Washington Union Station

U.S. train station and transport hub

For the Washington Metro station, see Union Station (Washington Metro). For the DC Streetcar station, see Washington Union Station § DC Streetcar.

Union Station
Washington, DC

Amtrak, MARC and Virginia Railway Express station

Union Station in May 2015

General information
Location| 50 Massachusetts Avenue NE
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates| 38°53′50″N 77°00′23″W﻿ / ﻿38.89731°N 77.00626°W﻿ / 38.89731; -77.00626
Owned by| United States Department of Transportation (station building and parking)
Washington Terminal Company/Amtrak (platforms and tracks)[1] Union Station Redevelopment Corp. leased to Ashkenazy Acquisition Corporation[2]
Operated by| Jones Lang LaSalle
Line(s)| Amtrak Northeast Corridor
CSX RF&P Subdivision
Platforms| 18
Tracks| 22
Train operators| Amtrak, MARC, VRE
Bus stands| located on the mezzanine level[3]
Bus operators|

* WMATA Metrobus
* DC Circulator
* Maryland MTA Commuter Bus
* Loudoun County Commuter Bus
* PRTC Buses
* Greyhound Lines
* Peter Pan Bus Lines
* Washington Deluxe
* BestBus
* OurBus

Connections|  at Union Station
DC Streetcar at Union Station
Metropolitan Branch Trail
Construction
Parking| 2,448 spaces
Bicycle facilities| 180
Accessible| Yes
Other information
Station code| Amtrak: WAS
IATA code| ZWU
Fare zone| 1 (VREX)
History
Opened| 1908
Rebuilt| 1981–1989
Electrified| January 28, 1935[4] (ceremonial)
February 10, 1935[5] (regular service)
Passengers
FY 2023| 4,751,405[6] (Amtrak only)
Services
| Preceding station  |  Amtrak | Following station

|
|

Terminus |  | Acela |  | BWI Airport

toward Boston South

| Vermonter |  | New Carrollton

toward St. Albans

Alexandria

toward Chicago

|  | Cardinal |  | Baltimore

toward New York

Alexandria

toward Charlotte

|  | Carolinian |
Alexandria

toward Miami

|  | Silver Meteor |
| Floridian |  | Rockville

toward Chicago

Alexandria

toward New Orleans

|  | Crescent |  | BWI Airport

toward New York

Alexandria

toward Norfolk, Newport News or Roanoke

|  | Northeast Regional |  | New Carrollton

toward Boston South or Springfield

Alexandria

toward Savannah

|  | Palmetto |  | New Carrollton

toward New York

Preceding station  |  MARC | Following station
Silver Spring

towards Martinsburg or Frederick

|  | Brunswick Line |  | Terminus
Terminus |  | Camden Line |  | Riverdale

towards Camden Station

| Penn Line |  | New Carrollton

towards Perryville

Preceding station  |  Virginia Railway Express | Following station
L'Enfant

toward Broad Run

|  | Manassas Line |  | Terminus
L'Enfant

toward Spotsylvania

|  | Fredericksburg Line |

Former services

| Preceding station  |  Amtrak | Following station

|
|

Terminus |  | Chesapeake |  | Capital Beltway

toward Philadelphia–Suburban

Alexandria

toward Tri-State

|  | Hilltopper |  | New Carrollton

toward Boston South

Terminus |  | Metroliner |  | Capital Beltway

toward New York

Silver Spring

toward Cincinnati (River Road)

|  | Shenandoah |  | Terminus
Terminus |  | National Limited |  | Capital Beltway

toward Kansas City

| Montrealer |  | Capital Beltway

toward Montreal

Rockville

toward Chicago

|  | Capitol Limited |  | Terminus
Alexandria

toward Miami

|  | Silver Star |  | Baltimore

toward New York

Preceding station  | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Following station
Takoma

toward Chicago

|  | Main Line  |  | Riverdale

toward Jersey City

University

toward Chicago

| Langdon

toward Jersey City

Preceding station  | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Following station
Alexandria

toward Cincinnati

|  | Main Line  |  | Terminus
Preceding station  | Pennsylvania Railroad | Following station
Terminus |  | Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad |  | Landover

toward Philadelphia

Preceding station  | Southern Railway | Following station
Alexandria

toward Birmingham

|  | Main Line  |  | Terminus
Preceding station  | Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad | Following station
Seventh Street

toward Richmond: Broad Street or Main Street

|  | Main Line  |  | Terminus

Washington D.C. Union Station

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Built| 1908
Architect| D.H. Burnham & Company (William Pierce Anderson, Daniel Burnham)
Architectural style| Classical, Beaux-Arts, among others
NRHP reference No.| 69000302
Designated | March 24, 1969

Location

Washington Union Station, known locally as Union Station, is a major train station, transportation hub, and leisure destination in Washington, D.C. Designed by Daniel Burnham and opened in 1907, it is Amtrak's headquarters, the railroad's second-busiest station, and North America's 10th-busiest railroad station. The station is the southern terminus of the Northeast Corridor, an electrified rail line extending north through major cities including Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, and the busiest passenger rail line in the nation. In 2015, it served just under five million passengers.[7]

