Weight throw

Sports

Weight throw (Highland games version) at 2002 Celtic Festival

Weight throw (or Weight for distance) is a traditional strength sport and throwing event derived from ancient Scottish Highland games. Unlike its other counterpart, the Weight over bar which involves a stationary pendulum like swing for height, the Weight throw involves a full body rotation and throwing of a metal ball attached to a handle via a chain, for the furthest distance. It has been used both in Highland games (Scottish Gaelic: caitheamh cuideam) as well as in track and field.

Highland games version permits the use of only one hand, and the athletes are required to rotate and throw under two disciplines: either 12.5 kg (28 lb) (light version/ light weight) or 25.5 kg (56 lb) (heavy version/ heavy weight), both for distance. For women, the weights differ, with 6.5 kg (14 lb) for light weight and 12.5 kg (28 lb) for heavy weight, while for masters and junior men categories, the weight commonly used is 19 kg (42 lb).

In the track and field version (which is most popular in the United States as an indoor equivalent to the hammer throw), the athletes are permitted to use both hands and the athletes are required to rotate and throw 16 kg (35 lb) for men and 9 kg (20 lb) for women for distance. However, it is not recognized by World Athletics, despite being included twice in 1904 and 1920 Olympic games.

## Highland games version

[edit]

An athlete releasing the weight during the Weight throw event at Austin Celtic festival Highland games.

In the Highland Games, the weight throw consists of two separate events, the light weight and the heavy weight. In both cases, the implement consists of a steel or lead weight (usually spherical or cylindrical) attached by a short chain to a metal handle. The handle may be a d-ring, a triangle or a ring. The size of the weight depends on the class of the competition.

For open class male athletes, the light weight is 28 lb, or two stone (12.7 kg). The heavy weight is 56 lb, or four stone (25.4 kg). For male master class or senior athletes, the weights are 28 and 42 lb (13 and 19 kg). For all female athletes, the weights are 14 and 28 lb (6.4 and 12.7 kg) for the light and heavy versions, respectively. Athletics Ireland also recognizes 35 lb (15.9 kg) as the weight for men below 18 years.[1][2][3]

The weight is thrown from a rectangular (4.5 feet by 9 feet) area behind a toe board or trig. The athlete must stay behind the trig at all times during the throw. The techniques vary, but usually involve a turning or spinning motion to increase momentum before the release. Each athlete gets three attempts, with places determined by the best throw.

### World records

[edit]

* Light weight 12.5 kg (28 lb) for 29.76 metres (97 ft 8 in) by Spencer Tyler (2019 US Invitational Pleasanton)[4]
* Heavy weight 25.5 kg (56 lb) for 15.62 metres (51 ft 3 in) by Spencer Tyler (2019 New Hampshire Highland Games)[4]

→ Having broken the two records a combined seven times (four times with the light weight and three times with the heavy weight), Tyler is widely regarded as the undisputed greatest of all time at this event. Some other all-time greats of the two disciplines who have held both records are Francis Brebner, Hamish Davidson and Bill Anderson.[5]

### Progression of the world records

[edit]

#### Light weight 12.5 kg (28 lb)

[edit]

Distance  | Holder  | Year  | Location

|
|
|

26.56 metres (87 ft 2 in)  |  Bill Anderson | 1966 | Crieff, Scotland
27.08 metres (88 ft 10 in)  |  Hamish Davidson | 1978 | (To be confirmed)
27.74 metres (91 ft 0 in)  |  Geoff Capes | 1983 | Drumtochty, Scotland
28.65 metres (94 ft 0 in)  |  Geoff Capes | 1987 | Kilbirnie, Scotland
28.67 metres (94 ft 1 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1996 | Anne Arundel, Maryland, USA
28.81 metres (94 ft 6 in)  |  Matt Sandford | 1999 | Estes Park, Colorado, USA
29.21 metres (95 ft 10 in)  |  Gregor Edmunds | 2011 | Markinch, Scotland
29.29 metres (96 ft 1 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2018 | Topeka, Kansas, USA
29.42 metres (96 ft 6 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2018 | (To be confirmed)
29.58 metres (97 ft 1 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2019 | Long Beach, California, USA
29.76 metres (97 ft 8 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2019 | Pleasanton, California, USA

