Waterloo, Ontario

City in Ontario, Canada

This article is about the city. For the county, region, or electoral districts, see Waterloo#Canada.

This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2022)

|

City in Ontario, Canada

Waterloo

City (lower-tier)

City of Waterloo

Uptown Waterloo

Waterloo City Hall

Ion rapid transit

The Huether Hotel

Perimeter Institute

Davis Center (UW)

Seagram Lofts

Flag

Logo

Motto:

Stability

Waterloo

Show map of Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Waterloo

Show map of Southern Ontario

Waterloo

Show map of Ontario

Waterloo

Show map of Canada

Waterloo

Show map of Earth

Coordinates: 43°28′N 80°31′W﻿ / ﻿43.467°N 80.517°W﻿ / 43.467; -80.517
Country| Canada
Province| Ontario
Region| Waterloo
Incorporated| May 27, 1857; 168 years ago (May 27, 1857)[1]
Government

• Mayor| Dorothy McCabe
• Governing Body| Waterloo City Council
• City CAO| Tim Anderson
• MP| Bardish Chagger (Liberal)
• MPP| Catherine Fife (ONDP)
Area

[2]

• Land| 64.06 km2 (24.73 sq mi)
Elevation

| 329 m (1,079 ft)
Population

(2021)[2]

• City (lower-tier)

| 121,436 (47th)
• Density| 1,895.8/km2 (4,910/sq mi)
• Metro

| 575,847 (10th)
• Metro density| 527.2/km2 (1,365/sq mi)
Demonym| Waterluvian[3]
Time zone| UTC−5
• Summer (DST)| UTC−4
Forward sortation area|

N2J to N2L, N2T to N2V

Area codes| 519, 226, and 548
Website| www.waterloo.ca

Waterloo is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (formerly Waterloo County). Waterloo is situated about 94 km (58 mi) west-southwest of Toronto, but it is not considered to be part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Due to the close proximity of the city of Kitchener to Waterloo, the two together are often referred to as "Kitchener–Waterloo", "K-W", or "The Twin Cities". Nearby Cambridge, Ontario is also sometimes grouped in, creating KWC or "Tri-cities".

While several unsuccessful attempts to combine the municipalities of Kitchener and Waterloo have been made, following the 1973 establishment of the Region of Waterloo, less motivation to do so existed, and as a result, Waterloo remains an independent city. At the time of the 2021 census, the population of Waterloo was 121,436.[2]

## History

[edit]

### Indigenous peoples and settlement

[edit]

Indigenous peoples such as the Iroquois, Anishinaabe and Chonnonton lived in the area.[4]

After the end of the American Revolution, Joseph Brant, a Mohawk war chief, wanted Frederick Haldimand to give the Mohawk of the Six Nations a tract of land surrounding the Grand River, in return for their loyalty to the British in the war.[5][6] Haldimand was the governor of Upper Canada at the time. Haldimand's 1784 Haldimand Proclamation granted the land "six miles deep from either side of the [Grand River] beginning at Lake Erie and extending in that proportion to the very head of the said river."[5][6] Haldimand, who had previously ordered for potential mill sites to be identified in the region, decreed in 1788 that mill sites would be included in the grant (which would not have been included otherwise).[7] In 1796, Richard Beasley purchased Block Number 2 of the grant from Joseph Brant (on behalf of the Six Nations) with a mortgage held by the Six Nations.[8] Block 2, sized at 94,012 acres, was situated in the District of Gore. To meet his mortgage obligations, Beasley had to sell portions of the land to settlers.[8] This was counter to the original mortgage agreement, but subsequent changes to the agreement were made to permit land sales.

Mennonites from Pennsylvania counties Lancaster and Montgomery were the first wave of immigrants to the area.[9] In the year 1800 alone, Beasley sold over 14,000 acres to Mennonite settlers.[citation needed] A group of 26 Mennonites from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, pooled their resources into the German Company of Pennsylvania, which was then represented by Daniel Erb and Samuel Bricker.[citation needed] The company purchased all the unsold land from Beasley in 1803, resulting in a discharge of the mortgage held by the Six Nations. This discharge allowed Beasley to clear his obligation with the Six Nations, and allowed the settlers to have deeds to their purchased land.[10] The payment to Beasley, in cash, arrived from Pennsylvania in kegs, carried in a wagon surrounded by armed guards.[11]

Many of the pioneers who arrived from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a 60,000-acre tract of Block 2 from the German Company of Pennsylvania. The tract included almost two-thirds of Block 2. Many of the first farms were least 400 acres in size.[12]

### Development (19th century)

[edit]

The Mennonites divided the land into smaller lots; two lots owned by Abraham Erb—who is often called the founder of the Village of Waterloo[13]—became the central core of Waterloo. Erb had come to the area in 1806 from Pennsylvania.[7] He had bought 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) from the German Company Tract and settled where there was enough water power to operate mills.[7] He founded a sawmill in 1808 and grist mill in 1816; they saw business flourish.[13] Other early settlers of what would become Waterloo included Samuel and Elia Schneider, who arrived in 1816. Until about 1820, settlements such as this were quite small.[12][14] Erb also built what is now known as the Erb-Kumpf House in c. 1812, making it likely one of the oldest homes in Waterloo.[15][16][17]

The first schoolhouse in Waterloo, built in 1820

The first school in what is now the City of Waterloo was built on land donated by Erb; the log building was constructed in 1820. A larger school house of stone was built in 1842 and was replaced with a brick school building in 1852. Over the decades, the log building was moved, eventually to Waterloo Park, where it still stands.[18] The German spoken in Waterloo County is based upon the 18th century Pennsylvania Dutch dialect.[19] In turn, the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect is based upon the dialect of German spoken in southwestern Germany.[19]

In 1816, the new Waterloo Township was officially incorporated while being named after Waterloo, Belgium, the site of the Battle of Waterloo (1815), which had ended the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.[20] After that war, the new township became a popular destination for German immigrants. By the 1840s, German settlers had overtaken the Mennonites as the dominant segment of the population. Many Germans settled in the small hamlet to the southeast of Waterloo. In their honour, the village was named Berlin in 1833 (renamed to Kitchener in 1916). The first Catholic family to arrive were the Spetz family from Alsace who came in 1828.[21]

By 1831, Waterloo had a small post office in the King and Erb Street area, operated by Daniel Snyder, some 11 years before one would open in neighbouring Berlin.[22][23] The Smith's Canadian Gazetteer of 1846 states that the Township of Waterloo (smaller than Waterloo County) consisted primarily of Pennsylvanian Mennonites and immigrants directly from Germany who had brought money with them. At the time, many did not speak English. There were eight grist and twenty sawmills in the township. In 1841, the population count was 4,424. In 1846 the village of Waterloo had a population of 200, "mostly Germans". There was a grist mill and a sawmill and some tradesmen.[24] By comparison, Berlin (Kitchener) had a population of about 400, also "mostly German", and more tradesmen than the village of Waterloo.[25]

Berlin was chosen as the site of the seat for the County of Waterloo in 1853. By 1869, the population was 2,000.[26] Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876.[4] The Kitchener Public Utilities Commission began providing streetcar service in the region in 1888. In the 19th century, Waterloo was dominated by people of German origin with 76% of Waterloo residents in the 1911 census listing their family origins as being in Germany.[27]

### 20th and 21st centuries

[edit]