An intermodal facility, Union Station also serves MARC and VRE commuter rail services, the Washington Metro, the DC Streetcar, intercity bus lines, and local Metrobus buses. It carries the IATA airport code of ZWU.[8]

At the height of its traffic, during World War II, as many as 200,000 passengers passed through the station in a single day.[9] In 1988, a headhouse wing was added and the original station renovated for use as a shopping mall. As of 2014, Union Station was one of the busiest rail facilities and shopping destinations in the United States, visited by over 40 million people a year.[10] However, the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors caused a sharp decline in retail and dining; by late 2022, more than half its commercial space was vacant,[11] but Amtrak is attempting to regain control of the station and plans a major renovation and expansion.[12][13]

## History

[edit]

### Pre-Union Station terminals

[edit]

Before Union Station opened, each of the major railroads operated out of one of two stations:

* New Jersey Avenue Station (1851–1907): Baltimore and Ohio Railroad trains arrived and left from this railroad station. It was located at the corner of New Jersey Avenue NW and C Street NW.[14]
* Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station (1872–1907): Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (B&P), a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, and the Southern Railway all left from this train station. It was located at the corner of B Street NW, now Constitution Avenue, and 6th Street NW.[14]

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line ran east on D Street NE across North Capitol Street, then north on Delaware Avenue NE. It divided into two lines. The Metropolitan branch continued north on 1st Street NE, turning east on New York Ave NE and continuing north through Eckington. The other line turned east onto I Street NE up to 7th Street NE where it headed back north on what is today West Virginia Avenue running next to the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (now Gallaudet University).[15]

### 20th century

[edit]

#### Construction

[edit]

When the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad announced in 1901 that they had agreed to build a new union station together, the city had two reasons to celebrate.[16] The decision meant that both railroads would soon remove their trackwork and terminals from the National Mall. Though changes there appeared only gradually, the consolidation of the depots allowed the creation of the Mall as it appears today. Secondly, the plan to bring all the city's railroads under one roof promised that Washington would finally have a station both large enough to handle large crowds and impressive enough to befit the city's role as the federal capital. The station was to be designed under the guidance of Daniel Burnham, a famed Chicago architect and member of the U.S. Senate Park Commission, who in September 1901 wrote to the Commission's chairman, Sen. James McMillan, of the proposed project: "The station and its surroundings should be treated in a monumental manner, as they will become the vestibule of the city of Washington, and as they will be in close proximity to the Capitol itself."[17]

After two years of complicated and sometimes contentious negotiations, Congress passed S. 4825 (58th-1st session) entitled "An Act to provide a union railroad station in the District of Columbia" which was signed into law by 26th President Theodore Roosevelt on February 28, 1903.[18] The Act authorized the Washington Terminal Company (which was to be jointly owned by the B&O and the PRR-controlled Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad) to construct a station "monumental in character" that would cost at least $4 million (equivalent to $114 million in 2023[19]). (The main station building's actual cost eventually exceeded $5.9 million [equivalent to $168 million in 2023[19]].) Including additional outlays for new terminal grades, approaches, bridges, viaducts, coach and freight yards, tunnels, shops, support buildings and other infrastructure, the total cost to the Terminal Company for all the improvements associated with Union Station exceeded $16 million (equivalent to $456 million in 2023[19]). This cost was financed by $12 million (equivalent to $342 million in 2023[19]) in first mortgage bonds as well as advances by the owners which were repaid by stock and cash.[citation needed]

Each carrier also received $1.5 million (equivalent to $42.8 million in 2023[19]) in government funding to compensate them for the costs of eliminating grade crossings in the city. The only railroad station in the nation specifically authorized by the U.S. Congress, the building was primarily designed by William Pierce Anderson of the Chicago architectural firm of D.H. Burnham & Company.[20][21]

#### Effect on the neighborhood

[edit]

Though the project was supported by the federal government, there was opposition at the local level. The new depot would displace residents and cleave new neighborhoods east of the tracks.

On January 10, 1902, representatives of the railroads presented preliminary plans for the construction of the Union Depot (Union Station) to representatives of the District of Columbia. They proposed to build tunnels under the tracks for K, L, and M Streets NE and to close H Street. The street would be closed 300 feet (91 m) on both sides of Delaware Avenue (for a total of 600 feet [180 m]). If a tunnel was to be built for H Street NE, the cost would be an extra $10,000 (equivalent to $285,000 in 2023[19]).[22]

Three days later, officers and members of the Northeast Washington Citizens' Association expressed their outrage to representatives of Congress and the railroads at an Association meeting at the Northeast Temple on H Street NE. The president of the Association claimed that the Pennsylvania Railroad controlled Congress; a member of the Association threatened to take the matter to court. The Association declared unacceptable the loss of a major access road to downtown for the residents of Northeast; the loss of millions of dollars of business properties and of the business it represented; the closure of a vital streetcar line used by commuters, considering the alternative cost of building an access across the tracks.[23]

