Western Daly languages

Language family of Australia

Western Daly

Geographic
distribution| Daly River region, northern Australia
Linguistic classification| One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions|

* Maranunggu
* Marrithiyel
* Marri Ngarr

Language codes
Glottolog| `west2434`

The Daly languages (color), among the other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)

Western Daly

The Western Daly languages are a small family of Australian aboriginal languages that share common grammatical forms. They are:

* Western Daly
* Maranunggu (Emmi; Menhthe dialect)
* Marrithiyel (Bringen: Marri Ammu, Marritjevin, Marridan, Marramanindjdji dialects)
* Marri Ngarr (Magati-ge dialect)

## Vocabulary

[edit]

The following basic vocabulary items are from Tryon (1968).[1]

no. | gloss | Tangural | Marengar | Nganygit | Marithiel | Maretyabin | Maredan | Manda | Ame | Maranunggu | Maramanandji

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1 | head | piye | ᵽuŋïdït | piye | piye | piye | piye | piya | piyæ | piya | pœye
2 | hair | pimær | mar | pimæR | pimæR | pimɛr | pimær | mæR | mæR | mæR | maR
3 | eyes | mïre | mi | mïre | mïre | mïre | mïre | mɔ | mïre | mïre | mïre
4 | nose | yæn | yɛn | yæn | yæn | yæn | yæn | yin | yiɳ | yin | yæn
5 | ear | čæŋe | taŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čæŋe | čaŋe
6 | tooth | diyæR | dæR | diyær | diyær | diyær | diyær | diR | diR | diR | dær
7 | tongue | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋïnïnïŋ | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋalðïreðïre | ŋaldïre | ŋaldïre | ŋaldïredïre | ŋalŋɛɲaŋ
8 | shoulder | kaRe | kaRe | kaRe | kaRe | tæbæræn | kaRe | mïnmæ | kaRa | kaRa | kaRe
9 | elbow | pipæn | pipæn | pipæn | pipæn | pipen | pipæn | pœndœr | pœndur | pœndœr | ᵽipæn
10 | hand | punde | punde | punde | punde | punde | mure | neyuŋgɔ | nuŋgɔ | neyuŋgur | mure
11 | breasts | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yiŋe | yiŋe | yiŋe | yæŋe
12 | back | tade | tade | tade | tade | tade | ʈade | tade | dædi | dæde | tade
13 | belly | maɖe | maRe | wuyan | maɖe | maɖe | maɖe | mare | mari | dluR | maɖe
14 | navel | tædir | čædɛR | tædɛR | tædir | tædir | tædir | tïdiR | tidiR | tɛdɛR | čædir
15 | heart | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | mïrerïm | miriǰun | mïrœǰœn | miriǰun | mardečæmbɛr
16 | urine | wïǰɛde | wiɖe | wuǰïde | wuyɛde | wïjɛde | wiyeɖe | aǰawa | aǰawa | aǰawa | wirte
17 | excrete | wiyæn | wæn | wuyan | wuyan | wuyæn | wuyæn | wun | wun | wun | pænmœr
18 | thigh | puwa | ᵽa | lambɔ | puwa | puwa | puwa | lumbɔ | lumbɔ | taR | ᵽa
19 | leg | wœraŋ | waŋ | wuraŋ | wuraŋ | wuraŋ | wuraŋ | taR | aRa | aRa | wuraŋ
20 | knee | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | pæŋge | piŋgar | pïŋgaR | pïŋgara | ᵽœræŋge
21 | foot | pære | ᵽære | pære | pæRe | pære | pære | kumbu | kumbɔ | kumbu | ᵽære
22 | skin | dærepïre | ʈadebe | dærepïre | dærepïre | dærepïre | dærepïri | dærepoyɲ | dæreƀïriɲ | dærepïriɲ | ædædeᵽïre
23 | fat | naye | alayiR | laye | anaye | anaye | anaye | rare | ræri | rære | adluŋar
24 | blood | wuRkïrïm | wuRkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | wulkïrïm | purwur | purwur | wulkïrïm
25 | bone | mowa | balkum | mowa | amowa | mowa | mowa | mɔ | mɔ | mɔ | amma
26 | man | mære | mamæ | mære | mære | mære | mære | kandɔ | kandœr | kandɔ | maRe