The Galt, Preston and Hespeler electric railway (later called the Grand River Railway) connected to Waterloo in 1911 and ended service in 1931.[28][29] The Kitchener Public Utilities Commission stopped providing streetcar service in 1947, and were replaced by electric trolley coaches. Waterloo was incorporated as the City of Waterloo in 1948.[4] The trolley coaches ended service in 1973.[30] In 1911, a plan was mooted to pave King street.[31] William Snider who owned the town square, did not want to pay the higher taxes, which would refused from paving King Street.[31] Snider offered to deed the town square to town, which instead demanded he pay the higher taxes.[31] Snider sold the town square to the Molson Bank, which up a Beaux Arts style bank on the site of the town square in 1914.[31] In 1929, the H.V. McKay company of Australia proposed to open a factory for "one, man, self-propelled combine harvesters".[32] The town provided the land for the factory from the Canada Barrels and Kegs and fixed the tax assessment at $25, 000 per year for the next 10 years in exchange for the factory being built.[32]> In 1911, Waterloo Lutheran seminary, which later became Wilfrid Laurier University, was opened.[33] On 5 May 1916, a group of soldiers sacked the German Acadian Club in Waterloo.[34] In October 1918, Spanish flu reached Waterloo.[35] Over 2,000 people were "down with the malady".[35] By November 1918, the Waterloo Chronicle reported that "twice as many had died from the influenza as had been killed in action in four years of war".[35]

The presence of the University of Waterloo in the city caused technological and innovative companies to base in Waterloo,[36] especially companies specializing in computing and software. For example, Research in Motion (now BlackBerry Limited), which developed BlackBerry, was started by Mike Lazaridis and Doug Fregin in 1984.[37] In 1965, the University of Waterloo was the second-largest private sector employer.[38] The construction of the buildings for the University of Waterloo made the unemployment rate very low in the 1960s.[39] By 1971, the population of Waterloo had grown 424% since 1945.[39] Kitchener was a working class city while Waterloo was a middle class city.[40] In 1981, the average annual household income in Kitchener was $26, 279 and in Waterloo was $31,224.[40] In 1950, Waterloo had 55 factories that employed 2, 572 people, in 1970 had 79 factories that employed $5,483 workers, and in 1980 there were 132 factories that employed 7,314 workers.[40] The founding of the universities led to the north-eastern area becoming developed as the new housing subdivisions were built while the area around Weber declined.[41] The architecture of Waterloo changed from a more traditional Victorian architecture style to favouring a more streamlined look, incorporating elements from architectural styles such as Postmodern architecture, which ultimately led to a movement to preserve Waterloo's historical core.[42] A 1994 issue of the Financial Post mentioned Waterloo-based companies MKS, WATCOM, and Open Text in a list of the top 100 independent software companies in Canada.[37] In 1960, a study revealed 50% of the buying by Waterloo consumers was done in Kitchener, leading to the city to develop a retail district.[43]

In the 1980s, Waterloo came to have the character of a "post-industrial city".[44] Mennonite farmers continued to come to Waterloo in their horse-powered buggies for shopping while the middle class people drove out to eat and drink at the numerous pubs and hotels out in the countryside.[44]

In June 2011, the Waterloo Region council approved the Ion: a light rail transit line connecting Conestoga Mall in north Waterloo and Fairview Park Mall in south Kitchener.[45] Construction on the Ion began in August 2014. In 2016, two sections of a corduroy road were unearthed. One was in the King Street area of the business district and the second was discovered near the Conestoga Mall. The road was probably built by Mennonites using technology acquired in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, between the late 1790s and 1816.[citation needed] The log road was buried in about 1840 and a new road built on top of it.[46][47] A historian[who?] explained that the road had been built for access to the mill but was also "one of the first roads cut through (the woods) so people could start settling the area".[48] Ion service began in 2019 and experienced a daily ridership of 25,000 in November 2020.[49]

Uptown looking Northwest from the Uptown Parkade. Landmarks visible include the Marsland Centre on the extreme left and Waterloo City Hall on the extreme right.

## Geography

[edit]

King Street South in Uptown Waterloo

Waterloo's city centre is near the intersection of King and Erb streets. The city centre was once along Albert Street, near the Marsland Centre and the Waterloo Public Library. The town hall, fire hall, and farmers' market were located there. Amidst some controversy, all were demolished between 1965 and 1969.

Historically, Waterloo's swamp land near where the village was first developed caused problems for development.[7] To mitigate these issues, sand was taken from nearby areas to raise the land; buildings were built on foundations of oak planks; and King Street was originally built as a corduroy road.[13]

### Waterways

[edit]

The Grand River, as seen to the north-east of Waterloo

The Grand River flows southward along the city's east side. Its most significant tributary within the city is Laurel Creek, whose source lies just to the west of the city limits and its mouth just to the east, and crosses much of the city's central areas, including the University of Waterloo lands and Waterloo Park; it flows under the uptown area in a culvert. In the city's west end, the Waterloo Moraine provides over 300,000 people in the region with drinking water. Much of the gently hilly Waterloo Moraine underlies existing developed areas. Ongoing urban growth, mostly low-density residential suburbs (in accordance with requests by land developers), will cover increasing amounts of the remaining undeveloped portions of the Waterloo Moraine.

### Climate

[edit]

Waterloo has a humid continental climate of the warm summer subtype (Dfb under the Köppen climate classification)[50] with warm, humid summers and cold winters. Compared to other parts of Canada, Waterloo has fairly moderate weather. Winter temperatures usually occur between mid-December and mid-March, while summer temperatures generally occur between mid-May and late September. It is not uncommon for temperatures to exceed 30 °C (86 °F) several times each summer. Waterloo has approximately 140 frost-free days per year.

Climate data for Region of Waterloo International Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present[a]

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 38.3
(100.9)  | 38.3
(100.9)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 31.1
(88.0)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 18.7
(65.7)  | 38.3
(100.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | −2.3
(27.9)  | −1.4
(29.5)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 0.7
(33.3)  | 12.5
(54.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | −6.3
(20.7)  | −5.9
(21.4)  | −0.8
(30.6)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 15.2
(59.4)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | −2.8
(27.0)  | 7.2
(45.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −10.3
(13.5)  | −10.3
(13.5)  | −5.6
(21.9)  | 0.1
(32.2)  | 6.2
(43.2)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 3.4
(38.1)  | −1.6
(29.1)  | −6.3
(20.7)  | 1.9
(35.4)
Record low °C (°F)  | −31.9
(−25.4)  | −34.1
(−29.4)  | −29.4
(−20.9)  | −17.8
(0.0)  | −6.1
(21.0)  | −1.1
(30.0)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 1.1
(34.0)  | −3.7
(25.3)  | −10.6
(12.9)  | −18.9
(−2.0)  | −28.3
(−18.9)  | −34.1
(−29.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 66.3
(2.61)  | 46.1
(1.81)  | 57.0
(2.24)  | 81.2
(3.20)  | 80.2
(3.16)  | 80.5
(3.17)  | 96.2
(3.79)  | 67.2
(2.65)  | 75.2
(2.96)  | 71.0
(2.80)  | 74.9
(2.95)  | 54.9
(2.16)  | 850.6
(33.49)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 28.7
(1.13)  | 29.7
(1.17)  | 36.8
(1.45)  | 68.0
(2.68)  | 81.8
(3.22)  | 82.4
(3.24)  | 98.6
(3.88)  | 83.9
(3.30)  | 87.8
(3.46)  | 66.1
(2.60)  | 75.0
(2.95)  | 38.0
(1.50)  | 776.8
(30.58)
Average snowfall cm (inches)  | 43.7
(17.2)  | 30.3
(11.9)  | 26.5
(10.4)  | 7.3
(2.9)  | 0.4
(0.2)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 1.4
(0.6)  | 13.0
(5.1)  | 37.2
(14.6)  | 159.7
(62.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 17.7  | 12.9  | 13.2  | 13.5  | 13.4  | 12.7  | 13.2  | 11.2  | 12.0  | 14.7  | 14.8  | 15.0  | 164.0
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.6  | 5.0  | 6.9  | 11.5  | 12.4  | 12.0  | 10.6  | 10.7  | 12.2  | 13.7  | 11.6  | 6.9  | 118.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 16.1  | 11.9  | 9.0  | 3.3  | 0.18  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.91  | 6.5  | 14.4  | 62.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 0600 LST) | 86.4  | 83.4  | 84.8  | 84.4  | 84.7  | 87.0  | 90.1  | 93.6  | 94.3  | 90.6  | 87.6  | 87.1  | 87.8
Source: Environment Canada (rainfall/snowfall/humidity 1981–2010)[52][53][54][51][55][56][57][58]

