Washington and Lee University

Private university in Lexington, Virginia, US

"Washington and Lee" redirects here. For the school in Montross, Virginia, see Washington and Lee High School. For the school in Arlington, Virginia, see Washington-Liberty High School.

Washington and Lee University

Washington and Lee University coat of arms

Former names

| Augusta Academy
(1749–1776)
Liberty Hall Academy
(1776–1796)
Washington Academy
(1796–1813)
Washington College
(1813–1870)
Motto| Latin: Non Incautus Futuri

Motto in English

| "Not Unmindful of the Future"
Type| Private liberal arts college
Established| 1749; 276 years ago (1749)
Accreditation| SACS

Academic affiliations

* Annapolis Group
* ACS
* CLAC
* Oberlin Group

Endowment| $1.9 billion (2022)[1]
President| William C. Dudley[2]
Provost| Lena Hill[3]

Academic staff

| 240 full-time and 69 part-time (fall 2019)
Students| 2,223 (fall 2019)[4]
Undergraduates| 1,829 (fall 2019)
Postgraduates| 394 (fall 2019)
Location|

Lexington

Virginia

United States

Campus| Distant Town, 430 acres (1.7 km2)
Newspaper| The Ring-tum Phi
Colors|  Liberty Hall Grey
W&L Blue[5][6]
Nickname| Generals

Sporting affiliations

* NCAA Division III – Old Dominion
* Centennial

Mascot| Trident (no mascot - athletics symbol)
Website| www.wlu.edu

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Official name| Washington and Lee University Historic District
Type| District
Designated| November 11, 1971
Reference no.| 71001047

Location in Shenandoah Valley

Show map of Shenandoah Valley

Washington and Lee University (Virginia)

Show map of Virginia

Washington and Lee University (the United States)

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Washington and Lee University (Washington and Lee or W&L) is a private liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia, United States. Established in 1749 as Augusta Academy, it is among the oldest institutions of higher learning in the US.

Washington and Lee's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains. The institution consists of three academic units: the college itself; the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics; and the School of Law. It hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division III).

## History

[edit]

The classical school from which Washington and Lee descended was established in 1749 by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers and soon named Augusta Academy,[7] about 20 miles (32 km) north of its present location.[7] In 1776, it was renamed Liberty Hall in a burst of revolutionary fervor.[7] A number of prominent men from the area acted as its original trustees, including Andrew Lewis, Thomas Lewis, Sampson Mathews, Samuel McDowell, George Moffett, William Preston, and James Waddel.[8] The academy moved to Lexington in 1780, when it was chartered as Liberty Hall Academy, and built its first facility near town in 1782. The academy granted its first bachelor's degree in 1785.[7][9]

Liberty Hall is said to have admitted its first African American student when John Chavis, a free black, enrolled in 1795.[10] Chavis accomplished much in his life including fighting in the American Revolution, studying at both Liberty Hall and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), becoming an ordained Presbyterian minister, and opening a school that instructed white and poor black students in North Carolina. He is believed to be the first black student to enroll in higher education in the United States, although he did not receive a degree.[11] Washington and Lee enrolled its next African American student in 1966 in the law school.

In 1796, George Washington endowed the academy with $20,000 in the form of 100 shares of James River Canal stock, at the time one of the largest gifts ever given to an educational institution in the United States. The shares were originally a gift given to Washington by the Virginia General Assembly.[12] Washington's gift continues to provide nearly $1.87 a year toward every student's tuition.[7] The gift rescued Liberty Hall from near-certain insolvency. In gratitude, the trustees changed the school's name to Washington Academy; in 1813 it was chartered as Washington College.[7] An 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) statue of George Washington, carved by Matthew Kahle and known as Old George, was placed atop Washington Hall on the historic Colonnade in 1844 in memory of Washington's gift. The current statue is made of bronze; the original wooden statue was restored and now resides in the library.[13]

George Washington, the institution's first major benefactor

The campus took its current architectural form in the 1820s when a local merchant, "Jockey" John Robinson, an uneducated Irish immigrant, donated funds to build a central building. For the dedication celebration in 1824, Robinson supplied a huge barrel of whiskey, which he intended for the dignitaries in attendance. But according to a contemporary history, the rabble broke through the barriers and created pandemonium, which ended only when college officials demolished the whiskey barrel with an axe. A justice of the Virginia State Supreme Court, Alex. M. Harman, Jr. ('44 Law), re-created the episode in 1976 for the dedication of the new law school building by having several barrels of Scotch imported (without the unfortunate dénouement). Robinson also left his estate to Washington College. The estate included between 70 and 80 enslaved people. Until 1852, the institution benefited from their enslaved labor and, in some cases, from their sale.[14] In 2014, Washington and Lee University joined such colleges as Harvard University, Brown University, the University of Virginia, and The College of William & Mary in researching, acknowledging, and publicly regretting their participation in the institution of slavery.[15][16]

During the Civil War, the students of Washington College raised the Confederate flag in support of Virginia's secession. The students formed the Liberty Hall Volunteers, as part of the Stonewall Brigade under Confederate States Army general Stonewall Jackson and marched from Lexington. Later in the war, during Hunter's Raid, Union Captain Henry A. du Pont refused to destroy the Colonnade due to its support of the statue of George Washington, Old George.[citation needed]

