Waldo Salt

American screenwriter

For the documentary film, see Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey.

Waldo Salt

Poster for Waldo Salt: a Screenwriter's Journey (1990)

Born|

Waldo Miller Salt

(1914-10-18)October 18, 1914

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

Died| March 7, 1987(1987-03-07) (aged 72)

Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Other names| Arthur Behrstock
M.L. Davenport
Mel Davenport
Occupation| Screenwriter
Years active| 1937–1978
Spouses|

Amber Dana

(m. 1938; div. 1941)​

* Mary Davenport (m. 1942; divorced)

Gladys Schwartz

(m. 1969; died 1981)​

Eve Merriam

(m. 1983)​

Children| 2 with Davenport (incl. Jennifer Salt)

Waldo Miller Salt[1] (October 18, 1914 - March 7, 1987) was an American screenwriter. He is best known for his Academy Award-winning screenplays for Midnight Cowboy (1969) and Coming Home (1978).

## Early life and career

[edit]

Salt was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Winifred (née Porter) and William Haslem Salt, an artist and business executive.[2] He graduated from Stanford University in 1934.[3] The first of the nineteen films he wrote or co-wrote was released in 1937 with the title The Bride Wore Red.

Salt's career in Hollywood was interrupted when he was blacklisted after refusing to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1951. Like many other blacklisted writers, while he was unable to work in Hollywood, Salt wrote under a pseudonym for the British television series The Adventures of Robin Hood.[4]

After the collapse of the blacklist, Salt won Academy Awards for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium and Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen for his work on Midnight Cowboy and Coming Home respectively, as well as earning a nomination for the former for Serpico.

Salt is featured in the extras for the Criterion Collection's Midnight Cowboy blu-ray release, specifically in an audio interview with Michael Childers; many photos of Waldo Salt can be seen here as he was a collaborator for the screenplay. The documentary listed below, Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey, is also featured on the disc.[citation needed]

## Personal life and death

[edit]

Salt was married four times. The first was to Amber Dana (1938-1941), then to actress Mary Davenport (married in 1942) with whom he had two children, actress/writer/producer Jennifer, and Deborah; both marriages ended in divorce.[5] After his divorce from Davenport, he married Gladys Schwartz in 1969, and remained together until her death in 1981. He later playwright Eve Merriam in 1983 until his death in Los Angeles on March 7, 1987; he was 72.[5][6]

## Documentary

[edit]

Waldo Salt was the subject of a 1990 documentary Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey, which featured interviews with Dustin Hoffman, Robert Redford, Jon Voight, John Schlesinger and other collaborators and friends.

## The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award

[edit]

The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award, first presented in 1992, is awarded at the Sundance Film Festival annually. It is determined by the dramatic jury, and recognizes outstanding screenwriting in a film screened at the festival that year.[7]

## Filmography

[edit]

Films

Year  | Title  | Notes
1937  | The Bride Wore Red | Adaptation, uncredited
1938  | The Shopworn Angel | Screenplay
1939  | The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn | Dialogue, uncredited
1940  | The Philadelphia Story | Uncredited
1941  | The Wild Man of Borneo | Screenplay
1943  | Tonight We Raid Calais | Screenplay
1944  | Mr. Winkle Goes to War | Alternative title: Arms and the Woman
1948  | Rachel and the Stranger | Screenplay
1950  | The Flame and the Arrow | Screenplay
1951  | M | Additional dialogue
1961  | Blast of Silence | Narration written by, credited as Mel Davenport
1962  | Taras Bulba | Screenplay together with Karl Tunberg
1964  | Flight from Ashiya | Alternative title: Ashiya kara no hiko
Wild and Wonderful |
1969  | Midnight Cowboy | Screenplay; Oscar winner for Best Adapted Screenplay
1971  | The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight | Alternative title: The Gang That Couldn't Shoot
1973  | Serpico | Screenplay
1975  | The Day of the Locust | Screenplay
1978  | Coming Home | Oscar Winner for Best Original Screenplay
Television
Year  | Title  | Notes
1955  | Star Stage | 1 episode
1956  | Colonel March of Scotland Yard | 2 episodes
1958  | Swiss Family Robinson | Television movie, credited as Mel Davenport
Ivanhoe | 4 episodes
1961  | Tallahassee 7000 | 1 episode
1964  | Espionage | 1 episode
1965  | The Nurses | 1 episode
1967  | Coronet Blue | 1 episode