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.

|

1841| 200
1871| 1,594
1881| 2,066
1891| 2,941
1901| 3,537
1911| 4,359
1921| 5,883
1931| 8,095
1941| 8,968
1951| 11,991
1961| 21,366
1971| 36,677
1981| 49,428
1991| 71,181
2001| 86,543[59]
2006| 97,475[60]
2011| 98,780[61]
2016| 104,986[62]
2021| 121,436[2]
Source: Census of Population

As of the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Waterloo has a population of 121,436, a change of 15.7% from its 2016 population of 104,986.[2] With a land area of 64.06 km2 (24.73 sq mi), the city has a population density of 1,895.7/km2 (4,909.7/sq mi).[2] As of 2021, the median age is 36.0 years old, as compared to 37.7 in 2016.[2][63] Waterloo's median age is 13% lower than Ontario's median age, which is 41.6 years old.[64]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo CMA had a population of 575,847 living in 219,060 of its 229,809 total private dwellings, a change of 9.9% from its 2016 population of 523,894. With a land area of 1,092.33 km2 (421.75 sq mi), it had a population density of 527.2/km2 (1,365.4/sq mi) in 2021.[2]

### Ethnicity

[edit]

The most common ethnic or cultural origins reported in Waterloo in 2021 were German (17.9%), English (17.0%), Scottish (14.6%), Irish (14.3%), Canadian (10.2%), Chinese (8.9%), Indian (6.4%), French (6.0%), British Isles (4.1%), Polish (4.1%), Dutch (3.9%), Italian (3.3%), and Ukrainian (2.4%).[65] Indigenous people made up 1.3% of the population, mostly First Nations (0.7%) and Métis (0.5%). Ethnocultural backgrounds in the city included European (63.7%), South Asian (10.7%), Chinese (9.2%), Black (3.1%), Arab (2.7%), Latin American (1.9%), West Asian (1.7%), Southeast Asian (1.4%), Korean (1.4), and Filipino (1.0%).[2]

Panethnic groups in the City of Waterloo (2001−2021)  Panethnic
group  | 2021[66] | 2016[67] | 2011[68] | 2006[69] | 2001[70]

|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
European[b] | 75,340  | 63.64%  | 74,905  | 72.45%  | 76,445  | 78.73%  | 79,625  | 82.28%  | 73,950  | 85.91%
East Asian[c] | 13,035  | 11.01%  | 10,960  | 10.6%  | 7,615  | 7.84%  | 6,295  | 6.5%  | 3,670  | 4.26%
South Asian | 12,680  | 10.71%  | 6,650  | 6.43%  | 5,145  | 5.3%  | 4,495  | 4.64%  | 3,695  | 4.29%
Middle Eastern[d] | 5,160  | 4.36%  | 3,020  | 2.92%  | 2,580  | 2.66%  | 1,490  | 1.54%  | 980  | 1.14%
African | 3,660  | 3.09%  | 1,990  | 1.92%  | 1,425  | 1.47%  | 1,145  | 1.18%  | 1,395  | 1.62%
Southeast Asian[e] | 2,810  | 2.37%  | 1,730  | 1.67%  | 1,355  | 1.4%  | 1,305  | 1.35%  | 680  | 0.79%
Latin American | 2,250  | 1.9%  | 1,405  | 1.36%  | 1,050  | 1.08%  | 860  | 0.89%  | 630  | 0.73%
Indigenous | 1,585  | 1.34%  | 1,220  | 1.18%  | 825  | 0.85%  | 755  | 0.78%  | 510  | 0.59%
Other[f] | 1,865  | 1.58%  | 1,515  | 1.47%  | 655  | 0.67%  | 800  | 0.83%  | 575  | 0.67%
Total responses  | 118,390  | 97.49%  | 103,390  | 98.48%  | 97,100  | 98.3%  | 96,775  | 99.28%  | 86,080  | 99.47%
Total population  | 121,436  | 100%  | 104,986  | 100%  | 98,780  | 100%  | 97,475  | 100%  | 86,543  | 100%

* Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

### Religion

[edit]

In 2021, 45.8% of the population identified as Christian, with Catholics (17.9%) making up the largest denomination, followed by United Church (3.3%), Lutheran (3.2%), Anglican (2.8%), Orthodox (2.4%), and other denominations. 37.7% of the population reported no religious affiliation. Others identified as Muslim (8.1%), Hindu (4.7%), Sikh (1.2%), Buddhist (1.1%), and with other religions.[2]

### Language

[edit]

English was the mother tongue of 64.6% of the population in 2021. This was followed by Mandarin (6.2%), Arabic (2.2%), German (1.5%), Spanish (1.5%), Hindi (1.3%), Punjabi (1.2%), Korean (1.1%), Iranian Persian (1.0%), Urdu (1.0%), Serbo-Croatian (1.0%), Cantonese (0.9%), and French (0.9%). Of the official languages, 98.2% of the population reported knowing English and 8.8% French.[2]

## Economy

[edit]

The Sun Life Financial building is currently the tallest building in Waterloo. The Marsland Centre in Uptown Waterloo View from the parkade in Uptown Waterloo

According to the 2016 Canadian Census, Waterloo has a median household income (after tax) of $72,239.[71] This is significantly higher than the national median of $61,348. The unemployment rate in Waterloo (6.9%) is lower than the national rate of 7.7%. The median value of a dwelling in Waterloo ($399,997) is higher than the national median of $341,556.[71] The Intelligent Community Forum named Waterloo the Top Intelligent Community of 2007.[72]

Waterloo has a strong knowledge and service-based economy with significant insurance and high-tech sectors as well as two universities.[73] The city's largest employers are Sun Life Financial, the University of Waterloo, Manulife Financial, BlackBerry,[74] Sandvine and Wilfrid Laurier University.[75][74]

### Insurance

[edit]

Before it became known for technology, Waterloo was sometimes referred to as "the Hartford of Canada" because of the many insurance companies based in the area.[9] Insurance companies founded in Waterloo include:[76]

* Waterloo Mutual Insurance (1863) – acquired by Economical Insurance in 1980
* North Waterloo Farmers Mutual Insurance (1874) – merged with Oxford Mutual in 2016 to form Heartland Farm Mutual
* Mutual Life Assurance (1868) – acquired by Sun Life in 2002
* Mercantile Fire Insurance (1875) – acquired by London and Lancashire in 1896 and moved to Toronto[77]
* Dominion Life Assurance (1889) – acquired by Manulife in 1985
* Equitable Life Insurance (1920)
* Merchants Casualty Insurance Company (1924) – acquired by Economical Insurance in 1936[78]
* Pilot Automobile and Accident Insurance (1927) – now a subsidiary of Aviva Canada[79]
* Canada Health and Accident Assurance Corporation (1945) – merged into CNA Assurance in 1972[80]

### Technology

[edit]

The city is part of Canada's Technology Triangle (CTT), a joint economic development initiative of Waterloo, Kitchener, Cambridge and the Region of Waterloo that markets the region internationally. Despite its name, CTT does not focus exclusively on promoting technology industries, but on all aspects of economic development.