### Lee years

[edit]

Robert E. Lee, President of Washington College from 1865 to 1870

In the Fall of 1865, Robert E. Lee, the former general of the Confederacy, accepted an offer to become president of Washington College. Despite suffering financial hardship at the time and having offers for several business opportunities, he said he chose to become the college president because he wanted to train "young men to do their duty".[17] (Lee believed that the business offers were meant primarily to trade on his name). During his tenure, Lee established the first journalism courses (which were limited and only lasted several years)[18] and added engineering courses, a business school, and law school to the college curriculum, under the conviction that those occupations should be intimately and inextricably linked with the liberal arts. That was a radical idea: engineering, journalism, and law had always been considered technical crafts, not intellectual endeavors, and the study of business was viewed with skepticism.

Lee's emphasis on student self-governance for Washington College remains the distinguishing character of the student-run Honor System today. And, ardent about restoring national unity, he successfully recruited white men as students from throughout the reunited nation, North and South.

However, it has been argued that one of Lee's failings as president of Washington College was an apparent indifference to crimes of violence towards blacks committed by students at the college. Historian Elizabeth Brown Pryor notes that students at Washington College formed their own chapter of the KKK and were known by the local Freedmen's Bureau to attempt to abduct and rape black schoolgirls from the nearby black schools. There were also at least two attempted lynchings by Washington students during Lee's tenure. Yet Lee seemed to punish the racial harassment more laxly than he did more trivial offenses or turned a blind eye to it altogether.[19]

Lee died on October 12, 1870, after five years as Washington College president. The college's name was almost immediately changed to Washington and Lee University to honor Lee. On February 4, 1871, the name change was formalized by the Virginia General Assembly.[12] The university's motto, Nōn Incautus Futūrī', meaning "Not unmindful of the future", is an adaptation of the Lee family motto. Lee's son, George Washington Custis Lee, followed his father as the institution's president. Robert E. Lee and much of his family—including his wife, his seven children, and his parents, the Revolutionary War hero Major-General Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee and Anne Hill Carter Lee—are buried in University Chapel (formerly Lee Chapel) on campus, which faces the main row of antebellum college buildings. Robert E. Lee's beloved horse Traveller is buried outside, near the wall of the chapel.

### 20th century and beyond

[edit]

After Lee's death, the institution continued his program of educational innovation, modernization, and expansion. In 1905, the board of trustees formally organized a School of Commerce in order to train students in business and finance alongside the college and the School of Law. In 1995, Ernest Williams II of the Class of 1938 endowed the School of Commerce which was renamed the Ernest Williams II School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. Also in 1905, Andrew Carnegie donated $55,000 to the Washington and Lee for the erection of a new library.

Omicron Delta Kappa or ODK, a national honor society, was founded at Washington and Lee on December 3, 1914. For many years ODK's annual convocation was held at the school in University Chapel on or about Robert E. Lee's birthday, January 19, in conjunction with a board of trustees-mandated holiday/Lee commemoration called "Founders Day", a version of the Robert E. Lee Day birthday holiday still officially celebrated in a few southern states.[20] (The board of trustees announced the discontinuation of "Founders Day" on June 4, 2021.[21]) ODK Chapters, known as Circles, are located on over 300 college campuses. The society recognizes achievement in the five areas of scholarship; athletics; campus/community service, social/religious activities, and campus government; journalism, speech and the mass media; and creative and performing arts. ODK is a quasi-secret society with regard to the way in which its members are selected and kept secret for a period of time. Membership in the Omicron Delta Kappa Society is regarded as one of the highest collegiate honors that can be awarded to an individual, along with Phi Kappa Phi and Phi Beta Kappa. Some circles limit membership to less than the top one quarter of one percent of students on their respective campuses. Omicron Delta Kappa continues to maintain its headquarters in Lexington and is a major presence at W&L.

Postage stamp commemorating the bicentennial of Washington and Lee

During the first half of the 20th century, the institution began its traditions of the Fancy Dress Ball and Mock Convention. Both of these are still staples of the W&L experience.

Washington Hall, with the statue of George Washington, Old George, atop the Colonnade

The second half of the 20th century saw Washington and Lee move from being an all-men's college to a co-ed institution. The School of Law enrolled its first women in 1972 and the undergraduate program enrolled its first woman in 1985. Washington and Lee built new buildings to house its science departments as well as a new School of Law facility. Further, W&L successfully completed several multimillion-dollar capital campaigns.

