Walter White (Tennessee politician)

American politician (1881–1951)

Walter White

White in 1925

Member of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Constituency| 10th floterial district
In office
1909–1911
Preceded by| John Neal
In office
1933–1935
Preceded by| Grover Harris
Succeeded by| Sue K. Hicks
In office
1937–1939
Preceded by| Sue K. Hicks
Succeeded by| Herschel Denton
In office
1941–1949
Preceded by| Herschel Denton
Succeeded by| Mary Shadow
Minority Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives
In office
1937–1939
Member of the Tennessee Senate
from the 9th district
In office
1911–1913
Preceded by| John Neal
Succeeded by| Lewis Shepherd Pope
Personal details
Born| (1881-12-24)December 24, 1881
Meigs County, Tennessee, U.S.
Died| February 14, 1951(1951-02-14) (aged 69)
Dayton, Tennessee, U.S.
Political party| Republican
Spouse| Ina B. Whittemore
Relatives| Milburn White (brother)

Walter White (December 24, 1881 - February 14, 1951) was an American educator and politician from the state of Tennessee. White served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from the 10th floterial district non-consecutively from 1909 to 1949, and in the Tennessee Senate from 1911 to 1913, as a member of the Republican Party. He also served as the superintendent of county schools in Rhea County, Tennessee, from the 1920s to 1940s, and was a figure in the 1925 Scopes trial, helping to organize and publicize the event.

White was born in Meigs County, Tennessee, and educated at multiple universities. He was elected to the state house in 1908, and to the state senate in 1910, where he was the youngest member for that session, before he lost reelection in 1912. He unsuccessfully ran for governor twice, for the Republican nomination in 1924 and with the nomination in 1926. White returned to the state house in 1932, but was defeated in 1934. He returned in 1936, where he served as Minority Leader, but was defeated in 1938. He served in the state house again from 1941 to 1949, until his defeat by Democratic nominee Mary Shadow after losing the Republican nomination.

White served as superintendent until his removal in 1931 due to school funds misappropriation accusations, but was reappointed in 1939, where he served until his removal in 1950. He was active in local politics in Rhea County, where he operated a political machine, and was sent as a delegate to two Republican National Conventions.

## Early life

[edit]

Walter White's brother, Milburn White, also served in the Tennessee General Assembly

Walter White was born in Meigs County, Tennessee, on December 24, 1881, to John White and Susan Couch. White was educated in schools in Meigs and Rhea counties. He attended University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, American Temperance University, Valparaiso University, Cumberland University, and Southern University Law School. He married Ina B. Whittemore, a widow with two children, on January 10, 1915. His brother, Milburn White, was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in the 1914 election.[1][2]

White became principal of Carp High School in the early 1900s.[3] He purchased the Rhea County News in 1913 while working as a teacher in Graysville, Tennessee.[4] He was an educator in multiple counties for seventeen years. He was admitted to the bar in 1944, and practiced until his death.[1]

## Career

[edit]

### Politics

[edit]

White and John Denton chaired the 1912 Rhea County Republican convention and was a delegate to the Tennessee Republican Party's state convention.[5][6] He chaired the county convention in 1916.[7] He was a member of the Republican congressional committee in the 4th district until his resignation in 1921.[8]

White supported Herbert Hoover for the Republican presidential nomination during the 1928 election.[9][10] He was a delegate to the 1940 Republican National Convention from Tennessee's 3rd congressional district and supported Thomas E. Dewey and Robert A. Taft.[11][12] He supported B. Carroll Reece, a member of the United States House of Representatives and member of the Republican National Committee, for the Republican vice-presidential nomination during the 1944 presidential election.[13] He attempted to serve as a delegate to the 1944 Republican National Convention, but a rival delegate slate was seated instead.[14] A resolution by White honoring Wendell Willkie was passed by the state house in 1945.[15]

White led a Republican faction against Luke and Ed Morgan. In 1948, the two factions held two rival county conventions that sent contesting delegates to the state convention.[16] The credentials committee voted four to three in favor of White's delegation.[17] White opposed Robert Kemmer's, a member of his political opposition, reelection to the Tennessee Senate in the 1948 election.[18] White's faction of the county party was recognized by the state party through a unanimous vote in 1950, rather than the faction led by Earl Smith.[19]

### Tennessee legislature

[edit]

#### Elections

[edit]