Waterloo has a strong technology sector with hundreds of high-tech firms.[73] The dominant technology company in the city is BlackBerry, makers of the BlackBerry, which has its headquarters in the city and owns several office buildings near the University of Waterloo's main campus.

Notable Waterloo-based high-tech companies include:

* Aeryon Labs
* BlackBerry
* Dalsa
* Descartes Systems Group
* Google (in neighbouring Kitchener)
* Kik Messenger (in neighbouring Kitchener)
* Maplesoft
* MKS Inc.
* ON Semiconductor
* OpenText Corporation
* Sandvine
* Vidyard

Many other high-tech companies, with headquarters elsewhere, take advantage of the concentration of high-tech employees in the Waterloo area, and have research and development centres there. Shopify, SAP, Google, Oracle, Intel, McAfee, NCR Corporation, Electronic Arts and Agfa are among the large, international technology companies with development offices in Waterloo.

### Education and research

[edit]

Waterloo is home to two major universities, the University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University.

The city is also home to three well-known think tanks – the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an advanced centre for the study of foundational, theoretical physics and award-winning educational outreach in science; the Institute for Quantum Computing, based at the University of Waterloo, which carries out innovative research in the computer, engineering, mathematical and physical sciences; and the Centre for International Governance Innovation, an independent, nonpartisan think tank that addresses international governance challenges.

### Distilling and brewing

[edit]

Breweries and distilleries had been a significant industry in the Waterloo area until 1993 when a Labatt-owned brewery was shut down. The Brick Brewing Company operated in Waterloo but is now based in Kitchener. Waterloo was the original home of distiller Seagram (also the home town of many descendants of J.P. Seagram), which closed its Waterloo plant in 1992. Of the remaining Seagram buildings, one became home of the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), while others were converted into condominiums.

### Other

[edit]

The city encourages location filming of movies and TV series and many have taken advantage of Waterloo locations. Examples include Downsizing (released in 2017), The Demolisher (2015) and Degrassi: The Next Generation (2015).[81]

## Arts and culture

[edit]

See also: Kitchener, Ontario § Culture

Elizabeth Witmer taps a keg to begin 1996's KW Oktoberfest.

Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest is a nine-day Oktoberfest celebration held in both Kitchener and Waterloo.[82][83] It is the second largest Oktoberfest celebration in the world,[84] and the largest outside of Germany. In 2013, CBC reported that the festival receives over 700,000 annual visitors, has 1,780 volunteers, was broadcast to 1.8 million national television viewers, and generated an estimated $21 million of economic activity.[82] Tri-Pride is a non-profit LGBT pride festival held annually during Pride Month in the "tri-cities" of Cambridge, Kitchener and Waterloo.[85][86]

The Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony is located in Kitchener. According to their website, they perform over 222 concerts annually to an audience of over 90,000, both in the concert hall and across the Waterloo Region.[87] The Waterloo Busker Carnival is a busking festival held annually in August in Waterloo public square.[88][89] Admission is free, and the festival has been operating since 1989.[88] The Rainbow Reels Queer and Trans Film Festival is an annual LBGT film festival which screens at Princess Twin Cinemas in Uptown Waterloo.[90][91]

### Inactive or past

[edit]

The Waterloo Festival for Animated Cinema was an annual film festival dedicated to feature-length animation films.[92][93] It was held from 2001 to 2013. The International Olympiad in Informatics, a competitive programming competition for secondary school students, was held in Waterloo in 2010.[94]

### Attractions

[edit]

Perimeter Institute in Uptown

Waterloo's local tourist attractions and areas of interest include: the Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery, the Waterloo Central Railway, the City of Waterloo Museum,[95] a statue of monkeys entitled "Banana",[96] the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, the St. Jacobs Farmers' Market[97] (although the market is just outside city limits), University of Waterloo's Earth Sciences Museum, and Conestoga Mall.

## Recreation

[edit]

External interactive map

An interactive map created by the city, depicting the city's recreation facilities. Index: parks are outlined in thin green, outdoor skating rinks are cyan markers, cycling infrastructure are thick lines and trails are thick blue lines

Waterloo's parks and recreation facilities mainly comprise Waterloo Park, Bechtel Park, Laurel Creek Conservation Area, the Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex, RIM Park, and over 150 kilometres (93 mi) of mixed-use trails.

### Parks

[edit]

Created in 1890,[98] 45-hectare (110-acre) Waterloo Park is an urban park in Uptown Waterloo which includes an animal farm, sports fields, and a splash pad.[99] It is the oldest park in the city; the mixed-use Laurel Trail and the rapid transit Ion line both run through the park.[100] 44-hectare (110-acre) Bechtel Park is located in eastern Waterloo, and houses a dog park, three soccer fields, a field house, and more.[101] Laurel Creek Conservation Area is in western Waterloo—north-west of University of Waterloo's Environmental Reserve—and houses 122 campsites, 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) of trails, and facilities for canoeing, swimming, windsurfing, cycling, and sailing.[102][103]

The Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex

The Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex, then described as the "largest and most expensive project in the city's history", opened in 1993.[104] It includes an arena seating 3,500, swimming and banquet facilities, and an indoor track.[104] 123-hectare (300-acre) RIM Park, originally called Millennium Park, opened in September 2001.[105] Its features include outdoor soccer fields, ice rinks, baseball diamonds, basketball courts, meeting rooms and more.[105] RIM Park is in proximity to the Walter Bean Grand River Trail, Grey Silo Golf Course, and Waterloo Public Library's Eastside Branch.[105][106] There are a number of small playgrounds, woodlots, and recreation facilities around Waterloo which are not mentioned above due to their size.

### Mixed-use trails

[edit]

The Walter Bean Grand River Trail, with the Grand River seen in the background

Trails for walking, hiking, and biking play an important part in Waterloo's recreational infrastructure. Waterloo had 150 kilometres (93 mi) of trails by 2007, as compared to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of trails in 1987.[107] The 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) Iron Horse Trail, connecting Waterloo and Kitchener, opened in 1997.[108] Then-mayor Joan McKinnon brought upon the connection of the Trans Canada Trail into the Waterloo Region, which ran from the Iron Horse Trail to Waterloo's northern boundary.[107]

The 76-kilometre (47 mi)[109] Walter Bean Grand River Trail, announced in 1999, served to create an accessible trail along the Grand River.[107] Waterloo: An Illustrated History, 1857–2007 states, "[the trail] was particularly needed in Waterloo as the river's geographic location on the edge of the city meant that, unlike so many other Canadian cities, the river had not historically played a central role in the community."[107]

### Sports

[edit]

In July 2002, Waterloo, along with Kitchener, hosted the Ontario Summer Games.[110] The following sports teams are based in Waterloo: Waterloo Wildfire (National Ringette League), Waterloo Siskins (Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League), Waterloo United (League One Ontario), Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks, and Waterloo Warriors.