27 | woman | mukɔ | mɔmɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | mukɔ | pægɔ | ᵽæke
28 | father | teða | yita | teða | tiða | čeða | tiga | nila | nila | nila | ŋaða
29 | mother | kïla | kila | killa | kïdla | kïdla | kidla | agila | ala | ala | ala
30 | grandmother | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋga | maŋgale | makale | mæŋgale | maŋga
31 | policeman | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dukŋanan | dæR | dæR | dukyaŋana | duknïne
32 | spear | čænde | čande | čande | čænde | čænde | čænde | čïnda | čïnda | čïnda | čænde
33 | woomera | kalan | kalan | kalan | manbuk | kalan | manbuk | mænbuk | mænbœk | manbuk | purɛnǰɛč
34 | boomerang | kuɲïŋïɲ | wïnǰiŋgiɲ | kunǰïŋïɲ | kunǰuŋuɲ | kunǰuŋuɲ | kunǰuŋuɲ | wïɲiŋgïɲ | wiɲiŋgiɲ | wïɲïŋgïɲ | wïɲïŋgïɲ
35 | nullanulla | magulpe | yæleðawaR | pæmbæl | magulbe | magulbɔ | magulpe | mïčïwuR | mitiwuR | magulba | magulᵽa
36 | hair-belt | pimæR | maR | pimæR | pimæR | pimɛr | pimæR | mæR | kurarɛR | mæR | maR
37 | canoe | čaiwɔ | čarɔ | wutïŋge | čalwɔ | wutïŋge | čalwɔ | wutïŋge | wutïŋgi | čalwɔ | čalwɔ
38 | axe | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | malawuR | pïriri | mæmæ | malawuR
39 | dilly bag | wuRgïde | wiride | wuRgïde | wuRgïde | wungïde | wungïde | wargade | waRgade | waRgïde | wurgïde
40 | fire | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | čænǰe | yimiɲ | yimiɲ | yimiɲ | čanǰe
41 | smoke | taŋgade | wanɛrɛk | čamɔ | čamɔ | čamɔ | čamɔ | čumɔ | čumɔ | čomɔ | čanǰamɔ
42 | water | wude | wurde | wude | wude | wude | wude | wuda | wuda | wuda | wurde
43 | cloud | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | wæŋe | pœra | pœræ | wœŋœ | wæŋe
44 | rainbow | tædemæl | aʈademær | tædimæl | adademæl | apulipuli | aʈædimæl | taRwæn | dædimæn | pulipuli | čɛrwïn
45 | barramundi | amade | amade | čandawure | amade | amade | amade | made | madi | made | æmæde
46 | sea | puraŋaŋ | kïčæR | puraŋaŋ | pureŋaŋ | puraŋaŋ | puraŋaŋ | pœRmæ | wutaR | wutaR | wurde nædær
47 | river | diyære | wurde punde | pundæǰe | pædær | pædær | pædær | paŋande | pæra | pædær | pædær
48 | stone | karɛlla | karala | karella | karɛdla | karɛdla | karella | ŋurin | ŋuRwin | karawala | karawala
49 | ground | pïdlak | ᵽœrak | pidlak | pïdlak | pïdlak | pïdlak | mæɳær | mænæR | pïdlam | wæɲir
50 | track | tæmæreduk | mure kunduk | pære | nælæn | pære | tæmbæde | ænmæ | ænmæ | æmæ | nælæn
51 | dust | pænne | ᵽænne | pæɳe | pænne | pænne | pænne | wuɲir | pœnœ | pœnœ | ᵽænne
52 | sun | pande | ᵽande | pande | pande | pande | pande | kæɲmær | kaɲmæR | keyïk | ᵽande
53 | moon | pïŋgal | mïrærmïn | pïŋgal | pïŋgal | pïŋgal | pïŋgal | piŋgal | pïŋgal | alamuɲ | ᵽïŋgal
54 | star | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | wïdle | pænæɲaba | pænænǰibæ | mœrœ | yæwi
55 | night | niče | niče | čuwaŋanan | čuwaŋanan | čuwaŋanan | niče | ŋupæl | ŋupæl | ŋupær | niče
56 | tomorrow | ničiŋane | ničiŋane | ničiŋane | ničiŋane | ničïŋane | ničiŋane | yaruŋoya | yæruŋoya | yære | ničiŋane
57 | today | yæŋe | yæŋe | nïmbene | yæŋe | yæŋe | yæŋe | yaŋɔ | yaŋɔ | kuǰala | yaŋe
58 | big | kapïdl | kïdlïŋa | kapïl | kapïdl | kapïl | kapïl | ᵽal | dukanǰiye | puwal | kapïl
59 | possum | poyïre | aƀɔ | puyïre | apoyïre | abwiyɛre | abwiyɛre | paraɲ | paraɲ | paɲ | aᵽïri
60 | dog | wačæn | wačan | wačan | wæčan | wačæn | wayčan | mičirim | mïčirim | mi | yidïn
61 | tail | yære | yære | yare | yære | ayære | yære | yire | yire | yire | yære