Among many alumni who have followed in George Washington's footsteps by donating generously, Rupert Johnson Jr., a 1962 graduate who is vice chairman of the $600 billion Franklin Templeton investment management firm, gave $100 million to Washington and Lee in June 2007, establishing a merit-based financial aid and curriculum-enrichment program.[7][22][23]

In 2014, a large Confederate battle flag and a number of related state flags were removed from University Chapel, after a group of black students protested that the school was unwelcoming to minorities. In his letter, President Kenneth P. Ruscio publicly apologized for the school's ownership of about 80 enslaved people during the period from 1826 to 1852, some of whom were forced to build a dormitory on campus.[24][25]

Some students, faculty, and alumni have advocated that Washington and Lee disassociate itself from Lee, including advocating a change of name. Other students and alumni have defended the association with Lee.[26] In July 2020, for the first time, faculty (by more than a three-quarters vote) and the executive committee of the Student Body called for Robert E. Lee's name to be removed from the name of the institution.[27] The board of trustees announced the formation of a committee to consider name-change, removing portraits of Lee from diplomas, and how names and symbols of Lee and confederates "uphold slavery" and "abhorrent racist sentiment."[28] On June 4, 2021, after 11 months of deliberation, the board voted 22–6 to keep the name.[29]

## Campus

[edit]

University Chapel Iconic buildings of Washington and Lee University. From left to right: Newcomb Hall, Payne Hall, Washington Hall (center), Chavis Hall, Tucker Hall.

United States historic place

Washington and Lee University Historic District

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark District

Virginia Landmarks Register

Washington College at Lexington, 1845

Show map of Virginia

Show map of the United States

Location| Washington and Lee University campus, Lexington, Virginia
Built| 1824 (1824)
Architect| Jordan, John
Architectural style| Greek Revival, Neo-Classical
NRHP reference No.| 71001047[30]
VLR No.| 117-0022
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| November 11, 1971
Designated NHLD| November 11, 1971
Designated VLR| October 6, 1970[31]

The central core of the campus, including the row of brick buildings that form the Colonnade, are a designated National Historic Landmark District for their architecture.[32] The University Chapel, separately designated a National Historic Landmark, is also a part of that district.[33]

In 1926, the poet and dramatist John Drinkwater, author of Robert E. Lee and other plays, wrote of W&L, "This Lexington university is one of the loveliest spots in the world."[34] Jonathan W. Daniels, North Carolina author, newspaper editor and White House Press Secretary to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote that it was "the South at its most beautiful: the green sloping campus to the red-brick buildings with the tall white porticoes. ... I wish it were the picture of the South. I wish, indeed, it were the picture of America."[35] Washington and Lee History Professor Ted DeLaney, who was born and grew up in Lexington during Jim Crow and spent more than 45 years of his 60-year career at W&L, more than a quarter-century as a professor, including serving as the first Black chair of the History Department, said in 2019, "W&L is unique because the entire campus is a Confederate monument."[36]

In recent years, Washington and Lee has invested heavily in upgrading and expanding its academic, residential, athletic, research, arts and extracurricular facilities. The new facilities include an undergraduate library, gymnasium, art/music/theater complex, dorms, student center, student activities pavilion and tennis pavilion, as well as renovation of the journalism and commerce buildings and renovation of every fraternity house and construction of several sorority houses. Lewis Hall, the 30-year-old home of the law school, as well as athletic fields and the antebellum Historic Front Campus buildings, are all currently undergoing major renovation.

Constructed in 1991, the Lenfest Center for the Arts has presented both performances from students and presentations that are open to the community. The Reeves Center houses a notable ceramics collection that spans 4,000 years and includes ceramics from Asia, Europe and America, and examples of Chinese export porcelain. The indoor athletics facility, Duchossois, is undergoing renovation and is scheduled to be reopened in fall 2020.

## Organization and administration

[edit]

Main article: List of presidents of Washington and Lee University

The school is governed by a board of trustees that has a maximum of 34 members.[37]

The undergraduate calendar is an unusual three-term system with 13-week fall and winter terms followed by a four-week spring term. The spring-term courses include topical, often unique, seminars, faculty-supervised study abroad, and some domestic and international internships. The law calendar consists of the more traditional early semester system.

### Honor system

[edit]

Washington and Lee maintains a rigorous honor system that dates from the 1840s.[38] Students, upon entering the institution, vow to act honorably in all academic and nonacademic endeavors.

The honor system is administered by students through the executive committee of the Student Body (and has been since 1905).[39] Students found guilty of an Honor Violation by their peers are subject to a single sanction: expulsion.[40] The honor system is defined solely by students, and there is an appeal process. Appeals are heard by juries composed of students drawn randomly by the University Registrar. A formal assessment of the honor system's "White Book",[41] occasionally including referendums, is held every three years to review the tenets of the honor system. Overwhelmingly, students continue to support the honor system and its single sanction, and they and alumni point to the honor system as one of the distinctive marks they carry with them from their W&L experience.[42]

Washington and Lee's honor system does not have a list of rules that define punishable behavior—beyond the traditional guide of the offenses lying, cheating or stealing. Exams at W&L are ordinarily unproctored and self-scheduled. It is not unusual for professors to assign take-home, closed-book finals with an explicit trust in their students not to cheat.[43]

The honor system is strongly enforced. In most years, only a few students withdraw in the face of an honor charge or after investigations and closed hearings conducted by the executive committee of the Student Body, the elected student government (with the accused counseled by Honor Advocates, often law students). In recent years, four or five students have left each year.[citation needed] Students found guilty in a closed hearing may appeal the verdict to an open hearing before the entire student body, although this option is rarely exercised. If found guilty at an open trial, the student is dismissed permanently.[42]

Separately from the student-run honor system, the Student Judicial Council and the Student-Faculty Hearing Board hear allegations of student misconduct.[44]

## Academics

[edit]

### Rankings and reputation

[edit]

