Welsh Language Society

Pressure group in support of the Welsh language

Cymdeithas yr Iaith

Tafod y Ddraig (the Dragon's Tongue), the society logo

Formation| August 4, 1962; 62 years ago (1962-08-04)
Founder| Owain Owain, John Davies, Geraint Jones (Trefor)
Type| Advocacy group
Purpose| Welsh Language rights, Welsh Nationalism
Headquarters| Aberystwyth, Wales
Fields| Minority language movement, Anti Globalization

Chairperson

| Joseff Gnagbo
Website| cymdeithas.cymru

The Welsh Language Society (Welsh: Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, also often abbreviated to Cymdeithas yr Iaith or just Cymdeithas in English) is a direct action pressure group in Wales campaigning for the right of Welsh people to use the Welsh language in every aspect of their lives. The chair of the Welsh Language Society since October 2023 is Joseff Gnagbo.[1][2]

## History

[edit]

### 1960s

[edit]

The first protest at Pont Trefechan in Aberystwyth, 1963

The Society was established in name on 4 August 1962 at Pontarddulais in South Wales, but did not have a constitution until 18 May 1963. The formation was at least partly inspired by the annual BBC Wales Radio Lecture given on 13 February 1962 by Saunders Lewis and entitled Tynged yr iaith (The fate of the language).[3] Historian John Davies has said that the lecture was "the catalyst" for the formation of the Welsh Language Society, and the start of a period of direct-action agitation to enhance the status of the Welsh language.[4] Its direct effect on the formation of the Society is described in a history of that society.[5]

The Society's first public protest took place in February 1963 in Aberystwyth town centre, where members pasted posters on the post office in an attempt to be arrested and go to trial.[6] When it became apparent that they would not be arrested for the posters, they then moved to Pont Trefechan in Aberystwyth, where around seventy members and supporters held a sit-in blocking road traffic for half an hour.[7]

The first campaigns were for official status for the language, with a call for Welsh-language tax returns, schools, electoral forms, post office signs, birth certificates and so on. This was done through the formation of 'cells', the first operating in Bangor in April 1963 by Owain Owain who also founded and edited the Society's only publication, Tafod y Ddraig ('The Dragon's Tongue') and designed the logo.

In 1968 a sit-in was held at the news and television studio and the newsroom department of the BBC at Broadway, Cardiff, by members of the Society. The sit-in was calling for the BBC to use more Welsh.[8]

### 1970s and 1980s

[edit]

Protestors dump English-only road signs at the steps of the Welsh Office in Cathays Park, Cardiff. This started in 1970 and ended in 1972.

The society believes in direct action, and in the course of its campaigns over a thousand people have appeared before the courts for their part in various campaigns, many receiving prison sentences, making it Britain's largest protest group since the suffragettes – in terms of fines and the numbers sent to prison.[9][10] Typical actions include painting slogans on buildings owned by businesses, and other minor criminal damage.[11][12][13]

At the beginning of the 1970s, the society began to campaign for a Welsh-language radio and television service. Radio Cymru was established in 1977, but in 1979 the Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher announced that it would not keep its election promise to establish a separate Welsh-language television channel. Some protesters refused to buy television licences and others climbed up television masts and invaded television studios.[14]

There was much damage to radio and television transmitters:

* Blaenplwyf transmitter was damaged on Monday 7 February 1977, costing £25,000, Dyfed–Powys Police arrested the leader at his home at Cenarth;[15][16] there was another break-in on Monday 19 November 1979, which included John Rowlands and Geraint H. Jenkins[17]
* Waltham was turned off from 10 pm on Thursday 2 November 1978; the group had broken into The Wrekin on the same night, but had turned off the wrong switch.[18]
* Midhurst was damaged on Thursday 8 February 1979; BBC1 transmissions were restored by Friday but BBC2 took three more days;[19][20] it caused £15,700 of damage; 23 year old Hywel Pennar, a student at St David's Lampeter, was jailed for 9 months; he was the son of Pennar Davies, the Principal from 1959 to 1979 of Swansea Theological College[21]
* Sudbury in Suffolk was damaged on Thursday 15 March 1979 with £20,000 of damage.[22]

The government reversed its position and a Welsh-language TV channel, S4C, was launched in 1982.

