Welfare of farmed insects

Form of animal welfare

"Bamboo worms" in Bangkok

The welfare of farmed insects concerns treatment of insects raised for animal feed, as food or pet food, and other purposes such as honey and silk, for use in generating recombinant proteins, or for biological control applications.

## Debate over insects' capacity for welfare

[edit]

Scientists remain uncertain about the existence and degree of pain in invertebrates, including insects. However, a recent review of the neurobiological and behavioral evidence consistent with the hypothesis of pain found strong evidence consistent with precautionary treatment in at least two orders of insects at the adult life stage (Blattodea and Diptera), ultimately considering evidence from over 350 studies.[1] This may explain why 67% of surveyed animal behavior researchers ascribed emotions (of which pain is one), to some, most, nearly all or all insects [2] and why 82% of surveyed entomologists stated they cared about insect welfare due to the intrinsic value of the animal.[3] Both the 2012 Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness,[4] and the 2024 New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness,[5] suggest that there is a realistic possibility of insect consciousness; the New York Declaration signed by many animal ethicists, welfare scientists, neuroscientists, entomologists, and consciousness researchers.

As a result of the growing evidence base supporting the plausibility of insect pain and sentience, insect welfare is being increasingly discussed in all settings where insects are used and managed, including laboratory settings.[6][7][8] Vincent Wigglesworth suggested a precautionary approach of anaesthetizing insects during potentially painful procedures.[9] John Cooper has written about techniques for "Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates" including insects.[10] Neil A. C. Bennie and colleagues proposed a method for chemical euthanasia of insects and other terrestrial arthropods.[11] As of 2024, the Insect Welfare Research Society guidelines for protecting and promoting insect welfare in research recommend chemical agents, rapid freezing, immersion in alcohol following anesthesia, or crushing/grinding as methods that may humanely euthanize insects.[7] Insect welfare is currently not regulated in research settings, resulting in the frequent reporting of some low-welfare practices such as vivisection (live dissection of an animal without anesthetics) in the discipline.[12] Recent research suggests that the Canadian public believes insect welfare in research should be regulated to 2/3rds the level of oversight given to vertebrates.[13]

Some authors, including animal ethicists and academics that research insect farming, have begun extending discussions of insect welfare beyond the laboratory to the domain of raising insects for food, feed, or pet food.[14][15][16][17] The Dutch Animal Act, which went into effect on 1 January 2013, created a regulatory framework for farm-animal welfare based on the Five Freedoms,[18] and the law specifically lists a number of insect species as "production animals" whose wellbeing needs to be respected.[14] Dutch politician Marianne Thieme asked a series of questions suggesting concern that insect farming would multiply the number of animals farmed and killed for human consumption.[19] Robert Nathan Allen of the pro-entomophagy organization Little Herds feels that the welfare of insects is important, though he believes well managed farms can maintain high standards of care.[20] Some entomophagy suppliers highlight the importance of humane insect treatment, though the industry recognizes that evidence on which practices actually result in humane treatment is currently lacking.[21] For instance, World Ento uses the name "Good Karma Killing" to describe its process of freezing insects into a stasis state,[22] but this method is not expected to produce a humane death according to the American Veterinary and Medical Association.[23] A 2013 FAO report on "Edible insects" includes a section encouraging high standards of welfare in entomophagy operations, despite uncertainty about whether insects can suffer.[24]

Others feel that considering the wellbeing of farmed insects is going too far. Rhys Southan suggests that even most vegans do not care a lot about insects, but that "Insects are to animal rights what Larry Flynt is to the First Amendment—you have to uphold their rights even if you don't want to, or the whole thing falls apart." He goes on to propose satirical slogans that insect-rights activists might use against entomophagy.[25] However, data on public perceptions suggests that many members of the mainstream American public care about insect welfare in farming, particularly younger consumers,[26] as do traditional animal welfare NGOs in Europe.[27] Accordingly, animal welfare scientists have suggested that insect farmers may care about insect welfare for social and economical reasons, such as consumer confidence in the industry's adherence to high ethical standards for animal rearing, maintaining their social license to operate, and brand differentiation opportunities that increase industry maturation.[28] Some recent anecdotes suggest there is growing public interest in insect welfare, at least in research: public outcry over lethal wasp scientific surveys in the UK resulted in a BBC podcast episode about lethal sampling with entomologist Adam Hart[29] and a publication about invertebrate research ethics.[30]

## Welfare considerations during farmed insect rearing

[edit]

As with other livestock animals, a variety of welfare concerns can manifest during the rearing and slaughter of insects. The 5 Domains framework can be used to broadly categorize these areas of possible concern into four functional domains (nutrition, environment, behavior, and physical health) which then influence the mental domain of the animal's welfare state.[17] As the insect industry is very new, and there are few animal welfare scientists dedicated to studying its livestock, there is little guidance or infrastructure dedicated to improving farmed insect welfare. Further, just as with farmed vertebrates, species-specific guidance is needed to maintain high welfare for each species of insects that is farmed.[14] Recently, several comprehensive and open access review papers have been published that cover the likely welfare concerns for black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens),[31] yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor),[32] and three species of farmed crickets (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Gryllodes sigillatus),[33] as well as some work on the housefly (Musca domestica).[34]

The major, currently known areas of welfare concern during rearing are organized below by functional domain and largely focus on the most farmed insects: black soldier flies, yellow mealworms, and farmed crickets.

