War of the First Coalition

1792–1797 battles between French revolutionaries and neighbouring monarchies

War of the First Coalition

Part of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Coalition Wars

War of the first coalition

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Left to right, top to bottom:
Battles of Valmy, Toulon, Fleurus, Quiberon, Arcole and Mantua
| Date| 20 April 1792 – 17 October 1797

|

Location|

France, Central Europe, Italy, the Low Countries, Spain, West Indies

Result|  French victory; Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Paris, Peaces of Basel, Treaty of Tolentino, Treaty of Campo Formio
Territorial
changes|

* French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine, Savoy, and other smaller territories
* Santo Domingo to France
* French sister republics established
* End of millennial Venetian independence

Belligerents
First Coalition

* Dutch Republic
* (until 1795)[a]
* French Royalists[1]
* Great Britain[b]
* Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[c]
* Portugal
* Prussia (until 1795)[d]
* Sardinia (until 1796)[e]
* Spain (until 1795)[d]
* Naples (until 1796)

* Kingdom of France (until 1792)
* French Republic (from 1792)

French satellites[f]

* Batavian Republic (from 1795)[g]
* Sister republics[h]

French naval allies

* Spain (from 1796, naval only)[i]

Commanders and leaders

* Francis II
* George III
* William Pitt
* Charles IV
(until 1795)
* Ferdinand IV
* Frederick William II
* Duke of Brunswick

* Louis XVI
* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Maximilien Robespierre
* Napoleon Bonaparte
* Paul Barras
(from 1795)

Strength

1794:

* 1,169,000[2]

Casualties and losses
94,000 soldiers killed in combat[3]
~282,000 died of disease
220,000 captured
100,000 wounded[4]|  100,000 soldiers killed in combat
~300,000 died of disease
150,000 captured[4][3]

* v
* t
* e

War of the First Coalition

* Porrentruy
* Quiévrain
* Marquain
* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Lille
* Mainz
* Jemappes
* Sardinia
* Fontenay-le-Comte
* Nantes
* Toulon
* Méribel
* Cholet
* Martinique
* Guadeloupe
* Black Mountain
* Den Helder
* Quiberon
* 13 Vendémiaire
* Montenotte
* Lodi
* Siegburg
* Altenkirchen
* Mantua
* Wetzlar
* Kircheib
* 1st Kehl
* Malsch
* Castiglione
* Neresheim
* Amberg
* Newfoundland
* Würzburg
* Bassano
* Limburg
* 2nd Kehl
* Biberach
* Arcole
* Ireland
* Rivoli
* Faenza
* Fishguard
* Tarvis
* Neuwied
* Diersheim
* Venice

* * *

* Flanders campaign
* Chouannerie
* Mediterranean campaign
* War in the Vendée
* War of the Pyrenees
* East Indies Theatre
* Rhine campaign of 1793–94
* Atlantic campaign
* Rhine campaign of 1795
* Rhine campaign of 1796
* Italian campaign of 1796–1797
* Anglo-Spanish War

* v
* t
* e

French Revolutionary Wars

Prelude

* French Revolution
* Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War
* Liège Revolution
* Brabant Revolution

* * *

Major wars

* Haitian Revolution
* First Coalition
* Italian campaigns
* Naval campaigns
* West Indies theatre
* East Indies theatre
* Anglo-Spanish War
* Switzerland
* Second Coalition
* Franco-Ottoman War [tr]
* Russo-Spanish War [ru]
* War of the Oranges

* * *

Rebellions

* Insurrection of 10 August
* War in the Vendée
* Federalist revolts
* Lyon revolt
* Chouannerie
* Fédon's rebellion
* Second Carib War
* Curaçao
* 13 Vendémiaire
* Toulon insurrection [fr]
* Italy [it]
* Pavia revolt [it]
* Garfagnana revolt [it]
* Lugo's mutiny [it]
* Mirandola revolt [it]
* Viva Maria [it]
* Veronese Easter
* Roman Vespers [it]
* Viareggio Insurrection [it]
* Sanfedismo
* Irish Rebellion
* Malta
* 1st Cairo
* 2nd Cairo [ar]
* Peasants' War
* Stecklikrieg