At the association's March 10, 1902, meeting, its president told the audience that the District Commissioners had heard their complaints, and that H Street would remain open with a 750-foot (230 m) tunnel running under the tracks.[24]

More than 100 houses were demolished to make way for the station and its tracks. The demolition erased the heart of an impoverished neighborhood called "Swampoodle" where crime was rampant. It was the end of a community but the beginning of a new era for Washington, D.C.[citation needed] Tiber Creek, which was prone to flooding, was put in a tunnel. Delaware Avenue disappeared from the map between Massachusetts Avenue and Florida Avenue under the tracks. Only a small section remains, next to the tracks between L and M Streets NE.[25]

#### Opening and operation

[edit]

The first B&O train to arrive with passengers was the Pittsburgh Express, at 6:50 a.m. on October 27, 1907; the first PRR train arrived three weeks later on November 17. The main building itself was completed in 1908. Of its 32 station tracks, 20 enter from the northeast and terminate at the station's headhouse. The remaining 12 tracks enter below ground level from the south via a 4,033-foot twin-tube tunnel passing under Capitol Hill and an 898-foot long subway under Massachusetts Avenue, which allow through traffic direct access to the rail networks both north and south of the city.[26][27][28][29]

Among the new station's unique features was an opulent "Presidential Suite" (aka "State Reception Suite") where the U.S. President, State Department and Congressional leaders could receive distinguished visitors arriving in Washington. Provided with a separate entrance, the suite (which was first used by 27th President William Howard Taft in 1909) was also meant to safeguard the Chief Executive during his travels in an effort to prevent a repeat of the July, 1881 assassination of 20th President James A. Garfield in the old former Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station.[29][30] The suite was converted in December 1941, during World War II, to a U.S.O. (United Services Organization) canteen, which went on to serve 6.5 million military service members during World War II. Although closed on May 31, 1946, it was reopened in 1951 as a U.S.O. lounge and dedicated by President Harry Truman as a permanent "home away from home" for traveling U.S. Armed Services members.[31][32]

On the morning of January 15, 1953, the Pennsylvania Railroad's Federal, the overnight train from Boston, crashed into the station. When the engineer tried to apply the trainline brakes two miles out of the platforms, he discovered that he only had engine brakes. A switchman on the approach to the station noticed the runaway train and telephoned a warning to the station, as the train coasted downhill into track 16. The GG1 electric locomotive, No. 4876, hit the bumper block at about 35 miles per hour (56 km/h), jumped onto the platform, destroyed the stationmaster's office at the end of the track, took out a newsstand, and was on its way to crashing through the wall into the Great Hall. Just then, the floor of the terminal, having never been designed to carry the 475,000-pound weight of this locomotive, gave way, dropping the engine into the basement. The 447,000-pound (202,800 kg) electric locomotive fell into about the center of what is now the food court. Remarkably, no one was killed, and passengers in the rear cars thought that they had only had a rough stop. An investigation revealed that an anglecock on the brakeline had been closed, probably by an icicle knocked from an overhead bridge. The accident inspired the finale of the 1976 film Silver Streak.[33] The durable design of the GG1 made its damage repairable, and it was soon back in service after being hauled away in pieces to the PRR's main shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. Before the latter action was undertaken, however, the GG1 and the hole it made were temporarily planked over and hidden from view due to the imminent inauguration of General Dwight D. Eisenhower as the thirty-fourth President of the United States.[34]

Until intercity passenger rail service was taken over by Amtrak on May 1, 1971, Union Station served as a hub for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Southern Railway. The Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac provided a link to Richmond, Virginia, about 100 miles (161 km) to the south, where major north–south lines of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad provided service to the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida.[35] World War II was the busiest period in the station's history in terms of passenger traffic, with up to 200,000 people passing through on a single day.[9]

* Trains at the station shortly after its completion, c. 1908

* Train concourse, c. 1915

* U.S.O. Lounge (former Presidential Suite), c. 1960

#### Decline

[edit]

See also: National Visitor Center

The "Pit"

In 1967, the chairman of the Civil Service Commission expressed interest in using Union Station as a visitor center during the upcoming Bicentennial celebrations. Funding for this was collected over the next six years, and the reconstruction of the station included outfitting the Main Hall with a recessed pit to display a slide show presentation. This was officially the PAVE (Primary Audio-Visual Experience), but was sarcastically referred to as "the Pit". The entire project was completed, save for the parking garage, and opening ceremonies were held on Independence Day 1976\. Due to a lack of publicity and convenient parking, the National Visitor Center was never popular. Financial considerations caused the National Park Service to close the theaters, end the slideshow presentation in "the Pit", and lay off almost three-quarters of the center's staff on October 28, 1978.[36]

During this time a replacement station for Amtrak had been built behind the Union Station concourse and under a parking garage. Two traffic lanes were planned but were actually only wide enough for 1-1/2 lanes.[37] On observing its low ceiling and plastic chairs New Yorker magazine editor E. M. Frimbo described it as "...a bad small town bus terminal." Train passengers had to walk 1,900 feet from the front door to the tracks. The most common question asked at the Visitor Center was, "Where are the trains?"[38]

