Welfare of farmed insects

Form of animal welfare

"Bamboo worms" in Bangkok

The welfare of farmed insects concerns treatment of insects raised for animal feed, as food or pet food, and other purposes such as honey and silk.

## Debate over the issue's significance

[edit]

Scientists remain uncertain about the existence and degree of pain in invertebrates, including insects. Nonetheless, insect welfare is being taken increasingly seriously in laboratory settings.[1][2] Vincent Wigglesworth suggested a precautionary approach of anaesthetizing insects during potentially painful procedures.[3] John Cooper has written about techniques for "Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates" including insects.[4] Neil A. C. Bennie and colleagues proposed a method for chemical euthanasia of insects and other terrestrial arthropods.[5]

Some authors have begun extending discussions of insect welfare beyond the laboratory to the domain of raising insects for food.[6][7] The Dutch Animal Act, which went into effect on 1 January 2013, created a regulatory framework for farm-animal welfare based on the five freedoms,[7] and the law specifically lists a number of insect species as "production animals" whose wellbeing needs to be respected.[6] Dutch politician Marianne Thieme asked a series of questions suggesting concern that insect farming would multiply the number of animals farmed and killed for human consumption.[8] Robert Nathan Allen of the pro-entomophagy organization Little Herds feels that the welfare of insects is important, though he believes well managed farms can maintain high standards of care.[9] Some entomophagy suppliers highlight the importance of humane insect treatment. For instance, World Ento uses the name "Good Karma Killing" to describe its process of freezing insects into a stasis state.[10] A 2013 FAO report on "Edible insects" includes a section encouraging high standards of welfare in entomophagy operations, despite uncertainty about whether insects can suffer.[11]

Others feel that considering the wellbeing of farmed insects is going too far. Rhys Southan suggests that even most vegans do not care a lot about insects, but that "Insects are to animal rights what Larry Flynt is to the First Amendment—you have to uphold their rights even if you don't want to, or the whole thing falls apart." He goes on to propose satirical slogans that insect-rights activists might use against entomophagy.[12]

## Welfare considerations for rearing

[edit]

Because there is little standardized protocol for insect rearing, most farmers learn the best production methods by trial and error. For instance, if they kill an insect colony by setting the temperature too high, they avoid doing that in the future. Most breeders keep their techniques secret in order to avoid having them copied by other farms.[6]

Because there are so many types of insects, it is not feasible to devise a single protocol for their treatment. Case-by-case understanding is required.[6]

### Disease

[edit]

When viruses infect an insect-rearing facility, they spread rapidly and kill most of the insects.[7]

Humans can spread diseases to farmed insects. Thus, sanitation is very important, and only farm staff should have access to the insects. For instance, the company Van de Ven had a pathogen outbreak that killed all of its Zophobas morio worms, and the breeders hypothesized that the disease may have been brought by human visitors.[6]

Giving insects a heat gradient may sometimes help prevent disease[6] because behavioral thermoregulation can suppress pathogens.[13]

### Humidity

[edit]

Walter Jansen's Jagran company raises housefly larvae for use as animal feed. Humidity needs to be carefully controlled to avoid dehydrating or drowning the insects.[6]

### Temperature

[edit]

Insects are poikilothermic, but maintaining an adequate temperature range remains important.[7] For example, mealworms thrive best when living close together, but this can lead to overheating if temperature is not controlled.[6]

### Cannibalism

[edit]

Some insects like locusts begin eating each other when they become overcrowded or malnourished. Adequate space and nutrition are important to prevent this.[6]

## Slaughter methods

[edit]

### Developing world

[edit]

Entomophagy is common in many countries, such as Thailand and Mexico. Usually killing is done without euthanasia. For instance:

Chapulines at Tepoztlán's market, near Mexico City

* Termites are either eaten alive directly where they're found or are brought home to be roasted over coals or fried.
* Cicadas are boiled, fried, or sautéed.
* Water bugs may be eaten whole, steamed, fried, or roasted and canned.
* Scorpions are skewered alive and fried in oil.
* Tarantulas are fried in oil or roasted over a fire.[14]

In Silveiras, Brazil, residents pluck the wings off ants and then either fry them or dip them in chocolate.[15] In Thailand, crickets are gathered fresh in the morning and then fried.[16]

### Industrial farms

[edit]