## Awards and nominations

[edit]

Year  | Award  | Result  | Category  | Film or series

|
|
|
|

1949  | Writers Guild of America Award | Nominated | Best Written American Western  | Rachel and the Stranger
1970  | Won | Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium  | Midnight Cowboy
1974  | Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium  | Serpico (Shared with Norman Wexler)
1979  | Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen  | Coming Home (Shared with Robert C. Jones)
1986  | Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement |

1970 | Academy Award | Won | Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium | Midnight Cowboy
1974 | Nominated | Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium | Serpico (Shared with Norman Wexler)
1979 | Won | Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen | Coming Home (Shared with Nancy Dowd and Robert C. Jones)
1970  | BAFTA Award | Won | Best Screenplay | Midnight Cowboy
1974  | Edgar Allan Poe Awards | Nominated | Serpico (Shared with Norman Wexler)
1970  | Golden Globe Award | Nominated | Best Screenplay | Midnight Cowboy
1979  | Best Screenplay - Motion Picture  | Coming Home (Shared with Robert C. Jones)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Waldo Salt". New York. 4. New York Magazine Co. 1971.
2. ^ "Waldo Salt Biography (1914-1987)". filmreference.com.
3. ^ Hal Erickson (2015). "Waldo Salt - Biography - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
4. ^ Matthews, Tom Dewe (2006-10-07). "The outlaws" (free registration required). The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
5. ^ a b "Waldo Salt, 72, Dies; Oscar-Winning Writer". The New York Times. 8 March 1987. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
6. ^ Zimmer, Vanessa (30 June 2022). "Who Was… Waldo Salt? - sundance.org". Sundance Institute. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
7. ^ "2021 Sundance Film Festival".

## External links

[edit]

* Waldo Salt at IMDb
* Waldo Salt from the American Masters website
* Waldo Salt Papers, an inventory of papers kept in the UCLA Library
* Works by Waldo Salt at Open Library

Awards for Waldo Salt

* v
* t
* e

Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay

1940–1975|

* Preston Sturges (1940)
* Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles (1941)
* Michael Kanin and Ring Lardner Jr. (1942)
* Norman Krasna (1943)
* Lamar Trotti (1944)
* Richard Schweizer (1945)
* Muriel Box and Sydney Box (1946)
* Sidney Sheldon (1947)
* No award (1948)
* Robert Pirosh (1949)
* Charles Brackett, D. M. Marshman Jr., and Billy Wilder (1950)
* Alan Jay Lerner (1951)
* T. E. B. Clarke (1952)
* Charles Brackett, Richard L. Breen, and Walter Reisch (1953)
* Budd Schulberg (1954)
* Sonya Levien and William Ludwig (1955)
* Albert Lamorisse (1956)
* George Wells (1957)
* Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1958)
* Clarence Greene, Maurice Richlin, Russell Rouse, and Stanley Shapiro (1959)
* I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960)
* William Inge (1961)
* Ennio de Concini, Pietro Germi, and Alfredo Giannetti (1962)
* James Webb (1963)
* S. H. Barnett, Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964)
* Frederic Raphael (1965)
* Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966)
* William Rose (1967)
* Mel Brooks (1968)
* William Goldman (1969)
* Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1971)
* Jeremy Larner (1972)
* David S. Ward (1973)
* Robert Towne (1974)
* Frank Pierson (1975)

1976–2000|

* Paddy Chayefsky (1976)
* Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977)
* Robert C. Jones, Waldo Salt, and Nancy Dowd (1978)
* Steve Tesich (1979)
* Bo Goldman (1980)
* Colin Welland (1981)
* John Briley (1982)
* Horton Foote (1983)
* Robert Benton (1984)
* William Kelley, Pamela Wallace, and Earl W. Wallace (1985)
* Woody Allen (1986)
* John Patrick Shanley (1987)
* Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988)
* Tom Schulman (1989)
* Bruce Joel Rubin (1990)
* Callie Khouri (1991)
* Neil Jordan (1992)
* Jane Campion (1993)
* Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994)
* Christopher McQuarrie (1995)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996)
* Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997)
* Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998)
* Alan Ball (1999)
* Cameron Crowe (2000)

