister and contributing editor to Christian Today, provides specific examples of how the Church has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine.[180] Some Russian Orthodox believers consider Putin a corrupt and brutal strongman or even a tyrant. Others do not admire him but appreciate that he aggravates their political opponents. Still others appreciate that Putin defends some although not all Orthodox teachings, whether or not he believes in them himself.[181]

On abortion, Putin stated: "In the modern world, the decision is up to the woman herself".[182] This put him at odds with the Russian Orthodox Church.[183] In 2020, he supported efforts to reduce the number of abortions instead of prohibiting it.[184] On 28 November 2023, during a speech to the World Russian People's Council, Putin urged Russian women to have "seven, eight, or even more children" and said "large families must become the norm, a way of life for all of Russia's people".[185]

Putin supported the 2020 Russian constitutional referendum, which passed and defined marriage as a relationship between one man and one woman in the Constitution of Russia.[186][187][188]

### International sporting events

[edit]

Putin, FIFA president Gianni Infantino and French president Emmanuel Macron at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final in Russia as French forward Kylian Mbappé receives the best young player award

In 2007, Putin led a successful effort on behalf of Sochi for the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics,[189] the first Winter Olympic Games to ever be hosted by Russia. In 2008, the city of Kazan won the bid for the 2013 Summer Universiade; on 2 December 2010, Russia won the right to host the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup, also for the first time in Russian history. In 2013, Putin stated that gay athletes would not face any discrimination at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.[190]

## Foreign policy

[edit]

Main article: Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin

See also: Foreign relations of Russia and List of international presidential trips made by Vladimir Putin

Putin's visit to the United States, November 2001

Generally, Putin's tenure experiences tensions with the west.[191][192] Anna Borshchevskaya, in her 2022 book, summarizes Putin main foreign policy objectives as originating in his 30 December 1999 document which appeared on the government's website, "Russia at the Turn of the Millenium".[193] She presents Putin as orienting himself to the plan that "Russia is a country with unique values in danger of losing its unity - which... is a historic Russian fear. This again points to the fundamental issue of Russia's identity issues - and how the state had manipulated these to drive anti-Western security narratives with the aim of eroding the US-led global order... Moreover, a look at Russia's distribution of forces over the years under Putin has been heavily weighted towards the south (Syria, Ukraine, Middle East), another indicator of the Kremlin's threat perceptions".[194][195]

Leonid Bershidsky analyzed Putin's interview with the Financial Times and concluded, "Putin is an imperialist of the old Soviet school, rather than a nationalist or a racist, and he has cooperated with, and promoted, people who are known to be gay".[196] Putin spoke favorably of artificial intelligence in regard to foreign policy, "Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world".[197]

### Asia

[edit]

See also: India–Russia relations, China–Russia relations, Indonesia–Russia relations, and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Putin with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in Moscow, 9 July 2024

In 2012, Putin wrote an article in Indian newspaper The Hindu, saying: "The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step".[198][199] India remains the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a historically strong strategic and diplomatic relationship.[200] In October 2022, Putin described India and China as "close allies and partners".[201]

Under Putin, Russia has maintained positive relations with the Asian states of SCO and BRICS, which include China, India, Pakistan, and post-Soviet states of Central Asia.[202][203] In the 21st century, Sino-Russian relations have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically—the Treaty of Friendship, and the construction of the ESPO oil pipeline and the Power of Siberia gas pipeline formed a "special relationship" between the two great powers.[204]

Putin and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe frequently met each other to discuss the Japan–Russia territorial disputes. Putin also voiced his willingness of constructing a rail bridge between the two countries.[205] Despite numerous meetings, no agreement was signed before Abe's resignation in 2020.[206][207]

Putin with Chinese president Xi Jinping and other leaders at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Uzbekistan on 16 September 2022

Putin made three visits to Mongolia and has enjoyed good relations with its neighbor. Putin and his Mongolian counterpart signed a permanent treaty on friendship between the two states in September 2019, further enhancing trade and cultural exchanges.[208][209] Putin became the first Russian or Soviet leader to visit Indonesia in half a century in 2007, resulting in the signing of an arms deal.[210] In another visit, Putin commented on long-standing ties and friendship between Russia and Indonesia.[211] Russia has also boosted relations with Vietnam after 2011,[212] and with Afghanistan in the 2010s, giving military and economic aid.[213][214] The relations between Russia and the Philippines received a boost in 2016 as Putin forged closer bilateral ties with his Filipino counterpart, Rodrigo Duterte.[215][216] Putin has good relations with Malaysia and its then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.[217] Putin also made the first Russian or Soviet leader to visit North Korea, meeting Kim Jong Il in July 2000, shortly after a visit to South Korea.[218]

Putin criticized violence in Myanmar against Rohingya minorities in 2017.[219] Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Russia has pledged to boost ties with the Myanmar military regime.[220]

### Post-Soviet states

[edit]

Further information: Colour revolution, Russia–Ukraine relations, Belarus–Russia relations, Georgia–Russia relations, Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations, Kazakhstan–Russia relations, and Eurasian Economic Union

See also: Commonwealth of Independent States

Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order:

1. Armenia
2. Azerbaijan
3. Belarus
4. Estonia
5. Georgia
6. Kazakhstan
7. Kyrgyzstan
8. Latvia
9. Lithuania
10. Moldova
11. Russia
12. Tajikistan
13. Turkmenistan
14. Ukraine
15. Uzbekistan

Under Putin, the Kremlin has consistently stated that Russia has a sphere of influence and "privileged interests" over other Post-Soviet states, which are referred to as the "near abroad" in Russia. It has also been stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests.[221] Some Russia experts have compared this concept to the Monroe Doctrine.[222]

A series of so-called colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticized the Rose and Orange revolutions, saying: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict".[223]

Putin allegedly declared at a NATO-Russia summit in 2008 that if Ukraine joined NATO Russia could contend to annex the Ukrainian East and Crimea.[224] At the summit, he told U.S. president George W. Bush that "Ukraine is not even a state!", while the following year Putin referred to Ukraine as "Little Russia".[225] Following the Revolution of Dignity in March 2014, the Russian Federation annexed Crimea.[226][227][228] According to Putin, this was done because "Crimea has always been and remains an inseparable part of Russia".[229]

After the Russian annexation of Crimea, he said that Ukraine includes "regions of Russia's historic south" and "was created on a whim by the Bolsheviks".[230] He went on to declare that the February 2014 ousting of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had been orchestrated by the West as an attempt to weaken Russia. "Our Western partners have crossed a line. They behaved rudely, irresponsibly and unprofessionally", he said, adding that the people who had come to power in Ukraine were "nationalists, neo-Nazis, Russophobes and anti-Semites".[230]

Putin hosted a meeting of the Russian-led military alliance, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), in Moscow on 16 May 2022.

In a July 2014 speech during a Russian-supported armed insurgency in Eastern Ukraine, Putin stated he would use Russia's "entire arsenal of available means" up to "operations under international humanitarian law and the right of self-defence" to protect Russian speakers outside Russia.[231][232] With the attainment of autocephaly by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in December 2018 and subsequent schism of the Russian Orthodox Church from Constantinople, a number of experts came to the conclusion that Putin's policy of forceful engagement in post-Soviet republics significantly backfired on him, leading to a situation where he "annexed Crimea, but lost Ukraine", and provoked a much more cautious approach to Russia among other post-Soviet countries.[233][234]

In late August 2014, Putin stated: "People who have their own views on history and the history of our country may argue with me, but it seems to me that the Russian and Ukrainian peoples are practically one people".[235] After making a similar statement, in late December 2015 he stated: "the Ukrainian culture, as well as Ukrainian literature, surely has a source of its own".[236] In July 2021, he published a lengthy article On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians[237] revisiting these themes, and saying the formation of a Ukrainian state hostile to Moscow was "comparable in its consequences to the use of weapons of mass destruction against us"[238][239]—it was made mandatory reading for military-political training in the Russian Armed Forces.[240]

Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, German chancellor Merkel, French president Macron and Putin met in Paris on 9 December 2019 in the "Normandy Format" aimed at ending the war in Donbas

In August 2008, Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili attempted to restore control over the breakaway South Ossetia. However, the Georgian military was soon defeated in the resulting 2008 South Ossetia War after regular Russian forces entered South Ossetia and then other parts of Georgia, then also opened a second front in the other Georgian breakaway province of Abkhazia with Abkhazian forces.[241]

Despite existing or past tensions between Russia and most of the post-Soviet states, Putin has followed the policy of Eurasian integration. Putin endorsed the idea of a Eurasian Union in 2011;[242][243] the concept was proposed by the president of Kazakhstan in 1994.[244] On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015.[245] The Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015.[246]

Under Putin, Russia's relations have improved significantly with Uzbekistan, the second largest post-Soviet republic after Ukraine. This was demonstrated in Putin's visit to Tashkent in May 2000, after lukewarm relations under Yeltsin and Islam Karimov who had long distanced itself from Moscow.[247] In another meeting in 2014, Russia agreed to write off Uzbek debt.[248] A theme of a greater Soviet region, including the former USSR and many of its neighbors or imperial-era states—rather than just post-Soviet Russia—has been consistent in Putin's May Day speeches.[249][250][251]

On 22 December 2022, Putin addressed the Security Council in a speech where he did not use the term "Special Military Operation" but instead called the fighting in Ukraine a "war". Anti-Putin activists have called for Putin to be prosecuted for breaking a law passed to stop people calling the Special Military Operation a war. This law carries a penalty of up to 15 years in jail.[252] On 25 December, he openly declared in a TV interview that the goal of the invasion is "to unite the Russian people".[253]

On 14 December 2023, President Putin held a press conference where he indicated that Russian would only negotiate with Ukraine "when we achieve our objectives". He stated that another mobilization wasn't required as "617,000" Russian soldiers were fighting in Ukraine.[254]

During the 2024 Year-End Review, President Putin was asked if there were regrets from the "Special Military Operation". President Putin said that he regretted not launching it at the same time as the annexation of Crimea and with more "preparation". Saying "This decision, which was made at the beginning of 2022, should have been made earlier. That's the first thing. Secondly, we should have started preparing, including for the SMO. The events in Crimea were spontaneous. The events of 2022 also began without preparation. But why did we start? Because it was impossible to stand still and endure any longer".[255]