### 2000s

[edit]

A political poster used in the early 1970s depicting a judge wearing a garment styled as the flag of the United Kingdom, trampling over the words; 'Y Gymraeg' (The Welsh [language]) which was created after 11 Welsh speaking protestors were arrested

On 24 July 2004 (five weeks after launching), Radio Carmarthenshire's studios in Narberth were invaded by eleven activists from the Welsh Language Society. They were protesting against Radio Carmarthenshire's decision to limit the amount of its Welsh-language programming. The offices and studios were stormed during a live broadcast, taking Radio Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire off-air for fifteen minutes. According to Keri Jones (who later branded the members of the group as "terrorists"), his head of sales was injured, and needed hospital treatment for a fractured wrist sustained during the scuffles which ensued. Police arrested eleven activists, and subsequently released them pending further enquiries. The chair of the movement Steffan Cravos was later found not guilty of causing grievous bodily harm.[23]

The society claimed that 50% of the population in Carmarthenshire speak Welsh as a first language, but less than 5% of Radio Carmarthenshire's output was in Welsh. As a result of complaints and pressure from the society and individuals, the United Kingdom's broadcasting watchdog Ofcom issued Radio Carmarthenshire with a 'yellow card' warning in late 2004; any further claims[clarification needed] of the station not conforming to its licence agreement would result in the station being severely reprimanded by Ofcom.

### Response to the 2011 Census results

[edit]

Following the 2011 Census results, the group held a series of rallies across Wales. In the first rally in Caernarfon in December 2012, the group published its Maniffesto Byw (Living Manifesto) which outlined tens of policies designed to strengthen the language. The society launched the "Dwi eisiau byw yn Gymraeg" (I want to live in Welsh) slogan at the same rally.

On 6 February 2013 and 4 July 2013, deputations of the society met First Minister Carwyn Jones to press for urgent policy changes in light of the Census results.

A revised version of the Maniffesto Byw was published in July 2013, following a public consultation and an extraordinary general meeting when a number of amendments to the manifesto were adopted.

In August 2013, the group wrote to the First Minister Carwyn Jones, giving him six months to state his intention to deliver six policy changes for the benefit of the language:

1. Addysg Gymraeg i Bawb (Welsh-medium Education for All)
2. Tegwch Ariannol i'r Gymraeg (Financial Fairness for the Welsh language)
3. Gweinyddu'n fewnol yn Gymraeg (Internal Government in Welsh)
4. Safonau Iaith i Greu Hawliau Clir (Language Standards to Create Clear Rights)
5. Trefn Cynllunio er budd ein Cymunedau (A Planning System for the benefit of our Communities)
6. Y Gymraeg yn greiddiol i Ddatblygu Cynaliadwy (Welsh as central to Sustainable Development)

Carwyn Jones had made no such statement of intent by 1 February 2014, and the group started a direct action campaign and held a series of protests across the country.

### Ongoing campaigns

[edit]

* In 2015, the society began calling for Welsh medium education to be extended to every school pupil in Wales, to 'give them the ability to communicate and work' in the language. This call was supported by the linguist David Crystal and academic Christine James.[24] These calls include a call for an Education Act for Welsh language education for all.[25]
* Sustainable communities; a property act to help tackle the housing crisis and second home issue.[26]
* The devolution of broadcasting to Wales.[27]

## Successful campaigns

[edit]

According to the language group's website, its campaigns have contributed to securing the following policy changes for the language:[28]

* 1960s – Bilingual road signs
* 1970s – Welsh-language television channel campaign and establishment of S4C, the world's only Welsh-language television channel, in 1982.
* 1993 – Welsh Language Act 1993 enacted, requiring public bodies to offer limited Welsh-language services
* 2000s – Campaign for new Welsh Language Act and official status for the language under the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011
* 2011 – Welsh-medium higher education college, Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol, established

## Campaign areas

[edit]

Nid yw Cymru ar Werth protest in Aberystwyth, February 2022

The principal campaigns can be divided into four major areas:

### Hawliau i'r Gymraeg (Rights to the Welsh language)

[edit]

At the beginning of the 21st century, the society started a campaign for a new Welsh Language Act. The Welsh Language Act 1993 declared that Welsh should be treated on an equal basis with English, but the society argued that this fell short of what is needed.

In 2007, the society published its own Welsh Language Measure, draft legislation which would amongst other things establish official status for the Welsh language and rights to use it, and establish the office of the Welsh Language Commissioner.

In 2011, based in large part on the society's proposals, the National Assembly for Wales passed the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, which established the Welsh language as an official language of Wales, and introduced the Welsh Language Commissioner.

### Cymunedau Cynaliadwy (Sustainable Communities)

[edit]

This group leads on a number of matters, including housing and planning policy. Since the 1980s the group has called for a Property Act to increase the number of communities where Welsh is the main language of the area as well as tackling income inequality and environmental problems.