### Nutrition

[edit]

Appropriate nutrition may not always be provided to farmed insects. For instance, adult black soldier flies are generally not fed during rearing due to a common misconception that they cannot eat (which is true for some insects, such as adult silkworm moths). In reality, adult black soldier flies have functional mouthparts and a functional digestive system, can break down both carbohydrates and proteins, will gravitate towards and consume food when provided, have food preferences, and have a prolonged lifespan when fed.[31]

Insects may be fasted prior to slaughter (with unknown welfare impacts); this is generally to improve taste/quality of the resulting product or to reduce the likelihood of microbial contamination of the product due to the feed. More evidence is needed to know if fasting periods are necessary for product safety, as some research suggests they may not reduce microbial loads.[31]

Farmed insects may be provided with homogenous feeds that lack macronutrient profiles self-selected by the animals; this may play a role in promoting cannibalism in species like the yellow mealworm.[32] Nutritional enrichments, such as dietary diversity, can support brain development in crickets but may not be provided depending on the farm's available feedstock.[33] Poor hydration for some animals may result from an effort to control disease outbreaks/fungal growth in the feed.[32]

### Environment

[edit]

Many environmental factors will be critical for the welfare and productivity of insect farms. These include: temperature, humidity/moisture, light cycles, oxygen levels, and stocking densities or other spatial features of the environment.

For instance, larger cages and specific wavelengths of light are essential for the natural behaviors of adult black soldier fly breeders.[31] Temperature and humidity must be carefully controlled or excess mortality, and putative welfare harms, will result for most insect species. Jagran raises housefly larvae for use as animal feed and report that humidity needs to be carefully controlled to avoid dehydrating or drowning the insects.[14] Insects are poikilothermic, but maintaining an adequate temperature range remains important.[18] For example, lethal overheating is a problem in black soldier fly and yellow mealworm larvae that are reared in dense aggregations within insulating substrates.[14]

Although many farmed insects are naturally gregarious, when stocking densities are too high this can cause lethal overheating, increase aggression and cannibalism, or result in altered development and different behavioral needs that may be challenging to fulfill on farms. For instance, some crickets may develop longer wings in an effort to fly far and escape overcrowded conditions on farms; the inability to escape these conditions reduces natural behavioral expression and results in reports of aggression and cannibalism, as stated by one producer: "...they’ll bite each other, they’ll eat each other".[35] These problems may also worsen over generations in captive conditions - rearing in captivity resulted in selection for increased aggression in crickets compared to wild populations.[36]

### Physical Health

[edit]

Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, and more may rapidly kill insects on farms.[37][31][32][33] For example, Acheta domesticus densovirus resulted in millions of dollars in lost product and some farms losing their entire livestock population in outbreaks that have spanned 35 years of industry history in North America and the United States.[38] Some insect diseases appear to be specific to single species or taxonomic groups within the insects, and thus may not spread between species, while others may be able to infect multiple farmed insect species if housed in the same facility.

Humans can carry diseases from the outside world to farmed insects. For instance, the company Van de Ven had a pathogen outbreak that killed all of its Zophobas morio beetle larvae, and the breeders hypothesized that the disease may have been brought by human visitors.[14] Accordingly, the International Platform for Insects as Food and Feed have developed guidance on hygiene procedures for farms with the goal of protecting consumer and animal health.[39] More integration of the veterinary and pathology communities, which are staples of traditional vertebrate animal farming, with the new insect farming sector may result in improved animal health, increased biosecurity, and better consumer protection over time.

Insects may be injured due to aggression or cannibalism. Low temperatures, disease, or poor nutrition may result in deformities during any stage of development. Stress may result from rough handling, washing and immersion in water, or transport (e.g., during shipping), which may in some cases contribute to mortality.[33] Inbreeding depression can result in reduced physical health for farmed insects and producers generally make efforts to maintain a more genetically diverse population.[40]

Insects may be fed toxin-contaminated grains or plastics/polymers that may reduce their health, depending on the level of inclusion and specific types of these ingredients used (though this is not expected to be common practice in the industry currently).[32]

### Behavior

[edit]

Relatively little is known about appropriate behavioral expression for farmed species of insects. Adult black soldier flies are unlikely to be able to lek, a natural mating behavior, in most current cage sizes. Adult black soldier flies are unable to engage in natural foraging/feeding behaviors when not provided with feed.[31] Photophobic insect larvae, or crickets of any life stage, may not be able to avoid or escape lights during some parts of rearing or processing.[33]

Selection, or genetic modification, could reduce the ability of insects to perform natural behaviors: for instance, one study genetically modified adult black soldier flies to not have wings, eliminating the ability of the flies to engage in the natural behavior of flight.[41] This modification has not been deployed for adult black soldier flies - but flightless lines of fruit flies have been generated and are frequently sold as feeders for other animals.

## Slaughter and depopulation methods

[edit]

### Industrial farms

[edit]

Little research has been done on humane methods of killing insects for consumption.[18]

The most common killing methods used by entomophagy companies in the Netherlands are freezing and dry-freezing (i.e., freezing and reducing pressure in order to extract water from the insects).[18]

Protix Biosystems kills its black soldier flies by shredding, since its end product is a powder. Death takes less than a second. Tarique Arsiwalla at Protix said shredding makes sense because Western consumers are more likely to accept powdered insects than whole insects.[14]

The Jagran company has tried asphyxiation, cooling, freeze-drying, boiling, and shredding. Managing Director Walter Jansen believes that shredding is most humane.[14]

The Kreca company kills its animal-feed insects by putting them into a fridge or freeze-drying them. Insects destined for human consumption are first sterilized in hot water and then are refrigerated or freeze-dried.[14]

FAO's "Edible insects" report suggests: "Insect-killing methods that would reduce suffering include freezing or instantaneous techniques such as shredding."[24]

#### Freezing

[edit]