### United States, Western Europe, and NATO

[edit]

See also: Anti-American sentiment in Russia, Russia–NATO relations, and Russia–United States relations

Under Putin, Russia's relationships with NATO and the U.S. have passed through several stages. When he first became president, relations were cautious, but after the 9/11 attacks Putin quickly supported the U.S. in the War on Terror and the opportunity for partnership appeared.[256] According to Stephen F. Cohen, the U.S. "repaid by further expansion of NATO to Russia's borders and by unilateral withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty",[256] but others pointed out the applications from new countries willing to join NATO was driven primarily by Russian's behavior in Chechnya, Transnistria, Abkhazia, Yanayev putsch as well as calls to restore USSR in its previous borders by prominent Russian politicians.[257][258]

From 2003, when Russia strongly opposed the U.S. when it waged the Iraq War, Putin became ever more distant from the West, and relations steadily deteriorated. According to Russia scholar Stephen F. Cohen, the narrative of the mainstream U.S. media, following that of the White House, became anti-Putin.[256] In an interview with Michael Stürmer, Putin said there were three questions which most concerned Russia and Eastern Europe: namely, the status of Kosovo, the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and American plans to build missile defence sites in Poland and the Czech Republic, and suggested that all three were linked.[259] His view was that concessions by the West on one of the questions might be met with concessions from Russia on another.[259]

> One single center of power. One single center of force. One single center of decision making. This is the world of one master, one sovereign. ... Primarily the United States has overstepped its national borders, and in every area.

— Putin criticizing the United States in his Munich Speech, 2007[260]

In a January 2007 interview, Putin said Russia was in favor of a democratic multipolar world and strengthening the systems of international law.[261] In February 2007, Putin criticized what he called the United States' monopolistic dominance in global relations, and "almost uncontained hyper use of force in international relations". He said the result of it is that "no one feels safe! Because no one can feel that international law is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a policy stimulates an arms race."[262] This came to be known as the Munich Speech, and NATO secretary Jaap de Hoop Scheffer called the speech "disappointing and not helpful".[263]

The months following Putin's Munich Speech[262] were marked by tension and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. Both Russian and American officials, however, denied the idea of a new Cold War.[264] Putin publicly opposed plans for the U.S. missile shield in Europe and presented President George W. Bush with a counterproposal on 7 June 2007 which was declined.[265] Russia suspended its participation in the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty on 11 December 2007.[266]

Putin opposed Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, warning that it would destabilize the whole system of international relations.[267] He described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by several major world powers as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face".[268] In March 2014, Putin used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing the independence of Crimea, citing the so-called "Kosovo independence precedent".[269][270]

After the 9/11 attacks on the U.S. in 2001, Putin had good relations with American president George W. Bush, and many western European leaders. His "cooler" and "more business-like" relationship with German chancellor, Angela Merkel is often attributed to Merkel's upbringing in the former DDR, where Putin was stationed as a KGB agent.[271] He had a very friendly and warm relationship with Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi;[272] the two leaders often described their relationship as a close friendship, continuing to organize bilateral meetings even after Berlusconi's resignation in November 2011.[273] When Berlusconi died in 2023, Putin described him as an "extraordinary man" and a "true friend".[274][275]

The NATO-led military intervention in Libya in 2011 prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Putin, who said that the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 is "defective and flawed", adding: "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades".[276]

In late 2013, Russian-American relations deteriorated further when the United States canceled a summit for the first time since 1960 after Putin gave asylum to American Edward Snowden, who had leaked massive amounts of classified information from the NSA.[277][278] In 2014, Russia was suspended from the G8 group as a result of its annexation of Crimea.[279][280] Putin gave a speech highly critical of the United States, accusing them of destabilizing world order and trying to "reshape the world" to its own benefit.[281] In June 2015, Putin said that Russia has no intention of attacking NATO.[282]

On 9 November 2016, Putin congratulated Donald Trump on becoming the 45th president of the United States.[283] In December 2016, US intelligence officials (headed by James Clapper) quoted by CBS News stated that Putin approved the email hacking and cyber attacks during the U.S. election, against the Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. A spokesman for Putin denied the reports.[284] Putin has repeatedly accused Hillary Clinton, who served as U.S. secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 of interfering in Russia's internal affairs,[285] and in December 2016, Clinton accused Putin of having a personal grudge against her.[286][287]

With the election of Trump, Putin's favorability in the U.S. increased. A Gallup poll in February 2017 revealed a positive view of Putin among 22% of Americans, the highest since 2003.[288] Putin has stated that U.S.–Russian relations, already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War,[289] have continued to deteriorate after Trump took office in January 2017.[290]

On 18 June 2020, The National Interest published a nine-thousand-word essay by Putin, titled "The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II".[291] In the essay, Putin criticizes the Western historical view of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as the start of World War II, stating that the Munich Agreement was the beginning.[292]

On 21 February 2023, Putin suspended Russia's participation in the New START nuclear arms reduction treaty with the United States.[293] On 25 March, President Putin announced the stationing of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. Russia would maintain control of the weapons. President Putin told Russian TV: "There is nothing unusual here either. Firstly, the United States has been doing this for decades. They have long deployed their tactical nuclear weapons on the territory of their allied countries".[294]

* Putin with Pope John Paul II on 5 June 2000

* Putin with Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi and U.S. president George W. Bush at the NATO-Russia Council meeting in Rome on 28 May 2002[295]

* Putin with U.S. president Donald Trump at the summit meeting in Helsinki, Finland, 16 July 2018

* Putin held a meeting in Sochi with German chancellor Angela Merkel to discuss the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline in May 2018.

### United Kingdom

[edit]

Putin and his wife Lyudmila meeting with Queen Elizabeth II, her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005

In 2003, relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky.[296] This deterioration was intensified by allegations that the British were spying and making secret payments to pro-democracy and human rights groups.[297] A survey conducted in the United Kingdom in 2022 found Putin to be among the least popular foreign leaders, with 8% of British respondents holding a positive opinion.[298]

#### Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

[edit]

Main article: Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

The end of 2006 brought more strained relations in the wake of the death by polonium poisoning in London of former KGB and FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, who became an MI6 agent in 2003. In 2007, the crisis in relations continued with the expulsion of four Russian envoys over Russia's refusal to extradite former KGB bodyguard Andrei Lugovoi to face charges in the murder.[296] Mirroring the British actions, Russia expelled UK diplomats and took other retaliatory steps.[296]

In 2015, the British Government launched a public inquiry into Litvinenko's death, presided over by Robert Owen, a former British High Court judge.[299] The Owen report, published on 21 January 2016, stated, "The FSB operation to kill Mr. Litvinenko was probably approved by Mr Patrushev and also by President Putin".[300] The report outlined some possible motives for the murder, including Litvinenko's public statements and books about the alleged involvement of the FSB in mass murder, and what was "undoubtedly a personal dimension to the antagonism" between Putin and Litvinenko.[301]

#### Poisoning of Sergei Skripal

[edit]

Main article: Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal

On 4 March 2018, former double agent Sergei Skripal was poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent in Salisbury.[302] Ten days later, the British government formally accused the Russian state of attempted murder, a charge which Russia denied.[303] After the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats (an action which would later be responded to with a Russian expulsion of 23 British diplomats),[304] British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said on 16 March that it was "overwhelmingly likely" Putin had personally ordered the poisoning of Skripal. Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the allegation "shocking and unpardonable diplomatic misconduct".[305]

### Latin America

[edit]

See also: Brazil–Russia relations, Russia–Venezuela relations, Cuba–Russia relations, and Argentina–Russia relations

Putin and Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro on 10 October 2019

Putin and his successor, Medvedev, enjoyed warm relations with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela. Much of this has been through the sale of military equipment; since 2005, Venezuela has purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from Russia.[306] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights.[307] In November 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean. Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established stronger ties with Fidel Castro's Cuba.[308]

"You express the best masculine qualities", Putin told Jair Bolsonaro in 2020. "You look for solutions in all matters, always putting above all the interests of your people, your country, leaving out your own personal issues". Political scientist Oliver Stuenkel noted, "Among Brazil's right-wing populists, Putin is seen as someone who is anti-woke, and that is seen as something that is definitely appealing to Bolsonaro. He is a strongman, and that is very inspiring to Bolsonaro. He would like to be someone who concentrates as much power".[309]

### Australia and the South Pacific

[edit]

See also: Australia–Russia relations

In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia, the first Russian leader to do so in over 50 years.[310] In the same month, Putin also attended the APEC meeting held in Sydney, Australia, where he met with Prime Minister John Howard and signed a uranium trade deal for Australia to sell uranium to Russia. This was the first visit by a Russian president to Australia.[311] Putin again visited Australia for 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. The Abbott government denounced Putin's use of military force in Ukraine in 2014 as "bullying" and "utterly unacceptable".[312]

Amid calls to ban Putin from attending the 2014 G20 Summit, Prime Minister Tony Abbott said he would "shirtfront" (challenge) the Russian leader over the shooting down of MH17 by Russian-backed rebels, which had killed 38 Australians.[313] Putin denied responsibility for the killings.[314]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison said the invasion was "unprovoked, unjust and illegal" and labeled Putin a "thug".[315] New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern denounced Putin as a "bully".[316] Fijian prime minister Frank Bainimarama tweeted, "Fiji and our fellow Pacific Island Countries have united as nations of peace-loving people to condemn the conflict in Ukraine", while the Solomon Islands UN ambassador called the invasion a "violation of the rule of law".[317]

### Middle East and Africa

[edit]

See also: Israel–Russia relations, Iran–Russia relations, and Russia–South Africa relations

On 16 October 2007, Putin visited Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit in Tehran,[318][319] where he met with Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[320][321] This was the first visit of a Soviet or Russian leader[322] to Iran since Joseph Stalin's participation in the Tehran Conference in 1943, and marked a significant event in Iran–Russia relations.[323] At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions".[324] Putin was quoted as describing Iran as a "partner",[259] although he expressed concerns over the Iranian nuclear programme.[259]

In April 2008, Putin became the first Russian president to visit Libya.[325] Putin condemned the 2011 foreign military intervention in Libya, referring to the UN resolution as "defective and flawed", and added, "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades".[326] Upon the death of Muammar Gaddafi, Putin called it as "planned murder" by the US, saying: "They showed to the whole world how he (Gaddafi) was killed", and "There was blood all over. Is that what they call a democracy?"[327][328]

From 2000 to 2010, Russia sold around $1.5 billion worth of arms to Syria, making Damascus Russia's seventh-largest client.[329] During the Syrian civil war, Russia threatened to veto any sanctions against the Syrian government,[330] and continued to supply arms to its regime.

