Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Sedimentary basin of Canada

Outline of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)[1][2] underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.

## Conventional oil

[edit]

The Leduc No. 1 discovery sparked the oil boom in 1946

The WCSB is considered a mature area for exploration of petroleum[3] and recent development has tended toward natural gas and oil sands rather than conventional oil. In the WCSB, conventional oil is of two different types: light crude oil and heavy crude oil, each with different costs, prices, and development strategies. Conventional light oil is a mature industry with most of the recoverable oil reserves already produced and production declining by three to four percent per year. Conventional heavy oil is also past its production peak with a future of long-term decline. Alberta, which contains most of the reserves, expects its light-medium crude oil production to decline by 42% from 2006 to 2016, while it expects heavy crude production to decrease by 35% over the same period. However, it also expects bitumen and synthetic crude oil from oil sands will considerably more than offset the decline in conventional crude oil and account for 87% of Alberta oil production by 2016.[4]

For light oil, the petroleum industry is searching for the remaining undiscovered pools, drilling infill oil wells, or redeveloping existing pools using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques such as waterfloods, miscible floods, and carbon dioxide injection. Currently, only about 27 percent of light oil is recovered, leaving large opportunities for improvement.

For conventional heavy oil, the industry is exploring new zones in undrilled portions of the basin to find remaining undiscovered pools, or to apply EOR schemes such as water floods, thermal projects, and miscible floods such as the Vapour Extraction Process (VAPEX) technology. Only 15 percent of heavy oil is currently being recovered, leaving a large volume for future recovery.

Improved seismic and drilling technology, higher recoveries from existing pools through infill drilling, and efficient, cost-effective exploration and development of smaller pools are maintaining levels of conventional oil production in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. As the basin matures, the resource triangle with few large pools at the top, and many small pools at the base is being economically pursued deeper into the smaller pool segment as a result of these efficiencies.

## Oil sands

[edit]

Mine at the Athabasca Oil Sands

According to the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB, now known as the Alberta Energy Regulator, the AER), Alberta's oil sands areas contain an ultimately recoverable crude bitumen resource of 50 billion cubic metres (315 billion barrels), with remaining established reserves of almost 28 billion cubic metres (174 billion barrels) at year-end 2004.

The Athabasca Oil Sands, the Cold Lake Oil Sands and the Peace River Oil Sands, which contain initial oil-in-place reserves of 260 billion cubic metres (1.6 trillion barrels), an amount comparable to the total world reserves of conventional oil. The World Energy Council reported (2007) that the three Alberta oil sands areas contain at least two-thirds of the world's discovered bitumen in place.[5] These three major oil sands areas, all in Alberta, have reserves that dwarf those of the conventional oil fields.[6] By 2007 the Alberta natural bitumen deposits were the source of over one third of the crude oil produced in Canada.[5]

As a result of the oil price increases since 2003, the number of major mining, upgrading and thermal in-situ projects has grown to some 46 existing and proposed projects, encompassing 135 project expansion phases in various stages of execution. Estimates of capital expenditures to construct all announced projects over the period 2006 to 2015 total $125 billion. According to a Statistics Canada 2006 report, this extremely high level of activity has caused a severe labor shortage in Alberta and driven unemployment rates to their lowest level in history - the lowest of all 10 Canadian provinces and 50 U.S. states.[7] This is the main factor limiting growth of oil sands production in the WCSB.

## Natural gas

[edit]

Drilling rig in the gas-bearing Greater Sierra field

Canada is the third largest producer and second largest exporter of gas in the world, with the vast majority of it coming from the WCSB. The WCSB is estimated to have 143 trillion cubic feet (4,000 km3) of marketable gas remaining (discovered and undiscovered), which represents about two thirds of Canadian gas reserves. Over half of the gas produced is exported to the United States.