Academic rankings

Liberal arts
U.S. News & World Report[45]| 19
Washington Monthly[46]| 16
National
Forbes[47]| 47
WSJ/College Pulse[48]| 70

In the 2025 U.S. News & World Report rankings, the undergraduate college is tied for 19th among national liberal arts colleges and 14th among Best Value Schools,[49] and the law school is ranked tied for 33rd nationally among all law schools.[50] Forbes magazine college rankings placed W&L 47th among the top 500 universities, liberal arts colleges, and service academies for their 2024-25 list.[51] Washington Monthly ranked Washington and Lee 1st among 214 liberal arts colleges in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.[52] In 2023, Degreechoices ranked Washington and Lee 3rd out of 209 liberal arts colleges and 14th for business.[53]

Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked the college 3rd in its 2019 list of 149 best private liberal arts college values and 6th overall among 500 colleges and universities.[54] In 2015, The Economist ranked Washington and Lee first among all undergraduate institutions in the United States in terms of the positive gap between its students' actual median earnings ten years from graduation and what the publication's statistical model would suggest. Of its findings, the newspaper wrote that "No other college combines the intimate academic setting and broad curriculum of a LAC [liberal arts college] with a potent old-boy network."[55]

### Admissions and financial aid

[edit]

For the class of 2026, W&L reported the following:[56]

Admissions information

* 17% Selectivity rate ~ 1,229 admitted out of 7,229 applicationsStatue of Cyrus McCormick
* 39% Yield rate ~ 480 enrolled out of 1,229 admitted
* 21% Domestic students of color (students identifying as Asian American, African American, Hispanic, Native American, Pacific Islander and multi-racial)
* 10% First-generation college students
* 10% Children of alumni
* 9% International students
* Scores (55% of students who submitted scores during this test-optional year)
* 32–35 Middle 50% ACT Composite
* 34 Median ACT
* 1420–1510 Middle 50% SAT
* 1470 Median SAT

Financial aid information

* 57% Students receiving W&L grant assistance
* $57,976 Average need-based grant
* $59,949 Average institutional award (need and/or merit-based)
* 13% Pell Grant recipients

### Organization

[edit]

President's House, begun in 1868 as a residence for Robert E. Lee and his wife

Washington and Lee is divided into three schools: (1) The College, where all undergraduates begin their studies, encompassing the liberal arts, humanities and hard sciences, with notable interest among students in pre-health and pre-law studies; (2) the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, which offers majors in accounting, business administration, economics, and politics; and (3) the School of Law, which offers the Juris Doctor degree.

More than 800 undergraduate courses are offered. With no graduate program (except in law), every course is taught by a faculty member.[57] The libraries contain more than 700,000 volumes as well as a vast electronic network. The law library has an additional 400,000 volumes as well as extensive electronic resources.

Washington and Lee offers 40 undergraduate majors (including interdisciplinary majors in neuroscience, Medieval and Renaissance studies, and Russian area studies) and 30 minors, including interdisciplinary programs in Africana studies, East Asian studies, Education and Education policy, environmental studies, Latin American & Caribbean studies, Middle East and South Asian studies, poverty and human capability studies (Shepherd Program),[58] and women's, gender, and sexuality studies. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:[59]

* Business Administration and Management (90)
* Economics (49)
* Accounting (45)
* Political Science and Government (35)
* Research and Experimental Psychology (24)
* History (21)

Though Washington and Lee has refused since 2003 to submit data to The Princeton Review, the 2006 edition of The Best 357 Colleges ranked W&L highly for "Best Overall Academic Experience", "Professors Get High Marks", and "Professor Accessibility". In the 2007 edition, Washington and Lee was ranked fourth in "Professors Get High Marks" and sixth in "Professor Accessibility". Combining academics with an active social culture, Washington and Lee ranked 14th in "Best Overall Academic Experience for Undergraduates".[60]

Washington and Lee University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.[61]

## Student life

[edit]

The institution has 1829 students as of 2019[update]. The median family income is $261,100, with 55% of students coming from the top 5% highest-earning families, 8% from the bottom 60%, and 1.5% from the bottom 20% (among the lowest of any U.S. college or university).[62] 82% of students are white, 4.5% are Hispanic, 3.4% are Asian, and 2.2% are Black.[63]

Brick sign at entrance, Washington and Lee

### Athletics

[edit]

Main article: Washington and Lee Generals

The school's teams are known as "The Generals" and compete in NCAA Division III in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the Centennial Conference for wrestling. Washington and Lee has 12 men's teams (baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track & field, and wrestling) and 12 women's teams (basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, riding, soccer, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track & field, and volleyball). Washington and Lee holds two NCAA National Championship team titles. In 1988, the men's tennis team won the NCAA Division III National Championship title and holds 35 ODAC championships. In 2007, the women's tennis team claimed the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2018, the men's golf team finished as runner-up in the NCAA Division III championship. In 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2015, the Generals football team won the Old Dominion Athletic Conference championship. In 2009, the Generals baseball team won the ODAC championship.[64]

Athletic exclusion was manifest in the early 20th century, when the school forced Rutgers to sit out star African American football player Paul Robeson for a 1916 football game and later forfeited a 1923 game when Washington and Jefferson refused to comply with a similar demand.[65]