After the leaking roof caused the partial collapse of plaster from the ceiling in the eastern wing of the building, the National Park Service declared the entire structure unsafe on February 23, 1981, and sealed the structure to the public.[39]

#### Restoration

[edit]

The 1981 ceiling collapse deeply alarmed members of Congress and officials in the new Reagan administration. On April 3, despite a budget austerity push, administration officials proposed a plan to appropriate $7 million (equivalent to $19.9 million in 2023[19]) to allow the Department of the Interior to finish its authorized $8 million (equivalent to $22.7 million in 2023[19]) roof repair program. In addition, the government of the District of Columbia would be permitted to reprogram up to $40 million (equivalent to $114 million in 2023[19]) in federal highway money to finish the parking garage at Union Station.[40] On October 19, administration officials and members of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation agreed on additional aspects of the plan. Up to $1 million (equivalent to $2.84 million in 2023[19]) would be authorized and appropriated to fund a study on needed repairs at the station and a second study on the feasibility of turning Union Station into a retail complex. The Department of Transportation (DOT) was authorized to sign contracts with any willing corporation to construct a retail complex in and around Union Station.[41] DOT was also authorized to spend up to $29 million (equivalent to $82.3 million in 2023[19]) in already-appropriated money from its Northeast Corridor rail capital building program on Union Station repairs.[42] The revised bill also required DOT to take control of Union Station from the Department of the Interior,[41] and for DOT to buy out its lease with the station's private-sector owners. The buy-out would be spread over six years, for which $275,000 a year (equivalent to $7.8 million in 2023[19]) was authorized and appropriated.[42] The bill required DOT to operate Union Station as a train station once more, complete with ticketing, waiting areas, baggage areas, and boarding. Although no statement was made in the bill, Senate aides said the intent was to have Amtrak tear down its 1960s-era station at the rear of Union Station and move its operations back inside.[41] The Senate passed the bill unanimously on November 23.[43] The House approved the bill on December 16.[42] President Ronald Reagan signed the Union Station Redevelopment Act into law on December 29.[44][45]

As a result of the Redevelopment Act of 1981, Union Station was closed for restoration and refurbishing. Mold was growing in the leaking ceiling of the Main Hall, and the carpet laid out for an Inauguration Day celebration was full of cigarette-burned holes. In 1988, Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole awarded $70 million (equivalent to $156 million in 2023[19]) to the restoration effort. "The Pit" was transformed into a new basement level, and the Main Hall floor was refitted with marble. While installing new HVAC systems, crews discovered antique items in shafts that had not been opened since the building's creation.[citation needed]

#### Remodel

[edit]

Trains on the platform in January 1994 Washington Union Station with the United States Capitol in the background in May 2022 The Amtrak boarding area in November 2016. It is behind the original structure opened in September 1988

The station reopened in its present form on September 29, 1988.[46] The former "Pit" area was replaced with an AMC movie theater (later Phoenix Theatres), which closed on October 12, 2009, and was replaced with an expanded food court and a Walgreens store. The food court still retains the original arches under which the trains were parked as well as the track numbers on those arches. A variety of shops opened along the Concourse and Main Hall, and a new Amtrak terminal at the back behind the original Concourse. Trains no longer enter the original Concourse, but the original, decorative gates were relocated to the new passenger concourse. In 1994, this new passenger concourse was renamed to honor W. Graham Claytor Jr., who served as Amtrak's president from 1982 to 1993. The decorative elements of the station were also restored. The skylights were preserved, but sunlight no longer illuminates the Concourse because it is blocked by the newer roof structure built directly overhead to support the aging, original structure.[citation needed]

### 21st century

[edit]

In July 2012, Amtrak announced a four-phase, $7 billion plan to revamp and renovate the station over 15 to 20 years. The proposed conversion would "double the number of trains and triple the number of passengers in gleaming, glass-encased halls". Then-Amtrak President and CEO Joseph H. Boardman hoped the federal government would finance "50 to 80 percent" of the project.[47]

In June 2015, the Union Station Redevelopment Corporation released a Historic Preservation Plan to guide preservation and restoration at the station complex.[48]

#### A new decline

[edit]

The cinema closed in 2009, B. Smith's restaurant[49] and Barnes & Noble in 2013,[11] and the latter's replacement, H&M, in 2019.[50]

Amtrak moved its headquarters offices from Union Station to a nearby building in 2017. That same year, the Trump administration listed an $8.7 billion expansion and refurbishment of Washington Union Station as an infrastructure funding priority.[51] In the early 2020s, the station saw a further decline in the number of restaurants and stores as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

"A once-thriving terminal is now filled with vacant storefronts," the Washington Post reported in 2022. "Union Station had as many as 100 stores more than two decades ago. It’s down to about 40 retailers and eateries while more than half its commercial space sits vacant." The station continued to wrestle with issues stemming from homeless people camped around the station and relying on its waiting and restroom facilities.[11] Columbus Circle has been rebuilt to fix its deteriorated roadbed, adjust the passenger pickup/dropoff locations, streamline the taxi stand, and better accommodate tour buses.[citation needed]