However, Canadian gas reserves represent less than one percent of world reserves and are rapidly becoming exhausted according to a 2010 paper. [8] The majority of the large gas pools have been discovered and a significant portion of the discovered reserves has been produced. Production from the basin peaked in 2001 at around 16 billion cubic feet (450,000,000 m3) per day and was predicted in 2003, by the National Energy Board to be likely to decline from that level.[9] The overall decline rate increased from 13 percent per year in 1992 to 23 percent in 2002, which means 3.8 billion cubic feet per day (110,000,000 m3/d) of production must be replaced each year just to keep production constant. With the basin being largely explored and operators finding less gas with each new well, this seems improbable. New gas reserves in the WCSB will likely come from unconventional sources such as coalbed methane (CBM).[10]

The number of coalbed methane wells in Alberta more than doubled in 2005, to 7764 by the end of that year, producing nearly 0.5 billion cubic feet (14,000,000 m3) of gas per day. More than 95 percent of the CBM wells were completed in the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon and Belly River formations, at typical depths of 300 to 2,400 feet (91–732 m). About 4 percent of the CBM wells are completed in the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Formation, at depths of 2,300 to 4,300 feet (700–1,310 m).[11]

Author David J. Hughes in his 2004 book entitled North America's Natural Gas Crisis, predicted that the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin would likely continue to be the main gas supply area in Canada for many years; however, declining production and the likelihood that much of the gas will be diverted to fuel new oil sands plants mean that the probability of there being sufficient surplus gas to meet projected U.S. demand is low, and the US will have to look elsewhere for future gas supplies.[12]

## Coal

[edit]

The WCSB contains about 90 percent of Canada's usable coal resources.[13] Their rank ranges from lignite to semianthracite. About 36 percent of the total estimated 71,000 megatonnes of usable coal is bituminous, including a high proportion of medium to low volatile coals. The low sulfur content and acceptable ash levels of these bituminous coals make them attractive as coking feedstocks, and large quantities are mined for that purpose. However, the lack of heavy industry in Western Canada means that only a limited amount of this coal is consumed in Canada, and most is exported to Japan, Korea and other countries. The lower rank coals are used mainly for electricity generation, where the existence of shallow coal seams with little overburden make strip-mining and reclamation easy, and low sulfur levels reduce the environmental impact of their use.[14]

## See also

[edit]

* History of the petroleum industry in Canada
* List of oil-producing states
* OPEC

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". 14 July 2020.
2. ^ Porter, J. W.; Price, R. A.; McCrossan, R. G. (1982). "The Western Canada sedimentary basin". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 305 (1489): 169–192. Bibcode:1982RSPTA.305..169P. doi:10.1098/rsta.1982.0032.
3. ^ NEB (2005). "Short-term Outlook for Canadian Crude Oil to 2006". National Energy Board. Archived from the original on 2006-07-11. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
4. ^ "Alberta's Reserves 2006 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2007 to 2016". Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board. 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
5. ^ a b "Survey of Energy Resources 2007: Natural Bitument - Resource Quantities and Geographical Distribution". World Energy Council. 2007.
6. ^ NEB (2006). "Canada's Oil Sands - Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update". National Energy Board. Archived from the original on 2006-07-11. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
7. ^ Statistics Canada (2006). "The Alberta economic juggernaut" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
8. ^ Paul Ziff (2010). "Canadian Conventional Gas at a Crossroads" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-14.
9. ^ NEB (2003). "Short-term Natural Gas Deliverability from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin 2003-2005" (PDF). National Energy Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
10. ^ Russum, D.; Botterill, A. (2006). "Comparing Opportunities in a Mature Basin: Examples from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin" (PDF). Search and Discovery. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
11. ^ Susan R. Eaton, "Coalbed gas frontier being tapped," AAPG Explorer, Nov. 2006, p.20-24.
12. ^ Hughes, David J. (2004-06-21). "North America's Natural Gas Crisis: The Big Picture Overview and the Roll of Unconventional Gas" (PDF). Canadian Gas Potential Committee. Retrieved 2006-10-06. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
13. ^ Cameron, A. R.; Smith, G. G. (1991). "Coals of Canada : distribution and compositional characteristics". International Journal of Coal Geology. 19 (1–4). Elsevier, Amsterdam: 9–20. Bibcode:1991IJCG...19....9C. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(91)90013-9. ISSN 0166-5162. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
14. ^ Alberta Department of Energy (2005). "About Coal". Archived from the original on 2006-06-24. Retrieved 2006-10-03.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Mossop, G.D.; Shetsen, I (1994). Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council. ISBN 978-0-920230-53-4. Retrieved 2006-09-20. This book is out of print but available online through the link above.

