West Kilimanjaro language

Bantu language of Tanzania spoken by the Chaga people

West Kilimanjaro

West Chaga
Native to| Tanzania
Region| Machame, Kilimanjaro Region
Ethnicity| Chaga

Language family

Niger–Congo?

* Atlantic–Congo
* Benue–Congo
* Bantoid
* Southern Bantoid
* Bantu
* Northeast Bantu
* Chaga–Taita
* Chaga
* West Kilimanjaro

Language codes
ISO 639-3| Either:
`jmc` – Machame
`rwk` – Rwa
Glottolog| `west2852`

Guthrie code

| `E.621 (ex-E.61,62a)`[1]

West Kilimanjaro, or West Chaga, is a Bantu language of Tanzania spoken by the Chaga people.

There are several dialects:[1]

* Rwa (Rwo, Meru, Kirwo), or Meru, from Mount Meru
* Mashami (Kimashame), or "Hai" (Kihai)
* Siha
* Kiwoso (Kibosho including Kindi, Kombo, Mweka)
* Masama
* Ng’uni

## Phonology

[edit]

### Vowels

[edit]

| Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

High | i iː |  | u uː
Mid | e eː |  | o oː
Low |  | a aː |

### Consonants

[edit]

Consonants in the Mashame dialect[2][3] | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal

|
|
|
|
|

Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
Stop | voiceless | p | t |  | k |
voiced | b | d | (ɟ)  |  |
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd |  | ᵑɡ |
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ |  | (h)
voiced | β |  |  | ɣ |
Rhotic |  | r |  |  |
Lateral | glide |  | l |  |  |
fricative |  | ɮ |  |  |
Approximant | w |  | j |  |

* /ɣ/ may also be heard as uvular [ʁ] in free variation.
* /β/ can also be realized as [ʋ] or [w] among some speakers.
* [ɟ] is found in loanwords.[3]
* /h/ only rarely occurs.[2]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
2. ^ a b Rugemalira, Josephat Muhozi (2008). Kimashami: Kamusi ya Kimashami-Kiingereza-Kiswahili. Dar es Salaam: Dept. of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, University of Dar es Salaam.
3. ^ a b Rugemalira, Josephat M.; Phanuel, Benedictor (2012). A grammatical sketch of Kimashami. University of Dar es Salaam.

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Languages of Tanzania

Official languages|

* Swahili
* English

Indigenous
languages|

| Bantu|

| Northeast
Bantu|

| Bena–Kinga|

* Bena
* Hehe
* Kinga
* Kisi
* Manda
* Pangwa
* Sangu
* Vwanji

|

Chaga|

* Central Kilimanjaro
* Mochi
* Gweno
* Rombo
* Rusa
* West Kilimanjaro

Great Lakes|

* Ha
* Hangaza
* Ikizu
* Ikoma
* Jita
* Kabwa
* Kara
* Kerewe
* Kuria
* Kwaya
* Ngoreme
* Nyambo
* Suba-Simbiti
* Sumbwa
* Vinza
* Zanaki
* Zinza

Kikuyu–Kamba|

* Sonjo

Northeast Coast|

* Digo
* Doe
* Gogo
* Kagulu
* Kami
* Kutu
* Kwere
* Luguru
* Ngulu
* Sagara
* Shambala
* Vidunda
* Zaramo

Takama|

* Holoholo
* Iramba
* Isanzu
* Kimbu
* Nyamwezi
* Sukuma
* Turu

Kilombero|

* Mbunga
* Ndamba
* Pogolo

Rufiji–Ruvuma|

* Matengo
* Matumbi
* Mpoto
* Mwera
* Ndendeule
* Ndengereko
* Ndonde
* Ngindo
* Ngoni
* Nindi
* Yao

Rukwa|

* Bungu
* Fipa
* Lambya
* Malila
* Mambwe-Lungu
* Mwanga
* Nyakyusa
* Nyiha
* Nyika
* Safwa
* Wanda

Other Bantu|

* Bemba
* Makhuwa
* Mbamba Bay
* Mbugwe
* Rangi

Cushitic|

* Alagwa
* Asa
* Burunge
* Gorowa
* Iraqw
* Kwʼadza

Nilotic|

* Datooga
* Kisankasa
* Kwavi
* Maasai
* Mediak
* Mosiro
* Ngasa
* Luo
* Ogiek

Isolates/unclassified|

* Hadza
* Sandawe
* Omaio
* "Serengeti-Dorobo"

Sign languages|

* 7 school sign languages

* v
* t
* e

Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H) (by Guthrie classification)