Putin opposed any foreign intervention in the Syrian civil war. In June 2012, in Paris, he rejected the statement of French president François Hollande who called on Bashar al-Assad to step down. Putin echoed Assad's argument that anti-regime militants were responsible for much of the bloodshed. He also talked about previous NATO interventions and their results, and asked, "What is happening in Libya, in Iraq? Did they become safer? Where are they heading? Nobody has an answer".[331]

On 11 September 2013, The New York Times published an op-ed by Putin urging caution against US intervention in Syria and criticizing American exceptionalism.[332] Putin subsequently helped to arrange for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.[333] In 2015, he took a stronger pro-Assad stance[334] and mobilized military support for the regime. Some analysts have summarized Putin as being allied with Shias and Alawites in the Middle East.[335][336] Putin ordered Russian intervention to support his ally Assad, with the aim of obtaining naval bases in the Eastern Mediterranean. [337][338][339]

In 2017, Putin dispatched Russian PMCs to back the Touadéra regime in the Central African Republic Civil War, gaining a permanent military presence in return.[340][341][342][343] The first Russia-Africa Summit was held in October 2019 in Sochi, Russia, co-hosted by Putin and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[344] The meeting was attended by 43 heads of state and government from African countries.[345]

In October 2019, Putin visited the United Arab Emirates, where six agreements were struck with Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed. One of them included shared investments between Russian sovereign wealth fund and the Emirati investment fund Mubadala. The two nations signed deals worth over $1.3bn, in energy, health and advance technology sectors.[346] On 22 October 2021, Putin highlighted the "unique bond" between Russia and Israel during a meeting with Israeli prime minister Naftali Bennett.[347]

* Putin with Iranian president Hassan Rouhani and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, September 2018

* Putin with African leaders at the Russia–Africa Summit in Sochi, Russia, on 24 October 2019

* Putin met with the president of the African Union, Macky Sall, to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa on 3 June 2022. The war in Ukraine contributed to the 2022–2023 food crises.[348]

## Public image

[edit]

Main article: Public image of Vladimir Putin

### Polls and rankings

[edit]

In a June 2007 public opinion survey, Putin's approval rating was 81%, the second-highest of any leader in the world that year.[349] In January 2013, at the time of the 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's rating fell to 62%, the lowest since 2000.[350] In a context of increased diplomatic isolation and international sanctions on Russian officials prompted by the Russo-Ukrainian war, Putin's approval rating reached 87% in August 2014.[351] In February 2015, based on domestic polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular politician.[352] In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high.[353][354][355] Observers saw Putin's high approval ratings in 2010s as a consequence of improvements in living standards, and Russia's reassertion on the world scene during his presidency.[356][357] Putin was also highly popular in some non-Western countries, such as Vietnam, where his approval rating was 89% in 2017.[358]

Despite high approval for Putin, public confidence in the Russian economy was low, dropping to levels in 2016 that rivaled the lows in 2009 at the height of the global economic crisis.[359] Putin's performance in reining in corruption is unpopular among Russians. Newsweek reported in 2017 that a poll "indicated that 67% held Putin personally responsible for high-level corruption".[360] Corruption is a significant problem in Russia.[361][362]

In October 2018, two-thirds of Russians surveyed agreed that "Putin bears full responsibility for the problems of the country", which has been attributed[363] to a decline in a popular belief in "good tsar and bad boyars", a traditional attitude towards justifying failures at the top of the ruling hierarchy in Russia.[364] In January 2019, the percentage of Russians trusting Putin hit a then-historic low—33%.[365] In April 2019 Gallup poll showed a record number of Russians, 20%, willing to permanently emigrate from Russia.[366] The decline was even larger in the 17–25 age group, "who find themselves largely disconnected from the country's aging leadership, nostalgic Soviet rhetoric and nepotistic agenda". Putin's approval rating among young Russians was 32% in January 2019. The percentage willing to emigrate permanently in this group was 41%. 60% had favorable views of the US (three times more than in the 55+ age group).[367] Decline in support for the president and government is visible in other polls, such as a rapidly growing readiness to protest against poor living conditions.

In May 2020, amid the COVID crisis, Putin's approval rating was 68%, when respondents were presented a list of names (closed question),[368] and 27% when respondents were expected to name politicians they trust (open question).[369] This has been attributed to continued post-Crimea economic stagnation but also an apathetic response to the pandemic crisis in Russia.[370] Polls conducted in November 2021 after the failure of a Russian COVID-19 vaccination campaign indicated distrust of Putin was a major contributing factor for vaccine hesitancy, with regional polls indicating numbers as low as 20–30% in the Volga Federal District.[371]

In May 2021, 33% indicated Putin in response to "who would you vote for this weekend?" among Moscow respondents and 40% outside Moscow.[372] A survey released in October 2021 found 53% of respondents saying they trusted Putin.[373]

Observers see a generational struggle among Russians over perception of Putin's rule, with younger Russians more probably to be against Putin and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled media in Russia.[374] Putin's support among Russians aged 18–24 was only 20% in December 2020.[375]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, state-controlled TV, where most Russians get their news, presented the invasion as a "special military operation" and liberation mission, in line with the government's narrative.[376][377][378] The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to employ information only from state sources or face fines and blocks.[379] The Russian media was banned from using the words "war", "invasion" or "aggression" to describe the invasion,[377] with media outlets being blocked as a result.[380]

In late February 2022, a survey conducted by the independent research group Russian Field found that 59% of respondents supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[381] According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% supported the "special military operation".[382] In late February and mid-March 2022 two polls surveyed Russians' sentiments about the "special military operation" in Ukraine. The results were obtained by Radio Liberty.[383] 71% of Russians polled said that they supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[384][383]

When asked how they were affected by the actions of Putin, a third said they strongly believed Putin was working in their interests. Another 26% said he was working in their interests to some extent. In general, most Russians believe that it would be better if Putin remained president for as long as possible.[384][383] Similarly, a survey conducted in early March found 58% of Russian respondents approved of the operation.[385][386]

In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavorable view of Putin, and 98% of Ukrainians—including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine—said they did not believe any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia.[387] A poll published on 30 March in Russia saw Putin's approval rating jump, from 71% in February, to 83%.[388][389] However, experts warned that the figures may not accurately reflect the public mood, as the public tends to rally around leaders during war and some may be hiding their true opinions,[390] especially with the Russian 2022 war censorship laws prohibiting dissemination of "fake information" about the military.[391] Many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[381] When researchers commissioned a survey on Russians' attitudes to the war, 29,400 out of 31,000 refused to answer.[392] The Levada Center's director, stated that early feelings of "shock and confusion" was being replaced with the belief that Russia was being besieged and that Russians must rally around their leader.[380] The Kremlin's analysis concluded that public support for the war was broad but not deep, and that most Russians would accept anything Putin labeled a victory. In September 2023, the head of the VTsIOM state pollster Valery Fyodorov said in an interview that only 10–15% of Russians actively supported the war, and that "most Russians are not demanding the conquest of Kyiv or Odesa".[393]

A poll by the independent organization Levada, which was conducted on 22–28 June 2023, showed that 42% of respondents would vote for Putin in the 2024 presidential election.[394] A public opinion poll by the state-owned institution VCIOM, which was conducted in November 2023, found that 37.3% of respondents would vote for Putin.[395] According to a VCIOM poll conducted in early March 2024, 56.2% of respondents would vote for Putin.[396]

The director of the Levada Center stated in 2015 that drawing conclusions from Russian poll results or comparing them to polls in democratic states was irrelevant, as there is no real political competition in Russia, where, unlike in democratic states, Russian voters are not offered any credible alternatives and public opinion is primarily formed by state-controlled media, which promotes those in power and discredits alternative candidates.[397]

* Putin opens the Wall of Grief, a monument to victims of Stalinist repression, October 2017.

* Putin with local people in the Siberian republic of Tuva in 2007

* Vladimir Putin's public approval 1999–2020 (Levada, 2020)[398]

* The Levada Center survey showed that 58% of surveyed Russians supported the 2017 Russian protests against high-level corruption.[399]

* Putin speaking at the Russia-Africa parliamentary conference in Moscow on 20 March 2023. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of t

he world's population live in countries that are neutral or leaning towards Russia.[172]

### Cult of personality

[edit]

Main article: Public image of Vladimir Putin

See also: List of cults of personality

Putin driving a Formula One car, 2010 (video)

Putin has cultivated a cult of personality for himself[400][401][402] with an outdoorsy, athletic, tough guy public image, demonstrating his physical prowess and taking part in unusual or dangerous acts, such as extreme sports and interaction with wild animals,[403] part of a public relations approach that, according to Wired, "deliberately cultivates the macho, take-charge superhero image".[404] In 2007, the tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda published a huge photograph of a shirtless Putin vacationing in the Siberian mountains under the headline "Be Like Putin".[405]

Numerous Kremlinologists have accused Putin of seeking to create a cult of personality around himself, an accusation that the Kremlin has denied.[406] Some of Putin's activities have been criticised for being staged;[407][408] outside of Russia, his macho image has been the subject of parody.[409][410][411] Putin's height has been estimated by Kremlin insiders to be between 155 and 165 centimetres (5 feet 1 inch and 5 feet 5 inches) tall but is usually given at 170 centimetres (5 feet 7 inches).[412][413]

There are many songs about Putin,[414] and Putin's name and image are widely used in advertisement and product branding.[404] Among the Putin-branded products are Putinka vodka, the PuTin brand of canned food, the Gorbusha Putina caviar, and a collection of T-shirts with his image.[415]

### Public recognition in the West

[edit]

In 2007, he was the Time Person of the Year.[416][417] In 2015, he was No. 1 on the Time's Most Influential People List.[418][419] Forbes ranked him the World's Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016.[420] He was ranked the second most powerful individual by Forbes in 2018.[421]

In Germany, the word "Putinversteher" (female form "Putinversteherin") is a neologism and a political buzzword (Putin \+ verstehen), which literally translates "Putin understander", i.e., "one who understands Putin".[422] It is a pejorative reference to politicians and pundits who express empathy to Putin and may also be translated as "Putin-empathizer".[423]

### Putinisms

[edit]

Putin has produced many aphorisms and catch-phrases known as putinisms.[424] Many of them were first made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from studios and outdoor sites across Russia. Putin is known for his often tough and sharp language, often alluding to Russian jokes and folk sayings.[424] Putin sometimes uses Russian criminal jargon (known as "fenya" in Russian), albeit not always correctly.[425]

## Assessments

[edit]

Z symbol on a billboard reads Russian: За Путина (lit. 'For Putin'), 24 September 2022.