During the 1906 election White was endorsed by the Meigs County Republican Party for a seat in the state house from Meigs and Rhea counties despite him stating that he was not interested in running.[3] John Neal, a member of the Democratic Party who represented the district, sought election to the state senate in the 1908 election.[20] White was elected with the Republican nomination to succeed him.[21][22][23]

White was the chair of the Rhea County Republican Convention in 1910, and the convention endorsed him for a seat in the state senate from the 9th district.[24][25] The 9th District Republican Senatorial Convention gave him the nomination by acclamation[26] and he was elected to succeed Neal.[27][28] He was the youngest member of the state senate for that session.[29] White was defeated by Democratic nominee Lewis Shepherd Pope in the 1912 election.[30][31][32] U.S. Senator Newell Sanders gave White a job as a clerk for the Congressional Post Office after his defeat.[33]

White defeated incumbent Democratic Representative Grover Harris in the 1932 election for a seat in the state house from the 10th floterial district.[34][35][36] Democratic nominee Sue K. Hicks, who worked with White on the prosecution during the Scopes trial, defeated him in the 1934 election by twenty votes.[37][38] White accused there of being fraud in the election, but the state house seated Hicks following the recommendation of an investigatory committee.[39][40]

White defeated Democratic nominee George McKenzie in the 1936 election.[41] He lost to Democratic nominee Herschel Denton by six vote in the 1938 election. White contested the results of the election and claimed there was fraud.[42][43][44] He filed a petition with the Tennessee Election Commission seeking the removal of Ed Godsey and F.A. Grubb from the Meigs County Election Commission.[45] White later withdrew his contest against Denton, who was seated.[46][47] White defeated Democratic nominee R.J. Jaco in the 1940 election.[48] He was reelected in 1942 and 1944.[49][50] He defeated Democratic nominee D.F. Pope and independent candidate Carroll Tallent in the 1946 election.[51]

Smith challenged White for the Republican nomination during the 1948 election and both claimed victory in the primary. Glenn Woodlee ordered the arrest of C.H. Smith, chair of the Rhea County Republican primary board and Earl's father, for not releasing an official canvass of the primary vote.[52][53][54] He was fined $500 for contempt of court.[55] Another member of the board was Earl's first cousin.[56] The Republican state executive committee declared Smith the winner which brought criticism from Ralph Duggan, the Dewey's presidential campaign manager in Tennessee.[57] White stated that the committee ruled against him because he supported Dewey and announced his independent candidacy.[58][59] Democratic nominee Mary Shadow defeated White and Smith.[60] She defeated him in the 1950 election.[61] Four people were accused of tampering with the election, but no indictments were issued.[62]

#### Tenure

[edit]

White voted for Hillsman Taylor to be Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1909.[63] White ran to be the leader of the Republicans in the state house in 1933, but withdrew and M.G. Goodwin was selected instead.[64] He served on the Labor and Education committees in the 1900s, Ways and Means committee in the 1930s, and Banking, Educator, and Labor committees in the 1940s.[65][66][67] White was selected as the minority leader in the state house in 1936, and also nominated for speaker.[68]

White supported the reelection of U.S. Senator James B. Frazier during the 1910–11 election.[69] White sought an appointment to the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1937.[70]

### Superintendent

[edit]

White became the superintendent of schools in Rhea County.[71] He was appointed by the county court for his first five terms until the state legislature changed the selection process to be done through an election and increased the term from two years to four years.[72] He defeated independent candidate J.E. Atkinson in the 1928 election.[73] The county court selected to appoint White as superintendent rather than incumbent Tallent in 1939, by a vote of 11 to 8.[74][75]

White sought to be appointed as superintendent of public instruction by Governor Alfred A. Taylor, but J.B. Brown was appointed instead.[76][77] In 1921, he appointed the first woman to serve on a school board in Rhea County.[78] In 1929, White filed a $10,000 (equivalent to $177,442 in 2023) libel lawsuit against B.C. Kimmer, a former member of the state house and member of the county court, but his case was dismissed by Judge Leslie Rogers Darr.[79][80]

John T. Scopes was a teacher during White's tenure as superintendent and he was involved in the prosecution of the Scopes trial.