## External links

[edit]

* Alberta Department of Energy (ADOE)
* Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)
* Alberta Geological Survey (AGS)
* Alberta Research Council (ARC)
* Canadian Gas Potential Committee (CGPC)
* Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG)
* Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)
* National Energy Board of Canada (NEB)
* Saskatchewan Industry and Resources (SIR)

* v
* t
* e

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Hydrocarbon history|

* Oil sands and heavy oil
* Frontier exploration and development
* Natural gas liquids
* Natural gas

Depositional regions|

* Southern Alberta
* Central Alberta
* Northwestern Alberta Plains
* South-central Canadian Rockies foothills
* North-east Plains
* North-central foothills
* Liard River
* Fort Nelson
* Northern Rocky Mountains
* Fort St. John
* Saskatchewan
* Western Manitoba

Liard River area|

* Wapiti GRP
* Kotaneelee FM
* Dunvegan FM
* Ft. St. John GRP
* Sully FM
* SikanniFM
* Lepine FM
* Buckinghorse FM
* Scatter FM
* Garbutt FM
* Liard FM
* Toad FM
* Grayling FM
* Ishbel GRP
* Fantasque FM
* Kindle FM
* Mattson FM
* Golata FM
* Debolt FM
* Prophet FM
* Besa River FM
* Dunedin FM
* Stone FM
* Wokpash FM
* Muncho-McConnell FM
* Nonda FM
* Kechica FM
* Atan FM
* Canadian Shield

Fort Nelson area|

* Wapiti GRP
* Kotaneelee FM
* Dunvegan FM
* Ft. St. John GRP
* Sully FM
* SikanniFM
* Buckinghorse FM
* Scatter FM
* Belloy FM
* Rundle GRP
* Debolt FM
* Shunda FM
* Pekisko FM
* Banff FM
* Exshaw FM
* Kotcho FM
* Tetcho FM
* Trout River FM
* Kakisa FM
* Redknife FM
* Jean Marie MBR
* Fort Simpson FM
* Horn River FM
* Muskwa FM
* Waterways FM
* Slave Point FM
* Watt Mountain FM
* Muskeg FM
* Sulphur Point FM
* Presqu'ile FM
* Pine Point FM
* Keg River FM
* Chinchaga FM
* Canadian Shield

Northwest plains|

* Paskapoo FM
* Scollard FM
* Wapiti GRP
* Smoky GRP
* Puskwaskau FM
* Badheart FM
* Muskiki FM
* Cardium FM
* Kaskapau FM
* Pouce Coupe MBR
* Doe Creek MBR
* Dunvegan FM
* Fort St. John GRP
* Shaftesbury FM
* Peace River FM
* Spirit River FM
* Bullhead GRP
* Bluesky FM
* Gething FM
* Cadomin FM
* Nikanassin FM
* Fernie GRP
* Rock Creek MBR
* Poker Chip Shale
* Nordegg MBR
* Schooler Creek GRP
* Baldonnel FM
* Charlie Lake FM
* Halfway FM
* Doig FM
* Montney FM
* Belloy FM
* Stoddart GRP
* Taylor Flat FM
* Kiskatinaw FM
* Golata FM
* Rundle GRP
* Debolt FM
* Shunda FM
* Pekisko FM
* Banff FM
* Exshaw FM
* Wabamun FM
* Trout River FM
* Kakisa FM
* Redknife FM
* Jean Marie MBR
* Woodbend GRP
* Irteton FM
* Fort Simpson FM
* Leduc FM
* Duvernay FM
* Cooking Lake FM
* Beaverhill Lake GRP
* Waterways FM
* Swan Hills FM
* Fort Vermilion FM
* Elk Point GRP
* Watt Mountain FM
* Gillwood MBR
* Presqu’ile FM
* Sulphur Point FM
* Pine Point FM
* Muskeg FM
* Zama MBR
* Black Shale
* Keg River FM
* Rainbow MBR
* Chinchaga FM
* Cold Lake FM
* Ernestina FM
* Basal Red Beds
* Granite Wash
* Canadian Shield