While freezing is sometimes said to be a humane way to kill certain arthropods,[20][42] others dispute this.[43][44] According to "AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals", freezing is "not considered to be humane" when not preceded by another form of anesthesia.[23] The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) Terrestrial Invertebrate Working Group (TIWG) reports on a survey conducted by Mark Bushell of BIAZA institutions. He found that refrigeration and freezing were the most common methods "of euthanasia of invertebrates although research has suggested that this is probably one of the least ethical options." That said, freezing is a worst-case method if chemical or instantaneous physical destruction is not possible.[45]

### Slaughter by the consumer

[edit]

Insects may also be sold live for food purposes, and thus effectively slaughtered by the end human consumer prior to eating. Some "how to" guides for eating insects make no mention of freezing or other euthanasia methods. For example, Miles Olson recommends

* suffocating or roasting ants
* frying, roasting, toasting, suffocating, or drowning crickets
* eating aphids raw

and so on.[46]

The website Insects Are Food suggests refrigerating insects to slow them down without killing them, prior to boiling or otherwise cooking them.[47]

Other guides recommend freezing first.[48][49] Timothy Ferriss recounts what he observed when roasted his insects without freezing them first: "Suffice it to say, merely sedated crickets make horrible noises if you roast them, and the visual is far, far worse. Do yourself a favor and freeze them."[50]

### Live insect feed

[edit]

Other insects not killed by farming companies are sold live for consumption by fish and pets. 95% of the Kreca company's insects are sold live. Of the 1500 kg per week of mealworms produced by the Van de Ven company, most are sold as live feed.[14]

Live insects may be required for some pets that will noy consume dead prey. For instance, monitor lizards are typically fed live insects and may not eat pre-killed ones.[51] It is generally hard to convert reptiles and amphibians that eat insects to pre-killed prey,[52] though some pet owners can feed dead insects by moving or dangling them.[53] For instance, bearded dragons can be fed dead crickets by hiding them in other food, dangling them with tongs, squirting them with water, or vibrating a bowl.[54] Pet spiders, or praying mantids and other insectivorous bugs, typically require live food.[55]

Live insects may also be commonly used as fishing bait, with the result that they are either eaten alive by fish or drowned.

## Farmed insects not used for protein

[edit]

Many vegans avoid honey and silk because these require insect farming, even though the insects are not eaten. Silk production involves boiling silk worms alive in their cocoons.

The red pigment carmine is produced from powdered bodies of scale insects, so some vegans avoid it.[56][57][58]

Shellac is produced from a resin secreted by the lac bug on specific trees in Asia. In addition to its use in industry, shellac is incorporated into some fruits, coffee beans, and candies as confectioner's glaze. Some vegans avoid confectioner's glaze because lac bugs may be killed during shellac production.[59][60] Lac used to produce red dye may be even more injurious to lac bugs because while shellac comes from lac-bug secretions, lac dye's color comes from the insect bodies themselves.[61]

Insects are also farmed in large numbers for biological control, where large numbers of parasitic or predatory insects might be reared and then released into the wild to control a pest species. Alternately, in the sterile insect technique, large numbers of sterile male insects may be reared and released in order to reduce wild populations of pest insects or prevent their range expansion, such as with the screwworm.

Finally, insects may play an unusual role in specific protein production: fruit flies can be used to generate recombinant proteins which can be used for the production of cell-cultured meat or across many other industries.[62]

## See also

[edit]