John T. Scopes was a teacher at one of the schools that White oversaw.[81] He was one of the attorneys for prosecution of the Scopes trial.[1] White replaced George Rappleyea in the prosecution on May 25, 1925, at the suggestion of Neal as Rappleyea believed in evolution.[82][83][84] White invited Billy Sunday to assist in the prosecution, but he declined the offer.[85][86]

In 1929, twenty-five property owners in Rhea County filed a lawsuit to remove White and seven members of the school board and in 1930, six members of the board were removed while White was acquitted, but fined $50 for being in contempt of court in 1930.[87][88]

In 1931, the county court accused White and R.M. Green, chair of the county board of education, of misappropriating school funds.[89][90] The school board rejected White's proposed list of teachers and then demanded their resignations after White's faction created a competing school board.[91][92] W. N. Morgan, a supporter of White, issued a warrant against the members of the committee investigating White accusing them of "conspiring falsely to move and maintain a suit against Walter White".[93] On August 18, the county court voted twelve to three to remove White and nine to six to remove Green from their positions.[94][95] J.H. Miser was selected to replace White and C.F. McDonald was selected to replace Green.[96] White returned to his position after Justice Alexander W. Chambliss suspended all of the actions while the case was being heard.[97] The Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that the county court had the power to remove White and Miser assumed the position on November 27.[98][99]

The county court voted to replace White with W.B. Follis in 1948, but an injunction prevented Follis from taking office until White's term expired in 1950.[100][101] In 1949, the state supreme court ruled that it was not unconstitutional for an official to be both a county school superintendent and member of the state house.[102] The injunction was dissolved on July 13, 1950, but a second injunction was issued on October 2.[103][104] The injunction was dissolved and Virgil Watson was selected to replace him on October 11.[105] Another injunction was issued, but Woodlee dismissed it and Watson took office on October 25.[106][107] White sought another injunction, but a court ruled that his term ended on July 1, 1950.[108]

### Gubernatorial campaigns

[edit]

County results of the 1926 Tennessee gubernatorial election

White announced his campaign for the Republican nomination in the 1924 gubernatorial election on September 17, 1923.[109] The Rhea County Republican Party endorsed him during the primary.[110] Bledsoe, Greene, and Meigs counties instructed their delegates to support White,[111] but none of the candidates received the endorsement of the state party at the convention.[112] He withdrew before the primary and endorsed T. F. Peck.[113]

White was put up for the Republican nomination in the 1926 election without his permission as he was supporting former Governor Taylor.[114][115] He announced his campaign after all of the other candidates, including Taylor, withdrew from the primary.[116][117] Brown managed White's campaign.[118] White lost the election to Democratic Governor Austin Peay.[119]

## Death

[edit]

White died on February 14, 1951, due to a heart attack in Dayton, Tennessee, and was buried on February 18.[1][120] A resolution by Shadow to mourn his death was passed by the Tennessee legislature.[121]

## Political positions

[edit]

White supported the prohibition of alcohol.[122][123] He proposed legislation in 1909 to make campaign expenses public.[124] In 1936, White supported the creation of $30 (equivalent to $659 in 2023) per month pension for old people.[125] He proposed legislation to allocate $100,000 to create a printing facility in order to make textbooks free for elementary students.[126]

White supported efforts to repeal poll taxes.[127][128] White supported women's suffrage and called for Republicans in the Tennessee state legislature to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.[129][130] In 1943, he called for a convention to create a new state constitution which would eliminate the poll tax, lower the voting age to 18, creation of an income tax, four-year terms for all non-judicial officials, all elections held with the presidential election, and a requirement that all rulings from the state supreme court be unanimous.[131]

White opposed the convict leasing system.[132] In 1933, he proposed legislation to make ransom kidnapping punishable by death in response to the Lindbergh kidnapping.[133] He proposed legislation to prohibit the usage of the death penalty on people under 21.[134]

White was against evolution, sent a letter to U.S. Representative J. Will Taylor asking him to introduce legislation to deny funding to schools that taught evolution, and wrote anti-evolution legislation for William David Upshaw.[82][135][136]

## Electoral history

[edit]