On 11 March 2014, the group published its own draft "Property and Planning Bill for the benefit of our communities (Wales) 2014" which would enshrine the six main principles of its proposal for a Property Act as well as establishing the Welsh language as a statutory material consideration in the planning system.

### Dyfodol Digidol (Digital Future)

[edit]

This group campaigns for rights to see and hear the language. This includes campaigns for investment in Radio Cymru and S4C, as well as the presence of the Welsh language online.

### Grŵp Addysg (Education Group)

[edit]

Welsh medium education is available in most areas of Wales in the primary and secondary stages of school education. Welsh second-language GCSEs are compulsory in English medium education. This group demands improvements and also massive expansion in further (college) and higher (university) education. This mainly includes a Welsh language federal college, which would be a multi-sited college that provides courses and resources in the medium of Welsh.

## Current volunteers and staff

[edit]

Current board of movement-[29] Chair- Robat Idris

Vice-chairperson of campaigns- Ifan Jones

Vice-chairperson of communication- Osian Rhys

Vice-chairperson of administrative duties- Mai Roberts

Treasurer- Danny Grehan

Officer of raising money and Membership- Bethan Ruth

Officer of commercial and goods- Mirain Owen

Officer of Digital- Llinos Anwyl

Officer of design- Carwyn Hedd

Editor of Y Tafod- Mared Llywelyn Williams

Officer of learners – Heledd Owen

International deputy- Joseff Gnagbo

Chair of education- Mabli Siriol

Vice-chairperson of education-

Chair of the Sustainable Communities Group- Jeff Smith

Vice-chairperson of the Sustainable Communities Group-

Chair of the Digital Futures Group- Carl Morris

Vice-chairperson of the Digital Futures Group- Mirain Owen

Chair of Right to the Welsh Language – Aled Powell

Vice-chairperson of Right to the Welsh Language

Chair of Health and Well Being Group- Gwerfyl Roberts

The society is a largely voluntary movement, which also employs five full-time members of staff, one at its head office in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, one in its Caernarfon office, two in its Cardiff office and one in the Llanfihangel-ar-Arth office.

## List of chairpersons

[edit]

* 1962–1963 – Tedi Millward and John Davies (secretaries)
* 1963–1965 – John Daniel
* 1965–1966 – Cynog Dafis
* 1966–1967 – Emyr Llywelyn first and then Gareth Miles
* 1967–1968 – Gareth Miles
* 1968–1971 – Dafydd Iwan
* 1971–1973 – Gronw ab Islwyn
* 1973–1974 – Emyr Hywel
* 1974–1975 – Ffred Ffransis
* 1975–1977 – Wynfford James
* 1977–1979 – Rhodri Williams
* 1979–1981 – Wayne Williams
* 1981–1982 – Meri Huws
* 1982–1984 – Angharad Tomos
* 1984–1985 – Karl Davies
* 1985–1987 – Toni Schiavone
* 1987–1989 – Helen Prosser
* 1989–1990 – Sian Howys
* 1990–1993 – Alun Llwyd
* 1993–1994 – Aled Davies
* 1994–1996 – Rocet Arwel Jones
* 1996–1998 – Gareth Kiff
* 1998–1999 – Branwen Niclas
* 1999–2001 –
* 2001–2002 – Branwen Brian Evans and Aled Davies (co-chairs)
* 2002–2004 – Huw Lewis
* 2004–2006 – Steffan Cravos
* 2006–2007 – Steffan Cravos
* 2007–2008 – Hywel Griffiths
* 2008–2010 – Menna Machreth
* 2010–2013 – Bethan Williams
* 2013–2014 – Robin Farrar
* 2014–2016 – Jamie Bevan
* 2016–2018 – Heledd Gwyndaf
* 2018–2019 – Osian Rhys
* 2019–2020 – Bethan Ruth[30]
* 2020–2022 – Mabli Siriol[31]
* 2022–2023 – Robat Idris[32]
* present – Joseff Gnagbo[33]

## Notable members, former members and supporters

[edit]

* John Davies
* Tedi Millward
* Gareth Miles
* Meic Stephens
* Owain Owain
* Emyr Llewelyn
* Ned Thomas
* Meredydd Evans
* Pennar Davies
* Eirian Llwyd
* R. Tudur Jones
* Bobi Jones
* Ffred Ffransis
* Meinir Ffransis
* Meirion Pennar
* Meri Huws
* Steve Eaves
* Bryn Fôn
* Steffan Cravos
* Gwenno Teifi
* Jamie Bevan