Assessments of Putin's character as a leader have evolved during his long presidency. His shifting of Russia towards autocracy and weakening of the system of representative government advocated by Boris Yeltsin has met with criticism.[426] Russian dissidents and western leaders now frequently characterise him as a "dictator". Others have offered favourable assessments of his impact on Russia.

Otto von Habsburg, the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary and former Member of the European Parliament, was an early critic of Putin. In a newspaper interview[427] in 2002 and in two speeches[428] in 2003 and 2005, he warned of Putin as an "international threat", that he was "cruel and oppressive", and a "stone cold technocrat".[429]

Putin was described in 2015 as a "dictator" by political opponent Garry Kasparov,[430] and as the "Tsar of corruption" in 2016 by opposition activist and blogger Alexei Navalny.[431] He was described as a "bully" and "arrogant" by former U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton,[432][433][434] and as "self-centered" by the Dalai Lama.[435] In 2015, opposition politician Boris Nemtsov said that Putin was turning Russia into a "raw materials colony" of China.[436]

Former U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger wrote in 2014 that the West has demonized Putin.[437] Egon Krenz, former leader of East Germany, said the Cold War never ended, adding: "After weak presidents like Gorbachev and Yeltsin, it is a great fortune for Russia that it has Putin".[438]

Many Russians credit Putin for reviving Russia's fortunes.[439] Former Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev, while acknowledging the flawed democratic procedures and restrictions on media freedom during the Putin presidency, said that Putin had pulled Russia out of chaos at the end of the Yeltsin years, and that Russians "must remember that Putin saved Russia from the beginning of a collapse".[439][440] Chechen Republic head and Putin supporter, Ramzan Kadyrov, stated prior to 2011 that Putin saved both the Chechen people and Russia.[441]

Russia has suffered democratic backsliding during Putin's tenure.[442] Freedom House has listed Russia as being "not free" since 2005.[443] Experts do not generally consider Russia to be a democracy,[444][445][446] citing purges and jailing of political opponents,[447][448] curtailed press freedom,[449][450][451] and the lack of free and fair elections.[452][453][454] In 2004, Freedom House warned that Russia's "retreat from freedom marks a low point not registered since 1989, when the country was part of the Soviet Union".[455]

The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Russia as "authoritarian" since 2011,[456][457] whereas it had previously been considered a "hybrid regime" (with "some form of democratic government" in place).[458] According to political scientist Larry Diamond, writing in 2015, "no serious scholar would consider Russia today a democracy".[459]

Following the jailing of the anti-corruption blogger and activist Alexei Navalny in 2018, Forbes wrote: "Putin's actions are those of a dictator... As a leader with failing public support, he can only remain in power by using force and repression that gets worse by the day".[460] In November 2021, The Economist also noted that Putin had "shifted from autocracy to dictatorship".[461]

In February 2015, former U.S. ambassador to Germany John Kornblum wrote in The Wall Street Journal that:[462]

> Western nations must start the turnaround by emphatically refuting one of Mr. Putin's favorite claims: that the West abrogated the promise of democratic partnership with Russia in the 1990 Paris Charter, a document produced by a summit that included European governments, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, convened as Communism crumbled across Eastern Europe... The U.S. and its allies didn't rush in after 1990 to exploit a proud but collapsing Soviet Union – a tale that Mr. Putin now spins. I took part in nearly every major negotiation of that era. Never was the idea of humbling Russia considered even for a moment. The Russian leaders we encountered were not angry Prussian-style Junkers who railed against a strategic stab in the back. Many if not all viewed the fall of the Soviet Union as liberation rather than defeat... Contrary to Mr. Putin's fictions about NATO's illegal enlargement, the West has honored the agreements worked out with Russia two decades ago.

In her 2017 book Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism, Kristen Ghodsee argued that the triumphalist attitudes of Western powers at the end of the Cold War, and the fixation with linking all leftist and socialist political ideals with the horrors of Stalinism, allowed neoliberalism to fill the void, undermined democratic institutions and reforms, left a trail of economic misery, unemployment, hopelessness and rising inequality throughout the former Eastern Bloc. This includes Russia, helping fuel the rise of Putin's extremist right-wing nationalism.[463]

### After the 2022 invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

Protest sign in front of the Russian embassy in Finland. Putin has been labeled a war criminal by international law experts.[464]

Following mounting civilian casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[465] U.S. president Joe Biden called Putin a war criminal and "murderous dictator".[466][467] In the 2022 State of the Union Address, Biden said that Putin had "badly miscalculated".[468] The Ukrainian envoy to the United Nations, Sergiy Kyslytsya likened Putin to Adolf Hitler.[469] Latvian prime minister Krisjanis Karins also likened the Russian leader to Hitler, saying he was "a deluded autocrat creating misery for millions" and that "Putin is fighting against democracy (...) If he can attack Ukraine, theoretically it could be any other European country".[470][471]

Lithuania's foreign minister Gabrielius Landsbergis said, "The battle for Ukraine is a battle for Europe. If Putin is not stopped there, he will go further".[472] President Emmanuel Macron of France said Putin was "deluding himself".[473] French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian denounced him as "a cynic and a dictator".[474] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called Putin "a lying, murderous dictator."[475] UK prime minister Boris Johnson also labelled Putin a "dictator" who had authorised "a tidal wave of violence against a fellow Slavic people".[476] Some authors, such as Michael Hirsh, described Putin as a "messianic" Russian nationalist and Eurasianist.[477][478][479]

In March 2025, Franklin Foer of The Atlantic said that the 21st century was the "Age of Vladimir Putin".[480] Foer wrote that:

> Over the past 25 years, the world has bent to the vision of one man. In the course of a generation, he not only short-circuited the transition to democracy in his own country, and in neighboring countries, but set in motion a chain of events that has shattered the transatlantic order that prevailed after World War II. In the global turn against democracy, he has played, at times, the role of figurehead, impish provocateur, and field marshal. We are living in the Age of Vladimir Putin.

## Electoral history

[edit]

Main article: Electoral history of Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin has been nominated and elected as President of Russia all five times since 2000, typically under an independent banner. In the most recent 2024 Russian presidential election, Putin achieved 88% of the popular vote.[481] There were reports of irregularities at this election,[482] including ballot stuffing and coercion.[483][484] Russian authorities claimed that in occupied areas of Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions,[485] Putin won 88.12% and 92.83% of votes.[486] In Chechnya, Putin won 98.99% of the vote.[64]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Family

[edit]

Main article: Family of Vladimir Putin

Putin and Lyudmila Putina during their wedding on 28 July 1983

On 28 July 1983, Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, and they lived together in East Germany from 1985 to 1990. They have two daughters, Maria Putina, born on 28 April 1985 in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and Yekaterina Putina, born on 31 August 1986 in Dresden, East Germany (now Germany).[487]

An investigation by Proekt published in November 2020 alleged that Putin has another daughter, Elizaveta, also known as Luiza Rozova,[488] (born in March 2003),[489] with Svetlana Krivonogikh.[4][490] Elizaveta studied in Paris under the name Elizaveta Olegovna Rudnova.[491] In April 2008, the Moskovsky Korrespondent reported that Putin had divorced Lyudmila and was engaged to marry Olympic gold medalist Alina Kabaeva, a former rhythmic gymnast and Russian politician.[2] The story was denied,[2] and the newspaper was shut down shortly thereafter.[3] Putin and Lyudmila continued to make public appearances together as spouses,[492][493] while the status of his relationship with Kabaeva became a topic of speculation.[494]

On 6 June 2013, Putin and Lyudmila announced that their marriage was over; on 1 April 2014, the Kremlin confirmed that the divorce had been finalised.[495][496][497] Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to a daughter by Putin in 2015;[498][499] this report was denied.[498] Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to twin sons by Putin in 2019.[5][500] However, in 2022, Swiss media, citing the couple's Swiss gynecologist, wrote that on both occasions Kabaeva gave birth to a boy.[6]

Putin has two grandsons, born in 2012 and 2017,[501][502] through Maria.[503] He reportedly also has a granddaughter, born in 2017, through Katerina.[504][505] His cousin, Igor Putin, was a director at Moscow-based Master Bank and was accused in a number of money-laundering scandals.[506][507]

### Wealth

[edit]

See also: Panama Papers and Pandora papers

Official figures released during the legislative election of 2007 put Putin's wealth at approximately 3.7 million rubles (US$280,000) in bank accounts, a private 77.4-square-meter (833 sq ft) apartment in Saint Petersburg, and miscellaneous other assets.[508][509] Putin's reported 2006 income totaled 2 million rubles (approximately $152,000). In 2012, Putin reported an income of 3.6 million rubles ($270,000).[510][511] Putin has been photographed wearing a number of expensive wristwatches, collectively valued at $700,000, nearly six times his annual salary.[512][513] Putin has been known on occasion to give watches valued at thousands of dollars as gifts, for example a watch identified as a Blancpain to a Siberian boy he met while on vacation in 2009, and another similar watch to a factory worker the same year.[514]

Putin's close associate Arkady Rotenberg is mentioned in the Panama Papers, pictured 2018.