Little research has been done on humane methods of killing insects for consumption.[7]

The most common killing methods used by entomophagy companies in the Netherlands are freezing and dry-freezing (i.e., freezing and reducing pressure in order to extract water from the insects).[7]

Protix Biosystems kills its black soldier flies by shredding, since its end product is a powder. Death takes less than a second. Tarique Arsiwalla at Protix said shredding makes sense because Western consumers are more likely to accept powdered insects than whole insects.[6]

The Jagran company has tried asphyxiation, cooling, freeze-drying, boiling, and shredding. Managing Director Walter Jansen believes that shredding is most humane.[6]

The Kreca company kills its animal-feed insects by putting them into a fridge or freeze-drying them. Insects destined for human consumption are first sterilized in hot water and then are refrigerated or freeze-dried.[6]

FAO's "Edible insects" report suggests: "Insect-killing methods that would reduce suffering include freezing or instantaneous techniques such as shredding."[11]

#### Freezing

[edit]

While freezing is sometimes said to be a humane way to kill certain arthropods,[9][17] others dispute this.[18][19] According to "AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals", freezing is "not considered to be humane" when not preceded by another form of anesthesia.[20] The British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) Terrestrial Invertebrate Working Group (TIWG) reports on a survey conducted by Mark Bushell of BIAZA institutions. He found that refrigeration and freezing were the most common methods "of euthanasia of invertebrates although research has suggested that this is probably one of the least ethical options." That said, freezing is a worst-case method if chemical or instantaneous physical destruction is not possible.[21]

### Hobbyist entomophagy

[edit]

Some "how to" guides for eating insects make no mention of freezing or other euthanasia methods. For example, Miles Olson recommends

* suffocating or roasting ants
* decapitating, gutting, and then stewing, roasting, or sautéing slugs
* steaming and slicing snails
* frying, roasting, toasting, suffocating, or drowning crickets
* drowning, squeezing, and then stir frying or stewing earthworms
* eating aphids raw

and so on.[22]

The website Insects Are Food suggests refrigerating insects to slow them down without killing them, prior to boiling or otherwise cooking them.[23]

Other guides recommend freezing first.[24][25] Timothy Ferriss recounts what he observed when roasted his insects without freezing them first: "Suffice it to say, merely sedated crickets make horrible noises if you roast them, and the visual is far, far worse. Do yourself a favor and freeze them."[26]

### Live insect feed

[edit]

Sometimes insects are not killed by farming companies but are sold live, for consumption by fish and pets. 95% of the Kreca company's insects are sold live. Of the 1500 kg per week of mealworms produced by the Van de Ven company, most are sold as live feed.[6]

Many suppliers of insects for reptiles offer live bugs and worms. Monitor lizards are typically fed live insects and may not eat pre-killed ones.[27] Amphibians typically require live insects—wild-caught, home-grown, or bought at a pet store—although some like axolotls can be fed chunks of meat.[28] It is generally hard to convert reptiles and amphibians that eat insects to pre-killed prey,[29] though some pet owners can feed dead insects by moving or dangling them.[30] Bearded dragons can be fed dead crickets by hiding them in other food, dangling them with tongs, squirting them with water, or vibrating a bowl.[31]

Pet spiders, praying mantids, and other insectivorous bugs typically require live food.[32] Hedgehogs can be fed live, freeze-dried, or canned insects.[33]

Live worms and insects are commonly used as fishing bait, with the result that they are either eaten alive by fish or drowned.

## Farmed insects not used for protein

[edit]

Many vegans avoid honey and silk because these require insect farming, even though the insects are not eaten. Silk production involves boiling silk worms alive in their cocoons.

The red pigment carmine is produced from powdered bodies of scale insects, so some vegans avoid it.[34][35][36]

Shellac is produced from a resin secreted by the lac bug on specific trees in Asia. In addition to its use in industry, shellac is incorporated into some fruits, coffee beans, and candies as confectioner's glaze. Some vegans avoid confectioner's glaze because lac bugs may be killed during shellac production.[37][38] Lac used to produce red dye may be even more injurious to lac bugs because while shellac comes from lac-bug secretions, lac dye's color comes from the insect bodies themselves.[39]

## See also

[edit]