* Insects portal
* Agriculture and Agronomy portal
* Food portal

* Insect euthanasia
* Insects in ethics

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Gibbons, Matilda; Crump, Andrew; Barrett, Meghan; Sarlak, Sajedeh; Birch, Jonathan; Chittka, Lars (2022-01-01), Jurenka, Russell (ed.), "Chapter Three - Can insects feel pain? A review of the neural and behavioural evidence", Advances in Insect Physiology, vol. 63, Academic Press, pp. 155–229, doi:10.1016/bs.aiip.2022.10.001, retrieved 2024-12-06
2. ^ Zipple, Matthew N.; Hazelwood, Caleb; Webster, Mackenzie F.; Benítez, Marcela E. (2024-11-13). "Animal emotions and consciousness: a preliminary assessment of researchers' perceptions and biases and prospects for future progress". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (11): 241255. doi:10.1098/rsos.241255. PMC 11558068. PMID 39539500.
3. ^ Barrett, M; Drewery, M; Fischer, B (2024). "Entomologists' knowledge of, and attitudes towards, insect welfare in research and education". osf.io. doi:10.31219/osf.io/tg357. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
4. ^ Low, Philip (2012). "The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness" (PDF). `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
5. ^ "The New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
6. ^ Smith, Jane A. (1991). "A Question of Pain in Invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 33 (1–2): 25–31\. doi:10.1093/ilar.33.1-2.25.1–2&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/ilar.33.1-2.25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+A.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1093%2Filar.33.1-2.25&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Welfare+of+farmed+insects" class="Z3988">
7. ^ a b Fischer, Bob (January 2024). "2024 Guidelines for Protecting and Promoting Insect Welfare in Research" (PDF). Insect Welfare Research Society.
8. ^ Crump, Andrew; Gibbons, Matilda; Barrett, Meghan; Birch, Jonathan; Chittka, Lars (2023-06-01). "Is it time for insect researchers to consider their subjects' welfare?". PLOS Biology. 21 (6): e3002138. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002138. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 10234516. PMID 37262012.
9. ^ Wigglesworth, Vincent B. (1980). "Do insects feel pain?". Antenna: 8–9.
10. ^ Cooper, John E. (2011). "Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 196–204\. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.196. PMID 21709312.
11. ^ Bennie, Neil A. C.; Christopher D. Loaring; Mikaella M. G. Bennie; Steven A. Trim (2012). "An effective method for terrestrial arthropod euthanasia". Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (24): 4237–4241\. doi:10.1242/jeb.074997. PMID 22996446.
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13. ^ Brunt, Michael W.; Kreiberg, Henrik; von Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. (2022-08-01). "Invertebrate research without ethical or regulatory oversight reduces public confidence and trust". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–9\. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01272-8. ISSN 2662-9992.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Erens, Jesse; Es van, Sam; Haverkort, Fay; Kapsomenou, Eleni; Luijben, Andy (2012). "A bug's life: Large-scale insect rearing in relation to animal welfare" (PDF). Wageningen University. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
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18. ^ a b c d De Goede, D. M.; J. Erens; E. Kapsomenou; M. Peters (2013). "Large scale insect rearing and animal welfare". In Helena Röcklinsberg, Per Sandin (ed.). The ethics of consumption: The citizen, the market and the law. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 236–242\. ISBN 978-90-8686-784-4.
19. ^ Thieme, Marianne (12 Oct 2012). "Questions about insects as a protein source for pig and chicken feed". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
20. ^ a b King, Barbara J. (3 April 2014). "The Joys And Ethics Of Insect Eating". NPR. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
21. ^ International Platform of Insects as Food and Feed (March 6, 2019). "Ensuring High Standards of Animal Welfare in Insect Production".
22. ^ "Current Products and Prices". World Ento. 22 Oct 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
23. ^ a b "AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition" (PDF). American Veterinary Medical Association. p. 76. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
24. ^ a b Arnold van Huis; Joost Van Itterbeeck; Harmke Klunder; Esther Mertens; Afton Halloran; Giulia Muir; Paul Vantomme (2013). "5.6. Animal Welfare" (PDF). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 65\. ISBN 978-92-5-107596-8. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
25. ^ Southan, Rhys (18 March 2010). "The Vegan Response to the Insect Eating Movement?". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
26. ^ Fukuda, E. P.; Carrasco, M. N.; Perez, A. J.; Fischer, B.; Drewery, M. L. (2023-08-10). "US consumer perceptions of insects as livestock feed: ethical considerations for insects". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 10 (1): 125–139\. doi:10.1163/23524588-20230028.
27. ^ Eurogroup for Animals (September 2024). "Insect farming: a six-legged problem".
28. ^ Barrett, M.; Adcock, S. J. J. (2023-10-12). "Animal welfare science: an integral piece of sustainable insect agriculture". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 10 (4): 517–531\. doi:10.1163/23524588-20230126.
29. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Inside the Killing Jar". BBC. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
30. ^ Drinkwater, Eleanor; Robinson, Elva J. H.; Hart, Adam G. (2019). "Keeping invertebrate research ethical in a landscape of shifting public opinion". Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 10 (8): 1265–1273\. Bibcode:2019MEcEv..10.1265D. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13208. ISSN 2041-210X.
31. ^ a b c d e f Barrett, M.; Chia, S. Y.; Fischer, B.; Tomberlin, J. K. (2023-02-01). "Welfare considerations for farming black soldier flies,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): a model for the insects as food and feed industry". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 9 (2): 119–148\. doi:10.3920/JIFF2022.0041.
32. ^ a b c d e Barrett, M.; Godfrey, R. K.; Schnell, A.; Fischer, B. (2023-12-15). "Farmed yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor; Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) welfare: species-specific recommendations for a global industry". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 10 (6): 903–948\. doi:10.1163/23524588-20230104.
33. ^ a b c d e Rowe, E; Robles Lopez, Karen; Robinson, Kristin; Baudier, Kaitlin; Barrett, Meghan (2024). "Farmed cricket (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus assimilis, and Gryllodes sigillatus; Orthoptera) welfare considerations: recommendations for improving global practice". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 10 (8): 1253–1311\. doi:10.1163/23524588-00001087.
34. ^ Kortsmit, Y.; van der Bruggen, M.; Wertheim, B.; Dicke, M.; Beukeboom, L.W.; van Loon, J.J.A. (2023-02-01). "Behaviour of two fly species reared for livestock feed: optimising production and insect welfare". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 9 (2): 149–169\. doi:10.3920/JIFF2021.0214. ISSN 2352-4588.
35. ^ Wiedemann, Elettra (2014-08-14). "How American Cricket Farmers Raise Bugs for Us to Eat". VICE. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
36. ^ Olzer, Rachel; Deak, Nicola; Tan, Xinci; Heinen-Kay, Justa L.; Zuk, Marlene (March 2019). "Aggression and Mating Behavior in Wild and Captive Populations of the House Cricket, Acheta domesticus". Journal of Insect Behavior. 32 (2): 89–98\. Bibcode:2019JIBeh..32...89O. doi:10.1007/s10905-019-09715-y. ISSN 0892-7553.
37. ^ Eilenberg, J.; Vlak, J. M.; Nielsen-LeRoux, C.; Cappellozza, S.; Jensen, A. B. (2015-01-01). "Diseases in insects produced for food and feed". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. 1 (2): 87–102\. doi:10.3920/JIFF2014.0022.
38. ^ WEISSMAN, DAVID B.; GRAY, DAVID A.; PHAM, HANH THI; TIJSSEN, PETER (2012-10-02). "Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster". Zootaxa. 3504 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334.
39. ^ "IPIFF Guide on Good Hygiene Practices – Edible Insect Farming – IPIFF". International Platform of Insects for Food and Feed, Brussels. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
40. ^ Huis, Arnold van; Tomberlin, Jeffrey K.; Tomberlin, Jeffery K., eds. (2017). Insects as food and feed: from production to consumption. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-8686-296-2.
41. ^ Zhan, Shuai; Fang, Gangqi; Cai, Minmin; Kou, Zongqing; Xu, Jun; Cao, Yanghui; Bai, Liang; Zhang, Yixiang; Jiang, Yongmao; Luo, Xingyu; Xu, Jian; Xu, Xia; Zheng, Longyu; Yu, Ziniu; Yang, Hong (January 2020). "Genomic landscape and genetic manipulation of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a natural waste recycler". Cell Research. 30 (1): 50–60\. doi:10.1038/s41422-019-0252-6. ISSN 1001-0602. PMC 6951338. PMID 31767972.
42. ^ "Euthanizing Insects". Colorado Plateau Biodiversity Center. 6 Aug 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
43. ^ Pizzi, Romain (2012). "Spiders". In Gregory A. Lewbart (ed.). Invertebrate Medicine (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 211\. ISBN 978-0813817583.
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45. ^ Sarah Pellett; Romain Pizzi; Steven Trim; Mark Bushell; Dave Clarke; Jamie Wood (Apr 2013). BIAZA Recommendations for Ethical Euthanasia of Invertebrates (1.1 ed.). British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
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47. ^ "IAF Frequently Asked Questions". Insects Are Food. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
48. ^ Price, Aletheia. "Eating Bugs!". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
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50. ^ Ferriss, Timothy (2012). The 4-Hour Chef: The Simple Path to Cooking Like a Pro, Learning Anything, and Living the Good Life. New Harvest. ISBN 978-0547884592.
51. ^ "The Monitor FAQ--Feeding". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
52. ^ Kaplan, Melissa (1 Jan 2014). "Feeding Prekilled vs. Live Prey". Melissa Kaplan's Herp and Green Iguana Information Collection. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
53. ^ "Pre-killed feeding?". Frog Forum. 3–5 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
54. ^ Team, Ben. "How to Get Bearded Dragons to Eat Canned Crickets". PawNation. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
55. ^ Linda (19 February 2011). "Feeder insects for your predatory insects". Keeping Insects. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
56. ^ "Is Carmine Vegan?". Is It Vegan?. 10 Mar 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
57. ^ Shreeves, Robin (24 Apr 2012). "What is carmine and why is Starbucks taking it out of its products?". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
58. ^ Yacoubou, Jeanne (2 Jan 2013). "Alternatives to Insect-Derived Food Colors". Vegetarian Resource Group Blog. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
59. ^ Yacoubou, Jeanne (30 Nov 2010). "Q & A on Shellac". Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
60. ^ Flinn, Angel (15 Aug 2011). "Shellac & Food Glaze". Gentle World. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
61. ^ Green, C. L. (1995). "5: Insect Dyes". Non-Wood Forest Products 4: Natural colourants and dyestuffs. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
62. ^ Kansteiner, Fraiser (2024-11-12). "Future Fields unveils plant for fly-based protein production". www.fiercepharma.com. Retrieved 2024-12-07.