1926 Tennessee gubernatorial election[119] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Democratic | Austin Peay (incumbent)  | 84,979  | 64.76%  |
| Republican | Walter White  | 46,238  | 35.24%  |
Total votes  | 131,217  | 100.00%  |
1934 Tennessee House of Representatives 10th floterial district election[38] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Democratic | Sue K. Hicks | 2,260  | 50.22%  |
| Republican | Walter White (incumbent)  | 2,240  | 49.78%  |
Total votes  | 4,500  | 100.00%  |
1938 Tennessee House of Representatives 10th floterial district election[43] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Democratic | Herschel Denton  | 1,938  | 50.08%  |
| Republican | Walter White (incumbent)  | 1,932  | 49.92%  |
Total votes  | 3,870  | 100.00%  |
1946 Tennessee House of Representatives 10th floterial district election[51] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Republican | Walter White (incumbent)  | 1,606  | 61.63%  |
| Democratic | D.F. Pope  | 953  | 36.57%  |
| Independent | Carroll Tallent  | 47  | 1.80%  |
Total votes  | 2,606  | 100.00%  |
1950 Tennessee House of Representatives 10th floterial district election[61] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Democratic | Mary Shadow (incumbent)  | 3,402  | 52.45%  |
| Republican | Walter White  | 3,084  | 47.55%  |
Total votes  | 6,486  | 100.00%  |