* Insects portal
* Agriculture and Agronomy portal
* Food portal

* Insect euthanasia

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Smith, Jane A. (1991). "A Question of Pain in Invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 33 (1–2): 25–31. doi:10.1093/ilar.33.1-2.25.
2. ^ Sherwin, C.M. (2001). "Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is argument-by-analogy?". Animal Welfare (supplement). 10: 103–118.
3. ^ Wigglesworth, Vincent B. (1980). "Do insects feel pain?". Antenna: 8–9.
4. ^ Cooper, John E. (2011). "Anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia of invertebrates". ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 196–204. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.196. PMID 21709312.
5. ^ Bennie, Neil A. C.; Christopher D. Loaring; Mikaella M. G. Bennie; Steven A. Trim (2012). "An effective method for terrestrial arthropod euthanasia". Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (24): 4237–4241. doi:10.1242/jeb.074997. PMID 22996446.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Erens, Jesse; Es van, Sam; Haverkort, Fay; Kapsomenou, Eleni; Luijben, Andy (2012). "A bug's life: Large-scale insect rearing in relation to animal welfare" (PDF). Wageningen University. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
7. ^ a b c d e f De Goede, D. M.; J. Erens; E. Kapsomenou; M. Peters (2013). "Large scale insect rearing and animal welfare". In Helena Röcklinsberg, Per Sandin (ed.). The ethics of consumption: The citizen, the market and the law. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 236–242. ISBN 978-90-8686-784-4.
8. ^ Thieme, Marianne (12 Oct 2012). "Questions about insects as a protein source for pig and chicken feed". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
9. ^ a b King, Barbara J. (3 April 2014). "The Joys And Ethics Of Insect Eating". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
10. ^ "Current Products and Prices". World Ento. 22 Oct 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
11. ^ a b Arnold van Huis; Joost Van Itterbeeck; Harmke Klunder; Esther Mertens; Afton Halloran; Giulia Muir; Paul Vantomme (2013). "5.6. Animal Welfare" (PDF). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 65\. ISBN 978-92-5-107596-8. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
12. ^ Southan, Rhys (18 March 2010). "The Vegan Response to the Insect Eating Movement?". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
13. ^ Ouedraogo, R. M.; M. S. Goettel; J. Brodeur (2004). "Behavioral thermoregulation in the migratory locust: a therapy to overcome fungal infection". Oecologia. 138 (2): 312–319. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1431-0. PMID 14614620.
14. ^ Greenfield, Beth (21 Oct 2011). "15 Insects You Won't Believe Are Edible". Budget Travel. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
15. ^ Weiner, Miriam B. (28 Apr 2011). "Countries That Eat Bugs". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
16. ^ Lara (6 Mar 2013). "Eating Insects in Thailand". Travel in Thailand. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
17. ^ "Euthanizing Insects". Colorado Plateau Biodiversity Center. 6 Aug 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
18. ^ Pizzi, Romain (2012). "Spiders". In Gregory A. Lewbart (ed.). Invertebrate Medicine (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 211\. ISBN 978-0813817583.
19. ^ Cornelia Gunkel; Gregory A. Lewbart (2007). "13. Invertebrates". In Gary West; Darryl Heard; Nigel Caulkett (eds.). Zoo Animal & Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. Blackwell. pp. 147–158. ISBN 978-0-8138-2566-3.
20. ^ "AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition" (PDF). American Veterinary Medical Association. p. 76. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
21. ^ Sarah Pellett; Romain Pizzi; Steven Trim; Mark Bushell; Dave Clarke; Jamie Wood (Apr 2013). BIAZA Recommendations for Ethical Euthanasia of Invertebrates (1.1 ed.). British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
22. ^ Olson, Miles (2012). "22. Exploring Entomophagy: Bugs as Food". Unlearn, Rewild: Earth Skills, Ideas and Inspiration for the Future Primitive. New Society Publishers. pp. 193–202. ISBN 978-0865717213.
23. ^ "IAF Frequently Asked Questions". Insects Are Food. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
24. ^ Price, Aletheia. "Eating Bugs!". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
25. ^ Tarantola, Andrew (16 Sep 2013). "Why, How, and Where You Should Start Eating Bugs". Gizmodo. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
26. ^ Ferriss, Timothy (2012). The 4-Hour Chef: The Simple Path to Cooking Like a Pro, Learning Anything, and Living the Good Life. New Harvest. ISBN 978-0547884592.
27. ^ "The Monitor FAQ--Feeding". Retrieved 1 June 2014.
28. ^ "Keeping Frogs!". New Zealand Frogs. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
29. ^ Kaplan, Melissa (1 Jan 2014). "Feeding Prekilled vs. Live Prey". Melissa Kaplan's Herp and Green Iguana Information Collection. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
30. ^ "Pre-killed feeding?". Frog Forum. 3–5 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
31. ^ Team, Ben. "How to Get Bearded Dragons to Eat Canned Crickets". PawNation. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
32. ^ Linda. "Feeder insects for your predatory insects". Keeping Insects. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
33. ^ Dick, Gail. "Insects a La Carte". Hedgehog Headquarters. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
34. ^ "Is Carmine Vegan?". Is It Vegan?. 10 Mar 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
35. ^ Shreeves, Robin (24 Apr 2012). "What is carmine and why is Starbucks taking it out of its products?". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
36. ^ Yacoubou, Jeanne (2 Jan 2013). "Alternatives to Insect-Derived Food Colors". Vegetarian Resource Group Blog. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
37. ^ Yacoubou, Jeanne (30 Nov 2010). "Q & A on Shellac". Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
38. ^ Flinn, Angel (15 Aug 2011). "Shellac & Food Glaze". Gentle World. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
39. ^ Green, C. L. (1995). "5: Insect Dyes". Non-Wood Forest Products 4: Natural colourants and dyestuffs. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 3 July 2014.