Sports teams of Waterloo  Team  | Sport  | League  | Venue  | Established  | Disestablished  | Championships

|
|
|
|
|
|

Kitchener-Waterloo Siskins | Ice hockey | Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League | Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex | 1934  |  | 12
K–W United FC | Association football | Premier Development League | University Stadium | 2011[g] | 2017  | 1
K-W United FC | Women's soccer | USL W-League | University Stadium | 2006[h] | 2014  | 0
SC Waterloo Region | Association football | Canadian Soccer League | Warrior Field
RIM Park | 2011  | 2020  | 1
Waterloo Hurricanes | Ice hockey | Ontario Hockey Association Junior A League | Waterloo Memorial Arena | 1950  | 1952  | 0
Waterloo United | Association football | League1 Ontario | RIM Park | 2021  |  | 0
Waterloo Wildfire  | Women's ringette | National Ringette League |  | 2004  |  | 0

## Government

[edit]

Waterloo City Hall

Waterloo was part of Waterloo County until 1973 when a restructuring created the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, which consists of the cities of Waterloo, Kitchener, and Cambridge, and the townships of Woolwich, Wilmot, Wellesley, and North Dumfries. The Region handles many services, including paramedic services, policing, waste management, recreation, planning, roads and social services.[111] The Waterloo Award, established in 1997, is the highest civic honour a person can receive from the City of Waterloo.[112]

Waterloo City Council consists of a mayor and seven councillors, each representing a ward. The number of wards was increased from five to seven in the November 2006 elections. As of 2022, the mayor of Waterloo is Dorothy McCabe, elected in October 2022. The current Waterloo councillors are as follows, as of 2022, listed by ascending ward number: Sandra Hanmer (Southwest Ward), Royce Bodaly (Northwest Ward), Hans Roach (Lakeshore Ward), Diane Freeman (Northeast Ward), Jen Vasic (Southeast Ward), Mary Lou Roe (Central-Columbia Ward), and Julie Wright (Uptown Ward).[113]

In politics, Waterloo is within the federal electoral district of Waterloo, and within the provincial electoral district also named Waterloo.

Waterloo federal election results[114] Year  | Liberal | Conservative | New Democratic | Green

|
|
|
|

| 2021 | 46% | 25,816 | 27%  | 15,521 | 19%  | 10,846 | 3%  | 1,934
2019 | 49% | 29,922 | 24%  | 14,681 | 15%  | 9,303 | 10%  | 5,928
Waterloo provincial election results[115] Year  | PC | New Democratic | Liberal | Green

|
|
|
|

| 2022 | 29%  | 12,414 | 46% | 19,616 | 14%  | 5,963 | 7%  | 2,954
2018 | 31%  | 15,974 | 51% | 26,243 | 12%  | 6,328 | 5%  | 2,473

## Transportation

[edit]

### Roads

[edit]

The road system and city limits of Waterloo

See also: List of numbered roads in Waterloo Region

The controlled-access Highway 85, part of the larger Conestoga Parkway, is the only provincial highway that runs through Waterloo. To the north, the divided freeway ends at the city limit, and the road becomes Waterloo Regional Road 85, which accesses St. Jacobs and Elmira, before ending in Elmira. To the south, Highway 85 becomes Highway 7 within Kitchener, before diverging into eastbound Highway 8 (to Cambridge, Highway 401 interchange, and Hamilton) and westbound Highway 7/8 (to New Hamburg, Stratford, and Goderich). Highway 85 has 5 interchanges within Waterloo, from north to south, with the regional road number in brackets: King Street (15), Northfield Drive (50), King Street (15), University Avenue (57), and Bridgeport Road (9).

### Public transport

[edit]

Main articles: Grand River Transit and Ion rapid transit

Ion unit 507 at Queen Station in 2018

Public transport throughout the Waterloo Region is provided by Grand River Transit (GRT), which provides service for various bus routes and the Ion rapid transit line. The Ion is a light rail line providing service to 19 stations, from Conestoga station (Conestoga Mall in Waterloo) to Fairway station (Fairview Park Mall in Kitchener). The line connects downtown Kitchener and uptown Waterloo. GRT operates local and express bus routes within Waterloo, with connections to Kitchener. Waterloo is served by GO buses which stop at the University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University, with destinations of Square One City Centre Terminal, Milton GO Station, and York University.

### Intercity rail

[edit]

Aerial photograph of the Region of Waterloo International Airport

Waterloo is not currently served by any regularly scheduled passenger rail service. The nearby Kitchener station is accessible from Waterloo through buses or a transfer from Ion's Kitchener Central Station. Kitchener station is serviced by the Kitchener line and the Corridor, operated by GO Transit and Via Rail respectively.[116][117] Both services are infrequent. On weekdays, the commuter rail GO trains run eastbound (to Toronto) nine times per day, and westbound eight times per day.[118] No Kitchener line trains are run on the weekends.[118] Including weekends, Via Rail operates one train per day, both westbound and eastbound.[116][119][120]

The non-profit tourist railway Waterloo Central Railway is a revival of the Waterloo-St. Jacobs Railway. It departs from the St. Jacobs Farmers Market and runs trains at 10 am, 12 pm, and 2 pm from April to November. The Waterloo Station continues to operate as a Visitor & Heritage Information Centre.[121]

### Air

[edit]

The Region of Waterloo International Airport in nearby Breslau serves Waterloo and the surrounding region, although it is not heavily served by scheduled airlines. Most air travellers use Toronto's Lester B. Pearson International Airport or John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport.[citation needed] As of 2022, the Region of Waterloo International Airport has year round flights to Calgary, Cancun, Charlottetown, Deer Lake, Edmonton, Halifax, Kelowna, Vancouver, and Winnipeg.[122] The airport has seasonal flights to Montreal and Ottawa.[122] As of 2022, the airport's airlines are Flair Airlines, Pivot Airlines, and WestJet.[122]

## Services

[edit]

### Health care

[edit]

St. Mary's General Hospital

There are no hospitals in Waterloo, but neighbouring Kitchener has Grand River Hospital (which has a secondary site, the Freeport Campus)[123] and St. Mary's General Hospital.[124] Both were ranked highly for safety in a national comparison study in 2017–2018, but would benefit from reduced wait times.[125] Long-term care beds are provided at numerous facilities.[126] Grand River Hospital has a capacity of 574 beds; the Freeport location was merged into it in April 1995.[127] St. Mary's General Hospital is a 150-bed adult acute-care facility and includes the Regional Cardiac Care Centre with two cardiovascular operating rooms, an eight-bed cardiovascular intensive care unit and 45 inpatient beds.[128][129]

Region of Waterloo Paramedic Services and Waterloo Fire Rescue respond to medical emergencies within the city of Waterloo. Region of Waterloo Paramedic Services may transport patients to either Grand River Hospital or St. Mary's General Hospital emergency departments, depending on proximity, anticipated wait times and the type of emergency.