62 | meat | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awɔ | awa | awa | awa | awɔ
63 | snake | akowan | akwan | kabul | amalïka | amalika | amalika | damunu | dæminæ | awamala | æmæle
64 | red kangaroo | waǰuwaraŋ | awardewaŋ | pœraŋ | awæǰuwuraŋ | awaduwuraŋ | awaduwuraŋ | manaRk | manaRk | manaRk | ayɛme
65 | porcupine | mirïde | amɛrïde | mïrïde | amɛrïde | amɛrïde | æmɛrïde | mobunïŋga | nïminïŋač | mænɛŋɛč | æmɛrïde
66 | emu | mučir | amučir | mučir | amučir | amučir | amučir | ŋurǰe | ŋurǰe | ŋurǰe | kumurunǰɛn
67 | crow | awak | awak | wak | awak | awak | awak | wak | wak | awawak | amœlkir
68 | goanna | mundïŋïr | awoyidl | mundɛŋɛr | ämandeŋɛr | amundeŋir | amundiŋir | ŋaran | ŋaRan | ŋaran | amoyčɛŋɛr
69 | blue tongue lizard | wiyære | awære | wiyare | awiyære | awiyære | awiyære | wiri | wiRi | wure | æƀære
70 | mosquito | wïnŋadl | aǰimbæk | wïnŋal | awïnŋadl | awïnŋal | awïnŋal | pute | pute | pɔte | aƀuče
71 | sugar-bag | čæmæræ | awapïn | čamara | čæmæRæ | čæmæræ | čæmæræ | kogun | kogun | kogun | ᵽiŋgïlǰa
72 | camp | nidin | wuye | nidin | nidin | nidin | nidïn | yœya | yœya | wœwæ | yïdlïbe
73 | black | čikïm | čikam | čïkïm | čïkïm | čikïm | čikïm | čuŋara | čuŋara | čipmæ | čikïm
74 | white | bogam | bogam | pæǰir | bogam | bogam | abogam | bi | bi | kaɲaboy | kïŋïpboy
75 | red | čïdïnwïdl | panetiRŋar | wurewure | wurewure | wurewure | kanetïrŋal | wurewure | wurewure | woyčpïn | birkïm
76 | one | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnge | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnǰe | ŋïnǰe | ŋande | ŋandi | ŋanðawaɲ | ŋænǰeƀæ
77 | two | čičukune | čičuk | čičukune | čičukune | čičukune | čičukune | meyida | meyiǰa | meyïdiɲ | ᵽiɲɛde
78 | when? | kumænbæ | kumænbæ | kumænbæ | kumunbæ | kumænbæ | kumænbæya | mœndœnœ | mœndœ | mœndœtɔ | kumïnbæ
79 | what? | nïnǰæ | yipæ | anǰa | nïnǰa | ninǰæ | ninǰæ | mændæ | æme | anǰe | mananǰe
80 | who? | ŋïnïmbæ | ŋïnïmbæ | ŋïnïmba | ŋïnïmba | ŋïnïmba | yïnïmba | amba | aƀa | aba | kïnïmbæ
81 | I | yegɛn | yin | yegɛn | yigɛn | yegɛn | yegɛn | ŋaɲ | ŋæɲ | ŋaɲ | yegɛn
82 | you | naɲ | niɲ | naɲ | naɲ | naɲ | naɲ | nina | nina | nina | naɲ
83 | he | naŋ | naŋ | naŋǰe | naŋ | naŋ | naŋ | nuŋɔ | nagurin | nanguɲ | naŋ
84 | grass | palle | ᵽare | palle | wære | wære | wære | yœrœ | yœrœ | wœrœ | wære
85 | vegetable food | miye | miye | miye | miye | miye | miye | miya | miya | meya | meye
86 | tree | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tawuR | tæwæR | tawaR | tawaR | θawuR
87 | leaf | marir | marir | muliŋe | mulïŋe | mulïŋe | muliŋe | kalgal | kalgal | kalgal | yirɛn
88 | pandanus | miɖæn | miɖæn | mïɖan | miɖæn | miɖan | čaŋača | yaRa | yæRa | yæRa | čiŋe
89 | ironwood | mawuɲ | čœwe | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ | mawuɲ
90 | ripe | wiyæɲme | wæɲme | woyaɲme | wuyæɲme | woyaɲme | wiyæɲme | wuɲmæ | wuɲmæ | wuɲmɔ | miƀæŋmïr
91 | good | kate | kate | kate | kate | kate | kate | nadla | nælæ | nadla | agate
92 | bad | wïnǰæne | wïnǰæn | wïnǰæne | wïnǰæne | wïnǰæne | winǰæne | wæǰir | wæǰir | wærɛk | wurak
93 | blind | kulluk | mïdle | kulluk | kudlïk | kudlïk | kudlïk | piyamɔ | kulluk | kuluk | mïričara
94 | deaf | ŋamama | ambutaŋ | ŋamama | ŋamama | ŋamama | ŋamama | ŋæmæmæ | ŋamæmæ | ŋæmæmæ | ŋamama
95 | saliva | čidærwil | wurdenaŋar | čïdalwidl | čidalwïdl | čidalwïl | čidalwïl | diribæl | dirƀæl | diralk | čædalue