#### Renovation plans

[edit]

In April 2022, Amtrak began condemnation proceedings to take over the leasehold interest, saying that “poor maintenance and lack of capital investment” had “plagued” the station for years.[52] In the meantime, the agency described plans for a major renovation and expansion, which seek to triple passenger capacity and double train capacity by modernizing and expanding station facilities over 20 years.[53] The "Second Century Plan" accommodates Burnham Place, a planned transit-oriented, three million square-foot mixed-use development over the existing rail yard, that will connect the station complex to the burgeoning neighborhoods of NoMa and the H Street Corridor.[12][13] The plan cleared a regulatory gate in March 2024, when the Federal Railroad Administration completed its final environmental impact statement.[52]

On April 17, 2024, U.S. District Court Judge Amit Mehta ruled that Amtrak could seize the station’s commercial space through eminent domain, with the price to be set later. Officials said the renovation could start as early as 2027.[52]

## Architecture

[edit]

See also: Architecture of Washington, D.C.

The central interior of Union Station in August 2017

Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, was inspired by a number of architectural styles. Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main façade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a façade stretching more than 600 feet (180 m) and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet (29 m) above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf and white granite from a previously unused quarry.[citation needed][54]

In the Attic block, above the main cornice of the central block, stand six colossal statues (modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine) created by Louis St. Gaudens. These are entitled "The Progress of Railroading" and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement:

* Prometheus (for Fire)
* Thales (for Electricity)
* Themis (for Freedom and Justice)
* Apollo (for Imagination and Inspiration)
* Ceres (for Agriculture)
* Archimedes (for Mechanics)

* Prometheus (Fire)

* Thales (Electricity)

* Themis (Freedom and Justice)

* Ceres (Agricul-ture)

* Archimedes (Mechanics)

The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc.

St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station's main hall.[citation needed] The massive plaster statues which were modelled after ancient Roman soldiers, are also called Legionnaires and symbolically, they are a protective force, guarding over all who travel through the halls of Union Station.

Burnham drew upon a tradition, launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London, of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch. He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux-Arts architects. The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, where Burnham had been coordinating architect. The setting of Union Station's façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park-like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement: elite city planning that was based on the "goosefoot" (patte d'oie) of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre.[citation needed]

The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services, including barber shops and a mortuary. Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant.[citation needed]

Panoramic image of the great hall in June 2016

## Services

[edit]

The food court at Union Station in February 2006

### Trains

[edit]

Union Station is served by Amtrak's high-speed Acela Express, Northeast Regional, and several of Amtrak's long-distance trains (including, among others, the Capitol Limited, Crescent, and Silver Service trains). From Union Station, Amtrak also operates long-distance service to the Southeast and Midwest, including many intermediate stops to destinations such as Chicago, Charlotte, New Orleans, and Miami. In fiscal 2011, an average of more than 13,000 passengers boarded or got off Amtrak trains each day.[55] It is also the busiest station that can handle the railroad's Superliner railcars; inadequate tunnel clearances in Baltimore and New York preclude the use of Superliners on most Eastern routes.[56]

The station is the terminus for commuter railways that link Washington to Maryland and West Virginia (MARC) and Northern Virginia (Virginia Railway Express).

The food court from above in April 2018

The station's tracks are split between a ground level and a lower level. The ground level contains tracks 7–20 (tracks 1–6 no longer exist), which are served by high-level bay platforms at the door level of most trains. These tracks are used by all MARC commuter rail services, all Amtrak Acela Express trains, the Amtrak Capitol Limited, and Amtrak Northeast Regional trains that terminate at the station. All of the tracks on this level terminate at the station and are only used by trains arriving from and departing to the north.[57]

The lower level contains tracks 22–29, which are served by low-level platforms at the track level. These platforms are served by all VRE trains, all Amtrak long-distance trains that serve the station except for the Capitol Limited, and Amtrak Northeast Regional trains that continue south to Virginia. Unlike the tracks on the upper level, the lower level tracks run through under the station building and Capitol Hill via the First Street tunnel. Electrification ends at the station, and all trains continuing south through the tunnel must have their electric engines swapped out for diesel locomotives. For example, when a southbound Northeast Regional train arrives on a lower-level platform on its way to Newport News, Virginia, its Siemens ACS-64 electric engine is removed and set aside. A GE Genesis diesel engine that was earlier removed from a northbound train is coupled to the front of the southbound, and it continues through the tunnel toward Virginia. The ACS-64 is readied for a Northeast Regional arriving from Alexandria, and once coupled pulls the train toward Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York or Boston.[57]

### Transit

[edit]

Union Station street viewed from the nearby NoMa neighborhood of Washington D.C. in January 2021 with a Red Line train in the distance

A nearby Washington Metro station connects to the Red Line. The Metrorail station is underground beneath the western side of the building. Entrances are inside Union Station with direct access from the high-level MARC and Amtrak platforms, from the east side of First Street NE, or from just outside the station at Massachusetts Avenue NE, providing access to the main concourse.[58]