Family doctors are often in short supply and a source of great concern among residents. Recruiting efforts over the previous 15 years achieved some success as of September 2018, but needed to be continued.[130]

### Libraries

[edit]

Main article: Waterloo Public Library

The entrance to Waterloo Public Library's Main Branch in 2002

The Waterloo Public Library was founded in 1888. As of 2022, the library has 4 branches (in order of opening): the Main Branch, the Albert McCormick Branch, the John M. Harper Branch and the Eastside Branch.[131] The Eastside Branch, opened May 7, 2022, is the newest branch built.[132] The $10-million library is built into the existing RIM Park Manulife Sportsplex and has around 35,000 books.[132]

### Fire protection

[edit]

Fire protection and rescue services are provided by Waterloo Fire Rescue, a service of the City of Waterloo. As of 2020, there are four active fire stations in Waterloo. Waterloo Fire Rescue responds to fires, medical emergencies, car accidents and chemical incidents.[133] (Region of Waterloo Paramedic Services also responds to medical emergencies.) When the two-tier regional government system was implemented in the early 1970s, police service was moved to the regional government, but fire service remained at the local municipality (city or township) level. From time to time, the media and interested parties raise the question of whether this service should remain at the city level, or whether there might be cost savings or service improvements if the various fire services were merged into regional fire service. A 2019 newspaper article stated that "there would likely be no cost savings, but service would improve under [a] regionalized system," in the view of some former fire chiefs.[134]

### Policing

[edit]

Waterloo Regional Police Service, the seventh-largest police service in the province of Ontario, provides general police service in the city of Waterloo.[135] The Waterloo Regional Police North Division is located at 45 Columbia Street East, Waterloo. Waterloo Regional Police also serve the municipalities of Kitchener and Cambridge and the Townships of Wellesley, Wilmot, Woolwich and North Dumfries. City of Waterloo bylaws controlling matters such as parking, weeds and noise are enforced by city bylaw enforcement officers.[136] The two universities each have special constables who are first responders to all emergencies at their respective university campuses. Special Constables may lay charges and/or make arrests under the same legal authority as police officers.[137] As of 2019, University of Waterloo Police Service had twenty-four Special Constables.[138][139] Wilfrid Laurier University also has a Special Constable Service. The Ontario Provincial Police patrols provincial highways.[140] Two homicides were reported in the Waterloo Region in 2021, neither of which was in the city of Waterloo.[141]

## Education

[edit]

See also: List of secondary schools in Ontario § Regional Municipality of Waterloo; and List of Waterloo Region, Ontario schools § Waterloo 2

The Waterloo Region District School Board is the region's public school board. As of 2022, in Waterloo, they run 21 elementary schools (see List of Waterloo Region, Ontario schools) and three secondary schools, which are Bluevale Collegiate Institute, Laurel Heights Secondary School, and Waterloo Collegiate Institute.[142] The Waterloo Catholic District School Board is the region's catholic school board. As of 2022, in Waterloo, they run 8 elementary schools[143] and one secondary school, which is St. David Catholic Secondary School.[144] There are a number of private and other schools not associated with the above boards, but there are no secondary schools in Waterloo unassociated with the boards.[145][146]

Waterloo is home to the following universities and colleges: the University of Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University, St. Jerome's University, St. Paul's University College, Conrad Grebel University College, Renison University College, and Conestoga College (based in Kitchener but has a Waterloo campus). The University of Waterloo is a public research university that saw 37,884 students in 2022.[147] The university has the largest post-secondary co-op program in the world[148] and ranked 151–200 in the world and 7–8 in Canada in the 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[149] Wilfrid Laurier University saw about 20,000 students in 2022, including its campuses in Brantford and Milton.[150]

## Media

[edit]

Main article: Media in Waterloo Region

The Waterloo Region Record is a daily newspaper that covers the Region of Waterloo,[151] while the Waterloo Chronicle covers the city;[152] both are published by Metroland Media Group. There are a number of FM radio stations that reach Waterloo, (see Media in Waterloo Region#Radio) although CKMS-FM is the only to broadcast out of the city.[153] CKGL (570 News) is the only AM radio station broadcasting from the Region.[153] CKCO-DT (CTV Kitchener) is the only television station that broadcasts from the Region.

## Notable people

[edit]

* Walter Bowman (born 1870), First non-British player to play in the English Football League.
* Lorna Geddes (born 1943), ballerina with National Ballet of Canada
* Nate Haller, country musician/singer
* Julie Karn (born 1996), soccer player
* Geoff Ward (born 1962), ice hockey coach

## See also

[edit]

* Ontario portal

* List of cities in Ontario

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation were recorded at Kitchener from October 1914 to December 1977 and at Region of Waterloo International Airport from March 1970 to present.[51][52]
2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
6. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
7. ^ the sports franchise was formed in 2011 and was relocated to Waterloo in 2013
8. ^ the sports franchise was formed in 2006 and was relocated to Waterloo in 2013