According to Russian opposition politicians and journalists,[515][516] Putin secretly possesses a multi-billion-dollar fortune via successive ownership of stakes in a number of Russian companies.[517][518] According to one editorial in The Washington Post, "Putin might not technically own these 43 aircraft, but, as the sole political power in Russia, he can act like they're his".[519] An RIA Novosti journalist argued that "[Western] intelligence agencies ... could not find anything". These contradictory claims were analyzed by Polygraph.info,[520] which looked at a number of reports by Western (Anders Åslund estimate of $100–160 billion) and Russian (Stanislav Belkovsky estimated of $40 billion) analysts, CIA (estimate of $40 billion in 2007) as well as counterarguments of Russian media. Polygraph concluded:

> There is uncertainty on the precise sum of Putin's wealth, and the assessment by the Director of U.S. National Intelligence apparently is not yet complete. However, with the pile of evidence and documents in the Panama Papers and in the hands of independent investigators such as those cited by Dawisha, Polygraph.info finds that Danilov's claim that Western intelligence agencies have not been able to find evidence of Putin's wealth to be misleading

— Polygraph.info, "Are 'Putin's Billions' a Myth?"

In April 2016, 11 million documents belonging to Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. The name of Putin does not appear in any of the records, and Putin denied his involvement with the company.[521] However, various media have reported on three of Putin's associates on the list.[522] According to the Panama Papers leak, close trusted associates of Putin own offshore companies worth US$2 billion in total.[523] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung regards the possibility of Putin's family profiting from this money as plausible.[524][525]

According to the paper, the US$2 billion had been "secretly shuffled through banks and shadow companies linked to Putin's associates", such as construction billionaires Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, and Bank Rossiya, previously identified by the U.S. State Department as being treated by Putin as his personal bank account, had been central in facilitating this. It concludes that "Putin has shown he is willing to take aggressive steps to maintain secrecy and protect [such] communal assets".[526][527]

A significant proportion of the money trail leads to Putin's best friend Sergei Roldugin. Although a musician, and in his own words, not a businessman, it appears he has accumulated assets valued at $100m, and possibly more. It has been suggested he was picked for the role because of his low profile.[522] There have been speculations that Putin, in fact, owns the funds,[528] and Roldugin just acted as a proxy.[529] Garry Kasparov said that "[Putin] controls enough money, probably more than any other individual in the history of human race".[530]

### Residences

[edit]

#### Official government residences

[edit]

Putin receives Barack Obama at his residence in Novo-Ogaryovo, 2009.

As president and prime minister, Putin has lived in numerous official residences throughout the country.[531] These residences include: the Moscow Kremlin, Novo-Ogaryovo in Moscow Oblast, Gorki-9 near Moscow, Bocharov Ruchey in Sochi, Dolgiye Borody (residence) in Novgorod Oblast, and Riviera in Sochi.[532] In August 2012, critics of Putin listed the ownership of 20 villas and palaces, nine of which were built during Putin's 12 years in power.[533]

#### Personal residences

[edit]

Soon after Putin returned from his KGB service in Dresden, East Germany, he built a dacha in Solovyovka on the eastern shore of Lake Komsomolskoye on the Karelian Isthmus in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, near St. Petersburg. After the dacha burned down in 1996, Putin built a new one identical to the original and was joined by a group of seven friends who built dachas nearby. In 1996, the group formally registered their fraternity as a co-operative society, calling it Ozero ("Lake") and turning it into a gated community.[534]

A massive Italianate-style mansion costing an alleged US$1 billion[535] and dubbed "Putin's Palace" is under construction near the Black Sea village of Praskoveevka.[when?] In 2012, Sergei Kolesnikov, a former business associate of Putin's, told the BBC's Newsnight programme that he had been ordered by Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin to oversee the building of the palace.[536] He also said that the mansion, built on government land and sporting three helipads, plus a private road paid for from state funds and guarded by officials wearing uniforms of the official Kremlin guard service, have been built for Putin's private use.[537]

On 19 January 2021, two days after Alexei Navalny was detained by Russian authorities upon his return to Russia, a video investigation by him and the Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) was published accusing Putin of using fraudulently obtained funds to build the estate for himself in what he called "the world's biggest bribe". In the investigation, Navalny said that the estate is 39 times the size of Monaco and cost over 100 billion rubles ($1.35 billion) to construct. It also showed aerial footage of the estate via a drone and a detailed floorplan of the palace that Navalny said was given by a contractor, which he compared to photographs from inside the palace that were leaked onto the Internet in 2011. He also detailed an elaborate corruption scheme allegedly involving Putin's inner circle that allowed Putin to hide billions of dollars to build the estate.[538][539][540] Since the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Putin prefers to travel in an armored train to flying.[541]

### Pets

[edit]

Main article: Pets of Vladimir Putin

Putin's pet, named Verni, was a birthday gift from Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, president of Turkmenistan, during a meeting in Sochi in October 2017.

Putin has received five dogs from various national leaders: Konni, Buffy, Yume, Verni and Pasha. Konni died in 2014. When Putin first became president, the family had two poodles, Tosya and Rodeo. They reportedly stayed with his ex-wife Lyudmila after their divorce.[542]

### Religion

[edit]

Putin and wife Lyudmila in New York at a service for victims of the September 11 attacks, 16 November 2001

Putin is Russian Orthodox. His mother was a devout Christian who attended the Russian Orthodox Church; his father was an atheist.[543] Although his mother kept no icons at home, she attended church regularly, despite government persecution of her faith at that time. His mother secretly baptized him as a baby, and she regularly took him to services.[28]

According to Putin, his religious awakening began after a serious car crash involving his wife in 1993, and a life-threatening fire that burned down their dacha in August 1996.[543] Shortly before an official visit to Israel, Putin's mother gave him his baptismal cross, telling him to get it blessed. Putin has stated, "I did as she said and then put the cross around my neck. I have never taken it off since".[28]

When asked in 2007 whether he believes in God, he replied, "There are things I believe, which should not in my position, at least, be shared with the public at large for everybody's consumption because that would look like self-advertising or a political striptease".[544] Putin's rumoured confessor is Russian Orthodox bishop Tikhon Shevkunov.[545] The sincerity of his Christianity has been rejected by his former advisor Sergei Pugachev.[546]

### Sports

[edit]

Putin practicing judo in Tokyo, Japan, in September 2000

Putin watches football and supports FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.[547] He also displays an interest in ice hockey and bandy,[548] and played in a star-studded hockey game on his 63rd birthday.[549]

Putin has been practicing judo since he was 11,[550] before switching to sambo at the age of fourteen.[551] He won competitions in both sports in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). He was awarded eighth dan of the black belt in 2012, becoming the first Russian to achieve the status.[552] He was rewarded an eighth-degree karate black belt in 2014.[553]

He co-authored a book titled Learn Judo with Vladimir Putin in Russian (2000),[h] and Judo: History, Theory, Practice in English (2004).[554] Benjamin Wittes, a black belt in taekwondo and aikido and editor of Lawfare, has disputed Putin's martial arts skills, stating that there is no video evidence of Putin displaying any real noteworthy judo skills.[555][556]

In March 2022, Putin was removed from all positions in the International Judo Federation (IJF) due to the Russian war in Ukraine.[557]

### Health

[edit]

See also: Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death

In July 2022, the director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, William Burns, stated they had no evidence to suggest Putin was unstable or in bad health. The statement was made because of increasing unconfirmed media speculation about Putin's health. Burns had previously been U.S. ambassador to Russia, and had personally observed Putin for over two decades, including a personal meeting in November 2021. A Kremlin spokesperson also dismissed rumours of Putin's bad health.[558]

The Russian political magazine Sobesednik (Russian: Собеседник) alleged in 2018 that Putin had a sensory room installed in his private residence in the Novgorod Oblast.[559] The White House, as well as Western generals, politicians, and political analysts, have questioned Putin's mental health after two years of isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic.[560][561][562]

In April 2022, tabloid newspaper The Sun reported that based on video footage Putin may have Parkinson's disease.[563][564][565] This speculation, which has not been supported by medical professionals, has spread in part due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which many saw as an irrational act.[565] The Kremlin[563] rejected the possibility of Parkinson's along with outside medical professionals, who stress that it is impossible to diagnose the condition based on video clips alone.[565]

## Awards and honours

[edit]

Main article: List of awards and honours received by Vladimir Putin

At least fifteen countries have awarded Vladimir Putin civilian honors since 2001. Putin has been awarded honorary doctorates and other awards from organizations across the world, but some of these were revoked in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[566]

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Putins officially announced their separation in 2013 and the Kremlin confirmed the divorce had been finalized in 2014; however, it has been alleged that Putin and Lyudmila divorced in 2008.[2][3]
2. ^ Putin has two daughters with his ex-wife Lyudmila. He is also alleged to have a third daughter, with Svetlana Krivonogikh,[4] and a fourth daughter and twin sons, or just two sons, with Alina Kabaeva,[5][6] although these reports have not been officially confirmed.
3. ^ In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is  Vladimirovich and the family name is  Putin.
4. ^ /ˈpuːtɪn/ POO-tin; Russian: Владимир Владимирович Путин, pronounced [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] ⓘ[c]
5. ^ Putin, who took office as prime minister on 9 August 1999, concurrently served as acting president of Russia from 31 December 1999 to 7 May 2000, when he took office as president.
6. ^ Some argued that Putin was the de facto leader of Russia between 2008 and 2012; see Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy.
7. ^ Russian: хозяйственное право, romanized: khozyaystvennoye pravo.
8. ^ Russian: Учимся дзюдо с Владимиром Путиным

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[edit]

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549. ^ "Vladimir Putin Scores Seven Goals in Epic Hockey Game". Rolling Stone. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
550. ^ "Kremlin Biography of President Vladimir Putin". putin.kremlin.ru. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
551. ^ "NPR News: Vladimir Putin: Transcript of Robert Siegel Interview". legacy.npr.org. 15 November 2001. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
552. ^ "Putin awarded eighth dan by international body". Reuters. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
553. ^ "Putin becomes eighth-degree karate black belt". CNN. 21 November 2014.
554. ^ Putin, Vladimir; Vasily Shestakov; Alexey Levitsky (2004). Judo: History, Theory, Practice. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-445-7.[page needed]
555. ^ Hawkins, Derek (18 July 2017). "Is Vladimir Putin a judo fraud?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
556. ^ Wittes, Benjamin (21 October 2015). "I'll Fight Putin Any Time, Any Place He Can't Have Me Arrested". Lawfare. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
557. ^ "International Judo Federation strips titles from Vladimir Putin and Russian oligarch". CBS News. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
558. ^ Corera, Gordon; Wright, George (21 July 2022). "Ukraine war: CIA chief says no intelligence that Putin is in bad health". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
559. ^ "Putin has a special 'sensory room' at his presidential residence to relax and stave off depression". Meduza. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
560. ^ "White House, senators and generals question Putin's mental health after two years of pandemic isolation". The Independent. 28 February 2022.
561. ^ "Putin's obsession with Ukraine has made analysts question his rationality". CNBC. 28 February 2022.
562. ^ "Putin's War Looks Increasingly Insane". New York. 4 March 2022.
563. ^ a b "Kremlin slams reports of Putin resignation as 'complete nonsense'". Deutsche Welle. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
564. ^ Sabin, Lamiat (22 April 2022). "Video of Vladimir Putin gripping table in meeting sparks concerns about his health". The Independent. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
565. ^ a b c Roth, Clare (28 March 2022). "Putin and Parkinson's: What do experts say?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
566. ^ "Vladimir Putin is being stripped of his honorary sporting titles amid Ukraine invasion". CNN. 1 March 2022.