* v
* t
* e

Animal welfare

Issues|

* Abandoned pets
* Animal husbandry
* Animal testing
* Animals in sport
* Artificial insemination
* Barn fire
* Battery cage
* Beak trimming
* Bile bear
* Blood sports
* Captivity
* Chick culling
* Culling
* Concentrated animal feeding operation
* Dairy farming
* Discretionary invasive procedures on animals
* Eating live animals
* Eating live seafood
* Eyestalk ablation
* Feedback (pork industry)
* Foam depopulation
* Foie gras controversy
* Forced molting
* Fur farming
* Gestation crate
* Hunting
* Horse pain caused by the bit
* Intensive animal farming
* Intensive pig farming
* Livestock branding
* Livestock dehorning
* Livestock transportation
* Pet rental
* Poultry farming
* Puppy mill
* Testing cosmetics on animals
* Ventilation shutdown
* Vivisection
* Welfare of farmed insects
* Wild animal welfare
* Wildlife farming
* Zoos

Concepts|

* Abnormal behaviours in animals
* Animal psychopathology
* Animal shelter
* Animal welfare science
* Anthrozoology
* Behavioral enrichment
* Compassionate conservation
* Conservation welfare
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Ethical omnivorism
* Five Domains model
* Five Freedoms
* Humane law enforcement
* Intrinsic value in animal ethics
* Rescue group
* RSPCA Assured
* Three Rs principles
* Welfare biology

Pain|

* Pain in amphibians
* Pain in cephalopods
* Pain in crustaceans
* Pain in fish
* Pain in invertebrates
* Grimace scale

Organisations|

* ASPCA
* Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Defenders International
* Animal Welfare Committee
* Animal Welfare Party
* Animals' Friend Society
* American Humane
* Animal Aid Unlimited
* Animal Welfare Board of India
* Animal Welfare Institute
* Animal Welfare Investigations Project
* Badger Trust
* Band of Mercy
* Battersea
* Best Friends Animal Society
* Blue Cross
* Blue Cross of India
* Care for the Wild International
* Cats Protection
* Church Society for the Promotion of Kindness to Animals
* Compassion in World Farming
* CAWF
* Cinnamon Trust
* Dogs Trust
* DSPA
* DSPCA
* Eurogroup for Animals
* Four Paws
* FRAME
* Hedgehog Care
* Humane Canada
* Humane Farm Animal Care
* HSUS
* Humane Society International
* Humane Slaughter Association
* International Animal Rescue
* IFAW
* International Society for Applied Ethology
* ISPCA
* List of animal welfare organizations
* League Against Cruel Sports
* Marine Connection
* National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports
* Network for Animals
* Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research
* MSPCA-Angell
* National Animal Welfare Trust
* National Anti-Vivisection Society
* National Council for Animals' Welfare
* OneKind
* Party for Animal Welfare
* People for Animals
* People's Dispensary for Sick Animals
* RNZSPCA
* RSPCA
* RSPCA Australia
* Save Me
* Scottish Animal Welfare Commission
* SSPCA
* Tiggywinkles
* Toronto Humane Society
* UFAW
* Wildlife Aid Foundation
* World Animal Protection
* World Horse Welfare