* * *

Timeline

* 1792
* 1793
* 1794
* 1795
* 1796
* 1797
* 1798
* 1799
* 1800
* 1801

Coalition Wars

900km
559miles

Waterloo

Austria

Prussia

Germany

Italy

Egypt

France

First Coalition: France 1792:...Valmy...

Second Coalition: Egypt 1798:...Pyramids...

Second Coalition: Italy 1799:...Marengo...

Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz...

Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena...

Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram...

Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig...

Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris...

Seventh Coalition: Belgium 1815:...Waterloo...

The War of the First Coalition (French: Guerre de la première coalition) was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797, against France.[j][5] They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.[6]

Relations between the French revolutionaries and neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated following the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791. Eight months later, following a vote of the revolutionary-led Legislative Assembly, France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792; Prussia, having allied with Austria in February, declared war on France in June 1792. In July 1792, an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded France. The capture of Verdun (2 September 1792) triggered the September massacres in Paris. France counterattacked with the victory at Valmy (20 September) and two days later the National Convention, which had replaced the Legislative Assembly, proclaimed the French Republic.

Subsequently, these powers made several invasions of France by land and sea, in association with Prussia and Austria attacking from the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhine, and Great Britain supporting revolts in provincial France and laying siege to Toulon in October 1793. France suffered reverses (Battle of Neerwinden, 18 March 1793) and internal strife (War in the Vendée) and responded with draconian measures. The Committee of Public Safety was formed (6 April 1793) and the levée en masse drafted all potential soldiers aged 18 to 25 (August 1793). The new French armies counterattacked, repelled the invaders, and advanced beyond France.

The French established the Batavian Republic as a sister republic (May 1795) and gained Prussian recognition of French control of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the first Peace of Basel. With the Treaty of Campo Formio, Austria ceded the Austrian Netherlands to France and Northern Italy was turned into several French sister republics. Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory annexed more of the Holy Roman Empire.

North of the Alps, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen defeated the invading armies during the Rhine campaign, but Napoleon Bonaparte succeeded against Sardinia and Austria in northern Italy (1796–1797) near the Po Valley, culminating in the Peace of Leoben and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797). The First Coalition collapsed, leaving only Britain in the field fighting against France.

## Background

[edit]

### Revolution in France

[edit]

Main article: French Revolution

As early as 1791, other monarchies in Europe were watching the developments in France with alarm, and considered intervening, either in support of Louis XVI or to take advantage of the chaos in France. The key figure, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, brother of the French Queen Marie Antoinette, had initially looked on the Revolution calmly. He became increasingly concerned as the Revolution grew more radical, although he still hoped to avoid war.

On 27 August 1791, Leopold and King Frederick William II of Prussia, in consultation with émigré French nobles, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which declared the concern of the monarchs of Europe for the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them. Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration as a way of taking action that would enable him to avoid actually doing anything about France, at least for the moment, Paris saw the Declaration as a serious threat and the revolutionary leaders denounced it.[7]

In addition to the ideological differences between the French revolutionaries and the European monarchics, disputes continued over the status of Imperial estates in Alsace,[7] and the French authorities became concerned about the agitation of émigré nobles abroad, especially in the Austrian Netherlands and in the minor states of Germany. In the end, France declared war on Austria first, with the Assembly voting for war on 20 April 1792, after the presentation of a long list of grievances by the newly appointed foreign minister Charles François Dumouriez, who sought a war which might restore some popularity and authority to the King.[8]

## 1792

[edit]