### Sources

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union

* Vladimir Putin and Russian Statecraft by Allen C. Lynch. Potamac Books. 1 September 2011.
* Russia Under Putin: Russia Under Putin: Fragile State and Revisionist Power by Andrew S. Natsios. Johns Hopkins University Press. 8 July 2025
* Putin's Russia: The Definitive Account of Putin's Rise to Power by Anna Politkovskaya. Harvill Press. 1 January 2004
* Sakwa, Richard (2008). Putin: Russia's choice. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-93193-6. OCLC 183404357.

## External links

[edit]

Vladimir Putin at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

External videos

Presentation by Masha Gessen on The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin 8 March 2012, C-SPAN

* Official Kremlin Personal Website: Vladimir Putin
* Appearances on C-SPAN

Government offices

Preceded by

Nikolay Kovalyov

|  Director of the Federal Security Service
1998–1999  | Succeeded by

Nikolai Patrushev

Preceded by

Nikolay Bordyuzha

|  Secretary of the Security Council
1999  | Succeeded by

Sergei Ivanov

Preceded by

Alexei Kudrin

|  Deputy Chief of the Presidential Administration — Head of the Main Supervisory
1997–1998  | Succeeded by

Nikolai Patrushev

Political offices
Preceded by

Sergei Stepashin

|  Prime Minister of Russia
1999–2000  | Succeeded by

Mikhail Kasyanov

Preceded by

Boris Yeltsin

|  President of Russia
2000–2008  | Succeeded by

Dmitry Medvedev

Preceded by

Viktor Zubkov

|  Prime Minister of Russia
2008–2012  | Succeeded by

Dmitry Medvedev

Preceded by

Dmitry Medvedev

|  President of Russia
2012–present  | Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by

Tony Blair

|  Chairman of the Group of 8
2006  | Succeeded by

Angela Merkel

Preceded by

Barack Obama

|  Chairman of APEC
2012  | Succeeded by

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Preceded by

Felipe Calderón

|  Chairman of the Group of 20
2013  | Succeeded by

Tony Abbott

Preceded by

Viktor Zubkov

|  Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union State
2008–2012  | Succeeded by

Dmitry Medvedev

Party political offices
Preceded by

Boris Gryzlov

|  Leader of United Russia
2008–2012  | Succeeded by

Dmitry Medvedev

Preceded by

Office established

|  Leader of All-Russia People's Front
2013–present  | Incumbent

* v
* t
* e

Vladimir Putin

* 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present)
* 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000, 2008–2012)

Political activities|

* Electoral history
* Presidential elections
* 2000
* campaign
* 2004
* campaign
* 2012
* campaign
* 2018
* campaign
* 2024
* campaign
* First Cabinet
* Second Cabinet
* United Russia
* All-Russia People's Front

Presidency|

* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* third
* fourth
* fifth
* Political groups
* Putinism
* Sovereign democracy
* Speeches
* Munich 2007
* Crimea 2014
* Valdai 2014
* Federal Assembly 2020
* Donetsk and Luhansk 2022
* Ukraine 2022
* Moscow 2022
* Moscow 2023
* Protests
* 2011–2013
* 2014 anti-war protests
* 2017–2018
* 2019 Moscow election protests
* 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests
* 2021
* 2021 election protests
* 2022 anti-war protests
* Opposition
* Arrest warrant
* Wagner Group rebellion

Domestic policy|

* Legislation and programs
* national champions
* priority projects
* stabilization fund
* Managed nationalism
* Putin's Plan
* 2008–2009 recession
* 2014–2016 financial crisis
* 2022 mobilization

Foreign policy|

* International trips
* President
* Prime Minister
* United States summits
* Slovenia 2001
* Slovakia 2005
* Helsinki 2018
* Geneva 2021
* Alaska 2025
* 2008 Russo-Georgian war
* North Korea summits
* 2019
* 2023
* 2024
* European energy sector
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2014 annexation of Crimea
* War in Donbas
* Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 invasion
* 2022 annexations in Ukraine
* 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia
* 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China
* Syrian civil war
* military intervention
* Russian world
* 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange

Family|

* Lyudmila Putina (former wife)
* Maria Vorontsova (daughter)
* Katerina Tikhonova (daughter)
* Pets
* Konni (family dog)
* Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather)
* Igor Putin (first cousin)
* Roman Putin (son of first cousin)
* Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law)
* Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law)
* Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter)
* Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children)
* Vera Putina (alleged mother)

Public image|

* KGB Career
* Direct Line with Vladimir Putin
* Followers
* Chapel of Russia's Resurrection
* Nashi
* PutinTeam
* Walking Together
* Tributes
* "A man like Putin"
* Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin!
* Vladimir Putin Peak
* Criticism
* Grandpa in his bunker
* NTV affair
* Putin khuylo!
* Putin Must Go
* Putin's Palace
* Putin. Corruption
* Putin. War
* Putinland
* Putinversteher
* Putler
* Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy
* Putin: The New Tsar
* Spitting Image
* Putin's Palace
* Meeting table
* Language
* Jokes
* Songs
* Claims of body doubles
* Claims of incapacity and death
* Interviews (Oliver Stone, Tucker Carlson)

* ← Dmitry Medvedev

* ← Boris Yeltsin
* Dmitry Medvedev →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the Russian Federation

Presidents|

* Boris Yeltsin (1991–1999)
* Vladimir Putin (2000–2008)
* Dmitry Medvedev (2008–2012)
* Vladimir Putin (since 2012)

Acting Presidents|

* Alexander Rutskoy (1993, disputed)
* Viktor Chernomyrdin (1996)
* Vladimir Putin (1999–2000)

* v
* t
* e

Heads of government of Russia

Note: Acting heads of government shown in italics. Questionable heads of government are written in small type.

Russian Empire|

| Committee of Ministers|

* Vorontsov
* Rumyantsev
* Vyazmitinov
* Saltykov
* Lopukhin
* Kochubey
* Novosiltsev
* Chernyshyov
* Orlov
* Bludov
* Gagarin
* Ignatyev
* Valuyev
* von Reutern
* Bunge
* Durnovo
* Witte

|

Council of Ministers|

* Witte
* Goremykin
* Stolypin
* Kokovtsov
* Goremykin
* Stürmer
* Trepov
* Golitsyn

Provisional Government|

* Lvov
* Kerensky

Russian SFSR|

| Council of People's Commissars|

* Lenin
* Rykov
* Syrtsov
* Sulimov
* Bulganin
* Vakhrushev
* Khokhlov
* Pamfilov
* Kosygin

|

Council of Ministers|

* Rodionov
* Chernousov
* Puzanov
* Yasnov
* Kozlov
* Polyansky
* Voronov
* Solomentsev
* Vorotnikov
* Vlasov
* Silayev
* Lobov

Russian Federation|

* Yeltsin
* Gaidar
* Chernomyrdin
* Kiriyenko
* Chernomyrdin
* Primakov
* Stepashin
* Putin
* Kasyanov
* Khristenko
* Fradkov
* Zubkov
* Putin
* Zubkov
* Medvedev
* Mishustin
* Belousov

* Russian Government Cabinets
* Premiers of the USSR

* v
* t
* e

People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court

Italics and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person confirmed by the ICC as deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused

Afghanistan|

* Hibatullah Akhundzada
* Abdul Hakim Haqqani

Central African Republic|

* (Jean-Pierre Bemba)
* Noureddine Adam
* (Maxime Mokom)
* Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona
* Mahamat Said Abdel Kani
* Alfred Yekatom

Democratic Republic of the Congo|

* Germain Katanga (*)
* Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (*)
* (Callixte Mbarushimana)
* Sylvestre Mudacumura
* (Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui)
* Bosco Ntaganda (*)

Darfur, Sudan|

* (Bahr Abu Garda)
* Abdallah Banda
* Omar al-Bashir
* Ahmed Haroun
* Abdel Rahim Hussein
* Saleh Jerbo†
* Ali Kushayb

Georgia|

* Hamlet Guchmazov
* Mikhail Mindzaev
* David Sanakoev

Ivory Coast|

* Charles Blé Goudé
* Laurent Gbagbo
* Simone Gbagbo

Kenya|

* (Mohammed Ali)
* (Uhuru Kenyatta)
* (Henry Kosgey)
* (Francis Muthaura)
* (William Ruto)
* (Joshua Sang)
* Paul Gicheru†

Libya|

* Muammar Gaddafi†
* Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
* Abdullah Senussi (x)
* Tohami Khaled†
* Mahmoud al-Werfalli†

Mali|

* Iyad Ag Ghaly
* Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi (*)
* al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz (*)

Palestine|

* Mohammed Deif†
* Yoav Gallant
* Benjamin Netanyahu

Philippines|

* Rodrigo Duterte

Uganda|

* Joseph Kony
* Raska Lukwiya†
* Okot Odhiambo†
* Dominic Ongwen (*)
* Vincent Otti†

Ukraine|

* Valery Gerasimov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Vladimir Putin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Viktor Sokolov

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Current heads of state of republics