Northeastern plains|

* Bearpaw FM
* Belly River GRP
* Lea Park FM
* La Biche GRP
* Viking FM
* Joli Fou FM
* Colony SS
* Mannville GRP
* McLaren MBR
* Grand Rapids FM
* Waseca SS
* Sparky SS
* Gen. Petr. SS
* Clearwater FM
* Rex SS
* Lloydminster SS
* Wabiskaw MBR
* Cummings MBR
* McMurray FM
* Dina MBR
* Banff FM
* Exshaw FM
* Wabamun FM
* Winterburn FM
* Woodbend GRP
* Grosmont FM
* Irteton FM
* Cooking Lake FM
* Beaverhill Lake GRP
* Elk Point GRP
* Canadian Shield

Central Alberta|

* Paskapoo FM
* Scollard FM
* Edmonton GRP
* Battle FM
* Whitemud MBR
* Horseshoe Canyon FM
* Bearpaw FM
* Belly River GRP
* Ribstone Creek MBR
* Victoria MBR
* Brosseau MBR
* Lea Park FM
* Colorado GRP
* Cardium FM
* Mannville GRP
* Glauconitic Sandstone
* Ostracod Beds
* Sunburst Member
* Taber Member
* Detrital Beds
* Fernie GRP
* Rock Creek MBR
* Nordegg MBR
* Rundle GRP
* Mount Head FM
* Elkton MBR
* Shunda FM
* Pekisko FM
* Banff FM
* Exshaw FM
* Canadian Shield

Southern Alberta plains|

* Cypress Hills FM
* Porcupine Hills FM
* Ravenscrag FM
* Edmonton GRP
* Belly River GRP
* Oldman FM
* Foremost FM
* Pakowki FM
* Milk River FM
* Colorado GRP
* Mannville GRP
* Ellis GRP
* Swift FM
* Rierdon FM
* Sawtooth FM
* Rundle GRP
* Banff FM
* Exshaw FM
* Bakken FM
* Wabamun FM
* Crowfoot FM
* Nisku FM
* Ireton FM
* Leduc FM
* Cooking Lake FM
* Beaverhill Lake GRP
* Elk Point GRP
* Canadian Shield

Saskatchewan|

* Cypress Hills FM
* Ravenscrag FM
* Frenchman FM
* Whitemud FM
* Eastend FM
* Bearpaw FM
* Judith River GRP
* Belly River FM
* Oldman FM
* Foremost FM
* Lea Park FM
* Pakowki FM
* Milk River FM
* Colorado GRP
* Viking FM
* Mannville GRP
* Pense FM
* Cantuar FM
* Success FM
* Vanguard FM
* Ellis GRP
* Swift FM
* Rierdon FM
* Sawtooth FM
* Shaunavon FM
* Piper FM
* Gravelbourg FM
* Gypsum Springs FM
* Watrous FM
* Big Snowy GRP
* Madison GRP
* Charles FM
* Poplar
* Ratcliffe
* Midale
* Mission Canyon FM
* Kisbey SS
* Alida
* Tilston
* Lodgepole FM
* Souris Valley
* Three Forks GRP
* Bakken FM
* Big Valley FM
* Torquay FM
* Saskatchewan GRP
* Birdbear FM
* Duperow FM
* Manitoba GRP
* Souris River FM
* Elk Point GRP
* Davson Bay FM
* Prairie FM
* Winnipegosis FM
* Ashern FM
* Interlake FM
* Stonewall FM
* Stony Mountain FM
* Herald FM
* Yeoman FM
* Winnipeg FM
* Deadwood FM
* Canadian Shield

* v
* t
* e

Petroleum industry

* Petroleum
* Primary energy

Benchmarks|

* Argus Sour
* Bonny Light
* Brent
* Dubai
* Indian Basket
* Indonesian
* Isthmus-34 Light
* Japan Cocktail
* OPEC Reference Basket
* Tapis
* Urals
* West Texas Intermediate
* Western Canadian Select

Data|

| Natural gas|

* Consumption
* Production
* Reserves
* Imports
* Exports
* Price

|

Petroleum|

* Consumption
* Production
* Reserves
* Imports
* Exports
* Posted oil price
* Price
* of gasoline and diesel

Exploration|

* Core sampling
* Geophysics
* Integrated asset modelling
* Petroleum engineering
* Reservoir simulation
* Reservoir modeling
* Petroleum geology
* Petrophysics
* Reflection seismology
* Seismic inversion
* Seismic source