Buses of the Georgetown-Union Station route of the DC Circulator system stop within the facility every ten minutes during operating hours.[59]

The DC Streetcar's H Street/Benning Road Line serves the station from a stop on the H Street Bridge (a.k.a. the "Hopscotch Bridge") directly north of the station. The stop is accessible via the station's parking garage.[60]

Preceding station  | DC Streetcar | Following station

|
|

Terminus |  | H Street/Benning Road Line |  | 3rd Street

toward Oklahoma Avenue

### Intercity buses

[edit]

On August 1, 2011, John Porcari, the United States Deputy Secretary of Transportation, announced that Greyhound Lines, BoltBus, Megabus, and Washington Deluxe would begin operating intercity buses later that year from a new bus facility in the station's parking garage.[61] By November 15, 2011, BoltBus, Megabus, Tripper Bus, and Washington Deluxe were operating from the new facility.[62] On September 26, 2012, Greyhound and Peter Pan Bus Lines moved all of their Washington, D.C., operations to the facility.[63] In 2017, OurBus began offering service from Union Station to Maryland, New Jersey, and New York. On August 16, 2024, Megabus discontinued service nationwide after the parent company filed for bankruptcy earlier in the year,[64] prompting Peter Pan to take over the former's northeastern bus routes from Union Station.

### Maintenance

[edit]

The Ivy City Yard, just north of Union Station, houses a large Amtrak maintenance facility. This includes the new maintenance facility for the Acela high-speed train sets. Amtrak also does contract work for MARC's electric locomotives. Metro's Brentwood maintenance facility is also in the southwest corner of the Ivy City Yard. Riders on the Metro Red Line between Union Station and Rhode Island Avenue Station get an aerial view of the south end of the Ivy City Yard.[citation needed]

## Owner

[edit]

Union Station is owned by Amtrak and the United States Department of Transportation. The DOT owns the station building itself and the surrounding parking lots, while Amtrak owns the platforms and tracks through the Washington Terminal Company: a nearly wholly-owned subsidiary (99.9% controlling interest).[1][65]

The non-profit Union Station Redevelopment Corporation managed the station on behalf of the owners, but an 84-year lease of the property is held by New York-based Ashkenazy Acquisition Corporation and managed by Chicago-based Jones Lang LaSalle.[66]

## In popular culture

[edit]

Washington Union Station has appeared in several movies and television shows. Among them are Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Strangers on a Train (1951), Don't Give Up the Ship (1959), Hannibal (2001), Collateral Damage (2002), and Head of State (2003).[67]

Union Station Facade

## Gallery

[edit]

* Map showing the impact of the railway tracks

* Map showing the impact of Union Station

* A 1902 drawing of a proposal for the design of Union Station

* Union Station in 1906 before its opening. Notice the absence of the Columbus Fountain

* Statue of Thales representing electricity being hoisted up

* Interior, Waiting Room ca. 1915

* Union Station's interior waiting room.

* Interior of Union Station train concourse from West

* South Front Entrance, 1968

* Detail of the west end of the main entrance pavilion, showing statuary and inscription

* Great Hall in June 2024

* Ceiling of the great hall in May 2023

* East Hall in June 2024

## See also

[edit]