#### Heavy weight 25.5 kg (56 lb)

[edit]

Distance  | Holder  | Year  | Location

|
|
|

12.77 metres (41 ft 11 in)  |  Bill Anderson | 1969 | Aboyne, Scotland
13.28 metres (43 ft 7 in)  |  Hamish Davidson | 1981 | (To be confirmed)
13.30 metres (43 ft 8 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1990 | Tomintoul, Scotland
13.34 metres (43 ft 9 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1991 | Dufftown, Scotland
13.95 metres (45 ft 9 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1992 | Tomintoul, Scotland
14.28 metres (46 ft 10 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1993 | Tomintoul, Scotland
14.45 metres (47 ft 5 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1996 | Tomintoul, Scotland
14.58 metres (47 ft 10 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1998 | Tomintoul, Scotland
14.63 metres (48 ft 0 in)  |  Karl Dodge | 1998 | Kiowa, Colorado, USA
14.65 metres (48 ft 1 in)  |  Francis Brebner | 1999 | Tomintoul, Scotland
14.88 metres (48 ft 10 in)  |  Ryan Vierra | 2002 | Stone Mountain, Georgia, USA
14.99 metres (49 ft 2 in)  |  Ryan Vierra | 2005 | Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
15.14 metres (49 ft 8 in)  |  Eric Frasure | 2005 | Huntersville, North Carolina, USA
15.19 metres (49 ft 10 in)  |  Eric Frasure | 2008 | Portland, Oregon, USA
15.27 metres (50 ft 1 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2016 | Portland, Oregon, USA
15.58 metres (51 ft 1 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2018 | Columbus, Ohio, USA
15.62 metres (51 ft 3 in)  |  Spencer Tyler | 2019 | Lincoln, New Hampshire, USA

## Track and field version

[edit]

John Flannigan throwing the 56-pound weight at the 1904 Olympics.

The Weight throw has been featured twice under the name of '56 pound weight throw' at the Olympic Games.

First was in 1904 Summer Olympics held in St. Louis, and then in 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp. Étienne Desmarteau and Pat McDonald emerged champions respectively.

### Furthest throws in history

[edit]

Key:

* O = Outdoor performance
* A = affected by altitude

#### Men

[edit]