Publications|

* American Humane Magazine
* Animal Protection
* Animal Welfare
* AWI Quarterly
* Cruel Sports
* Human Advocate
* Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
* Our Dumb Animals
* The Animals' Friend
* The Animals' Guardian
* The Cat
* The Zoophilist

Books|

* A Few Notes on Cruelty to Animals (1846)
* Black Beauty (1877)
* Diet for a New America (1987)
* Min ko vill ha roligt (1990)
* Miracle Dog (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2007)
* Pawprints of Katrina (2008)
* No Animals Were Harmed (2011)

Activists
and workers|

| Contemporary|

* Michael C. Appleby
* Cynthia Bathurst
* Matthew E. Bershadker
* Christa Blanke
* Moira Brown
* Jan Cameron
* Judy MacArthur Clark
* Kendra Coulter
* Peter Ronald Davies
* Petra Deimer
* Alanna Devine
* Robin Ganzert
* Celia Hammond
* Alison Hanlon
* Brian Hare
* Kathrin Glock
* Emily Patterson-Kane
* Philip Lymbery
* Damien Mander
* Christine Nicol
* Wayne Pacelle
* Sharon Pincott
* Ilka Reinhardt
* Jill Robinson
* Naomi Sagara
* Sepehr Salimi
* Adolfo Sansolini
* Rakesh Shukla
* Karen Stockin
* Patti Strand
* Sally Varma
* Tina M. Widowski

|

Historical|

* Gertrude Ansell
* Emily Appleton
* Gertrude Baillie-Weaver
* H. Baillie-Weaver
* Madeleine Bemelmans
* Henry Bergh
* Annie Bradshaw
* Victoria Braithwaite
* Mary Brancker
* Benjamin Bryan
* Roger A. Caras
* Ada Cole
* Edith Cole
* Jim Cronin
* Brian Davies
* Gerard Lysley Derriman
* Maria Dickin
* Marjorie Doggett
* Muriel Dowding
* Alice Drakoules
* Sarah J. Eddy
* Thomas Erskine
* Agnes Estcourt-Oswald
* Edward G. Fairholme
* Aida McAnn Flemming
* Lucy Furman
* Basil Goldstone
* Julia Goddard
* Robert Gower
* Norman Child Graham
* Colesworthey Grant
* George Greenwood
* Peter Gurney
* Catherine Victoria Hall
* Edward Hemingway
* Rachel Hirschfeld
* Sjoerd Hofstra
* Clive Hollands
* Douglas Houghton
* John A. Hoyt
* W. Hugenholtz
* Rowland Johns
* Velma Bronn Johnston
* Albert Knapp
* Agnes von Konow
* Titus Lander
* Carla Lane
* Etta Lemon
* Victoria Lidiard
* George Watson Little
* Alasdair Alpin MacGregor
* Terry Maple
* Fergus MacCunn
* Frederick Messer
* Richard Martin
* Shirley McGreal
* Lady Mount Temple
* Harriet Nevins
* Felix Ortt
* Catherine Louisa Pirkis
* Eliza Phillips
* Maude Gillette Phillips
* Duchess of Portland
* Samuel Jackson Pratt
* Nancy Price
* Wilfred Risdon
* Peter Roberts
* Jules Rühl
* Jan Salter
* Olive Smith-Dorrien
* Catherine Smithies
* Thomas Bywater Smithies
* Herbert Snow
* Ellin Prince Speyer
* Christine Stevens
* Douglas S. S. Steuart
* Elisabeth Svendsen
* Mary Tealby
* Ralph Waldo Trine
* Sidney Trist
* Ethel Venton
* M. Dudley Ward
* Jessey Wade
* Christopher Wathes
* Franz Weber
* Caroline Earle White
* Emily Williamson
* H. Fergie Woods
* Alice Morgan Wright
* Gretchen Wyler

Scholars
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Arnold Arluke
* Jonathan Balcombe
* Michael Balls
* Geoffrey Barstow
* Marc Bekoff
* Donald Broom
* Marian Dawkins
* Bob Fischer
* Bruce Fogle
* Jane Goodall
* Temple Grandin
* Celia Haddon
* Jane Hurst
* Erich Hoyt
* Barbara J. King
* Alistair Lawrence
* David Macdonald
* Jeremy Marchant
* Jeff McMahan
* Daniel Mills
* Sy Montgomery
* Virginia Morell
* Yew-Kwang Ng
* Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
* Clare Palmer
* Susan J. Pearson
* Dale Peterson
* Jessica Pierce
* Diana Reiss
* Carl Safina
* Matthew Scully
* Paul Shapiro
* Jennifer Skiff
* Brian Tomasik
* Peter Wohlleben

|

Historical|

* George T. Angell
* Patrick Bateson
* Beddow Bayly
* Ernest Bell
* Edward Berdoe
* Arthur Broome
* Jean Burden
* Gerald Carson
* Stephen Coleridge
* Christian Adam Dann
* J. Morewood Dowsett
* Audrey Eyton
* George Fleming
* Ralph Fletcher
* Ruth Harrison
* Caroline van der Hucht-Kerkhoven
* C. W. Hume
* E. Douglas Hume
* Beatrice Lindsay
* James Macaulay
* Basheer Ahmad Masri
* Francis Orpen Morris
* George Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Charles Reinhardt
* Francis H. Rowley
* W. M. S. Russell
* Chris Sherwin
* Colin Spedding
* William O. Stillman
* John Styles
* Bell Taylor
* Ernst von Weber
* D. G. M. Wood-Gush
* Frans de Waal
* Meta Wellmer
* Hugh Wirth
* William Youatt
* Thomas Young