See also: Campaigns of 1792 of the French Revolutionary Wars

### Invasion of the Austrian Netherlands

[edit]

Further information: Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition § 1792 campaign

Dumouriez prepared an invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule. However, the revolution had thoroughly disorganized the French army, which had insufficient forces for the invasion. Its soldiers fled at the first sign of battle, deserting en masse, in one case murdering General Théobald Dillon.[8] The French soldiers were insulted, hissed, even assaulted. The situation of the "Flanders Campaign" was alarming.[9]

While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganized its armies, an allied army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick assembled at Koblenz on the Rhine. The invasion commenced in July 1792. The Duke then issued a declaration on 25 July 1792, which had been written by the brothers of Louis XVI, that declared his [Brunswick's] intent to restore the King of France to his full powers, and to treat any person or town who opposed him as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law.[8] This motivated the revolutionary army and government to oppose the Prussian invaders by any means necessary,[8] and led almost immediately to the overthrow of the King by a crowd which stormed the Tuileries Palace.[10]

### Prussian progress

[edit]

The National Guard of Paris Departs for the Army by Léon Cogniet

Brunswick's army, composed mostly of Prussian veterans, crossed into French territory on 19 August and easily took the fortresses of Longwy and Verdun.[11] But at the Battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792 they came to a stalemate against Dumouriez and Kellermann in which the highly professional French artillery distinguished itself. Although the battle was a tactical draw, it bought time for the revolutionaries and gave a great boost to French morale. Furthermore, the Prussians, facing a campaign longer and more costly than predicted, decided against the cost and risk of continued fighting and determined to retreat from France to preserve their army.[5]

### Fronts in Italy and Germany

[edit]

Meanwhile, the French had been successful on several other fronts, occupying the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice until the Massif de l'Authion, while General Custine invaded Germany, capturing Speyer, Worms and Mainz along the Rhine, and reaching as far as Frankfurt. Dumouriez went on the offensive in the Austrian Netherlands once again, winning a great victory over the Austrians at Jemappes on 6 November 1792, and occupying the entire country by the beginning of winter.[5]

## 1793

[edit]

See also: Campaigns of 1793 of the French Revolutionary Wars

The Allied evacuation of Toulon in December 1793

On 21 January the revolutionary government executed Louis XVI after a trial.[12] This united all European governments, including Spain, Naples & Sicily, and the Netherlands against the Revolution. France declared war against Britain and the Netherlands on 1 February 1793 and soon afterwards against Spain. In the course of the year 1793 the Holy Roman Empire (on 23 March), the kings of Portugal and Naples, and the Grand Duke of Tuscany declared war against France. Thus the First Coalition was formed.[5]

### Introduction of conscription

[edit]

France introduced a new levy of hundreds of thousands of men, beginning a French policy of using levée en masse (mass conscription) to deploy more of its manpower than the other states could,[5] and remaining on the offensive so that these mass armies could commandeer war material from the territory of their enemies. The Girondin faction of the French government sent Citizen Genet to the United States to encourage them to enter the war on France's side. The newly formed nation refused, and the Washington administration's 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality threatened legal action against any citizen providing assistance to any side in the conflict.

After a victory in the Battle of Neerwinden in March, the Austrians suffered twin defeats at the battles of Wattignies and Wissembourg.[13] British land forces were defeated at the Battle of Hondschoote in September.[13]

## 1794

[edit]

See also: Campaigns of 1794 of the French Revolutionary Wars

Lord Howe's action or The Glorious First of June. Oil painting by Philip James de Loutherbourg (1795), National Maritime Museum.