## See also

[edit]

* Daly languages

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Tryon, Darrell T. "The Daly River Languages: A Survey". In Aguas, E.F. and Tryon, D. editors, Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 3. A-14:21-49. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1968. doi:10.15144/PL-A14.21

* Tryon, D. T. (1968). "The Daly River languages: a survey". Papers in Australian Linguistics. 3: 21–36.
* Tryon, D. T. (1974). Daly family languages, Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

* v
* t
* e

Australian Aboriginal and Tasmanian languages

Pama–Nyungan
subgroups|

| Southeastern|

| Victorian P–N|

* Lower Murray
* Yotayotic
* Gippsland
* Kulin
* Bungandidj

|

New South Wales P–N|

* Yuin–Kuric
* Dhanggati ?
* Anewan (Nganyaywana) ?
* Central New South Wales
* Wiradhuric
* Barranbinja
* Muruwari

North Coast|

* Durubalic
* Bandjalangic
* Gumbaynggiric
* Waka–Kabic

Northern|

* Western Torres Strait
* Kalaw Lagaw Ya

Paman|

* Northern Paman
* Uradhi
* Wik
* Middle Paman
* Umpilaic
* Umbindhamuic
* Lamalamic
* Umbuygamu
* Mbarrumbathama
* Southwest Paman
* Kuuk Thayorre
* Southern Paman
* Mbabaram
* Flinders Island

Maric|

* Northern
* Warrongo
* Eastern
* Biri
* Southern
* Bidyara–Gungabula
* Margany–Gunya
* Bindal ?
* Guwa–Yanda ?
* Guwa
* Yanda
* Kingkel ?
* Dharumbal ?
* Bayali ?
* Lower Burdekin ?

Dyirbalic|

* Dyirbal
* Warrgamay
* Nyawaygi
* Lower Burdekin ?

Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic|

* Guugu Yimidihirr
* Kuku Yalanji
* Yidiny

Gulf|

* Kalkatungic
* Kalkatungu
* Yalarnnga
* Mayi

Central|

| Arandic–Thura–Yura|

* Arandic
* Arrernte
* Kaytetye
* Thura–Yura
* Wirangu
* Kaurna
* Adnyamathanha

|

Karnic|

* Northern (Palku)
* Pitta-Pitta
* Western
* Arabana–Wangkangurru
* Central
* Diyari
* Yandruwandha
* Eastern
* Wilson River (Wangkumara)
* Bulloo River (Galali) ?

* Yarli
* Paakantyi

Western|

| Yolŋu|

* Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
* Ritharrŋu
* Nhaŋu
* Dhuwal–Dhuwala
* Djambarrpuyŋu
* Gupapuyŋu
* Djinaŋ
* Djinba
* Ganhalpuyŋu

|

Ngarna/Warluwarric|

* Yanyuwa
* Southern
* Ngarru
* Thawa

Desert Nyungic|

* Marrngu
* Ngumpin–Yapa
* Ngumpin
* Yapa
* Warumungu ?
* Wati

South-West P–N|

* Pilbara
* Ngayarda
* Kanyara–Mantharta
* Kartu–Nhanda
* Yinggarda ?
* Mirning
* Nyunga

* Proto-Pama–Nyungan

Tangkic|

* Lardil (register: Damin)
* Kayardild
* Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
* Mingginda (Minkin)

Garrwan|

* Garawa (Garrwa, north)
* Waanyi (Wanji, south)
* Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)

Macro-Gunwinyguan ?|

| Maningrida|

* Burarra
* Gurr-goni
* Ndjébbana
* Nakkara

|

Marran|

* Marra
* Warndarang
* Yugul ?
* Alawa ?
* Mangarrayi ?