Africa|

* Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune
* Angola: João Lourenço
* Benin: Patrice Talon
* Botswana: Duma Boko
* Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré*
* Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye
* Cameroon: Paul Biya
* Cape Verde: José Maria Neves
* Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra
* Chad: Mahamat Déby
* Comoros: Azali Assoumani
* Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi
* Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso
* Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
* Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
* Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
* Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki
* Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie
* Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema
* Gambia: Adama Barrow
* Ghana: John Mahama
* Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya*
* Guinea-Bissau: Umaro Sissoco Embaló
* Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara
* Kenya: William Ruto
* Liberia: Joseph Boakai
* Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi*
* Madagascar: Andry Rajoelina
* Malawi: Lazarus Chakwera
* Mali: Assimi Goïta*
* Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
* Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool
* Mozambique: Daniel Chapo
* Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
* Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani*
* Nigeria: Bola Tinubu
* Rwanda: Paul Kagame
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali
* São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova
* Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye
* Seychelles: Wavel Ramkalawan
* Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio
* Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
* Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi
* South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa
* Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council*
* South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit
* Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan
* Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové
* Tunisia: Kais Saied
* Uganda: Yoweri Museveni
* Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema
* Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa

Asia|

* Abkhazia: Badra Gunba*
* Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan
* Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev
* Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin
* China: Xi Jinping
* Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili
* India: Droupadi Murmu
* Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto
* Iran: Ali Khamenei
* Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid
* Israel: Isaac Herzog
* Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
* North Korea: Kim Jong Un
* South Korea: Lee Jae Myung
* Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov
* Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith
* Lebanon: Joseph Aoun
* Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu
* Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
* Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing*
* Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel
* Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari
* Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas
* Philippines: Bongbong Marcos
* Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam
* South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev
* Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake
* Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Taiwan: Lai Ching-te
* Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon
* Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta
* Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow
* Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev
* Vietnam: Lương Cường
* Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi*

Europe|

* Albania: Bajram Begaj
* Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen
* Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović, Željka Cvijanović, Željko Komšić
* Bulgaria: Rumen Radev
* Croatia: Zoran Milanović
* Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides
* Czech Republic: Petr Pavel
* Estonia: Alar Karis
* Finland: Alexander Stubb
* France: Emmanuel Macron
* Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier
* Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas
* Hungary: Tamás Sulyok
* Iceland: Halla Tómasdóttir
* Ireland: Michael D. Higgins
* Italy: Sergio Mattarella
* Kosovo: Vjosa Osmani
* Latvia: Edgars Rinkēvičs
* Lithuania: Gitanas Nausėda
* Malta: Myriam Spiteri Debono
* Moldova: Maia Sandu
* Montenegro: Jakov Milatović
* North Macedonia: Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
* Northern Cyprus: Ersin Tatar
* Poland: Karol Nawrocki
* Portugal: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
* Romania: Nicușor Dan
* Russia: Vladimir Putin
* San Marino: Denise Bronzetti, Italo Righi
* Serbia: Aleksandar Vučić
* Slovakia: Peter Pellegrini
* Slovenia: Nataša Pirc Musar
* Switzerland: Guy Parmelin, Karin Keller-Sutter, Ignazio Cassis, Albert Rösti, Élisabeth Baume-Schneider, Beat Jans, Martin Pfister
* Transnistria: Vadim Krasnoselsky
* Turkey: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelenskyy

North America|

* Barbados: Sandra Mason
* Costa Rica: Rodrigo Chaves Robles
* Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel
* Dominica: Sylvanie Burton
* Dominican Republic: Luis Abinader
* El Salvador: Nayib Bukele
* Guatemala: Bernardo Arévalo
* Haiti: Laurent Saint-Cyr*
* Honduras: Xiomara Castro
* Mexico: Claudia Sheinbaum
* Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega, Rosario Murillo
* Panama: José Raúl Mulino
* Trinidad and Tobago: Christine Kangaloo
* United States: Donald Trump

South America|

* Argentina: Javier Milei
* Bolivia: Luis Arce
* Brazil: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
* Chile: Gabriel Boric
* Colombia: Gustavo Petro
* Ecuador: Daniel Noboa
* Guyana: Irfaan Ali
* Paraguay: Santiago Peña
* Peru: Dina Boluarte
* Suriname: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
* Uruguay: Yamandú Orsi
* Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro

Oceania|

* Fiji: Naiqama Lalabalavu
* Kiribati: Taneti Maamau
* Marshall Islands: Hilda Heine
* Micronesia: Wesley Simina
* Nauru: David Adeang
* Palau: Surangel Whipps Jr.
* Samoa: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
* Vanuatu: Nikenike Vurobaravu

* Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state
* Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state

* v
* t
* e

Heads of state of the G20

* Lourenço
* Milei
* Charles III
* Lula
* Charles III
* Xi
* Costa
* Macron
* Steinmeier
* Murmu
* Prabowo
* Mattarella
* Naruhito
* Sheinbaum
* Putin
* Salman
* Ramaphosa
* Lee
* Erdoğan
* Charles III
* Trump

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the G20

* Lourenço / Youssouf
* Milei
* Albanese
* Lula
* Carney
* Xi
* Costa / von der Leyen
* Macron
* Merz
* Modi
* Prabowo
* Meloni
* Ishiba
* Sheinbaum
* Putin
* Salman
* Ramaphosa
* Lee
* Erdoğan
* Starmer
* Trump

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

* Albanese
* Bolkiah
* Carney
* Boric
* Xi
* Lai (Envoy: Lin)1
* Lee
* Prabowo
* Ishiba
* Lee
* Anwar
* Sheinbaum
* Luxon
* Marape
* Boluarte
* Marcos
* Putin
* Wong
* Paetongtarn (suspended) / Phumtham (acting)
* Trump
* Cường

1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as Chinese Taipei.

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

* Xi
* Modi
* Raisi
* Tokayev
* Japarov
* Sharif
* Putin
* Rahmon
* Mirziyoyev

* v
* t
* e

BRICS

Membership|

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Iran
* United Arab Emirates
* Indonesia

Summits|

1. Yekaterinburg 2009
2. Brasília 2010
3. Sanya 2011
4. New Delhi 2012
5. Durban 2013
6. Fortaleza 2014
7. Ufa 2015
8. Goa 2016
9. Xiamen 2017
10. Johannesburg 2018
11. Brasília 2019
12. Saint Petersburg 2020
13. New Delhi 2021
14. Beijing 2022
15. Johannesburg 2023
16. Kazan 2024
17. Rio de Janeiro 2025
18. India 2026

Leaders|

* Lula
* Putin
* Modi
* Xi
* Ramaphosa
* Sisi
* Ahmed
* Pezeshkian
* Al Nahyan
* Prabowo

Sports|

* BRICS U-17 Football Cup
* 2016 Goa
* 2018 Johannesburg
* BRICS Games
* 2024 Kazan
* Athletics
* Badminton
* Gymnastics

Related|

* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* BRICS Cable
* BRICS Universities League
* New Development Bank
* BRICS PAY
* BRIC (economics term)

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of the Commonwealth of Independent States

* Aliyev
* Pashinyan
* Lukashenko
* Tokayev
* Japarov
* Sandu
* Putin
* Rahmon
* Berdimuhamedow
* Mirziyoyev

* v
* t
* e

Candidates in the 2000 Russian presidential election

Winner|

* Vladimir Putin (Independent) campaign

Other candidates|

* Gennady Zyuganov (Communist Party) campaign
* Grigory Yavlinsky (Yabloko) campaign
* Aman Tuleyev (Independent)
* Vladimir Zhirinovsky (LDPR) campaign
* Konstantin Titov (Independent)
* Ella Pamfilova (For Civic Dignity)
* Stanislav Govorukhin (Independent)
* Yury Skuratov (Independent)
* Alexey Podberezkin (Spiritual Heritage)
* Umar Dzhabrailov (Independent)

Withdrew|

* Yevgeny Savostyanov (Independent)

* v
* t
* e

Candidates in the 2004 Russian presidential election

Winner|

* Vladimir Putin (Independent) campaign

Other candidates|

* Nikolay Kharitonov (Communist Party)
* Sergey Glazyev (Independent)
* Irina Khakamada (Independent)
* Oleg Malyshkin (LDPR)
* Sergey Mironov (Russian Party of Life)

Withdrew|

* Ivan Rybkin (Independent)

* v
* t
* e

Candidates in the 2012 Russian presidential election

Winner|

* Vladimir Putin (United Russia) campaign

Other candidates|

* Gennady Zyuganov (Communist Party) campaign
* Mikhail Prokhorov (Independent) campaign
* Vladimir Zhirinovsky (LDPR) campaign
* Sergey Mironov (A Just Russia)

* v
* t
* e

Candidates in the 2018 Russian presidential election

Winner|

* Vladimir Putin (Independent / campaign)

Other candidates|

* Pavel Grudinin (Communist Party / campaign)
* Vladimir Zhirinovsky (Liberal Democratic Party / campaign)
* Ksenia Sobchak (Civic Initiative / campaign)
* Grigory Yavlinsky (Yabloko / campaign)
* Boris Titov (Party of Growth / campaign)
* Maxim Suraykin (Communists of Russia / campaign)
* Sergey Baburin (Russian All-People's Union / campaign)

Non-registered|

* Alexei Navalny (Independent / campaign)

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

General|

* Outline
* Timeline
* Prelude
* Feb–Apr 2022
* Apr–Aug 2022
* Aug–Nov 2022
* Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
* Jun–Aug 2023
* Sep–Nov 2023
* Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
* Apr–Jul 2024
* Aug–Dec 2024
* Jan–May 2025
* Jun 2025 – present
* Aerial warfare
* Defense lines
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Naval warfare
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Ukraine's Peace Formula
* China peace proposal
* June 2024 peace summit
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Red lines
* Reparations
* Territorial control

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* Zametil 2022
* Union Resolve 2022
* Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
* British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign
relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–United States
* Russia–NATO
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy
* open door policy

Military engagements

Southern
Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Kherson
* Capture of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battle of Voznesensk
* Kherson counteroffensive
* Liberation of Kherson
* Dnieper campaign
* Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Eastern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Donbas
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Battle of Vuhledar
* Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)
* Luhansk Oblast campaign
* Kupiansk
* Northeast Donetsk
* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Chasiv Yar
* Battle of Krasnohorivka
* Battle of Ocheretyne
* Battle of Toretsk
* Pokrovsk offensive
* Battle of Kurakhove