2001–present|

* Julian Fellowes (2001)
* Pedro Almodóvar (2002)
* Sofia Coppola (2003)
* Pierre Bismuth, Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004)
* Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005)
* Michael Arndt (2006)
* Diablo Cody (2007)
* Dustin Lance Black (2008)
* Mark Boal (2009)
* David Seidler (2010)
* Woody Allen (2011)
* Quentin Tarantino (2012)
* Spike Jonze (2013)
* Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bo (2014)
* Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015)
* Kenneth Lonergan (2016)
* Jordan Peele (2017)
* Nick Vallelonga, Brian Currie and Peter Farrelly (2018)
* Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019)
* Emerald Fennell (2020)
* Kenneth Branagh (2021)
* Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
* Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

1928–1950|

* Benjamin Glazer (1928)
* Hanns Kräly (1929)
* Frances Marion (1930)
* Howard Estabrook (1931)
* Edwin J. Burke (1932)
* Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason (1933)
* Robert Riskin (1934)
* Dudley Nichols (1935)
* Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney (1936)
* Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg, and Norman Reilly Raine (1937)
* Ian Dalrymple, Cecil Arthur Lewis, W. P. Lipscomb, and George Bernard Shaw (1938)
* Sidney Howard (1939)
* Donald Ogden Stewart (1940)
* Sidney Buchman and Seton I. Miller (1941)
* George Froeschel, James Hilton, Claudine West, and Arthur Wimperis (1942)
* Philip G. Epstein, Julius J. Epstein, and Howard Koch (1943)
* Frank Butler and Frank Cavett (1944)
* Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder (1945)
* Robert Sherwood (1946)
* George Seaton (1947)
* John Huston (1948)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950)

1951–1975|

* Harry Brown and Michael Wilson (1951)
* Charles Schnee (1952)
* Daniel Taradash (1953)
* George Seaton (1954)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1955)
* John Farrow, S. J. Perelman, and James Poe (1956)
* Pierre Boulle, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson (1957)
* Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
* Neil Paterson (1959)
* Richard Brooks (1960)
* Abby Mann (1961)
* Horton Foote (1962)
* John Osborne (1963)
* Edward Anhalt (1964)
* Robert Bolt (1965)
* Robert Bolt (1966)
* Stirling Silliphant (1967)
* James Goldman (1968)
* Waldo Salt (1969)
* Ring Lardner Jr. (1970)
* Ernest Tidyman (1971)
* Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1972)
* William Peter Blatty (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1974)
* Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben (1975)

1976–2000|

* William Goldman (1976)
* Alvin Sargent (1977)
* Oliver Stone (1978)
* Robert Benton (1979)
* Alvin Sargent (1980)
* Ernest Thompson (1981)
* Costa-Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)
* Peter Shaffer (1984)
* Kurt Luedtke (1985)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986)
* Bernardo Bertolucci and Mark Peploe (1987)
* Christopher Hampton (1988)
* Alfred Uhry (1989)
* Michael Blake (1990)
* Ted Tally (1991)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1992)
* Steven Zaillian (1993)
* Eric Roth (1994)
* Emma Thompson (1995)
* Billy Bob Thornton (1996)
* Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997)
* Bill Condon (1998)
* John Irving (1999)
* Stephen Gaghan (2000)

2001–present|

* Akiva Goldsman (2001)
* Ronald Harwood (2002)
* Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson, and Fran Walsh (2003)
* Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004)
* Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005)
* William Monahan (2006)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007)
* Simon Beaufoy (2008)
* Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009)
* Aaron Sorkin (2010)
* Alexander Payne, Jim Rash, and Nat Faxon (2011)
* Chris Terrio (2012)
* John Ridley (2013)
* Graham Moore (2014)
* Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015)
* Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016)
* James Ivory (2017)
* Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott and Spike Lee (2018)
* Taika Waititi (2019)
* Christopher Hampton and Florian Zeller (2020)
* Sian Heder (2021)
* Sarah Polley (2022)
* Cord Jefferson (2023)

* v
* t
* e

BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay

* Calder Willingham and Buck Henry (1968)
* Waldo Salt (1969)
* William Goldman (1970)
* Harold Pinter (1971)
* Paddy Chayefsky / Larry McMurtry and Peter Bogdanovich (1972)
* Luis Buñuel and Jean-Claude Carrière (1973)
* Robert Towne (1974)
* Robert Getchell (1975)
* Alan Parker (1976)
* Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977)
* Alvin Sargent (1978)
* Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1979)
* Jerzy Kosiński (1980)
* Bill Forsyth (1981)
* Costa-Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982)