Rank  | Result  | Athlete  | Nationality  | Date  | Place  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | 26.35 m (86 ft 5+1⁄4 in) A | Daniel Haugh |  United States  | 16 February 2024  | Albuquerque | [6]
2  | 25.86 m (84 ft 10 in)  | Lance Deal |  United States  | 4 March 1995  | Atlanta |
3  | 25.68 m (84 ft 3 in)  | Libor Charfreitag |  Slovakia  | 5 March 2005  | Sterling |
4  | 25.58 m (83 ft 11 in)  | Michael Lihrman  |  United States  | 28 February 2015  | Geneva |
5  | 25.31 m (83 ft 1⁄4 in) A | Conor McCullough |  United States  | 14 February 2020  | Albuquerque  | [7]
6  | 25.18 m (82 ft 7+1⁄4 in)  | A. G. Kruger |  United States  | 20 January 2012  | Findlay |
7  | 25.17 m (82 ft 6+3⁄4 in) O  | Jüri Tamm |  Estonia  | 11 July 1992  | Mäntyharju | [8]
8  | 25.12 m (82 ft 4+3⁄4 in)  | Kibwé Johnson |  United States  | 24 February 2008  | Boston |
9  | 25.08 m (82 ft 3+1⁄4 in)  | Daniel Reynolds  |  United States  | 14 March 2025  | Virginia Beach | [9]
10  | 24.72 m (81 ft 1 in)  | Scott Russell |  Canada  | 8 February 2002  | Ames |
11  | 24.60 m (80 ft 8+1⁄2 in) A | Daniel Roberts |  United States  | 14 February 2020  | Albuquerque  | [7]
12  | 24.49 m (80 ft 4 in)  | Trey Knight  |  United States  | 14 March 2025  | Virginia Beach | [9]
13  | 24.48 m (80 ft 3+3⁄4 in)  | Jake Freeman |  United States  | 12 February 2009  | Riverdale |
Ryan Johnson  |  United States  | 14 March 2025  | Virginia Beach | [9]
15  | 24.46 m (80 ft 2+3⁄4 in)  | Thomas Mardal |  Norway  | 11 March 2021  | Fayetteville | [10]
16  | 24.45 m (80 ft 2+1⁄2 in) A | Israel Oloyede  |  United States  | 22 January 2022  | Albuquerque  | [11]
17  | 24.43 m (80 ft 1+3⁄4 in)  | Andras Haklits |  Croatia  | 9 March 2001  | Fayetteville | [12]
18  | 24.42 m (80 ft 1+1⁄4 in) A | Alex Young |  United States  | 14 February 2020  | Albuquerque  | [7]
19  | 24.41 m (80 ft 1 in) A | Isaiah Rogers  |  United States  | 16 February 2024  | Albuquerque  | [13]
20  | 24.40 m (80 ft 1⁄2 in)  | Garland Porter  |  United States  | 4 February 2011  | Findlay |
21  | 24.39 m (80 ft 0 in)  | Chukwuebuka Enekwechi |  Nigeria  | 13 February 2015  | West Lafayette  |
Jud Logan |  United States  | 28 February 1992  | Princeton |
Kenneth Ikeji |  Great Britain  | 24 February 2024  | Cambridge | [14]
24  | 24.38 m (79 ft 11+3⁄4 in) A O  | Cory Martin |  United States  | 27 February 2010  | Albuquerque  |
24.38 m (79 ft 11+3⁄4 in)  | Gleb Dudarev |  Belarus  | 23 January 2020  | Lawrence |

##### Notes

[edit]

Below is a list of additional performances (excluding ancillary throws) equal or superior to 24.48 m:

* Lance Deal also threw 25.48 m (83 ft 7 in) (1996), 25.41 m (83 ft 4+1⁄4 in) (1991), 24.90 m (81 ft 8+1⁄4 in) (1995), 24.84 m (81 ft 5+3⁄4 in) (1993) and 24.82 m (81 ft 5 in) (1993).
* Daniel Haugh also threw 25.44 m (83 ft 5+1⁄2 in) A (2023), 25.04 m (82 ft 1+3⁄4 in) A (2020), 24.93 m (81 ft 9+1⁄4 in) (2022), 24.70 m (81 ft 1⁄4 in) (2020).
* Libor Charfreitag also threw 25.28 m (82 ft 11+1⁄4 in) (2005), 25.26 m (82 ft 10+1⁄4 in) (2008), 25.03 m (82 ft 1+1⁄4 in) (2003), 24.88 m (81 ft 7+1⁄2 in) (2011), 24.86 m (81 ft 6+1⁄2 in) (2003) and 24.68 m (80 ft 11+1⁄2 in) (2005).
* Kibwé Johnson also threw 25.08 m (82 ft 3+1⁄4 in) (2007).
* Alfred Kruger also threw 24.99 m (81 ft 11+3⁄4 in) (2010), 24.78 m (81 ft 3+1⁄2 in) (2007) and 24.68 m (80 ft 11+1⁄2 in) (2012).
* Mike Lihrman also threw 24.91 m (81 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (2015).
* Conor McCullough also threw 24.48 m (80 ft 3+3⁄4 in) (2018).

