Warlock

Male sorcerer

For other uses, see Warlock (disambiguation).

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Look up  warlock in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Costume design for a warlock for the opera Mefistofele (Alfredo Leonardo Edel, 1881)Warlocks and Witches in a dance (John Faed, 1855)

A warlock is a male practitioner of witchcraft.[1]

## Etymology and terminology

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The most commonly accepted etymology derives warlock from the Old English wǣrloga, which meant "breaker of oaths" or "deceiver".[2] The term came to apply specially to the devil around 1000 AD.[3] In early modern Scots, the word came to refer to the male equivalent of a  "witch" (which can be male or female, but has historically been used predominantly for females).[4][page needed] The term may have become associated in Scotland with male witches owing to the idea that they had made pacts with Auld Hornie (the devil) and thus had betrayed the Christian faith and broke their baptismal vows or oaths.[5] From this use, the word passed into Romantic literature and ultimately into 20th-century popular culture. A derivation from the Old Norse varð-lokkur, "caller of spirits", has also been suggested,[6][7][8] but the Oxford English Dictionary  considers this implausible owing to the extreme rarity of the Norse word and because forms without hard -k, which are consistent with the Old English etymology ("traitor"), are attested earlier than forms with a -k.[2]

## History

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Although most victims of the witch trials in early modern Scotland were women, some men were executed as warlocks.[9][10][11]

In his day, the Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550–1617) was often perceived as a warlock or magician because of his interests in divination and the occult, though his establishment position likely kept him from being prosecuted.[12][13]

## References

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1. ^ "Definition of warlock". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
2. ^ a b "Warlock". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. "ON. varðlokkur wk. fem. pl. ... incantation, suggested already in Johnson, is too rare (? occurring once), with regard to the late appearance of the -k forms, to be considered."
3. ^ Harper, Douglas. "warlock". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
4. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1957). The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland. Vol. 1\. Glasgow: William Maclellan.
5. ^ Howard, Michael (2013). "7". Scottish Witches and Warlocks (1st ed.). Three Hands Press. p. 91\. "It is possible that it became associated with wizards and male witches in Scotland in the sense that someone who made a pact with Auld Hornie had betrayed the Christian faith and broken their baptismal vows. In that respect they were considered to be an 'oath breaker', a traitor and an enemy of the Church."
6. ^ Cleasby, R.; Vigfusson, G. (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. London: Macmillan.
7. ^ Olsen, M. (1916). Maal Og Minne. Oslo: Bymalslaget.
8. ^ Loewe, M.; Blacker, C. (1981). Oracles and Divination. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 130\. "'Vardlokkur' […] is related to the Scots dialect word 'warlock', wizard, and the meaning is thought to relate to the power to shut in or enclose""
9. ^ Thomas Thomson, A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times (1896), page 286: "Where one man suffered as a warlock, ten women at least were executed as witches."
10. ^ Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland: From the Reformation to the Revolution (1874), page 244
11. ^ Journal of Jurisprudence and Scottish Law Magazine (1891), Execution of the Judgment of Death, page 397: "We read (Law's Memor. Pref. lix.) that 'one John Brugh, a notorious warlock (wizard) in the parochin of  Fossoquhy, by the space of thirty-six years, was worried at a stake and burned, 1643.'"
12. ^ Roger A. Mason, Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (2006, ISBN 0521026202), page 199
13. ^ Julian Havil, John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy (2014, ISBN 1400852188), page 19

* v
* t
* e

Magic and witchcraft

Types|

| Region|

* Africa
* Azande
* Ghana
* Witch smeller
* Asia
* Jhākri
* Philippines
* Europe
* Italy
* Akelarre
* Benandanti
* Cunning folk
* Greece and Rome
* Seiðr
* Völva
* Witch-cult hypothesis
* Anglo-Saxon England
* Britain
* Latin America
* Middle East
* Oceania
* Mākutu

|

Form|

* Chaos magic
* Goetia
* Hoodoo
* Medieval
* Neopagan
* Wicca
* Renaissance
* Solitary practitioner
* Warlock
* Witch doctor

Practices|

* Animism
* Apotropaic magic
* Black magic
* Ceremonial magic
* Magical formula
* Coven
* Curse
* Anathema
* Damnation
* Jinx
* Demon
* Divination
* Entheogen
* Evocation
* Familiar
* Gray magic
* Incantation
* Jinn
* Love magic
* Mediumship
* Moon magic
* Necromancy
* Occultism
* Shamanism
* Black
* Regional
* Yellow
* Sex magic
* Sigils
* Spiritism
* Spiritualism
* Sympathetic magic
* Witches' Sabbath
* White magic

Objects|

* Amulet
* Athame
* Broom
* besom
* Censer
* Cloak of invisibility
* Crystal ball
* Flying ointment
* Goofer dust
* Grimoire
* Incense
* Julleuchter
* Kitchen witch
* Love charm
* Magic carpet
* Magic circle
* Magic ring
* Magical weapons
* Magic sword
* Mojo bag
* Nkisi
* Nkondi
* Poppet
* Potions
* Sator Square
* Talisman
* Wand
* Witch ball
* Witch's ladder

Folklore and
mythology|

* Agamede
* Aradia
* Baba Yaga
* Circe
* Dayan
* Drude
* Elbow witch
* Hecate
* Huld
* Kalku
* Medea
* Morgan le Fay
* Muma Pădurii
* Nine sorceresses
* Obayifo
* Pasiphaë
* Sebile
* Sorginak
* Spearfinger
* Three Witches
* Witches of Benevento
* Witch of Endor
* Yama-uba

Major
historic treatises|

* Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament (8th–2nd centuries BC)
* Directorium Inquisitorum (1376)
* De maleficis mulieribus (1440)
* Formicarius (1475)
* Summis desiderantes affectibus (1484)
* Malleus Maleficarum (1487)
* De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus (1489)
* Laienspiegel (1509)
* De praestigiis daemonum (1563)
* The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584)
* Newes from Scotland (1591)
* A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts (1593)
* Daemonolatreiae libri tres (1595)
* Daemonologie (1597)
* Magical Investigations (1599)
* Compendium Maleficarum (1608)
* A Guide to Grand-Jury Men (1627)
* The Discovery of Witches (1647)
* Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants (1751)

Persecution|

| Modern|

* Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
* accusations against children
* India
* Nepal
* Papua New Guinea
* Witch camp

|

Early Modern|

| Americas|

* Maryland
* New York
* Salem
* Virginia

|

Eastern Europe|

* Hungary
* Northern Moravia
* Poland
* Russia

Northern Europe|

* Baltic
* Denmark
* England
* Finland
* Iceland
* Norway
* Scotland
* Sweden

Western Europe|

* France
* Geneva
* Italy
* Spain
* Basque

Classical|

* Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire

Related|

* Witch hunt
* Witch's mark
* Pricking
* List of people executed for witchcraft

In popular culture|

* Magic in fiction
* Witches in fiction

Related|

* Witch (word)
* Witch (archetype)
* Christian views on magic
* Magical organization
* Maleficium
* Left-hand path and right-hand path
* Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
* Folk religion
* Adept

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