* v
* t
* e

Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay

Original Drama
(1969–1983)|

* William Goldman (1969)
* Francis Ford Coppola & Edmund H. North (1970)
* Penelope Gilliatt (1971)
* Jeremy Larner (1972)
* Steve Shagan (1973)
* Robert Towne (1974)
* Frank Pierson (1975)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1976)
* Arthur Laurents (1977)
* Nancy Dowd, Robert C. Jones & Waldo Salt (1978)
* Mike Gray, T. S. Cook & James Bridges (1979)
* Bo Goldman (1980)
* Warren Beatty & Trevor Griffiths (1981)
* Melissa Mathison (1982)
* Horton Foote (1983)

Original Comedy
(1969–1983)|

* Paul Mazursky & Larry Tucker (1969)
* Neil Simon (1970)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1971)
* Peter Bogdanovich, Buck Henry, David Newman & Robert Benton (1972)
* Melvin Frank & Jack Rose (1973)
* Mel Brooks, Norman Steinberg, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor & Alan Uger (1974)
* Robert Towne & Warren Beatty (1975)
* Bill Lancaster (1976)
* Woody Allen & Marshall Brickman (1977)
* Larry Gelbart & Sheldon Keller (1978)
* Steve Tesich (1979)
* Nancy Meyers, Harvey Miller & Charles Shyer (1980)
* Steve Gordon (1981)
* Don McGuire, Larry Gelbart & Murray Schisgal (1982)
* Lawrence Kasdan & Barbara Benedek (1983)

Original Screenplay
(1984–present)|

* Woody Allen (1984)
* William Kelley & Earl W. Wallace (1985)
* Woody Allen (1986)
* John Patrick Shanley (1987)
* Ron Shelton (1988)
* Woody Allen (1989)
* Barry Levinson (1990)
* Callie Khouri (1991)
* Neil Jordan (1992)
* Jane Campion (1993)
* Richard Curtis (1994)
* Randall Wallace (1995)
* Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (1996)
* James L. Brooks & Mark Andrus (1997)
* Marc Norman & Tom Stoppard (1998)
* Alan Ball (1999)
* Kenneth Lonergan (2000)
* Julian Fellowes (2001)
* Michael Moore (2002)
* Sofia Coppola (2003)
* Pierre Bismuth, Michel Gondry, & Charlie Kaufman (2004)
* Paul Haggis & Bobby Moresco (2005)
* Michael Arndt (2006)
* Diablo Cody (2007)
* Dustin Lance Black (2008)
* Mark Boal (2009)
* Christopher Nolan (2010)
* Woody Allen (2011)
* Mark Boal (2012)
* Spike Jonze (2013)
* Wes Anderson & Hugo Guinness (2014)
* Tom McCarthy & Josh Singer (2015)
* Barry Jenkins & Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016)
* Jordan Peele (2017)
* Bo Burnham (2018)
* Bong Joon-ho & Han Jin-won (2019)
* Emerald Fennell (2020)
* Adam McKay & David Sirota (2021)
* Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
* David Hemingson (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

Adapted Drama
(1969–1983)|

* Waldo Salt (1969)
* Robert Anderson (1970)
* Ernest Tidyman (1971)
* Francis Ford Coppola & Mario Puzo (1972)
* Waldo Salt & Norman Wexler (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola & Mario Puzo (1974)
* Bo Goldman & Lawrence Hauben (1975)
* William Goldman (1976)
* Alvin Sargent (1977)
* Oliver Stone (1978)
* Robert Benton (1979)
* Alvin Sargent (1980)
* Ernest Thompson (1981)
* Costa-Gavras & Donald E. Stewart (1982)
* Julius J. Epstein (1983)

Adapted Comedy
(1969–1983)|

* Arnold Schulman (1969)
* Ring Lardner Jr. (1970)
* John Paxton (1971)
* Jay Presson Allen (1972)
* Alvin Sargent (1973)
* Lionel Chetwynd & Mordecai Richler (1974)
* Neil Simon (1975)
* Blake Edwards & Frank Waldman (1976)
* Larry Gelbart (1977)
* Elaine May & Warren Beatty (1978)
* Jerzy Kosiński (1979)
* Jim Abrahams, David Zucker & Jerry Zucker (1980)
* Gerald Ayres (1981)
* Blake Edwards (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)