Gunwinyguan proper|

| Western|

* Jawoyn (Djauan)
* Waray
* Uwinymil

|

Central|

* Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
* Kunbarlang
* Dalabon (Ngalkbun)

Eastern|

* Rembarrnga
* Ngalakgan
* Ngandi
* Nunggubuyu (Wubuy)
* Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)

Yangmanic–Wagiman?|

* Wardaman
* Wagiman

Other isolates|

* Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ) ?
* Gaagudju

Iwaidjan|

| Central (Warrkbi)|

* Iwaidja
* Garig–Ilgar
* Garig
* Ilgar

|

Eastern (Goulburn Island)|

* Maung
* Manangkari

Southern|

* Amurdag

Marrku–Wurrugu ?|

* Wurrugu
* Marrgu

Darwin Region ?|

* Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)

Limilngan–Wulna?|

* Limilngan
* Wulna

Umbugarlic|

* Umbugarla
* Ngurmbur
* Bugurnidja

Daly River Sprachbund|

| Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)|

* Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
* Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)

|

Northern Daly|

* Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
* Tyerraty

Western Daly|

* Marri Ngarr
* Magati Ke
* Merranunggu
* Marrithiyel
* Marramaninjsji

Eastern Daly|

* Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
* Kamu

Southern Daly|

* Murrinh-patha
* Ngan’gityemerri

Mirndi|

* Jingulu

| Yirram|

* Nungali
* Jaminjung

|

Ngurlun|

* Ngarnka
* Wambaya

Jarrakan|

* Kija
* Miriwoong
* Gajirrawoong

Bunuban|

* Bunuba
* Gooniyandi

Worrorran|

* Wunambal (Northern)
* Ngarinyin (Eastern)
* Worrorra (Western)

Nyulnyulan|

| Western (Nyulnyulic)|

* Nyulnyul
* Bardi
* Jawi
* Djabirr-Djabirr
* Nimanburru

|

Eastern (Dyukun)|

* Yawuru
* Dyugun
* Warrwa
* Nyigina
* Ngumbarl

isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Tiwi

Tasmanian
family-level groups|

| Western|

* Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper)
* Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?

|

Northern|

* Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne)
* Port Sorell

Northeastern|

* Pyemmairre (Northeastern)
* Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland)
* Lhotsky/Blackhouse
* Norman

Eastern|

* Oyster Bay (Paredarerme)
* Little Swanport
* Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne)
* Bruny Island

New Indigenous
languages and
Aboriginal Englishes|

| Creoles|

| Australian Kriol|

* Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr)
* Bamyili Kriol (Barunga)
* Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley)
* Daly River Kriol
* Westside Kriol (Victoria River)
* Barkly Kriol
* Mornington Island Creole
* Kowanyama Creole

|

Northeastern
creoles|

* Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok)
* Cape York Creole
* Lockhart River Creole
* Napranum Creole

Pidgins|

* Port Jackson Pidgin English
* Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
* South Australian Pidgin English
* Pidgin Ngarluma

Mixed languages|

* Light Warlpiri
* Gurindji Kriol
* Modern Tiwi
* Wumpurrarni English (Tennant Creek)
* Alyawarr English

Others|

* Neo-Nyungar
* Nunga English
* Yarrie Lingo
* Palm Talk
* Woorie Talk
* Cherbourg Talk
* Murdi Language

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskaleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Mijiic?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kenaboi?
* Kusunda
* Minoan?
* Nihali
* Shompen?
* Sumerian
* Tambora?

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Demta–Sentani
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Foja Range
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Senu River
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Taiap?
* Tambora?
* Wiru

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskaleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keres
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Tonkawa
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora-Witoto?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude)
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Páez
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

Sign
languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

See also|

* Constructed languages
* Creoles
* Language isolates
* Mixed languages
* Pidgins
* Unclassified languages

* Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

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