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bloomfield 1995, p. 146.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Statistics Canada (April 27, 2022). "Waterloo, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Ontario;Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo [Census metropolitan area], Ontario (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population". Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
3. ^ Town of Waterloo [@townwaterloo] (October 30, 2013). "Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest (prize = new bike). Entries accepted until Jan 31" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
4. ^ a b c "Waterloo's history". March 8, 2021. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
5. ^ a b McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 18–19.
6. ^ a b "Haldimand Proclamation, The Canadian Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on August 5, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
7. ^ a b c d McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 15.
8. ^ a b "History of Waterloo Township". Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
9. ^ a b "Our Proud History". City of Waterloo. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
10. ^ "Waterloo County GenWeb". Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
11. ^ "Waterloo Township". Waterloo Region Museum Research. Region of Waterloo. 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017. "To correct the situation, a formal agreement was arranged between Brant and Beasley. This arrangement allowed Beasley to sell the bulk of Block 2 in order to cover his mortgage obligations completely while giving the Mennonite buyers legal title to the land they had purchased. Beasley sold a 60,000-acre tract of land to the "German Company of Pennsylvania" represented by Daniel Erb and Samuel Bricker in November 1803. Beasley's sale to the German Company not only cleared him of mortgage debt but left him with 10,000 acres of Block 2 land which he continued to sell into the 1830s."
12. ^ a b "History" (PDF). Waterloo Historical Society 1930 Annual Meeting. Waterloo Historical Society. 1930. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
13. ^ a b c McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 16.
14. ^ "Erb-Kumpf House, 172 King Street South, Designated: February 19, 1979". City of Waterloo. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
15. ^ "Erb-Kumpf House". Canada's Historic Places. February 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
16. ^ "The Erb-Kumpf House". WRX Property Group. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
17. ^ "Erb-Kumpf House, 172 King Street South". Historic Waterloo. Archived from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
18. ^ "The Legacy of the 1820 Log Schoolhouse: Part II". Waterloo Heritage News. June 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
19. ^ a b Kraemer 2003, p. 36.
20. ^ "History of Waterloo Township". Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
21. ^ Kraemer 2003, p. 76.
22. ^ Mills, Rych (March 6, 2017). "Flash from the Past: Tracking Waterloo's mail". Waterloo Region Record. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
23. ^ Bloomfield 1995, p. 76.
24. ^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting all parts of The Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. pp. 205–206.
25. ^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting all parts of The Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. p. 15.
26. ^ Henry McEvoy (March 5, 1869). "The Province of Ontario Gazetteer and Directory: Containing Concise ..." Robertson & Cook – via Internet Archive.
27. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 57.
28. ^ "Cambridge and its Influence on Waterloo Region's Light Rail Transit". Waterloo Region. January 19, 2017. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
29. ^ Mills, Rych (January 10, 2017). "Flash From the Past: Preston Car and Coach goes up in smoke". Record. Kitchener. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
30. ^ "Flash From the Past: Faster, smoother, quieter trolleys take over King Street". Waterloo Region Record. January 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021. "From 1888 to 1947, Berlin/Kitchener and Waterloo had been connected by streetcars plying King Street. Initially powered by horses — but after 1895 by electricity via a single pole connecting with an overhead wire"
31. ^ a b c d McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 85.
32. ^ a b McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 84.
33. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 61.
34. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 63.
35. ^ a b c McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 69.
36. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 171.
37. ^ a b McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 174.
38. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 139.
39. ^ a b McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 140.
40. ^ a b c McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 141.
41. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, pp. 141–143.
42. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 143.
43. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, pp. 109–111.
44. ^ a b McLaughlin & Jaeger 1990, p. 144.
45. ^ "Rail plan passes". TheRecord. June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
46. ^ Jackson, James (September 26, 2018). "University of Waterloo researchers hoping to borrow corduroy road samples". Waterloo Region Record. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
47. ^ Jackson, James (May 10, 2018). "Corduroy road gives a glimpse into Waterloo's past". Waterloo Region Record. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
48. ^ "'It looked like a giant rib cage in the ground': The centuries-old origins of Silicon Valley north laid bare by LRT build". Canada's Historic Places. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
49. ^ "Public transit numbers on the rise since Ion launch in June". Keolis. November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
50. ^ "Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map". www.plantmaps.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
51. ^ a b "Kitchener". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
52. ^ a b "Kitchener/Waterloo". Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
53. ^ "Waterloo Wellington A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
54. ^ "Waterloo Wellington A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
55. ^ "Daily Data Report for August 1918". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
56. ^ "Daily Data Report for July 1941". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
57. ^ "Kitchener/Waterloo". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
58. ^ "Region of Waterloo Int'l A". Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
59. ^ Statistics Canada (October 22, 2003). "Waterloo, Ontario (Code3530016) (table). 2001 Community Profiles. 2001 Census". Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
60. ^ Statistics Canada (March 13, 2007). "Waterloo, Ontario (Code3530016) (table). 2006 Community Profiles. 2006 Census". Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
61. ^ Statistics Canada (October 24, 2012). "Waterloo, Ontario (Code 3530016) and Canada (Code 01) (table). Census Profile. 2011 Census. Census Profile. 2011 Census". Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
62. ^ Statistics Canada (November 29, 2017). "Waterloo, CY [Census subdivision], Ontario and Kitchener - Cambridge - Waterloo [Census metropolitan area], Ontario (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census". Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
63. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Waterloo, City". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
64. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
65. ^ Multiple ethnic/cultural origins can be reported
66. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
67. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
68. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
69. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
70. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
71. ^ a b Statistics Canada (November 29, 2017). "Waterloo, CY [Census subdivision], Ontario and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census". Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
72. ^ "Intelligent Community Awards 2007". Intelligent Community Forum. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
73. ^ a b "Riding profile". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
74. ^ a b "FY 2015 SEC Form 40" (PDF). Research In Motion Investor Relations. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
75. ^ "Investment prospectus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011. "Wilfrid Laurier University Staff Count"
76. ^ Elizabeth Bloomfield, Waterloo Township through Two Centuries, (Waterloo Historical Society, 1995), 442.
77. ^ "An insurance deal," The Globe, (11 February 1896), 5.
78. ^ "Economical will buy Waterloo firm," Kitchener Daily Record, (15 December 1936), 1.
79. ^ George W. Stark, The Best Policy: The Story of Standard Accident Insurance Company, (Powers, 1959), 162-3.
80. ^ Henry Koch, "Talking business," Kitchener–Waterloo Record, (6 April 1972), 22.
81. ^ "Waterloo Locations". IMDB. 2017. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
82. ^ a b Butler, Colin (October 11, 2013). "26 facts about Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest". Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
83. ^ "What to expect at the 2021 Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest". CTV Kitchener. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
84. ^ "PM Justin Trudeau taps the keg at K-W Oktoberfest". October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
85. ^ "Pride march celebrates LGBT community in Waterloo region". June 2, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
86. ^ "Tri-Pride Summer Festival returns to Kitchener's Victoria Park". CTV Kitchener. June 4, 2022. Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
87. ^ "About the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony". About - KW Symphony. Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
88. ^ a b "Buskers ready for a party". WaterlooChronicle.ca. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
89. ^ "Waterloo Busker Carnival making a comeback in 2022". CityNews Kitchener. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
90. ^ "Queer Film Festival coming to Waterloo: Rainbow Reels screening 12 films at Princess Twin". Waterloo Region Record, February 24, 2012.
91. ^ "17th Rainbow Reels film fest hopes to connect communities". October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
92. ^ "Some of filmmaking's true geniuses found in film animation". therecord.com. November 12, 2013. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
93. ^ Beck, Jerry (November 5, 2013). "Waterloo Festival Announces Its Showcase of Animated Features". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
94. ^ Mirror, Scarborough (August 27, 2010). "Double win for student at international competition". Toronto. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
95. ^ "City of Waterloo Museum". August 10, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
96. ^ "Eye-catching primate sculpture unveiled outside new condo at former Brick Brewery". July 16, 2020. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
97. ^ "A new kind of strawberry social at the farmers' market". THE OBSERVER. June 2, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
98. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 214.
99. ^ "Waterloo Park". waterloo.ca. June 2023.
100. ^ "$2.5-million trail project in Waterloo Park now complete". therecord.com. July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
101. ^ "Bechtel Park". www.waterloo.ca. February 9, 2023.
102. ^ "Camping at Laurel Creek Conservation Area". Explore Waterloo Region. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
103. ^ "Laurel Creek". www.grandriver.ca. May 31, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
104. ^ a b McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 193–194.
105. ^ a b c McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 195.
106. ^ Versolatto, Tegan (December 17, 2019). "Design revealed for Waterloo's $10M east side library branch". Kitchener. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
107. ^ a b c d McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 193.
108. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 191.
109. ^ Arial, Tracey (2005). Hiking in Ontario (2 ed.). Montréal: Éditions Ulysse. p. 113\. ISBN 2-89464-683-6. OCLC 57339561.
110. ^ McLaughlin & Jaeger 2007, pp. 194.
111. ^ "Get to Know Us During Local Government Week". Waterloo Region. October 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
112. ^ "Waterloo Award". The City of Waterloo. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
113. ^ "City council". www.waterloo.ca. June 10, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
114. ^ "Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Waterloo)". Elections Canada. May 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
115. ^ "Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in Waterloo)". Election Ontario. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
116. ^ a b "Via Rail blames low ridership for cuts to Kitchener service". therecord.com. June 29, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
117. ^ "Train routes in Ontario and Quebec - Quebec-Windsor Corridor | VIA Rail". www.viarail.ca. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
118. ^ a b GO Transit. "Kitchener: GO Train and Bus Schedule" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
119. ^ "Train Schedule: Toronto - London - Sarnia | VIA Rail". www.viarail.ca. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
120. ^ "Train Schedule: Sarnia - London - Toronto | VIA Rail". www.viarail.ca. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
121. ^ "Visitor and Heritage Information Centre". www.waterloo.ca. July 16, 2021. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
122. ^ a b c "Destinations". www.waterlooairport.ca. July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
123. ^ "Freeport Campus: 3570 King Street East, Kitchener". GRH. November 15, 2017. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
124. ^ "Hospitals". Region of Waterloo. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
125. ^ "Waterloo Region hospitals rank well on readmissions, but wait times need work". Waterloo Region Record. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2018. "Area hospitals ranked well in patient readmissions, but wait times need improving."
126. ^ "Long-Term Care Homes - Kitchener–Waterloo–Wellesley–Wilmot–Woolwich". Health Line. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
127. ^ "About GRH". GRH. November 15, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
128. ^ "Regional Cardiac Care Centre". SMGH. September 15, 2018. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
129. ^ "About Us". SMGH. September 15, 2018. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
130. ^ "Doctor recruitment an ongoing issue in Waterloo Region". Waterloo Region Record. September 18, 2018. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2018. "Although recruitment efforts over the past 15 years or so have brought many new physicians to the area, many residents are without a family doctor."
131. ^ "Locations and Hours". Waterloo Public Library. February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
132. ^ a b "Waterloo's new Eastside library opens May 7". therecord.com. April 5, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
133. ^ "Fire and emergency services". City of Waterloo. June 24, 2019. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
134. ^ Jackson, Adam; Jackson, Bill (March 18, 2019). "Region of Waterloo Fire Department? It's a possibility". Waterloo Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
135. ^ "About Us". Waterloo Regional Police. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
136. ^ "Bylaws and enforcement". www.waterloo.ca. City of Waterloo. March 4, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
137. ^ "Special Constable Service | Students - Wilfrid Laurier University". students.wlu.ca. Wilfrid Laurier University. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
138. ^ "University of Waterloo Police Service 2019 Annual Report" (PDF). University of Waterloo. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
139. ^ Rushowy, Kristin (August 2, 2019). "No 'cops' on campus: New law says special constables can't be called 'police'". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
140. ^ "Ontario Provincial Police - What we do". Ontario Provincial Police. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
141. ^ "Rate of homicides in Waterloo Region 'well below' national average". therecord.com. January 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022. "Last year's homicides were reported on Paulander Drive [Kitchener] and Powell Road in Wellesley Township."
142. ^ "School List". Waterloo Region District School Board. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
143. ^ "Elementary Schools – Waterloo Catholic District School Board". Retrieved July 25, 2022.
144. ^ "Secondary Schools – Waterloo Catholic District School Board". Retrieved July 25, 2022.
145. ^ "Fraser Institute - School Ranking". www.compareschoolrankings.org. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
146. ^ "Waterloo Schools". New To Waterloo. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
147. ^ "Student Headcounts". Institutional Analysis & Planning. June 2, 2015. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
148. ^ "The world's largest co-op program". Ontario's Universities. November 10, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
149. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
150. ^ "About Laurier | Wilfrid Laurier University". www.wlu.ca. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
151. ^ "About Us". therecord.com. January 19, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
152. ^ "Waterloo Chronicle About Us". www.waterloochronicle.ca. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
153. ^ a b "Radio stations in Kitchener, ON". World Radio Map.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Bloomfield, Elizabeth (1995). Waterloo Township Through Two Centuries. Kitchener: Waterloo Historical Society. ISBN 0-9699719-0-7.
* Kraemer, George Leo (2003). Faith and foundations : the Germanic pioneers of Waterloo County and Bruce County Ontario, 1828-1867. Moncton, N.B.: Gogol Press. ISBN 0-9733832-0-8. OCLC 60833126.
* McLaughlin, Kenneth; Jaeger, Sharon (1990). Waterloo: An Illustrated History. Waterloo: City of Waterloo. ISBN 978-0897811125.
* McLaughlin, Kenneth; Jaeger, Sharon (2007). Waterloo: An Illustrated History, 1857–2007. Waterloo: City of Waterloo. ISBN 978-0-9691175-1-3.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waterloo, Ontario.