### Battle of Fleurus

[edit]

Further information: Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition § Battle of Fleurus

1794 brought increased success to the revolutionary armies. A major victory against combined coalition forces at the Battle of Fleurus gained all of the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhineland for France.[13] Although the British navy maintained its supremacy at sea, it was unable to support effectively any land operations after the fall of the Belgian provinces.[14] The Prussians were slowly driven out of the eastern provinces[13] and by the end of the year they had retired from any active part in the war.[14] Against Spain, the French made successful incursions into both Catalonia and Navarre[14] in the War of the Pyrenees.

### Actions in the West Indies

[edit]

Action extended into the French colonies in the West Indies. A British fleet occupied Martinique, St. Lucia, and Guadeloupe, although a French fleet arrived later in the year and recovered the latter by ousting the invaders.[15]

## 1795

[edit]

See also: Campaigns of 1795 of the French Revolutionary Wars

### French capture of the Low Countries

[edit]

Main article: Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition § Fall of the Dutch Republic

After seizing the Low Countries in a surprise winter attack, France established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state. Even before the close of 1794 Prussia retired from any active part in the war, and on 5 April 1795 King Frederick William II concluded with France the Peace of Basel, which recognized France's occupation of the left bank of the Rhine. The new French-dominated Dutch government bought peace by surrendering Dutch territory to the south of that river. A treaty of peace between France and Spain followed in July. The grand duke of Tuscany had been admitted to terms in February. The coalition thus fell into ruin and France proper would be free from invasion for many years.[16]

### Battle of Quiberon

[edit]

Britain attempted to reinforce the rebels in the Vendée by landing French Royalist troops at Quiberon, but failed,[17] and attempts to overthrow the government in Paris by force were foiled by the military garrison led by Napoleon Bonaparte, leading to the establishment of the Directory.[18][19]

### Battle of Mainz

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Mainz

On the Rhine frontier, General Pichegru, negotiating with the exiled Royalists, betrayed his army and forced the evacuation of Mannheim and the failure of the siege of Mainz by Jourdan.[20]

## 1796

[edit]

See also: Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars and Italian Campaign of 1796–1797

Strategic situation in Europe in 1796

The French prepared a great advance on three fronts, with Jourdan and Jean Victor Marie Moreau on the Rhine and the newly promoted Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy. The three armies were to link up in Tyrol and march on Vienna.

### Rhine campaign

[edit]

In the Rhine campaign of 1796, Jourdan and Moreau crossed the Rhine river and advanced into Germany. Jourdan advanced as far as Amberg in late August while Moreau reached Bavaria and the edge of Tyrol by September. However Jourdan was defeated by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and both armies were forced to retreat back across the Rhine.[20][21]

### Invasion of Italy

[edit]

Napoleon, on the other hand, was successful in a daring invasion of Italy. In the Montenotte Campaign, he separated the armies of Sardinia and Austria, defeating each one in turn, and then forced a peace on Sardinia. Following this, his army captured Milan and started the Siege of Mantua. Bonaparte defeated successive Austrian armies sent against him under Johann Peter Beaulieu, Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser and József Alvinczi while continuing the siege.[21][20]

### End of the War of the Vendée

[edit]

The rebellion in the Vendée was also crushed in 1796 by Louis Lazare Hoche.[21] Hoche's subsequent attempt to land a large invasion force in Munster to aid the United Irishmen was unsuccessful.[15]

## 1797

[edit]

See also: Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars and Italian Campaign of 1796–1797

### Battle of Mantua

[edit]

Napoleon at the Battle of Rivoli, 14 January 1797. Oil painting by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux (1844), Palace of Versailles.

On 2 February Napoleon finally captured Mantua,[22] with the Austrians surrendering 18,000 men. Archduke Charles of Austria was unable to stop Napoleon from invading the Tyrol, and the Austrian government sued for peace in April. At the same time, there was a new French invasion of Germany under Moreau and Hoche.[22]

### Invasion of Great Britain

[edit]

On 22 February, a French invasion force consisting of 1,400 troops from the La Legion Noire (The Black Legion) under the command of Irish American Colonel William Tate landed near Fishguard in Wales. They were met by a quickly assembled group of around 500 British reservists, militia and sailors under the command of John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor. After brief clashes with the local civilian population and Lord Cawdor's forces on 23 February, Tate was forced into an unconditional surrender by 24 February. This would be the only battle fought on British soil during the Revolutionary Wars.