#### Women

[edit]

Rank  | Result  | Athlete  | Nationality  | Date  | Place  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | 26.02 m (85 ft 4+1⁄4 in) A | DeAnna Price |  United States  | 17 February 2023  | Albuquerque | [15]
2  | 25.73 m (84 ft 4+3⁄4 in) A | Erin Reese |  United States  | 17 February 2024  | Albuquerque  | [16]
3  | 25.60 m (83 ft 11+3⁄4 in) A | Gwen Berry |  United States  | 4 March 2017  | Albuquerque  | [17]
25.60 m (83 ft 11+3⁄4 in)  | Janeah Stewart |  United States  | 21 January 2023  | Nashville  | [18]
5  | 25.56 m (83 ft 10+1⁄4 in)  | Brittany Riley |  United States  | 10 March 2007  | Fayetteville |
6  | 25.55 m (83 ft 9+3⁄4 in)  | Shey Taiwo  |  United States  | 11 March 2022  | Birmingham  | [19]
7  | 25.32 m (83 ft 3⁄4 in)  | Oyesade Olatoye |  Nigeria  | 10 February 2023  | Nashville  | [20]
8  | 25.19 m (82 ft 7+1⁄2 in)  | Rachel Tanczos  |  United States  | 3 February 2024  | Notre Dame  | [21]
9  | 25.07 m (82 ft 3 in) A | Brooke Andersen |  United States  | 4 February 2023  | State College |
10  | 24.94 m (81 ft 9+3⁄4 in)  | Jasmine Mitchell  |  United States  | 11 March 2022  | Birmingham  | [19]
11  | 24.80 m (81 ft 4+1⁄4 in)  | Jalani Davis |  United States  | 7 March 2024  | Boston | [22]
12  | 24.78 m (81 ft 3+1⁄2 in) A | Amber Campbell |  United States  | 25 February 2012  | Albuquerque  |
24.78 m (81 ft 3+1⁄2 in)  | Annette Echikunwoke |  United States  | 16 February 2018  | Columbus | [23]
14  | 24.46 m (80 ft 2+3⁄4 in)  | Erin Gilreath |  United States  | 25 February 2005  | Boston |
15  | 24.37 m (79 ft 11+1⁄4 in)  | Kaitlyn Long  |  United States  | 24 February 2018  | Geneva | [24]
16  | 24.24 m (79 ft 6+1⁄4 in)  | Jeneva Stevens |  United States  | 19 January 2018  | Nashville | [25]
17  | 24.22 m (79 ft 5+1⁄2 in) A | Felisha Johnson |  United States  | 4 March 2017  | Albuquerque  |
24.22 m (79 ft 5+1⁄2 in)  | Annie Nabwe  |  United States  | 28 February 2025  | Indianapolis | [26]
19  | 24.21 m (79 ft 5 in)  | Candice Scott |  Trinidad and Tobago  | 27 February 2005  | Fayetteville |
20  | 24.06 m (78 ft 11 in)  | Stamatía Skarvélis  |  Greece  | 23 February 2019  | Fayetteville | [27]
Camryn Rogers |  Canada  | 11 March 2022  | Birmingham  | [19]
22  | 24.05 m (78 ft 10+3⁄4 in)  | Janee' Kasanavoid  |  United States  | 21 January 2022  | Manhattan |
23  | 24.04 m (78 ft 10+1⁄4 in)  | Jennifer Dahlgren |  Argentina  | 10 March 2006  | Fayetteville |
24.04 m (78 ft 10+1⁄4 in) A | Jessica Ramsey |  United States  | 4 March 2017  | Albuquerque  |
25  | 23.83 m (78 ft 2 in)  | Elisia Lancaster  |  United States  | 19 January 2024  | Bloomington | [28]

##### Notes

[edit]

Below is a list of additional (indoor) performances (excluding ancillary throws) equal or superior to 24.20 m:

* Gwen Berry also threw 25.27 m (82 ft 10+3⁄4 in) (2018), 24.85 m (81 ft 6+1⁄4 in) (2018), 24.77 m (81 ft 3 in) (2017), 24.70 m (81 ft 1⁄4 in) (2013), 24.51 m (80 ft 4+3⁄4 in) (2016) and 24.39 m (80 ft 0 in) (2014).
* Brittany Riley also threw 25.34 m (83 ft 1+1⁄2 in) (2008), 25.12 m (82 ft 4+3⁄4 in) (2012), 24.57 m (80 ft 7+1⁄4 in) (2007) and 24.35 m (79 ft 10+1⁄2 in) (2012).
* Shey Taiwo also threw 25.19 m (82 ft 7+1⁄2 in) (2022).
* Janeah Stewart also threw 25.08 m (82 ft 3+1⁄4 in) (2019), 25.05 m (82 ft 2 in) (2020), 24.82 m (81 ft 5 in) (2019), 24.80 m (81 ft 4+1⁄4 in) (2019), 24.62 m (80 ft 9+1⁄4 in) (2020), 24.58 m (80 ft 7+1⁄2 in) (2020), 24.29 m (79 ft 8+1⁄4 in) (2024) and 24.20 m (79 ft 4+3⁄4 in) (2023).
* Brooke Andersen also threw 24.97 m (81 ft 11 in) (2023), 24.53 m (80 ft 5+1⁄2 in) (2024), 24.35 m (79 ft 10+1⁄2 in) (2024).
* Erin Reese also threw 24.93 m (81 ft 9+1⁄4 in) (2021), 24.34 m (79 ft 10+1⁄4 in) (2023).
* DeAnna Price also threw 24.71 m (81 ft 3⁄4 in) (2020), 24.57 m (80 ft 7+1⁄4 in) (2019), 24.52 m (80 ft 5+1⁄4 in) (2019), 24.51 m (80 ft 4+3⁄4 in) (2018) and 24.30 m (79 ft 8+1⁄2 in) A (2017).
* Amber Campbell also threw 24.70 m (81 ft 1⁄4 in) (2010), 24.54 m (80 ft 6 in) (2007), 24.43 m (80 ft 1+3⁄4 in) (2009), 24.33 m (79 ft 9+3⁄4 in) (2016) and 24.32 m (79 ft 9+1⁄4 in) (2010).
* Jalani Davis also threw 24.63 m (80 ft 9+1⁄2 in) (2023), 24.51 m (80 ft 4+3⁄4 in) A (2023).
* Rachel Tanczos also threw 24.58 m (80 ft 7+1⁄2 in) (2023), 24.32 m (79 ft 9+1⁄4 in) (2024).
* Annette Echikunwoke also threw 24.56 m (80 ft 6+3⁄4 in) (2023).
* Oyesade Olatoye also threw 24.46 m (80 ft 2+3⁄4 in) (2019).

Note that Gwen Berry threw 24.35 m in 2016 but the performance was annulled due to violation of anti-doping procedures[29]

### Other international competitions

[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Weight-throwing".

The event, held outdoors and indoors, is a World Championship and world record event in World Masters Athletics. Outdoors, it is also the final event of the Throws pentathlon. Masters athletics has different weight specifications for different age groups.[30]

### As an indoor event

[edit]

The weight throw is an indoor track and field event, predominately in the US. The technique implemented to throw the weight is similar to that of the hammer throw in outdoor competition. In international competition, the men's weight is a 35 lb ball (25 for high school) with a D-ring or triangle handle attached directly to the weight. The technique in wide use is to start in a throwing circle with the thrower's back to the landing area. The weight is then swung overhead to gain momentum before transitioning into the spinning position. The thrower then turns heel to toe up to four times across the ring and toward the front of the circle. At the front of the circle, the thrower releases the weight over his/her shoulder and into the landing area. The landing area is a sector of 34.92° which is identical to the Hammer throw, Discus throw and Shot Put. Because of the demands of the landing area, USATF rules allow for the event as part of an indoor meet to be held outdoors. The world best for men is 25.41 m (outdoor) and 25.86 m (84 ft 10 in) (indoor) and is held by American Lance Deal. For women, who throw a weight of 20 lb, the world best is 24.57 m (80 ft 7+1⁄2 in) (outdoor) set by Brittany Riley of Southern Illinois University on 27 January 2007 and 25.60 m (indoor), by Gwen Berry, on 4 March 2017.