Adapted Screenplay
(1984–present)|

* Bruce Robinson (1984)
* Richard Condon & Janet Roach (1985)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986)
* Steve Martin (1987)
* Christopher Hampton (1988)
* Alfred Uhry (1989)
* Michael Blake (1990)
* Ted Tally (1991)
* Michael Tolkin (1992)
* Steven Zaillian (1993)
* Eric Roth (1994)
* Emma Thompson (1995)
* Billy Bob Thornton (1996)
* Curtis Hanson & Brian Helgeland (1997)
* Scott Frank (1998)
* Alexander Payne & Jim Taylor (1999)
* Stephen Gaghan (2000)
* Akiva Goldsman (2001)
* David Hare (2002)
* Shari Springer Berman & Robert Pulcini (2003)
* Alexander Payne & Jim Taylor (2004)
* Larry McMurtry & Diana Ossana (2005)
* William Monahan (2006)
* Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (2007)
* Simon Beaufoy (2008)
* Jason Reitman & Sheldon Turner (2009)
* Aaron Sorkin (2010)
* Alexander Payne, Jim Rash & Nat Faxon (2011)
* Chris Terrio (2012)
* Billy Ray (2013)
* Graham Moore (2014)
* Adam McKay & Charles Randolph (2015)
* Eric Heisserer (2016)
* James Ivory (2017)
* Nicole Holofcener & Jeff Whitty (2018)
* Taika Waititi (2019)
* Sacha Baron Cohen, Anthony Hines, Dan Swimer, Peter Baynham, Erica Rivinoja, Dan Mazer, Jena Friedman, Lee Kern & Nina Pedrad (2020)
* Sian Heder (2021)
* Sarah Polley (2022)
* Cord Jefferson (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement

1950s|

* Sonya Levien (1953)
* Dudley Nichols (1954)
* Robert Riskin (1955)
* Julius Epstein & Philip Epstein and Albert Hackett & Frances Goodrich (1956)
* Charles Brackett & Billy Wilder (1957)
* John Lee Mahin (1958)
* Nunnally Johnson (1959)

1960s|

* Norman Krasna (1960)
* George Seaton (1961)
* Philip Dunne (1962)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1963)
* John Huston (1964)
* Sidney Buchman (1965)
* Isobel Lennart (1966)
* Richard Brooks (1967)
* Casey Robinson (1968)
* Carl Foreman (1969)

1970s|

* Dalton Trumbo (1970)
* James Poe (1971)
* Ernest Lehman (1972)
* William Rose (1973)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1974)
* Preston Sturges (1975)
* Michael Wilson (1976)
* Samson Raphaelson (1977)
* Edward Anhalt (1978)
* Neil Simon (1979)

1980s|

* Billy Wilder & I. A. L. Diamond (1980)
* Ben Hecht (1981)
* Paul Osborn (1982)
* Lamar Trotti (1983)
* Melville Shavelson, Jack Rose, Norman Panama, and Melvin Frank (1984)
* William Goldman (1985)
* Waldo Salt (1986)
* Woody Allen (1987)
* Irving Ravetch & Harriet Frank Jr. (1988)
* Ring Lardner Jr. (1989)

1990s|

* Donald Ogden Stewart (1990)
* Alvin Sargent (1991)
* Frank Pierson (1992)
* Horton Foote (1993)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1994)
* Charles Bennett (1995)
* Daniel Taradash (1996)
* Robert Towne (1997)
* Bo Goldman (1998)
* Paul Schrader (1999)

2000s|

* Jean-Claude Carrière (2000)
* Betty Comden and Adolph Green (2001)
* Blake Edwards (2002)
* Mel Brooks (2003)
* John Michael Hayes (2004)
* David Mamet (2005)
* Lawrence Kasdan (2006)
* Robert Benton (2007)
* Budd Schulberg (2008)
* No award (2009)

2010s|

* Barry Levinson (2010)
* Steven Zaillian (2011)
* Eric Roth (2012)
* Tom Stoppard (2013)
* Paul Mazursky (2014)
* Harold Ramis (2015)
* Elaine May (2016)
* Oliver Stone (2017)
* James L. Brooks (2018)
* Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel (2019)

2020s|

* Nancy Meyers (2020)
* No award (2021)
* No award (2022)
* Charlie Kaufman (2023)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Latvia
* Poland
* Israel

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template