### Austrian peace

[edit]

Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio in October,[22] ceding Belgium to France and recognizing French control of the Rhineland and much of Italy.[21] The ancient Republic of Venice was partitioned between Austria and France. This ended the War of the First Coalition, although Great Britain and France remained at war.

## See also

[edit]

* List of battles of the War of the First Coalition
* War of the Second Coalition

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
2. ^ Including the Army of Condé
3. ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the  Duchy of Modena and the  Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
4. ^ a b Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
5. ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
6. ^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
7. ^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
8. ^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
9. ^ Re-entered the war against Britain as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
10. ^ initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Wars of the Vendee". Archived from the original on 19 January 2024.
2. ^ Lynn, John A. (2018). "Recalculating French Army Growth During the Grand Siede, 1610–1715". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Military Revolution Debate. Vol. 18 (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 117–148\. doi:10.4324/9780429496264-6. ISBN 978-0-429-49626-4. Only counting frontline army troops, not naval personnel, militiamen, or reserves; the National Guard alone was supposed to provide a reserve of 1,200,000 men in 1789.
3. ^ a b "Victimario Histórico Militar Capítulo IV Guerras de la Revolución Francesa (1789 a 1815)". Archived from the original on 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
4. ^ a b Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 100\. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
5. ^ a b c d e Holland 1911, Battle of Valmy.
6. ^ Shusterman, Noah (2015). De Franse Revolutie (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Veen Media., a translation of "Chapter 7: The federalist revolts, the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror (summer–fall 1793)". The French Revolution. Faith, Desire, and Politics. London/New York: Routledge. 2014. pp. 271–312.
7. ^ a b Holland 1911, The king and the nonjurors.
8. ^ a b c d Holland 1911, War declared against Austria.
9. ^ Howe, Patricia Chastain (2008). "Endgame, March–December 1793". Foreign Policy and the French Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 171–186\. doi:10.1057/9780230616882_11. ISBN 978-1-349-37213-3.
10. ^ Holland 1911, Rising of the 10th of August.
11. ^ Holland 1911, The revolutionary Commune of Paris.
12. ^ Holland 1911, Trial and execution of Louis XVI.
13. ^ a b c d Holland 1911, The Revolutionary War. Republican successes..
14. ^ a b c Holland 1911, Progress of the war..
15. ^ a b Hannay 1911, p. 204.
16. ^ One of more of the preceding sentences text from a publication now in the public domain: Holland 1911, Progress of the war
17. ^ Holland 1911, Progress of the war.
18. ^ Holland 1911, Insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire.
19. ^ Holland 1911, Character of the Directory.
20. ^ a b c Hannay 1911, p. 182.
21. ^ a b c d Holland 1911, Military triumphs under the Directory. Bonaparte.
22. ^ a b c Hannay 1911, p. 193.

### Sources

[edit]

* Hannay, David (1911). "French Revolutionary Wars" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* Holland, Arthur William (1911). "French Revolution, The" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Clausewitz, Carl von; Murray, Nicholas; Pringle, Christopher; Showalter, Dennis E. (2018). Napoleon's 1796 Italian campaign. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2676-2.
* Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2013). The French Revolutionary Wars. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-97741-2.
* Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1996). Fleet battle and blockade: the French Revolutionary War, 1793–1797. Chatham pictorial histories. London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-018-0.
* Lefebvre, Georges (1964). The French Revolution. Vol. 2: From 1793 to 1799. Translated by Stewart, John Hall; Friguglietti, James. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Ross, Steven T. (1973). Quest for Victory: French Military Strategy, 1792–1799. A.S. Barnes. ISBN 978-0-498-07490-5.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to War of the First Coalition at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
Siege of Namur (1792) | French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns
War of the First Coalition  | Succeeded by
War in the Vendée

|
|

* v
* t
* e

French Revolution

* Causes
* Timeline
* Ancien Régime
* Revolution
* Constitutional monarchy
* Republic
* Directory
* Consulate
* Glossary
* Journals
* Museum