### Student activities

[edit]

#### Traditions

[edit]

Every four years, the school sponsors the Washington and Lee Mock Convention for whichever political party (Democratic or Republican) does not hold the presidency. The convention has received gavel-to-gavel coverage on C-SPAN and attention from many other national media outlets. The convention has correctly picked the out-of-power nominee for 20 of the past 27 national elections. It has been wrong three times since 1948,[66] including its incorrect choice of Bernie Sanders in 2020. In 1984, the failure of the scoreboard significantly slowed the vote tally process and almost led to a wrong selection.[67] The Washington Post declared Washington and Lee's Mock Convention "one of the nation's oldest and most prestigious mock conventions."[68]

The school also hosts an annual Fancy Dress Ball, a 117-year-old formal black-tie event started in 1907. It is put on by a committee of students appointed by the executive committee. The committee is responsible each year to create a theme and handle the logistics of setting up the Fancy Dress Ball. The Fancy Dress Ball has a budget of over $80,000.[69]

Washington and Lee University also follows the "speaking tradition" which traces its history to Robert E. Lee. Under this tradition, students are suggested to greet one another upon passing on campus. This tradition is not enforced.[69]

### Fraternities and sororities

[edit]

Greek letter organizations play a major role in Washington and Lee's social scene. The university has several houses of fraternities and sororities.[70]

### Media and culture

[edit]

The eminent photographer Sally Mann got her start at Washington and Lee, photographing the construction of the law school while an employee. The photos eventually became the basis of a one-woman exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C.[citation needed]

Robert E. Lee's grave Lee's horse, Traveller

Secretariat, who holds the record for the fastest time in the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes, and the winner of the Triple Crown in 1973, wore royal blue and white (as shown in the 2010 film) because his co-owner, Christopher Chenery, was a graduate and trustee of Washington and Lee.[citation needed]

Alumnus George William Crump, while a student (in 1804) at Washington College (predecessor to Washington and Lee University) circa 1800 to 1804, was arrested for running naked through Lexington, Virginia: it was the United States' first recorded incident of streaking.[71] Crump is better known as member of the United States House of Representatives in the 19th United States Congress and the U.S. Ambassador to Chile.[72]

A Washington and Lee art history professor, Pamela Hemenway Simpson, in 1999 wrote the first scholarly book on linoleum, giving it the title Cheap, Quick and Easy.[73] The book also examines other lower-cost home-design materials.

Washington and Lee is home to a collection of 18th- and 19th-century Chinese and European porcelain, the gift of Euchlin Dalcho Reeves, a 1927 graduate of the law school, and his wife, Louise Herreshoff. In 1967, Reeves contacted Washington and Lee about making "a small gift", which turned out to be a collection of porcelain so vast that it filled two entire houses which he and his wife owned in Providence, Rhode Island. A number of dirt-covered picture frames, found in the two houses, were put on the van along with the porcelain. Soon it was discovered that the frames actually contained Impressionist-like paintings created by Herreshoff as a young woman in the early days of the century. In 1976 the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., mounted a posthumous one-woman exhibition of Herreshoff's works.[citation needed]

### Music

[edit]

Before it morphed into a swing, Dixieland and bluegrass standard, "The Washington and Lee Swing" was one of the most well known—and widely borrowed—football marches ever written, according to Robert Lissauer's Encyclopedia of Popular Music in America. Schools and colleges from Tulane to Slippery Rock copied it (sometimes with attribution). It was written in 1910 by Mark W. Sheafe, '06, Clarence A. (Tod) Robbins, '11, and Thornton W. Allen, '13. It has been recorded by virtually every important jazz and swing musician, including Glenn Miller (with Tex Beneke on vocals), Louis Armstrong, Kay Kyser, Hal Kemp and the Dukes of Dixieland.[74] "The Swing" was a trademark of the New Orleans showman Pete Fountain. The trumpeter Red Nichols played it (and Danny Kaye pretended to play it) in the 1959 movie The Five Pennies. (Here[75] is an audio excerpt from a 1944 recording by Jan Garber, a prominent dance-band leader of the era. Here[76] is an exuberant instrumental version by a group called the Dixie Boys, which YouTube dates to 2006.)

## Notable alumni

[edit]

See also: List of Washington and Lee University people

Tom Wolfe, Class of 1951

Washington and Lee University is the alma mater of three United States Supreme Court justices, a Nobel Prize laureate, winners of the Pulitzer Prize, the Tony Award, and the Emmy Award, as well as 27 U.S. senators, 67 U.S. representatives, 31 state governors, as well as numerous other government officials, judges, business leaders, entertainers, and athletes.

Several well-known alumni include past American Bar Association President Linda Klein (School of Law), Utah Governor Spencer Cox (School of Law), Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin, Virginia Governor Linwood Holton, United States Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.; United States Senator John Warner from Virginia; United States Solicitor General John W. Davis, Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States during the 1924 presidential election; author Tom Wolfe, founder of New Journalism; broadcast journalist Roger Mudd; Anglican bishop Steve Breedlove; artist Cy Twombly; voice actor Mike Henry; Federal Judge and Civil Rights champion John Minor Wisdom; billionaire Rupert Johnson Jr. of Franklin Templeton Investments; financial journalist, and non-fiction writer Mary Childs and Mark Sappenfield, editor-in-chief of The Christian Science Monitor.