* Waterloo, Ontario travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Waterloo, Ontario

History|

* Oldest buildings
* Abraham Erb

Politics|

* City Council
* Mayors

Education|

* Conestoga College
* University of Waterloo
* Conrad Grebel University College
* Renison University College
* St. Jerome's University
* United College
* Wilfrid Laurier University
* Martin Luther University College

Culture|

* Oktoberfest
* Brubacher House
* Canadian Clay and Glass Gallery
* City of Waterloo Museum
* Waterloo Public Library

Transportation|

* King Street
* Conestoga Parkway
* Grand River Transit
* Ion rapid transit
* Stations

Recreation|

* Waterloo Park
* Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex
* RIM Park
* Laurel Creek Conservation Area
* Iron Horse Trail
* Spurline Trail
* Walter Bean Grand River Trail

List of municipalities in Ontario

Places adjacent to Waterloo, Ontario

| Wellesley | Woolwich |

|
|

|  |

Waterloo

| Woolwich
|  |
Wilmot |  | Kitchener

Districts within Waterloo

| Beechwood, Laurelwood, Laurel Creek Village, Columbia Forest, Upper Beechwood, Erbsville | Northdale, Lakeshore North, Lakeshore, Conservation Meadows | Eastbridge, Colonial Acres, Lincoln Village, Lexington, Carriage Crossing, Country Squire

|
|

|  |
Vista Hills, Clair Hills, Beechwood West, Maple Hills, Westvale |

Uptown Waterloo

| Lincoln Heights, University Downs, Kiwanis Park Estates
|  |
Westmount | Mary-Allen |

* v
* t
* e

Regional Municipality of Waterloo

Cities|

* Cambridge
* Kitchener
* Waterloo

Townships|

* North Dumfries
* Wellesley
* Wilmot
* Woolwich

Unincorporated
communities|

* Ayr
* Baden
* Breslau
* Conestogo
* Elmira
* Floradale
* Hawkesville
* Haysville
* Hespeler
* New Dundee
* New Hamburg
* New Prussia
* Maryhill
* North Woolwich
* Preston
* Punkeydoodles Corners
* Roseville
* St. Jacobs
* Weissenburg
* West Montrose
* Winterbourne
* Zuber Corners

Regional services|

* Grand River Transit
* Ion rapid transit
* Region of Waterloo International Airport
* Waterloo Regional Police
* Waterloo Paramedic

Overview topics|

* Media
* roads
* schools

* See also: Communities in Waterloo Region
* Census divisions of Ontario
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Great Lakes megalopolis as defined by the RPA

Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.

Great Lakes region cities|

* Brantford
* Buffalo–Niagara Falls
* Buffalo
* Niagara Falls
* Chicago
* city
* Cleveland
* city
* Detroit
* city
* Erie
* city
* Grand Rapids
* city
* Guelph
* Green Bay
* city
* Hamilton
* Holland
* Kalamazoo
* city
* Kenosha
* Lansing
* city
* London
* Milwaukee
* city
* Muskegon
* Niagara Region
* St. Catharines
* Niagara Falls
* Welland
* Niles
* Oshawa
* Rochester, New York
* city
* South Bend
* city
* Toledo
* city
* Toronto
* city
* Traverse City
* city
* Waterloo Region
* Kitchener
* Cambridge
* Waterloo
* Windsor

Surrounding cities|

* Akron
* city
* Altoona
* Ann Arbor
* Barrie
* Bloomington, Indiana
* city
* Bloomington–Normal
* Bloomington, Illinois
* Normal
* Canton
* city
* Champaign
* city
* Cincinnati
* city
* Columbus
* city
* Dayton
* city
* Eau Claire
* city
* Elkhart
* Flint
* Fort Wayne
* city
* Fox Cities
* Appleton
* Oshkosh
* Indianapolis
* city
* Jackson
* Janesville–Beloit
* Kankakee
* city
* La Crosse–Onalaska
* La Crosse
* Onalaska
* Lafayette
* city
* Madison
* city
* Mahoning Valley
* Youngstown
* Minneapolis–Saint Paul
* Minneapolis
* Saint Paul
* Pittsburgh
* city
* Peoria
* city
* Peterborough
* Rockford
* city
* Rochester, Minnesota
* city
* St. Cloud
* city
* Saginaw
* city
* Springfield
* city
* Terre Haute
* city
* Quad Cities
* Bettendorf
* Davenport
* East Moline
* Moline
* Rock Island

Cities of states south of region|

* Elizabethtown
* city
* Kansas City
* city
* Louisville
* city
* St. Louis
* city
* Topeka
* city

Other metro-regions|

* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Golden Horseshoe
* Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area
* Detroit–Windsor
* Greater Pittsburgh
* Metro East

Other megaregions

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Yale LUX

*[Pop.]: Population
*[%]: percentage
*[n.i.e.]: not included elsewhere
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template