Categories|

* Animal advocacy parties
* Animal killing
* Animal rights
* Animal welfare and rights legislation
* Animal welfare in sports
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal sanctuaries
* Animal testing
* Animal welfare and rights by country
* Cruelty to animals
* Dishes involving the consumption of live animals
* Ethically disputed business practices towards animals
* Fur trade
* Pain in animals
* People associated with animal welfare
* Vivisection
* Whaling

Religious
considerations|

* Dhabihah
* Jhatka
* Kutha
* Shechita
* Tza'ar ba'alei chayim

Rituals and
festivals|

* Blessing of animals
* Bous al carrer
* Cock throwing
* Combat de Reines
* Eid al-Adha
* Gadhimai festival
* Goat throwing
* Goose pulling
* International Primate Day
* Kapparot
* Dog Meat Festival
* Monkey Buffet Festival
* October Horse
* Pushkar Camel Fair
* Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo
* Running of the bulls
* Surin Elephant Round-up
* Toro embolado
* World Animal Day

Legislation|

* Animal testing regulations
* Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ)
* Animal Welfare Act 2006 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US)
* Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 (UK)
* Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 (UK)
* EU Directive 2010/63/EU (EU)
* EU Directive 1999/74/EC (EU)
* Horse Protection Act of 1970 (US)
* Hunting Act 2004 (UK)
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 (Philippines)

Related|

* List of animal rights advocates
* List of animal sanctuaries

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Animal rights

Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)

| Overviews|

* Movement
* History (Ancient world)
* Timeline
* Europe
* United States
* By country or territory
* Argentina
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Denmark
* Ethiopia
* France
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* Russia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Anarchism
* Punk subculture
* Religion
* Christianity
* Indian religions
* Islam
* Women

|

Concepts|

* Abolitionism
* Ahimsa
* Animal cognition
* Animal consciousness
* Animal–industrial complex
* Animal law
* Animal machine
* Animal protectionism
* Animal trial
* Animal welfare
* Animal-free agriculture
* Anthropocentrism
* Argument from marginal cases
* Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
* New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness
* Carnism
* Equal consideration of interests
* Emotion in animals
* Ethics of eating meat
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Holocaust analogy
* Insects in ethics
* Intrinsic value
* Meat paradox
* Mentophobia
* Moral circle expansion
* Nonviolence
* Nonkilling
* Open rescue
* Opposition to hunting
* Painism
* Personism
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Total liberation
* Veganism
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarianism

Issues|

| Animal
husbandry|

* Animal product
* Animal husbandry
* Battery cage
* Bile bear
* Chick culling
* Crocodiles
* CAFOs
* Feedback
* Fish
* Foam depopulation
* Fur
* Fur trade
* Insects
* Intensive
* Pigs
* Livestock
* Live export
* Poultry
* Wildlife
* Slaughter
* Slaughterhouse
* Ventilation shutdown
* Blood sport
* Badger-baiting
* Bear-baiting
* Boar-baiting
* Bull-baiting
* Donkey-baiting
* Duck-baiting
* Hog-baiting
* Human-baiting
* Hyena-baiting
* Lion-baiting
* Monkey-baiting
* Rat-baiting
* Wolf-baiting
* Cruelty
* Pest control (Varmint hunting)
* Sacrifice
* Working animal

|

Animal testing|

* History
* Alternatives
* Regulations
* Countries banning non-human ape experimentation
* Non-human primates
* Cosmetics
* Model organism
* Vivisection (Anti-vivisection movement)
* Organizations
* Huntingdon Life Sciences
* Nafovanny
* Green Scare (Operation Backfire)

Animal welfare|

* Abandoned pets
* Captivity
* Euthanasia (insects)
* Farmed insects
* Killing of animals
* Live food
* Pain
* Amphibians
* Cephalopods
* Crustaceans
* Fish
* Invertebrates
* Laboratory animals
* Sports

Fishing|

* Bait
* Commercial
* Farming
* Recreational

Wild animals|

* Culling
* Farming
* Hunting
* Techniques
* Coursing
* Spotlighting
* Trail hunting
* Trapping
* Treeing
* Trophy hunting
* Upland hunting
* Animals
* Alligators
* Bats
* Bears
* Birds
* Bison
* Boar
* Raccoons
* Deer
* Dolphins
* Foxes
* Hares
* Jackals
* Lions
* Mink
* Petrels
* Quail
* Rabbit
* Rooks
* Seals
* Squirrels
* Tigers
* Turtles
* Waterfowl
* Wild birds
* Whales
* Wolves
* Management
* Predation problem
* Suffering
* Trade
* Primates
* Ivory
* Welfare

Cases|

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* McLibel case
* Monkey selfie copyright dispute
* Pit of despair
* SHAC
* Silver Spring monkeys
* University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
* Unnecessary Fuss
* War of the currents

Studies|

* Animal ethics
* Anthrozoology
* Critical animal studies
* Ethology
* Vegan studies

Methodologies|

* Direct Action Everywhere
* Hunt sabotage

Observances|

* World Animal Day
* World Day for Farmed Animals
* World Day for the End of Speciesism
* World Day for Laboratory Animals
* World Day for the End of Fishing
* World Vegan Day
* World Vegetarian Day