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Cornwell 1988, p. 710.
2. ^ "Tennessee Lawmakers". Nashville Banner. January 21, 1933. p. 4\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
3. ^ a b "Does Not Desire An Empty Honor". Nashville Banner. July 19, 1906. p. 10\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
4. ^ "Senator White Now Editor". Chattanooga Daily Times. December 4, 1913. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
5. ^ "Republicans of Rhea Indorse Sanders". The Chattanooga News Times. February 17, 1912. p. 13\. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
6. ^ "Rhea County". The Tennessean. February 18, 1912. p. 36\. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
7. ^ "Rhea Republicans For Sanders and Hooper". The Chattanooga News. March 3, 1916. p. 4\. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
8. ^ "White Resigns from District Committee". Nashville Banner. April 14, 1921. p. 6\. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
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45. ^ "2 Commissioners Accused By White". Chattanooga Daily Times. November 22, 1938. p. 9\. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
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53. ^ "Chancellor To Try Settling GOP Dispute". Johnson City Press. August 12, 1948. p. 13\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
54. ^ "Chairman of GOP Primary Board Jailed For Contempt". Kingsport Times-News. August 13, 1948. p. 10\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
55. ^ "GOP Primary Board Head Fined $500 As Vote Aftermath". Johnson City Press. September 1, 1948. p. 23\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
56. ^ "Shocking Events in Election Over Tennessee Point Up Need for Tightening Foolish Laws". Chattanooga Daily Times. August 15, 1948. p. 18\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
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60. ^ "Professor Is Elected To State House". Bristol News Bulletin. November 3, 1948. p. 8\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
61. ^ a b "Mary Shadow's Lead Officially 318". Knoxville News Sentinel. November 15, 1950. p. 5\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
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87. ^ "Suit To Oust School Board In Rhea Heard". The Chattanooga News. May 5, 1930. p. 2\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
88. ^ "Ousted Members To Appeal Cases". Chattanooga Daily Times. May 16, 1930. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
89. ^ "Charges Flung As Rhea Court Lifts Tax Rate". Chattanooga Daily Times. July 28, 1931. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
90. ^ "Charges". The Chattanooga News. July 27, 1931. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
91. ^ "Two Rhea Factions Split On Teachers". Chattanooga Daily Times. August 1, 1931. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
92. ^ "Rhea Board Asks Teachers Named By White Resign". The Chattanooga News. August 6, 1931. p. 18\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
93. ^ "Dayton Squires Under Arrest On Charge By White". The Chattanooga News. August 12, 1931. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
94. ^ "Walter White, Prosecutor Of Scopes, Ousted From Office". The Leaf-Chronicle. August 18, 1931. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
95. ^ "Court Deposes Walter White In Rhea County". Chattanooga Daily Times. August 18, 1931. p. 2\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
96. ^ "Miser Elected As New Head Of Rhea Scools". The Chattanooga News. August 31, 1931. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
97. ^ "White Returned". Kingsport Times-News. September 9, 1931. p. 8\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
98. ^ "Court Upholds Squires' Action In Firing White". Chattanooga Daily Times. November 15, 1931. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
99. ^ "Miser Assumes Duties As Head Of Rhea Schools". The Chattanooga News. November 28, 1931. p. 2\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
100. ^ "Squires Oust White, but He Enjoins Successor". Knoxville News Sentinel. September 16, 1948. p. 12\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
101. ^ "Court Bans Issued In School Fight". Bristol Herald Courier. September 17, 1948. p. 13\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
102. ^ "Ruling Legislator Can Hold County Post". Memphis Press-Scimitar. December 17, 1949. p. 2\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
103. ^ "Injunction Fight Is Lost By White". Chattanooga Daily Times. July 15, 1950. p. 7\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
104. ^ "Post Is Retained By Walter White". Chattanooga Daily Times. October 3, 1950. p. 9\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
105. ^ "Walter White Ousted By Dayton Court". Johnson City Press. October 12, 1950. p. 25\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
106. ^ "New Round Is Lost By Walter White". Chattanooga Daily Times. October 21, 1950. p. 9\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
107. ^ "Rhea County Evicts White From Post". The Knoxville Journal. October 26, 1950. p. 12\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
108. ^ "White Loses Fight To Appeals Court". The Knoxville Journal. December 2, 1950. p. 12\. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
109. ^ "Walter White In Race For Republican Nomination". The Chattanooga News. September 18, 1923. p. 14\. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
110. ^ "Walter White Gets Rhea Endorsement". The Journal and Tribune. February 7, 1924. p. 4\. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
111. ^ "Senator Walter White Gets Three Counties". The Chattanooga News. April 14, 1924. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
112. ^ "Shelby Fight Put Up To Convention". Chattanooga Daily Times. May 1, 1924. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
113. ^ "Walter White Out; Will Support Peck". Nashville Banner. July 16, 1924. p. 7\. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
114. ^ "Walter White Is Candidate For Governor". Chattanooga Daily Times. June 3, 1926. p. 5\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
115. ^ "Prof. Walter White Is Not Candidate". Chattanooga Daily Times. June 4, 1926. p. 13\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
116. ^ "Taylor Will Not Run For Governor". The Knoxville Journal. July 13, 1926. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
117. ^ "Nomination Goes To Walter White". Chattanooga Daily Times. July 17, 1926. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
118. ^ "Republicans Name Campaign Manager". Nashville Banner. September 18, 1926. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
119. ^ a b Congressional Quarterly 2005, p. 1529.
120. ^ "Funeral Is Sunday For Walter White". Chattanooga Daily Times. February 17, 1951. p. 9\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
121. ^ "Legislature". Johnson City Press. February 22, 1951. p. 14\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
122. ^ "Majority of Members Sign Temperance Bills". Nashville Banner. January 8, 1909. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
123. ^ "Another Bill To Carry Out The Prohibition Idea". The Leaf-Chronicle. January 26, 1909. p. 5\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
124. ^ "Campaign Expenses". The Leaf-Chronicle. April 23, 1909. p. 4\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
125. ^ "Walter White To Run For Floterial Post". Chattanooga Daily Times. December 17, 1936. p. 11\. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
126. ^ "Free Textbooks Being Proposed By Rhea Leader". The Jackson Sun. February 8, 1937. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
127. ^ "Walter White, 69, Is Dead In Dayton". Chattanooga Daily Times. February 16, 1951. p. 13\. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
128. ^ "White Will Favor Poll Tax Repeal". Chattanooga Daily Times. February 25, 1938. p. 5\. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
129. ^ "Ballot For The Ladies". Nashville Banner. February 25, 1911. p. 16\. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
130. ^ "Eyes Turned On Republican Members". The Chattanooga News. August 11, 1920. p. 12\. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
131. ^ "Legislator Urges State Convention". The Tennessean. July 20, 1943. p. 1\. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
132. ^ "Platform Planks Of Walter White". Chattanooga Daily Times. March 12, 1924. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
133. ^ "Rep. White's Bill". Bristol News Bulletin. January 17, 1933. p. 5\. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
134. ^ "Levies Jump In Browning Tax Program". The Knoxville Journal. February 16, 1937. p. 3\. Archived from the original on February 26, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
135. ^ "Motion to Quash Evolution Case Filed by Scopes". The Tennessean. June 14, 1925. p. 6\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
136. ^ "White to Draw Ape Bill for W.D. Upshaw". The Chattanooga News. July 21, 1925. p. 12\. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.

## Works cited

[edit]

* Cornwell, Ilene (1988). Biographical Directory of the Tennessee General Assembly Volume III: 1901-1931. Tennessee Historical Commission. ISBN 0874020085.
* Bidd, Donald, ed. (2005). Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. 2 (5 ed.). CQ Press. ISBN 1568029810.