Significant civil and political events by year

1788|

* Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
* Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)

1789|

* What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
* Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
* Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789)
* Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789)
* National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
* Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
* National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
* Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
* Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
* Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789)
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789)
* Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
* Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789)

1790|

* Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
* Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War (Jun 1790 – 1791)
* Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790)
* Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
* Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790)

1791|

* Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
* Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791)
* Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
* The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
* National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)

1792|

* France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
* Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
* Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
* 10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
* September Massacres (Sep 1792)
* National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
* First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)

1793|

* Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
* Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
* Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
* Committee of Public Safety
* Committee of General Security
* Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
* Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
* Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
* The Death of Marat (painting)
* Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
* Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
* Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)

1794|

* Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
* Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
* Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
* Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
* White Terror (Fall 1794)
* Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)

1795–6|

* Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795)
* Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
* Directoire (1795–99)
* Council of Five Hundred
* Council of Ancients
* 13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct 1795)
* Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796)

1797|

* Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
* Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)

1798|

* Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798)

1799|

* Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
* Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
* Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
* Consulate

Revolutionary campaigns

1792|

* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Royalist Revolts
* Chouannerie
* Vendée
* Dauphiné
* Lille
* Siege of Mainz
* Jemappes
* Namur

1793|

* First Coalition
* War in the Vendée
* Battle of Neerwinden
* Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
* Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 – 25 May 1793)
* Battle of Kaiserslautern
* Siege of Mainz
* Battle of Wattignies
* Battle of Hondschoote
* Siege of Bellegarde
* Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
* Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
* First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
* Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
* Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)

1794|

* Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
* Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
* Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
* Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
* Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794)
* Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
* Chouannerie
* Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)

1795|

* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)
* Peace of Basel

1796|

* Italian campaign (1796)
* Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Theiningen
* Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
* First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
* Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
* Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
* Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)

1797|

* Italian campaign (1797)
* Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
* Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
* Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
* Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
* Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
* Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)

1798|

* French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
* French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
* Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
* Quasi-War (1798–1800)
* Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)

1799|

* Second Coalition (1798–1802)
* Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
* Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
* Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799)
* First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
* Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)

1800|

* Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
* Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800)
* Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
* League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)

1801|

* Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
* Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
* Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)

1802|

* Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
* Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France|

| French Army|

* Eustache Charles d'Aoust
* Charles-Pierre Augereau
* Alexandre de Beauharnais
* Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Guillaume Brune
* Jean François Carteaux
* Jean-Étienne Championnet
* Chapuis de Tourville
* Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Louis Desaix
* Jacques François Dugommier
* Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
* Charles François Dumouriez
* Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
* Louis-Charles de Flers
* Paul Grenier
* Emmanuel de Grouchy
* Jacques Maurice Hatry
* Lazare Hoche
* Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
* François Christophe de Kellermann
* Jean-Baptiste Kléber
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* Jean Lannes
* Charles Leclerc
* Claude Lecourbe
* François Joseph Lefebvre
* Étienne Macdonald
* Jean-Antoine Marbot
* Marcellin Marbot
* François Séverin Marceau
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
* Jean Victor Marie Moreau
* Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
* Joachim Murat
* Michel Ney
* Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr]
* Nicolas Oudinot
* Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Józef Poniatowski
* Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
* Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
* Joseph Souham
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Louis-Gabriel Suchet
* Belgrand de Vaubois
* Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

|

French Navy|

* Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition|

|  Austria|

* József Alvinczi
* Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
* Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
* Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
* Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
* Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
* Pál Kray (Hungarian)
* Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
* Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
* Karl Mack von Leiberich
* Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
* Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
* Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
* Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
* Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
* Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
* Dagobert von Wurmser

|

Britain|

* Sir Ralph Abercromby
* James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
* Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Netherlands|