Advocates (academics, writers, activists)

| Academics
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Carol J. Adams
* Aysha Akhtar
* Kristin Andrews
* Marc Bekoff
* Steven Best
* Paola Cavalieri
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Alasdair Cochrane
* J. M. Coetzee
* Alice Crary
* David DeGrazia
* Daniel Dombrowski
* Sue Donaldson
* Josephine Donovan
* Joan Dunayer
* Mylan Engel
* Catia Faria
* Lawrence Finsen
* Michael W. Fox
* Gary L. Francione
* Robert Garner
* Valéry Giroux
* Lori Gruen
* John Hadley
* Oscar Horta
* Christine Korsgaard
* Dale Jamieson
* Kyle Johannsen
* Melanie Joy
* Hilda Kean
* Will Kymlicka
* Renan Larue
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Dan Lyons
* David Nibert
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* Charles Patterson
* David Pearce
* Jessica Pierce
* Evelyn Pluhar
* Mark Rowlands
* Richard D. Ryder
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* Gary Steiner
* Cass Sunstein
* David Sztybel
* Michael Tye
* Tatjana Višak
* Paul Waldau
* Corey Lee Wrenn

|

Historical|

* Tom Beauchamp
* Jeremy Bentham
* David Renaud Boullier
* Stephen St. C. Bostock
* Brigid Brophy
* Peter Buchan
* Mona Caird
* Priscilla Cohn
* Sherry Colb
* Henry Crowe
* Herman Daggett
* Richard Dean
* Wilhelm Dietler
* William Hamilton Drummond
* Edward Payson Evans
* T. Forster
* John Galsworthy
* Thomas G. Gentry
* V. A. Holmes-Gore
* Arthur Helps
* John Hildrop
* John Zephaniah Holwell
* Francis Hutcheson
* Soame Jenyns
* Marie Jungius
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
* John Lawrence
* Charles R. Magel
* Jean Meslier
* Mary Midgley
* J. Howard Moore
* José Ferrater Mora
* Robert Morris
* Leonard Nelson
* Edward Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* John Oswald
* Rod Preece
* Humphrey Primatt
* James Rachels
* Tom Regan
* Joseph Ritson
* Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
* Bernard Rollin
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Laurids Smith
* John Styles
* Thomas Tryon
* Gary Varner
* Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
* Mary Anne Warren
* Adam Gottlieb Weigen
* Johann Heinrich Winckler
* Steven M. Wise
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Voltaire
* Thomas Young

Activists|

| Contemporary|

* James Aspey
* Greg Avery
* Matt Ball
* Martin Balluch
* Carole Baskin
* Barbi Twins
* Brigitte Bardot
* Gene Baur
* Yves Bonnardel
* Joey Carbstrong
* Aymeric Caron
* Jake Conroy
* Rod Coronado
* Karen Dawn
* Chris DeRose
* John Feldmann
* Bruce Friedrich
* Juliet Gellatley
* Tal Gilboa
* Antoine Goetschel
* Mark Gold
* Brigitte Gothière
* Alex Hershaft
* Wayne Hsiung
* Charlotte Laws
* Ronnie Lee
* Howard Lyman
* Evanna Lynch
* Bill Maher
* Keith Mann
* Jim Mason
* Dan Mathews
* Joaquin Phoenix
* Jo-Anne McArthur
* Luísa Mell
* Virginia McKenna
* Morrissey
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Heather Nicholson
* Jack Norris
* Ric O'Barry
* David Olivier
* Alex Pacheco
* Craig Rosebraugh
* Jasmin Singer
* Kim Stallwood
* Lynda Stoner
* Marianne Thieme
* Darren Thurston
* Christine Townend
* Wendy Turner-Webster
* Jerry Vlasak
* Louise Wallis
* Ed Winters
* Gary Yourofsky
* That Vegan Teacher

|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
* Henry B. Amos
* Bob Barker
* Ernest Bell
* William Brown
* Edith Carrington
* Frances Power Cobbe
* Joan Court
* Karen Davis
* Royal Dixon
* Muriel Dowding
* Elizabeth Farians
* Emarel Freshel
* André Géraud
* Lewis Gompertz
* James Granger
* Barry Horne
* Marie Huot
* Lizzy Lind af Hageby
* Jessie Mackay
* Alfred Mansfield Mitchell
* J. Isaac Pengelly
* Norm Phelps
* Jill Phipps
* Maud Ingersoll Probasco
* Hans Ruesch
* Magnus Schwantje
* Nell Shipman
* Henry Spira
* Joseph Stratton
* Andrew Tyler
* Gretchen Wyler

Movement (groups, parties)

| Groups|

| Contemporary|

* American Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Aid
* Animal Ethics
* Animal Justice
* Animal Justice Project
* Animal Legal Defense Fund
* Animal Liberation
* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal Liberation Press Office
* Animal Liberation Victoria
* Animal Rights Militia
* Animal Rising
* AnimaNaturalis
* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Anonymous for the Voiceless
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Born Free Foundation
* Centre for Animals and Social Justice
* Chinese Animal Protection Network
* Cruelty Free International
* Direct Action Everywhere
* Doctors Against Animal Experiments
* Equanimal
* Every Animal
* Farm Animal Rights Movement
* Faunalytics
* Great Ape Project
* Hunt Saboteurs Association
* In Defense of Animals
* Korea Animal Rights Advocates
* L214
* Last Chance for Animals
* Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
* Mercy for Animals
* Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society
* Voiceless

|

Historical|

* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Millennium Guild
* Order of the Golden Age
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746)
* A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books (1755)
* The Cry of Nature (1791)
* An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays (1886)
* Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Logic of Vegetarianism (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Beating Hearts: Abortion and Animal Rights (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Animal Rights Law (2023)
* The Moral Circle (2025)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* Food, Inc. (2009)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Land of Hope and Glory (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Okja (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 138 )

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