Archives of the papers of notable alumni and other resources relating to the history of the institution may be found in the manuscript collections at Washington and Lee's James Graham Leyburn Library. Publication of the 1995 guide to the collections was made possible by a grant from the Jessie Ball DuPont Fund.[77]

## In literature

[edit]

A fictionalized representation of the institution appears in L'Étudiant étranger by Philippe Labro (1986, Editions Gallimard), translated into English two years later and published as The Foreign Student (Ballantine Books). In 1994 it was made into a movie, starring Robin Givens and Marco Hofschneider, but it grossed only $113,000 at the box office.[78]

Other novels about Washington and Lee University include Geese in the Forum (Knopf, 1940) by Lawrence Edward Watkin, a professor of English who went on to become a screenwriter for Disney (the college faculty were the titular geese); The Hero (Julian Messner, 1949), by Millard Lampell, filmed as Saturday's Hero, starring Donna Reed and John Derek (Columbia Studios, 1951), about a football player who struggles to balance athletics, academics and a social life; and A Sound of Voices Dying by Glenn Scott (E.P. Dutton, 1954), released in a paperback edition in 1955 under the new title Farewell My Young Lover (replete with a lurid illustration on the cover). The Russian-born American author Maxim D. Shrayer depicted a fictionalized version of the Washington & Lee campus in the story "Trout Fishing in Virginia" (2007), included in his collection Yom Kippur in Amsterdam (2009).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ As of March 7, 2022. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2021 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. 2022. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
2. ^ "President's Office". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
3. ^ "Lena Hill Named Provost at Washington and Lee University". November 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
4. ^ "College Navigator - Washington and Lee University".
5. ^ "Graphics Standards - Complementary Typeface and Colors". Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
6. ^ "Complementary Typeface and Color : Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
7. ^ a b c d e f g "A History :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
8. ^ Education, United States Office of (1887). Contributions to American Educational History.
9. ^ "Washington And Lee University". Braintrack.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
10. ^ "Chavis Hall". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
11. ^ "Timeline of Affirmative Action". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 2007. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
12. ^ a b "University History". wlu.edu. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
13. ^ Eckert, Brian (April 22, 2014). "Copy of "Old George" Joins Museum of the Shenandoah Valley Exhibit". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
14. ^ "Continuing the Community Conversation : Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
15. ^ T. Rees Shapiro (July 8, 2014). "Washington and Lee University to remove Confederate flags following protests". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
16. ^ Chen, Karen (July 8, 2014). "U.S. colleges have worked to address ties to slavery, Confederacy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
17. ^ Lawton, Christopher R. (2009). "Constructing the Cause, Bridging the Divide: Lee's Tomb at Washington's College". Southern Cultures. 15 (2): 9. ISSN 1068-8218. JSTOR 26214206.
18. ^ Washington and Lee University Archived August 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine website.
19. ^ "The Myth of Kindly General Lee". theatlantic.com. June 4, 2017. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017. "Lee was as indifferent to crimes of violence towards blacks carried out by his students as he was when they was carried out by his soldiers."
20. ^ Dudley, Will (January 18, 2018). "2018 Founders Day Remarks". Washington and Lee University. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
21. ^ "The Future of Washington and Lee University". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
22. ^ "W&L Concludes Outstanding Fund-Raising Year". W&L. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on June 2, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
23. ^ "Washington and Lee University Receives $100 Million Gift". Washington and Lee University Press Release. June 11, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
24. ^ "Virginia university to remove Confederate flags from chapel". CNN Wire. July 9, 2014. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
25. ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (July 8, 2014). "Washington and Lee University to remove Confederate flags following protests". The Washington Post.
26. ^ Toscano, Pasquale S. (August 22, 2017). "My University Is Named for Robert E. Lee. What Now?". The New York Times.
27. ^ Bell, Elizabeth (July 6, 2020). "Washington and Lee faculty vote to change the institution's name". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
28. ^ McAlevey, Mike (July 7, 2020). "Board of Trustees' Plan to Address Issues of Racial Justice and University History". Washington and Lee University. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
29. ^ Thomas, Pat (June 4, 2021). "Washington and Lee University will not change name". Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
30. ^ "National Register Information System – (#71001047)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
31. ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
32. ^ "About W&L :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
33. ^ "Washington and Lee University: Virginia Main Street Communities: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
34. ^ "Drinkwater pays tribute to W. & L." (PDF). The Ring-tum Phi. February 17, 1926. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
35. ^ Daniels, Jonathan (November 1941). "Seeing the South". Harper's.
36. ^ Covington, Abigail (November 4, 2019). "What Do We Do With Robert E. Lee?". The Delacorte Review. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
37. ^ "Board of Trustees". Washington and Lee Univ. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
38. ^ "Report of the Commission on Institutional History and Community". Washington and Lee University. May 2, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
39. ^ "The Honor System". Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
40. ^ "Enforcement Procedure". Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
41. ^ "White Book". Washington and Lee Univ. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
42. ^ a b "The Honor System". Washington and Lee Univ. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
43. ^ Anderson, Nick (December 14, 2012). "Washington Post: Honor and Testing at Washington and Lee University". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
44. ^ "Student-Faculty Hearing Board". Washington and Lee Univ. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
45. ^ "2024-2025 National Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
46. ^ "2024 Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
47. ^ "America's Top Colleges 2024". Forbes. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
48. ^ "2025 Best Colleges in the U.S." The Wall Street Journal/College Pulse. September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
49. ^ "U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings – Washington and Lee University". U.S. News & World Report. 2020. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
50. ^ "U.S. News Best Law Schools – Washington and Lee University". U.S. News & World Report. 2020. Archived from the original on October 24, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
51. ^ "Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2025 - Best US Universities Ranked". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
52. ^ "2019 Liberal Arts Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2019. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
53. ^ "The best liberal arts colleges in the U.S." Degreechoices.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
54. ^ "Kiplinger's Best College Values". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. July 2019. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
55. ^ "Where's Best". The Economist. October 31, 2015. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
56. ^ "New Class Profile". Washington and Lee. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
57. ^ "Departments and Programs:: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
58. ^ "Shepherd Program". Washington & Lee University. Archived from the original on February 17, 2001.
59. ^ "Washington and Lee University". nces.ed.gov. U.S. Dept of Education. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
60. ^ "Washington and Lee University". Princetonreview.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
61. ^ "Accreditation :: Washington and Lee University". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
62. ^ Aisch, Gregor; Buchanan, Larry; Cox, Amanda; Quealy, Kevin (January 18, 2017). "Economic diversity and student outcomes at Washington and Lee". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
63. ^ "Undergraduate Ethnic Diversity at Washington and Lee University". College Factual. February 20, 2013. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
64. ^ "Athletics at W&L :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
65. ^ "African Americans at Washington and Lee :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
66. ^ U.S. News & World Report, "Campus Pundits' Winning Record", January 28, 2008
67. ^ W&L Mock Convention 2008 Official Site
68. ^ Washington Post, 1996
69. ^ a b "Our Traditions". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
70. ^ "Welcome to Kappa Alpha Order, Zeta Zeta Chapter". Ka-zetazeta.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
71. ^ "Streaking: A timeline". The Week. Dennis Publishing Limited. January 8, 2015. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021. "1804: George William Crump becomes the first American college student arrested for streaking. Crump is suspended for the term from his Virginia school, Washington College (now Washington and Lee), but goes on to serve in Congress and as ambassador to Chile. With Robert E. Lee's blessing, streaking later becomes a rite of passage for Washington and Lee men."
72. ^ McDonnell, Hannah. "People Who Went To Penn: George William Crump". Under the Button. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
73. ^ Simpson, Pamela Hemenway (1999). Cheap, Quick and Easy. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1572330376.
74. ^ "Washington and Lee University Store - for W&L; I Yell". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
75. ^ The Washington and Lee Swing. www.bizpubs.com (MP3). Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
76. ^ drh1589. "Dixie Boys – FIARTIL – Estoril 2006 (Washington and Lee Swing)". YouTube. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2011.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
77. ^ Vaughan, Stanley (1995). A Guide to the Manuscripts Collection of the James Graham Leyburn Library (1995 ed.). Lexington, Virginia: Washington and Lee University.
78. ^ "Foreign Student (1994) – Box office / business". IMDb. July 29, 1994. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2018.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Crenshaw, Ollinger. General Lee's College: The Rise and Growth of Washington and Lee University (Random House, 1969), the major history; online
* Owens, Joshua. "Case Study of the Founding Years of Liberty Hall Academy: The Struggle Between Enlightenment and Protestant Values on the Virginia Frontier" Journal of Backcountry Studies, (2009) 4#2 p1+ online