Drilling|

* Blowout
* Completion
* Squeeze job
* Differential sticking
* Directional drilling
* Geosteering
* Drill stem test
* Drilling engineering
* Drilling fluid
* invasion
* Lost circulation
* Measurement
* Shale oil extraction
* Ljungström method
* Tracers
* Underbalanced drilling
* Well logging

Production|

* Petroleum fiscal regime
* Concessions
* Production sharing agreements
* Artificial lift
* Gas lift
* Pumpjack
* Submersible pump (ESP)
* Downstream
* Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
* Gas reinjection
* Steam injection
* Midstream
* Petroleum product
* Pipeline
* Refining
* Upstream
* Water injection
* Well intervention
* XT

History|

* 1967 Oil Embargo
* 1973 oil crisis
* 1979 oil crisis
* 1980s oil glut
* 1990 oil price shock
* 2000s energy crisis
* 2010s oil glut
* 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
* Nationalization
* GECF
* OPEC
* Seven Sisters
* Standard Oil
* Canada
* France
* India
* Iraq
* Norway
* Saudi Arabia
* United States
* Venezuela

Provinces
and fields|

* List of natural gas fields
* List of oil fields
* Caspian Sea
* East Midlands Oil Province
* East Texas
* Gulf of Mexico
* Niger Delta
* North Sea
* Permian Basin
* Persian Gulf
* Prudhoe Bay
* Russia
* Venezuela
* Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

Other topics|

* Abbreviations
* Classification
* sweet oil
* sour oil
* Oil shale gas
* Orphan wells
* Peak oil
* fossil fuel phase-out
* timing
* Petrocurrency
* Petrodollar recycling
* Petrofiction
* Shale band
* Shale gas
* Swing producer
* Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
* heavy crude
* oil sands
* oil shale
* tight oil

Companies and
organisations|

Major
petroleum
companies

| Supermajors|

* BP
* Chevron
* Eni
* ExxonMobil
* Shell
* TotalEnergies

|

National oil
companies

* Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
* ANCAP
* Bharat Petroleum
* China National Offshore Oil Corporation
* China National Petroleum Corporation
* Ecopetrol
* Equinor
* Gazprom
* Hindustan Petroleum
* Indian Oil Corporation
* Iraq National Oil Company
* KazMunayGas
* Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
* Lotos
* Naftogaz
* National Iranian Oil Company
* National Iranian South Oil Company
* NNPC Limited
* Oil & Gas Development Company
* Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
* Orlen
* PDVSA
* Pemex
* Pertamina
* Petrobangla
* Petrobras
* PetroChina
* Petronas
* Petrovietnam
* PTT Public Company Limited
* QatarEnergy
* Rosneft
* Saudi Aramco
* Sinopec
* SOCAR
* Sonangol
* Sonatrach
* TPAO
* YPF

Energy trading|

* Enron
* Glencore
* Gunvor
* Mercuria
* Naftiran Intertrade
* Trafigura
* Vitol

Others|

* APA Corporation
* Cenovus Energy
* Cepsa
* ConocoPhillips
* Devon Energy
* Eneos Holdings
* Galp Energia
* Hess Corporation
* Husky Energy
* Imperial Oil
* Lukoil
* Marathon Oil
* Marathon Petroleum
* Occidental Petroleum
* OMV
* Phillips 66
* Port Harcourt Refining Company
* Reliance Industries
* Repsol
* Suncor Energy
* Sunoco
* Surgutneftegas
* TechnipFMC
* TNK-BP
* Tullow Oil
* Tüpraş
* Valero Energy

Major
services
companies

* Amec Foster Wheeler
* Baker Hughes
* Cameron International
* CGG
* CH2M
* Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
* China Oilfield Services
* Enbridge
* GE Power
* Halliburton
* Nabors Industries
* Naftiran Intertrade
* NOV Inc.
* Petrofac
* Saipem
* Schlumberger
* Snam
* Subsea 7
* TC Energy
* Transocean
* Valaris Limited
* Weatherford International
* John Wood Group

Others|

* American Petroleum Institute
* Canadian petroleum companies
* Intercontinental Exchange Futures
* International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
* International Energy Agency
* Society of Petroleum Engineers
* World Petroleum Council

* Category

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