The weight throw event has had an enduring history in American track and field. It was a national championship event for men outdoors from 1878 to 1965.[31] Despite the decline of such outdoor contests in the United States, the event has been a mainstay of the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships: the men's 35 lb event has been held from 1932 to present and a women's 20 lb weight throw event was introduced in 1991.[32][33] The weight throw is also present on the event programme of the NCAA Men's and NCAA Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships.

The Superweight Throw uses implements similar in construction to the regular weight throw but with heavier implements. The event was part of two Olympic Games in 1904 and 1920.[34][35] Though no longer officially sanctioned by World Athletics, it still is contested as a novelty event at various competitions, including the USATF Master's Indoor Championship.[36]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Competition Rule Book 2010 – 2012" (PDF). Athletics Ireland. 24 August 2011. pp. 12, 22, 33. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
2. ^ "Roll of Honour - Irish Athletics Champions 1861 - 2023" (PDF). www.athleticsireland.ie.
3. ^ "Men's Senior Outdoor Records". Athletics Ireland AAI. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
4. ^ a b "STRENGTH RECORD, Section 06 - Throwing". www.strengthrecord.com. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
5. ^ Francis Brebner and the team (31 January 2001). "Highland Games Record Progressions". www.highlandgames.net. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
6. ^ Andrew Greif (17 February 2024). "World 60m hurdles records for Holloway and Jones in Albuquerque". World Athletics. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
7. ^ a b c "Albuquerque -NM- (United States), 14-15.2.2010 -USATF Championships-". trackinsun.blogspot.com. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
8. ^ "All Time World Rankings – Weight Throw". mastersathletics.net. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
9. ^ a b c "Weight Throw Results" (PDF). flasresults.ncaa.com. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
10. ^ "Weight Throw Results". Track & Field Results Reporting System (TFRRS). 11 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
11. ^ "Weight Throw Result". tfrrs.org. 22 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
12. ^ "NCAA Division I Championships 2001 Men's Results". flashresults.com. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
13. ^ "Weight Throw Results". World Athletics. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
14. ^ "Weight Throw Result". Track & Field Results Reporting System (TFRRS). 24 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
15. ^ "Weight throw world bests put spotlight on field events on day two of USATF indoor championships". USATF. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
16. ^ Andrew Greif (18 February 2024). "Lyles pips Coleman to claim US indoor 60m crown". World Athletics. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
17. ^ Jon Hendershott (5 March 2017). "Lyles clocks world indoor 300m best in Albuquerque". IAAF. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
18. ^ "Weight Throw Results". Track & Field Results Reporting System (TFRRS). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
19. ^ a b c "Weight Throw Result" (PDF). Flash Results. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
20. ^ "Sade Olatoye sets new Nigerian Record, becomes fifth-best weight thrower in world history". 11 February 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
21. ^ "Weight Throw Results". World Athletics. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
22. ^ "Weight Throw Results" (PDF). flashresults.com. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
23. ^ "Echikunwoke Throws Her Way to No. 2 All-Time in NCAA History". gobearcats.com. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
24. ^ "Weight Throw Results". timerhub.com. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
25. ^ "Weight Throw Results". cfpitiming.com. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
26. ^ "Weight Throw Results". World Athletics. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
27. ^ "Weight Throw Results" (PDF). flashresults.com. 23 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
28. ^ "Weight Throw Results". Track & Field Results Reporting System (TFRRS). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
29. ^ "Gwen Berry Accepts Rule Violation Sanction | USADA". 13 June 2016.
30. ^ "Appendix A - WMA Hurdles and Implement Specifications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
31. ^ USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions. USATF. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
32. ^ USA Indoor Track & Field Champions – Men's 35-lb. Weight Throw Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. USATF. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
33. ^ USA Indoor Track & Field Champions – Women's 20-lb. Weight Throw. USATF. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
34. ^ "St. Louis 1904 56lb weight throw 254kg men Results - Olympic athletics".
35. ^ "Antwerp 1920 56lb weight throw 254kg men Results - Olympic athletics".
36. ^ "Schedule | USA Track & Field".

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