* William V, Prince of Orange

Prussia|

* Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
* Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Russia|

* Alexander Korsakov
* Alexander Suvorov
* Andrei Rosenberg

Spain|

* Luis Firmin de Carvajal
* Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789|

* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
* François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
* Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
* Nicolas de Condorcet

Feuillants
and monarchiens

* Grace Elliott
* Arnaud de La Porte
* Jean-Sifrein Maury
* François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
* Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
* Antoine Barnave
* Lafayette
* Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
* Charles Malo François Lameth
* André Chénier
* Jean-François Rewbell
* Camille Jordan
* Madame de Staël
* Boissy d'Anglas
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
* Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

Girondins|

* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
* Madame Roland
* Father Henri Grégoire
* Étienne Clavière
* Marquis de Condorcet
* Charlotte Corday
* Marie Jean Hérault
* Jean Baptiste Treilhard
* Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
* Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
* Jean Debry
* Olympe de Gouges
* Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
* Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

The Plain|

* Abbé Sieyès
* de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun
* Pierre-Joseph Cambon
* Bertrand Barère
* Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
* Philippe Égalité
* Louis Philippe I
* Mirabeau
* Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
* Jean Joseph Mounier
* Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
* François de Neufchâteau

Montagnards|

* Maximilien Robespierre
* Georges Danton
* Jean-Paul Marat
* Camille Desmoulins
* Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
* Paul Barras
* Louis Philippe I
* Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
* Jacques-Louis David
* Marquis de Sade
* Georges Couthon
* Roger Ducos
* Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
* Jean-Henri Voulland
* Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
* Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
* Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
* Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
* Jean-Pierre-André Amar
* Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
* Prieur de la Marne
* Gilbert Romme
* Jean Bon Saint-André
* Jean-Lambert Tallien
* Pierre Louis Prieur
* Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Hébertists
and Enragés|

* Jacques Hébert
* Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
* Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Antoine-François Momoro
* François-Nicolas Vincent
* François Chabot
* Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
* Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
* François Hanriot
* Jacques Roux
* Stanislas-Marie Maillard
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Jean-François Varlet
* Theophile Leclerc
* Claire Lacombe
* Pauline Léon
* Gracchus Babeuf
* Sylvain Maréchal

Others|

| Figures|

* Charles X
* Louis XVI
* Louis XVII
* Louis XVIII
* Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Marie Antoinette
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Joseph Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Joachim Murat
* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
* Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
* Talleyrand
* Thérésa Tallien
* Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
* Catherine Théot
* Madame de Lamballe
* Madame du Barry
* Louis de Breteuil
* de Chateaubriand
* Jean Chouan
* Loménie de Brienne
* Charles Alexandre de Calonne
* Jacques Necker
* Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
* List of people associated with the French Revolution

|

Factions|

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Panthéon Club
* Social Club

Influential thinkers

* Les Lumières
* Beaumarchais
* Edmund Burke
* Anacharsis Cloots
* Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
* Pierre Claude François Daunou
* Diderot
* Benjamin Franklin
* Thomas Jefferson
* Antoine Lavoisier
* Montesquieu
* Thomas Paine
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Abbé Sieyès
* Voltaire
* Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

* La Marseillaise
* Cockade of France
* Flag of France
* Liberté, égalité, fraternité
* Marianne
* Muscadin
* Bastille Day
* Panthéon
* French Republican calendar
* Metric system
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Cult of the Supreme Being
* Cult of Reason
* Temple of Reason
* Sans-culottes
* Phrygian cap
* Women in the French Revolution
* Incroyables and merveilleuses
* Symbolism in the French Revolution
* Historiography of the French Revolution
* Influence of the French Revolution
* Films

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Latvia
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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