* Transport portal
* Trains portal
* Engineering portal

* Freedom Bell, American Legion, an artwork installed in front of Union Station
* List of busiest railway stations in North America
* Norwegian Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Washington – Union Station, DC (WAS)". the Great American Stations. Amtrak. 2016. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
2. ^ "Union Station". Ashkenazy Acquisition Corporation. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
3. ^ "Washington, D.C. Station". Peter Pan Bus Lines. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
4. ^ "Pennsy's New Electric Train Breaks Record". The Evening Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. January 28, 1935. p. 28\. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021 - via Newspapers.com.
5. ^ "N.Y.-Washington Electric Train Service Starts Sunday on P.R.R." The Daily Home News. New Brunswick, New Jersey. February 9, 1935. p. 3\. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021 - via Newspapers.com.
6. ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2023: District of Columbia" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
7. ^ "Amtrak National Fact Sheet: FY2015" (PDF). Amtrak. July 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
8. ^ "Help: Three Letter Airport Codes". LastUpDate.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2005.
9. ^ a b "Union Station". Washington, DC: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
10. ^ "The World's Most-visited Tourist Attractions". Travel+Leisure. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
11. ^ a b c Lazo, Luz (November 13, 2022). "Union Station has fallen on hard times. Can it be saved?". Washington Post. ProQuest 2735689833. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
12. ^ a b Lazo, Luz (April 15, 2022). "Amtrak moves to seize control of Union Station". Washington Post. ProQuest 2650112255. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
13. ^ a b "Washington Union Station's 2nd Century Plan". Amtrak. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
14. ^ a b "Union Station Opening: Railroad Officials Decide on Dates for Using Terminal". The Washington Post. October 8, 1907. p. 2\. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
15. ^ Sanborn Map of Washington DC, 1903–1916. Vol. 2.
16. ^ Wright, William (2006). Now Arriving Washington: Union Station and Life in the Nation's Capital (PDF). p. 54\. Archived from the original on March 22, 2007.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
17. ^ Moore, Charles (1921). Daniel H. Burnham: Architect, Planner of Cities. Vol. 1\. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 160.
18. ^ Pub. L. 57–122, S. 4825, 32 Stat. 909, enacted February 28, 1903
19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
20. ^ Churella, Albert J. (2013). The Pennsylvania Railroad: Volume I, Building an Empire, 1846–1917. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 738, 741–745. ISBN 978-0-8122-4348-2. OCLC 759594295.
21. ^ Burgess, George H. & Kennedy, Miles C. (1949). Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Railroad Company. pp. 499–500.
22. ^ "Plans for Union Depot". The Washington Post. January 10, 1902. p. 12.
23. ^ "Against Union Depot: Northeast Citizens' Association Condemns Project". The Washington Post. January 14, 1902. p. 2.
24. ^ "Talked of Railroad Matters: Northeast Citizens' Association Discussed Proposed New Union Depot". The Washington Post. p. 2.
25. ^ Department of Transportation Headquarters: Environmental Impact Statement, GSA June 2000
26. ^ Burgess & Kennedy (1949), p. 500.
27. ^ Abbey, Wallace W. (October 1952). "Where the Nation Comes to Washington". Trains & Travel Magazine. Vol. 12, no. 12\. pp. 50–51. (track diagram Archived December 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine).
28. ^ S.Res. 664 "Celebrating the centennial of Union Station in Washington, District of Columbia",110th Congress, 2nd Session Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine September 17, 2008. U.S. Government Printing Office, GPO.gov
29. ^ a b Churella (2013), p. 744.
30. ^ Moore (1921), p. 174.
31. ^ Abbey (1952), p. 51.
32. ^ S.Res. 664 2008
33. ^ Cooper, Rachel (2011). Union Station in Washington, D.C. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 61.
34. ^ Carter, Elliot (October 18, 2016). "Runaway Train Plows Through Union Station". Architect of the Capital. Elliot Carter. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
35. ^ "Passenger trains operation on the eve of Amtrak" (PDF). Trains Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
36. ^ "Visitor Center Staff and Space to Be Reduced". The Washington Post. October 27, 1978. p. C1.
37. ^ Rattner, Steven (May 8, 1978). "Now Washington Wants Its Station Back". The New York Times. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
38. ^ Harden, Blaine (November 16, 1980). "Union Station: Washington's Colossal Mess". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
39. ^ Harden, Blaine (February 24, 1981). "Union Station, Leaking Badly, Closed as Unsafe". The Washington Post. p. A1.
40. ^ Eisen, Jack (April 4, 1981). "U.S. to Rescue Union Station With $48 Million". The Washington Post. p. C1. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
41. ^ a b c Burgess, John (October 20, 1981). "Rail Station Plan Gets Reagan Nod". The Washington Post. p. B1.
42. ^ a b c Burgess, John (December 17, 1981). "Union Station Repairs Voted". The Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
43. ^ Burgess, John (November 24, 1981). "Senate Backs Plan for Union Station". The Washington Post. p. A7. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
44. ^ Pub. L. 97–125, S. 1192, 95 Stat. 1667, enacted December 29, 1981
45. ^ "Reagan Signs Measure To Aid Union Station". The Washington Post. December 30, 1981. p. C2.
46. ^ "W. Graham Claytor, Jr. in front of Washington Union Station, 1988". Amtrak History and Archives. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
47. ^ DiCaro, Martin (July 25, 2012). "Updated: Here's What a Revamped D.C. Union Station Would Look Like". New York Public Radio. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
48. ^ "USRC Completes Historic Preservation Plan for Washington Union Station". Union Station Redevelopment Corporation. June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
49. ^ O'Connell, Jonathan (September 13, 2013). "B. Smith's restaurant in Union Station to close after almost 20 years in business". The Washington Post. ProQuest 1432241413. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
50. ^ ""sign said March 6th was their last day" - PoPville". March 10, 2021. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
51. ^ "Trump makes $137bn list of 'emergency' infrastructure schemes, all needing private finance". Global Construction Review. January 30, 2017. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
52. ^ a b c Sernovitz, Daniel J. (May 30, 2024). "Amtrak's Power Play". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
53. ^ Lazo, Luz (September 15, 2023). "Here's who controls D.C.'s Union Station and why that could change". Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
54. ^ "Union Station". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017.
55. ^ "Amtrak National Fact Sheet: FY2015" (PDF). Amtrak. July 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
56. ^ "VTS: Viewliner II: Amtrak's New Long-Distance Fleet". Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society. 2019. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
57. ^ a b "Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Washington Union Station Expansion Project Appendix B – WashingtonUnion Station Terminal Infrastructure EIS Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
58. ^ "Station Vicinity Map: Union Station" (PDF). WMATA. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
59. ^ "Georgetown-Union Station". Bus Routes and Schedules. Washington, D.C.: DC Circulator. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
60. ^ Laris, Michael (February 27, 2016). "Want to ride the D.C. streetcar? Here's a handy FAQ". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
61. ^ Thomson, Robert (July 30, 2011). "Union Station to become intercity bus center". PostLocal. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
62. ^ "Officials to inaugurate revamped bus departure zone at Washington's Union Station". PostLocal. The Washington Post. Associated Press. November 15, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2011.[dead link‍]
63. ^ "Greyhound and Peter Pan Bus Lines Relocate all Washington, D.C., Service to Union Station" (Press release). Dallas Texas: Greyhound Lines. September 19, 2012. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
64. ^ Church, Steven; Woodhouse, Skylar (June 11, 2024). "Bus Carrier Coach USA Goes Bankrupt After Ridership Drops". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
65. ^ Amtrak Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2014 (PDF). p. 49\. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
66. ^ Dana, Hedgpeth (February 1, 2007). "Union Station Is Leased to N.Y. Firm for $160 Million". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
67. ^ "Filming Location Matching "Union Station - 50 Massachusetts Avenue NE, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"". IMDb. Retrieved April 12, 2023.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Goode, James W. (2003). Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's Destroyed Buildings (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1-58834-105-1. OCLC 800333753.
* Wright, Bill. "Now Arriving Washington: Union Station and Life in the Nation's Capital". Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2006.
* "The Washington Union Station". The Railroad Gazette. Vol. XXXV, no. 49\. December 4, 1903. hdl:2027/mdp.39015013053841. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2020.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Station (Washington, D.C.).