* v
* t
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Animal welfare

Issues|

* Abandoned pets
* Blood sports
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* Livestock dehorning
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Concepts|

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Pain in
nonhuman animals|

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* Grimace scale

Organisations|

* ASPCA
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Publications|

* American Humane Magazine
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* Human Advocate
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Activists
and workers|

| Contemporary|

* Michael C. Appleby
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* Naomi Sagara
* Sepehr Salimi
* Adolfo Sansolini
* Rakesh Shukla
* Karen Stockin
* Patti Strand
* Sally Varma
* Tina M. Widowski

|

Historical|

* Gertrude Ansell
* Emily Appleton
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* Henry Bergh
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* Victoria Braithwaite
* Roger A. Caras
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* Maria Dickin
* Marjorie Doggett
* Muriel Dowding
* Alice Drakoules
* Sarah J. Eddy
* Agnes Estcourt-Oswald
* Edward G. Fairholme
* Aida McAnn Flemming
* Lucy Furman
* Basil Goldstone
* Julia Goddard
* Robert Gower
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* George Greenwood
* Peter Gurney
* Catherine Victoria Hall
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* Sjoerd Hofstra
* Clive Hollands
* John A. Hoyt
* Velma Bronn Johnston
* Albert Knapp
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* Carla Lane
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* Jessey Wade
* Christopher Wathes
* Franz Weber
* Caroline Earle White
* Emily Williamson
* H. Fergie Woods
* Alice Morgan Wright
* Gretchen Wyler

Scholars
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Arnold Arluke
* Jonathan Balcombe
* Michael Balls
* Geoffrey Barstow
* Marc Bekoff
* Donald Broom
* Marian Dawkins
* Bruce Fogle
* Jane Goodall
* Temple Grandin
* Celia Haddon
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* Barbara J. King
* Alistair Lawrence
* David Macdonald
* Jeremy Marchant
* Jeff McMahan
* Daniel Mills
* Sy Montgomery
* Virginia Morell
* Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
* Clare Palmer
* Susan J. Pearson
* Dale Peterson
* Jessica Pierce
* Diana Reiss
* Carl Safina
* Matthew Scully
* Paul Shapiro
* Jennifer Skiff
* Peter Wohlleben

|

Historical|

* George T. Angell
* Patrick Bateson
* Beddow Bayly
* Ernest Bell
* Edward Berdoe
* Arthur Broome
* Jean Burden
* Gerald Carson
* Stephen Coleridge
* Christian Adam Dann
* J. Morewood Dowsett
* Audrey Eyton
* George Fleming
* Ralph Fletcher
* Ruth Harrison
* C. W. Hume
* E. Douglas Hume
* James Macaulay
* Basheer Ahmad Masri
* Francis Orpen Morris
* George Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Charles Reinhardt
* Francis H. Rowley
* W. M. S. Russell
* Chris Sherwin
* Colin Spedding
* William O. Stillman
* Bell Taylor
* Ernst von Weber
* D. G. M. Wood-Gush
* Frans de Waal
* Hugh Wirth
* William Youatt