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington and Lee University.

* Official website
* Washington and Lee Athletics website
* "Washington and Lee University" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
* "Washington and Lee University" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
* Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Lexington, VA: 1 photo at Historic American Buildings Survey
* Washington and Lee University, Washington Hall, Jefferson Street, Lexington, Lexington, VA: 4 photos, 8 data pages, and 1 photo caption page at Historic American Buildings Survey
* Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Lexington, VA at HABS

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Washington and Lee University

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Defunct|

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George Washington

* 1st President of the United States (1789–1797)
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Other U.S.
founding events|

* Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
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Presidency
(timeline)|

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public image|

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Memorials
and depictions|

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* George Washington (1984 miniseries
* 1986 sequel)
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* We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)
* Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series)
* The War that Made America (2006 miniseries)
* Washington (2020 miniseries)
* Hamilton (film)

Related|

* Bibliography
* List of articles
* Founders Online
* Founding Fathers of the United States
* Republicanism
* Federalist Party
* Federalist Era
* Virginia dynasty
* Coat of arms
* Cherry-tree anecdote
* River Farm
* Washington's Crossing
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* 1751 Barbados trip
* Category
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* General of the Armies
* Conway Cabal
* American Foxhound
* American Philosophical Society
* American Revolution
* patriots
* Betsy Ross flag
* Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
* Mount Vernon replicas
* George Washington Memorial Building
* Attempted theft of Washington's skull