## See also

[edit]

* List of movements in Wales
* Barn (Welsh magazine)
* Ceartas, an equivalent campaign in Scotland, founded in 1981
* Dyfodol I'r Iaith
* Golwg
* Records of the Welsh Language Society at the National Library of Wales

## Further reading

[edit]

* Dafydd Iwan and Arfon Gwylim interviewed by Rob Gibson, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus 3, Spring 1976, pp. 18 – 21, ISSN 0307-2029

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Cadeirydd newydd Cymdeithas yr Iaith: ail-bwysleisio alwad am Addysg Gymraeg I Bawb". Cymdeithas yr Iaith. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
2. ^ "Ivory Coast asylum seeker becomes top Welsh language activist". BBC News. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
3. ^ Davies, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8, p 649: "the catalyst (for its formation) was the radio lecture given by Saunders Lewis on 13/2/62"
4. ^ Davies, John, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8, p 649
5. ^ Phillips, D, The History of the Welsh Language Society in Jenkins, Geraint. H., and Williams, Mari A., (eds) Let's do our best for the ancient tongue, UoW Press, 2000, ISBN 0-7083-1658-1, p 467
6. ^ Booth, Hannah (30 October 2015). "Dr Tedi Millward, at the first Welsh language protest, Aberystwyth, 2 February 1963". The Guardian.
7. ^ Dylan Philps. "history of the welsh language society" in The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Ed. by G.H. Jenkins and M.W. Williams. Page 471
8. ^ https🖉Guardian Staff (30 November 2016). "Sit-in at BBC Welsh studios – archive, 30 November 1968". the Guardian.
9. ^ Dylan Phillips, 'Trwy ddulliau chwyldro..? Hanes Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg', Gomer, 1998, ISBN 1-85902-594-3 p 257
10. ^ Clive Betts, 'Inside the Welsh Language Society', Western Mail, 5/7/1977
11. ^ "Four charged after language rally". 6 January 2001 - via news.bbc.co.uk.
12. ^ "Five arrested at language rally". 9 February 2002 - via news.bbc.co.uk.
13. ^ "North Wales News – Latest news, pictures, video – North Wales Live". www.dailypost.co.uk.
14. ^ Tynged yr Iaith, The Welsh Language Society, Broadcasting in Welsh, The Welsh Language Act on Ymgyrchu!, a website by the National Library of Wales
15. ^ Liverpool Daily Post Wednesday 9 February 1977, page 1
16. ^ Liverpool Daily Post Thursday 17 March 1977, page 3
17. ^ Liverpool Daily Post Tuesday 20 November 1979, page 1
18. ^ Leicester Mercury Friday 3 November 1978, page 1
19. ^ Liverpool Daily Post Saturday 10 February 1979, page 1
20. ^ Western Daily Press Saturday 10 February 1979, page 4
21. ^ Liverpool Daily Post Thursday 23 October 1980, page 9
22. ^ Liverpool Daily Post Friday 16 March 1979, page 1
23. ^ "Cymdeithas chief cleared of GBH". 18 November 2005.
24. ^ "Galw am 'addysg Gymraeg i bawb'". BBC Cymru Fyw. 25 May 2015.
25. ^ "Deddf Addysg Gymraeg i Bawb" (PDF).
26. ^ "Property Act Proposals Cymdeithas yr Iaith 2022 | Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg". cymdeithas.cymru. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
27. ^ "Yr Achos dros Ddatganoli Darlledu i Gymru | Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg". cymdeithas.cymru. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
28. ^ "Beth yw Cymdeithas yr Iaith? | Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg". cymdeithas.cymru. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
29. ^ "Senedd y Gymdeithas | Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg". cymdeithas.cymru.
30. ^ "Cadeirydd newydd y Gymdeithas – Bethan Ruth Roberts | Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg". cymdeithas.cymru.
31. ^ "Mabli Siriol yw cadeirydd newydd Cymdeithas yr Iaith". Golwg360. 7 November 2020.
32. ^ "Survival of Welsh language at odds with 'dystopian' future under Westminster says new Cymdeithas chair". Nation.Cymru. 9 October 2022.
33. ^ "Cadeirydd newydd Cymdeithas yr Iaith: ail-bwysleisio alwad am Addysg Gymraeg i Bawb". cymdeithas.cymru. 9 October 2023.

## External links

[edit]

* Cymdeithas yr Iaith website (in Welsh)
* Cymdeithas yr Iaith website (in English)
* Documents on the founding of the Society (in English)

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