Categories|

* Animal advocacy parties
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* Dishes involving the consumption of live animals
* Fur trade
* People associated with animal welfare
* Whaling

Religious
considerations|

* Dhabihah
* Jhatka
* Kutha
* Shechita
* Tza'ar ba'alei chayim

Rituals and
festivals|

* Blessing of animals
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* October Horse
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* Running of the bulls
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* World Animal Day

Legislation|

* Animal testing regulations
* Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ)
* Animal Welfare Act 2006 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US)
* Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 (UK)
* Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 (UK)
* EU Directive 2010/63/EU (EU)
* EU Directive 1999/74/EC (EU)
* Horse Protection Act of 1970 (US)
* Hunting Act 2004 (UK)
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 (Philippines)

Related|

* List of animal rights advocates

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Animal rights

Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)

| Overviews|

* Animal rights movement
* Animal rights by country or territory
* Anarchism and animal rights
* Animal rights and punk subculture
* Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
* Animal rights in Indian religions
* Christianity and animal rights
* History of animal rights
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Moral status of animals in the ancient world
* Timeline of animal welfare and rights
* Total liberation
* Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare

|

Concepts|

* Abolitionism
* Ahimsa
* Animal cognition
* Animal consciousness
* Animal ethics
* Animal–industrial complex
* Animal law
* Animal protectionism
* Animal welfare
* Animal-free agriculture
* Anthrozoology
* Argument from marginal cases
* Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
* Carnism
* Equal consideration of interests
* Emotion in animals
* Ethics of eating meat
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Ethology
* Insects in ethics
* Meat paradox
* Nonviolence
* Open rescue
* Opposition to hunting
* Personism
* Replaceability argument
* Sentiocentrism
* Speciesism
* Veganism
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarianism

Issues|

| Animal agriculture|

* Animal product
* Battery cage
* Bile bear
* Chick culling
* Concentrated animal feeding operation
* Fish farming
* Fur farming
* Fur trade
* Insect farming
* Intensive animal farming
* Intensive pig farming
* Livestock
* Poultry farming
* Slaughterhouse
* Wildlife farming
* Working animal
* Feedback (pork industry)
* Foam depopulation
* Ventilation shutdown

|

Animal testing|

* Alternatives to animal testing
* Animal testing on non-human primates
* Animal testing regulations
* Labcorp Drug Development
* Great ape research ban
* Green Scare
* Huntingdon Life Sciences
* Model organism
* Nafovanny
* Operation Backfire
* Vivisection

Animal welfare|

* Animal euthanasia
* Cruelty to animals
* Pain in animals
* Pain in amphibians
* Pain in cephalopods
* Pain in crustaceans
* Pain in fish
* Pain in invertebrates
* Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
* Welfare of farmed insects

Fishing|

* Commercial fishing
* Fishing bait
* Recreational fishing

Wild animals|

* Culling wildlife
* Hare coursing
* Hunting
* International primate trade
* Ivory trade
* Predation problem
* Seal hunting
* Wild animal suffering
* Wildlife management

Other|

* Abandoned pets
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal slaughter
* Animal trial
* Animals in sport
* Live food
* Live export

Cases|

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* McLibel case
* Monkey selfie copyright dispute
* Pit of despair
* SHAC
* Silver Spring monkeys
* University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
* Unnecessary Fuss
* War of the currents

Methodologies|

* Direct Action Everywhere
* Hunt sabotage

Observances|

* World Animal Day
* World Day for the End of Speciesism
* World Day for Laboratory Animals
* World Day for the End of Fishing

Advocates (academics, writers, activists)

| Academics
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Carol J. Adams
* Aysha Akhtar
* Kristin Andrews
* Tom Beauchamp
* Marc Bekoff
* Steven Best
* Stephen St. C. Bostock
* Paola Cavalieri
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Alasdair Cochrane
* J. M. Coetzee
* Alice Crary
* David DeGrazia
* Daniel Dombrowski
* Sue Donaldson
* Josephine Donovan
* Joan Dunayer
* Mylan Engel
* Catia Faria
* Lawrence Finsen
* Gary L. Francione
* Robert Garner
* Valéry Giroux
* Lori Gruen
* John Hadley
* Oscar Horta
* Dale Jamieson
* Kyle Johannsen
* Melanie Joy
* Hilda Kean
* Will Kymlicka
* Renan Larue
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Dan Lyons
* David Nibert
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* Charles Patterson
* David Pearce
* Jessica Pierce
* Evelyn Pluhar
* Mark Rowlands
* Richard D. Ryder
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* Gary Steiner
* Cass Sunstein
* David Sztybel
* Michael Tye
* Tatjana Višak
* Paul Waldau
* Corey Lee Wrenn