Northern
Ukraine|

* Capture of Chernobyl
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Battle of Moshchun
* Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych
* Battle of Sumy
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Northeastern border skirmishes
* 2025 Sumy offensive

Russia|

* Bryansk Oblast raid
* Kremlin drone attack
* Moscow drone strikes
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
* February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* Kursk campaign
* occupation
* Battles for Olgovskiy Forest
* Toropets depot explosions

Airstrikes
by city|

* Chernihiv strikes
* Dnipro strikes
* Huliaipole strikes
* Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
* Kharkiv strikes
* Kherson strikes
* Khmelnytskyi strikes
* Kryvyi Rih strikes
* Kyiv strikes
* Lviv strikes
* Mykolaiv strikes
* Odesa strikes
* Rivne strikes
* Vinnytsia strikes
* Zaporizhzhia strikes
* Zhytomyr strikes

Airstrikes
on military
targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
* Yavoriv military base attack
* 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Saky air base attack
* Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
* Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
* Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
* Makiivka military quarters shelling
* Machulishchy air base attack
* Zarichne barracks airstrike
* Operation Spider's Web

Resistance|

| Russian-occupied Ukraine|

* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Yellow Ribbon
* Atesh

|

Belarusian and Russian partisans|

* Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
* Civic Council
* Irpin Declaration
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* National Republican Army
* Military commissariats arsons
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* Black Bridge
* Rail war in Russia
* Stop the Wagons
* Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
* Rail war in Belarus
* Busly liaciać
* BYPOL
* Community of Railway Workers
* Cyber Partisans

Russian
occupations|

* Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry)
* Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (2025, reentry)

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2022)
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Potentially
related|

* Black Sea drone incident
* Bridge collapses in Russia
* Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Transnistria attacks
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

Other|

* 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2025 Crimean Bridge explosion
* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Dragon drone
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Missile explosion in Poland
* Operation Synytsia
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Wagner Group rebellion

War crimes

General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Attacks on hospitals
* Cluster munitions
* Incendiary weapons
* Landmines
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Looting
* Sexual violence
* Mistreatment of prisoners of war

Attacks on
civilians|

* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March 2022 Donetsk attack
* 2022 Borodianka airstrikes
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building missile strike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September 2022 Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
* 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
* Sloviansk airstrike
* Uman missile strike
* Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
* Lyman cluster bombing
* 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
* Chernihiv missile strike
* Kostiantynivka missile strike
* Hroza missile attack
* Volnovakha massacre
* December 2023 strikes
* 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
* 2024 Donetsk attack
* Lysychansk missile strike
* 6 March 2024 Odesa strike
* March 2024 strikes
* Human safari (terror campaign)
* May 2024 Kharkiv strikes
* 8 July 2024 strikes
* 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack
* 26 August 2024 strikes
* September 2024 Poltava strike
* November 2024 strikes
* February 2025 Poltava strike
* 2025 Sumy airstrike

Crimes
against
soldiers|

* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
* Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
* Makiivka surrender incident
* Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
* 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* Arrest warrants
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Crime of aggression tribunal
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
* Anton Cherednik

Reactions

States
and
official
entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Military aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com
* Humanitarian aid
* Sanctioned yachts
* Relations with Russia

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Brave1
* Bring Kids Back UA
* Ban on Russia-associated religious groups
* Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
* Decolonization and derussification law
* Delta
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
* Grain From Ukraine
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live
* International Legion and other foreign units
* Belarusian Volunteer Corps
* Terror Battalion
* Black Maple Company
* Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* German Volunteer Corps
* Karelian National Battalion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Norman Brigade
* Pahonia Regiment
* Polish Volunteer Corps
* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
* Russian Volunteer Corps
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Sibir Battalion
* Turan Battalion
* International Sponsors of War
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Lukoil sanctions
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Points of Invincibility
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City
* Save Ukrainian Culture [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* highways in the annexed territories
* A290
* A291 "Tavrida"
* R260
* R280 "Novorossiya"
* 2022 Moscow rally
* 2023 Moscow rally
* 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
* Blockade of Ukraine [ru]
* Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
* Censorship in Russia [ru]
* Chechnya
* Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about Important Things
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Masha Moskalyova case
* Metropolis of Crimea
* Mikhail Simonov case
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Operation Doppelgänger
* Opinion polling [ru]
* Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
* Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly countries list
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

United
States|

* 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Pentagon document leaks
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Defense Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other
countries|

* Belarus
* Canada
* Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
* China
* Closer ties with Russia
* Chinese peace plan
* Hong Kong
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* France
* Mission Aigle
* Georgia
* Germany
* German Taurus controversy
* Taurus leak
* Zeitenwende speech
* Hungary
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran
* Closer ties with Russia
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* North Korea
* Poland
* border crisis with Ukraine
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* Operation Interflex
* 2025 London Summit on Ukraine
* Coalition of the willing

United
Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Resolution ES-11/5
* Resolution ES-11/6
* Resolution ES-11/7
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Resolution A/RES/77/229
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Moldova to the EU
* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* 2nd summit
* 3rd summit
* Madrid summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* EU–Ukraine Summit
* REPowerEU
* Steadfast Defender 2024
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration
* 2023 Vilnius summit
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2024 Washington summit
* Weimar+

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* F-16 training coalition
* Finland–NATO relations
* Finland–Russia border barrier
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
* Sweden–NATO relations
* Swedish anti-terrorism bill

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* ArmWomenNow
* Ukrainian Artistic Front
* In Russia
* Angry patriots
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Anti-War Committee
* Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
* Congress of People's Deputies
* Council of Mothers and Wives
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Flower protests
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Russian Action Committee
* North Caucasian protests
* 2022 Russian Far East protests
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* E.N.O.T. Corp.
* Igor Mangushev
* McDonald's in Russia
* Vkusno i tochka
* NashStore [ru]
* People's Satellite
* Starlink satellites
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Wagner Group
* Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
* Death of Nemes Tarimo
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* alerts.in.ua
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* DeepStateMap.Live
* Denys Davydov
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Killnet
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Spies|

* Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Other|

* Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We Are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
* Game4Ukraine
* Get Lost
* Global Tour for Peace
* Go by the Forest
* Guide to the Free World
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
* Rubikus.HelpUA
* Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Save Ukraine
* Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
* Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
* Spain letter bomb attacks
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* Pavel Filatyev
* True Russia
* Volos Declaration
* Vyvozhuk
* Wimbledon ban

Impact

Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* 2022 Moldovan energy crisis
* 2022–2023 protests
* 2025 Moldovan energy crisis
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage
* Russian debt default
* 2022 Russian oil price cap
* 2022-2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
* EU natural gas price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* European re-armament
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Eurovision Song Contest 2023
* Food crises
* Impact on theatre [uk]
* List of notable deaths
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Nuclear power plants
* Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
* Nuclear risk
* Religion
* Russian emigration
* The Ark
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* art theft and looting
* damaged cultural sites
* Trauma
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
* Ukrainian energy crisis
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Women

Human
rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms,
phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Anglo-Saxons"
* "Bavovna"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Orc"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Khuy Voyne!"
* "Russia is here forever [uk]"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Special military operation"
* "To bomb Voronezh"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"
* "Without you"

Popular
culture|

| Songs|

* "12"
* "Bakhmut Fortress"
* "Bayraktar"
* "Bilia topoli"
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of Minefields"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "I'm Russian"
* "Oyda"
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* "Mama ŠČ!"
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Crushed"

|

Films|

* 20 Days in Mariupol
* A Rising Fury
* Follow Me
* Intercepted
* Russians at War
* Turn in the Wound
* Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]

Other|

* Babylon'13
* Back to the Cold War
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* Ghost of Kyiv
* Kherson watermelon
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv
* North Atlantic Fella Organization
* Newspeak in Russia
* Patron
* "Putler"
* "Putinversteher"
* Raccoon of Kherson
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* Walk of the Brave
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* visit to the United States
* visit to the United Kingdom
* visits to Europe
* Anatolii Kryvonozhko
* Anatoliy Barhylevych
* Andrii Hnatov
* Andriy Biletsky
* Andriy Yermak
* Denys Shmyhal
* Denys Kireyev X
* Denys Monastyrsky †
* Denys Prokopenko
* Ihor Klymenko
* Iryna Venediktova
* Kyrylo Budanov
* Mykhailo Drapatyi
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Rustem Umerov
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Serhii Sternenko
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vasyl Malyuk
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk
* Yulia Svyrydenko

Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Aleksandr Lapin
* Aleksey Dyumin
* Aleksey Nagin †
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Kolesnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Andrey Belousov
* Andrey Vorobyov
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Gennady Zhidko #
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Ivan Popov
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Oleg Tsokov †
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Roman Berdnikov
* Rustam Muradov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Timur Ivanov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Viktor Sokolov
* Viktor Zolotov
* Vitaly Gerasimov
* Vyacheslav Gladkov
* Vyacheslav Volodin
* Yevgeny Prigozhin X

Other|

* Alexander Lukashenko
* Denis Pushilin
* Leonid Pasechnik
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vitaly Ganchev
* Vladimir Saldo
* Yevgeny Balitsky
* Yuriy Barbashov

Related

* 2023 North Korea–Russia summit
* 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
* 2025 Putin–Trump call
* Anti-drone mesh
* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Axis of Upheaval
* Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243
* Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
* Decolonization in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
* Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
* Institute for the Study of War
* Irkutsk Su-30 crash
* Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Kyivstar cyberattack
* Lady R incident
* Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Rico Krieger
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Ryazan Il-76 crash
* Siberian wildfires
* Sinhury mid-air collision [uk; zh]
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* Soviet imagery
* Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
* Turtle tank
* U-24 association
* Ukrainian-African Renaissance
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Western long-range weapons in Russia
* Ural Airlines Flight 1383
* "The Vladimir Putin Interview"
* Voronezh An-26 crash
* Wagner Group plane crash
* Yeysk Su-34 crash
* Yaroslav Hunka scandal
* Time of Heroes

* Category

Portals:

* Biography
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Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
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* Japan
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Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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*[div.]: divorced
*[c.]: circa
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