* Official website
* Union Station Redevelopment Corporation

* Washington Union Station – Amtrak
* Washington Union Station – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak)
* Union Station – Virginia Railway Express Archived February 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
* Geographic data related to Washington Union Station at OpenStreetMap
* Union Station, a brief history – National Railway Historical Society
* Station building from Google Maps Street View

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MARC Train

Penn|

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* West Baltimore
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* Bowie State
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* Union Station

Camden|

* Camden Station
* St. Denis
* Dorsey
* Jessup
* Savage
* Laurel Race Track
* Laurel
* Muirkirk
* Greenbelt
* College Park
* Riverdale
* Union Station

Brunswick|

* Martinsburg
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* Union Station

Administered by the Maryland Transit Administration and operated by Bombardier and Amtrak

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Virginia Railway Express

Manassas|

* Broad Run
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Fredericksburg|

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Administered by the Northern Virginia Transportation Commission & Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission and operated by Keolis • Italics indicate future station

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Landmarks of Washington, D.C.

Memorials|

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and plazas|

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landmarks|

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Canceled|

* George Washington Memorial Building
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Related|

* National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission
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* List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
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Public art in Washington, D.C. (American Revolution Statuary, Civil War Monuments, Commemorating African-Americans, Outdoor sculpture)

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Topics|

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Lists by state|

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Lists by associated state|

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* District of Columbia
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Related|

* National Historic Preservation Act
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* National Register of Historic Places portal
* Category

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Shopping malls and shopping districts in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area

Washington, D.C.|

* 7th Street
* 14th Street
* Barracks Row
* CityCenterDC
* Columbia Heights
* Downtown Washington
* Dupont Circle
* F Street
* Gallery Place
* Georgetown (M Street and Wisconsin Avenue)
* H Street Corridor
* L'Enfant Plaza
* Logan Circle
* Navy Yard
* Park & Shop (Cleveland Park)
* Rhode Island Avenue N.E.
* Union Station
* The Wharf
* U Street Corridor

Suburban Maryland|

* Beltway Plaza
* Bethesda Row
* Ellsworth Place
* Langley Park
* Laurel Shopping Center
* The Mall at Prince Georges
* Marlow Heights Shopping Center
* National Harbor
* Pike & Rose
* RIO Washingtonian Center (rio)
* St. Charles Towne Center
* The Centre at Forestville
* The Collection at Chevy Chase
* The Shops at Iverson
* The Shops at Wisconsin Place
* Towne Centre at Laurel
* Westfield Montgomery
* Westfield Wheaton

Northern Virginia|

* Ballston Quarter
* Crystal City Shops
* Dulles Town Center
* Fair Oaks Mall
* Fairfax Square
* Fashion Centre at Pentagon City
* Leesburg
* Manassas Mall
* Mosaic District
* Old Town Alexandria
* Potomac Mills
* Reston Town Center
* Seven Corners Shopping Center
* Springfield Town Center
* Stonebridge at Potomac Town Center
* The Crossing Clarendon
* Tysons (Tysons Corner Center and Tysons Galleria)
* The Village at Shirlington
* Westpost at National Landing

Defunct centers|

* Capital Plaza Mall
* Lakeforest Mall
* Landmark Mall
* Landover Mall
* Laurel Mall
* Mazza Gallerie
* Old Post Office Pavilion
* Rockville Mall
* Skyline Mall
* The Boulevard at the Capital Centre
* The Shops at National Place
* Virginia Square Shopping Center
* White Flint Mall

Authority control databases |

* VIAF

|

*[No.]: number
*[c.]: circa
*[Pub. L.]: Public Law
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