|

Historical|

* Jeremy Bentham
* David Renaud Boullier
* Brigid Brophy
* Peter Buchan
* Mona Caird
* Priscilla Cohn
* Henry Crowe
* Herman Daggett
* Richard Dean
* Wilhelm Dietler
* William Hamilton Drummond
* Edward Payson Evans
* T. Forster
* John Galsworthy
* Thomas G. Gentry
* Arthur Helps
* John Hildrop
* John Zephaniah Holwell
* Soame Jenyns
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
* John Lawrence
* Charles R. Magel
* Jean Meslier
* Mary Midgley
* J. Howard Moore
* José Ferrater Mora
* Leonard Nelson
* Edward Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Rod Preece
* Humphrey Primatt
* James Rachels
* Tom Regan
* Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
* Bernard Rollin
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Laurids Smith
* John Styles
* Thomas Tryon
* Gary Varner
* Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
* Mary Anne Warren
* Adam Gottlieb Weigen
* Johann Heinrich Winckler
* Steven M. Wise
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Voltaire

Activists|

| Contemporary|

* James Aspey
* Greg Avery
* Matt Ball
* Martin Balluch
* Carole Baskin
* Barbi Twins
* Brigitte Bardot
* Gene Baur
* Yves Bonnardel
* Joey Carbstrong
* Aymeric Caron
* Jake Conroy
* Rod Coronado
* Karen Dawn
* Chris DeRose
* John Feldmann
* Bruce Friedrich
* Juliet Gellatley
* Tal Gilboa
* Antoine Goetschel
* Mark Gold
* Brigitte Gothière
* Wayne Hsiung
* Charlotte Laws
* Ronnie Lee
* Howard Lyman
* Evanna Lynch
* Bill Maher
* Keith Mann
* Jim Mason
* Dan Mathews
* Jo-Anne McArthur
* Luísa Mell
* Virginia McKenna
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Heather Nicholson
* Jack Norris
* Ric O'Barry
* David Olivier
* Alex Pacheco
* Craig Rosebraugh
* Nathan Runkle
* Jasmin Singer
* Kim Stallwood
* Lynda Stoner
* Marianne Thieme
* Darren Thurston
* Christine Townend
* Wendy Turner-Webster
* Jerry Vlasak
* Louise Wallis
* Gary Yourofsky
* That Vegan Teacher

|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
* Henry B. Amos
* Bob Barker
* Ernest Bell
* Edith Carrington
* Frances Power Cobbe
* Joan Court
* Karen Davis
* Royal Dixon
* Muriel Dowding
* Elizabeth Farians
* Emarel Freshel
* André Géraud
* Lewis Gompertz
* James Granger
* Nina Douglas-Hamilton
* Barry Horne
* Marie Huot
* Lizzy Lind af Hageby
* Jessie Mackay
* Norm Phelps
* Jill Phipps
* Maud Ingersoll Probasco
* Hans Ruesch
* Nell Shipman
* Henry Spira
* Andrew Tyler
* Gretchen Wyler

Movement (groups, parties)

| Groups|

| Contemporary|

* American Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Aid
* Animal Ethics
* Animal Justice
* Animal Justice Project
* Animal Legal Defense Fund
* Animal Liberation
* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal Rising
* AnimaNaturalis
* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Anonymous for the Voiceless
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Born Free Foundation
* Centre for Animals and Social Justice
* Chinese Animal Protection Network
* Cruelty Free International
* Direct Action Everywhere
* Doctors Against Animal Experiments
* Equanimal
* Every Animal
* Farm Animal Rights Movement
* Faunalytics
* Great Ape Project
* Hunt Saboteurs Association
* In Defense of Animals
* Korea Animal Rights Advocates
* L214
* Last Chance for Animals
* Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
* Mercy for Animals
* Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society

|

Historical|

* Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* Animals' Rights (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 139 )

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