Family|

* Martha Washington (wife)
* John Parke Custis (stepson)
* George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
* Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
* Augustine Washington (father)
* Mary Ball Washington (mother)
* Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
* Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
* Elizabeth Washington Lewis (sister)
* Samuel Washington (brother)
* John A. Washington (brother)
* Charles Washington (brother)
* Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
* Mildred Gale (grandmother)
* John Washington (great-grandfather)
* George Reade (2nd great-grandfather)
* Bushrod Washington (nephew)

Slavery|

* Washington and slavery
* List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon
* Betty
* Caroline Branham
* William Costin
* West Ford
* Sarah Johnson
* Oney Judge
* Philip Lee
* William Lee
* Hercules Posey
* Christopher Sheels
* Deborah Squash
* Harry Washington

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* Category
* Outline

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Old Dominion Athletic Conference

Full members|

* Averett Cougars
* Bridgewater Eagles
* Eastern Mennonite Royals‡
* Ferrum Panthers (leaving in 2025)
* Guilford Quakers
* Hampden–Sydney Tigers
* Hollins University‡
* Lynchburg Hornets‡
* Randolph WildCats‡
* Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets
* Roanoke Maroons‡
* Shenandoah Hornets
* Sweet Briar Vixens‡
* Virginia Wesleyan Marlins‡
* Washington and Lee Generals

Associate members|

* Greensboro Pride (women's swimming)

‡ non-football member

* v
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* e

Annapolis Group

Chair|

* Nayef Samhat

Member
schools|

* Agnes Scott
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* Atlantic
* Augustana
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* Union
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* Wesleyan University
* Whitman
* Willamette
* William Jewell
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* v
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* e

Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges

* Albion
* Allegheny
* Alma
* Amherst
* Barnard
* Bates
* Beloit
* Berea
* Bowdoin
* Bryn Mawr
* Bucknell
* Carleton
* Claremont McKenna College
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* Dickinson
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* Grinnell
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* Haverford
* Hobart & William Smith
* Holy Cross
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* Kenyon
* Lafayette
* Lake Forest
* Lawrence
* Luther
* Macalester
* Manhattan
* Middlebury
* Morehouse
* Mount Holyoke
* Oberlin
* Occidental
* Ohio Wesleyan
* Pitzer
* Pomona
* Reed
* Rhodes
* Saint Benedict and Saint John's University
* Saint Michael's
* Scripps College
* Sewanee
* Skidmore
* Smith
* Southwestern University
* Spelman College
* St. Lawrence
* St. Olaf
* Swarthmore
* Trinity (CT)
* Trinity (TX)
* Union
* Ursinus College
* Vassar
* Wabash
* Washington & Lee
* Washington
* Wellesley
* Wesleyan
* Wheaton (IL)
* Wheaton (MA)
* Whitman
* Whittier
* Williams
* Wooster

* v
* t
* e

Associated Colleges of the South

* Birmingham-Southern
* Centenary (Louisiana)
* Centre
* Davidson
* Furman
* Hendrix
* Millsaps
* Morehouse
* Rhodes
* Richmond
* Rollins
* Sewanee
* Southwestern
* Spelman
* Trinity (Texas)
* Washington & Lee

* v
* t
* e

Colleges and universities in Virginia

Public|

* Christopher Newport University
* College of William & Mary
* Eastern Virginia Medical School
* George Mason University
* James Madison University
* Joint Forces Staff College
* Longwood University
* Marine Corps University
* Norfolk State University
* Old Dominion University
* Radford University
* Richard Bland College
* University of Mary Washington
* University of Virginia
* University of Virginia's College at Wise
* Virginia Commonwealth University
* Virginia Community College System
* Virginia Military Institute
* Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
* Virginia State University
* Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine

Private|

* Appalachian College of Pharmacy
* Appalachian School of Law
* Atlantic University
* Averett University
* Bluefield University
* Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing
* Bridgewater College
* Christendom College
* DeVry University
* Divine Mercy University
* Eastern Mennonite University
* ECPI University
* Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine
* Emory and Henry University
* Ferrum College
* Hampden–Sydney College
* Hampton University
* Hartland College
* Hollins University
* Jefferson College of Health Sciences
* John Leland Center for Theological Studies
* Liberty University
* University of Lynchburg
* Mary Baldwin University
* Marymount University
* Patrick Henry College
* Randolph College
* Randolph–Macon College
* Regent University
* Roanoke College
* Shenandoah University
* Southern Virginia University
* Sweet Briar College
* Union Presbyterian Seminary
* University of Management and Technology
* University of the Potomac
* University of Richmond
* Virginia Theological Seminary
* Virginia Union University
* Virginia University of Lynchburg
* Virginia Wesleyan University
* Washington and Lee University

Defunct|

* Art Institute of Washington
* Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond
* Blackstone College for Girls
* Cordoba University
* Eastern College
* Elizabeth College
* Fairfax University of America
* Fauquier Institute
* Frederick College
* Gibbs College
* Marion College
* Richmond Professional Institute
* Saint Paul's College
* Stratford University
* Sullins College
* University of Northern Virginia
* Virginia Intermont College
* Westwood College

* Complete list

37°47′11.7″N 79°26′39.3″W﻿ / ﻿37.786583°N 79.444250°W﻿ / 37.786583; -79.444250

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Australia
* Israel

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