Zone E|

| [J]E10|

* [J]E11 Nyoro
* [J]E12 Tooro
* [J]E13 Nyankore
* [J]E14 Ciga
* [J]E15 Ganda
* [J]E16 Soga
* [J]E17 Gwere
* [J]E18 Nyala
* [JE101 Gungu
* JE102 Talinga-Bwisi
* JE103 Ruli
* JE121 Hema

|

[J]E20|

* [J]E21 Nyambo
* [J]E22 Ziba
* [J]E23 Dzindza
* [J]E24 Kerebe
* [J]E25 Jita
* [JE221 Rashi
* JE251 Kwaya
* JE252 Kara
* JE253 Ruri

[J]E30|

* [J]E31a Gisu
* [J]E31b Kisu
* [J]E31c Bukusu
* [J]E32a Hanga
* [J]E32b Tsotso
* [J]E33 Nyore
* [J]E34 Saamia
* [J]E35 Nyuli
* [JE341 Xaayo
* JE342 Marachi
* JE343 Songa

[J]E40|

* [J]E41 Logooli
* [J]E42 Gusii
* [J]E43 Koria
* [J]E44 Zanaki
* [J]E45 Nata
* E46 Sonjo
* [JE401 Nguruimi
* JE402 Ikizu
* JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti
* JE404 Shashi
* JE405 Kabwa
* JE406 Singa
* JE407 Ware
* JE411 Idaxo
* JE412 Isuxa
* JE413 Tiriki
* JE431 Simbiti
* JE432 Hacha
* JE433 Surwa
* JE434 Sweta

E50|

* E51 Kikuyu
* E52 Embu
* E53 Meru
* E54 Saraka
* E55 Kamba
* E56 Daiso
* [E531 Mwimbi-Muthambi
* E541 Cuka

E60|

* E61[621a] Rwo
* E62a[621b,622a] Hai
* E62b[622c] Wunjo
* E62c[623] Rombo
* E63 Rusa
* E64 Kahe
* E65 Gweno

E70|

* E71 Pokomo
* E72a Gyriama
* E72b Kauma
* E72c Conyi
* E72d Duruma
* E72e Rabai
* E73 Digo
* E74a Dabida
* E74b[741] Sagala
* [E701 Elwana
* E731 Segeju
* E732 Degere
* E74 Taita

Zone F|

| F10|

* F11 Tongwe
* F12 Bende

|

[J]F20|

* [J]F21 Sukuma
* [J]F22 Nyamwezi
* [J]F23 Sumbwa
* [J]F24 Kimbu
* [J]F25 Bungu

F30|

* F31 Nilamba
* F32 Remi
* F33 Langi
* F34 Mbugwe

Zone G|

| G10|

* G11 Gogo
* G12 Kaguru

|

G20|

* G21 Tubeta
* G22 Asu
* G23 Shambala
* G24 Bondei
* [G221 Mbugu

G30|

* G31 Zigula
* G32 Ngwele
* G33 Zaramo
* G34 Ngulu
* G35 Ruguru
* G36 Kami
* G37 Kutu
* G38 Vidunda
* G39 Sagala
* [G301 Doe
* G311 Mushungulu

G40|

* G41 Tikuu
* G42a Amu
* G42b Mvita
* G42c Mrima
* G42d Unguja
* G43a Phemba
* G43b Tumbatu
* G43c Hadimu
* G44a Ngazija
* G44b Njuani
* [G402 Makwe
* G403 Mwani
* G404 Sidi
* G411 Socotra Swahili
* G412 Mwiini

G50|

* G51 Pogolo
* G52 Ndamba

G60|

* G61 Sango
* G62 Hehe
* G63 Bena
* G64 Pangwa
* G65 Kinga
* G66 Wanji
* G67 Kisi
* [G651 Magoma

Zone H|

| H10|

* H11 Beembe
* H12 Vili
* H13 Kunyi
* H14 Ndingi
* H15 Mboka
* H16a South Kongo
* H16b Central Kongo
* H16c Yombe
* H16d Fiote
* H16e Bwende
* H16f Laadi
* H16g East Kongo
* H16h Southeast Kongo
* [H111 Hangala
* H112 Kamba-Doondo
* H131 Suundi

|

H20|

* H21a Kimbundu
* H21b Mbamba
* H22 Sama
* H23 Bolo
* H24 Songo

H30|

* H31 Yaka
* H32 Suku
* H33 [L12b] Hungu
* H34 Mbangala
* H35 Sinji
* [H321 Soonde

H40|

* H41 Mbala
* H42 Hunganna

* Italics indicate extinct languages.
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

* The Guthrie classification is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.

Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)

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