Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)

Ongoing armed conflict in the disputed region of Western Sahara

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)

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2020–2024 Western Saharan clashes

Part of the Western Sahara conflict

Map of the Western Sahara; location of Guerguerat, where the clashes began, is marked with a red circle.
| Date| 13 November 2020 (2020-11-13) – present
(4 years, 1 week and 1 day)

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Location|

Moroccan Western Sahara Wall (Berm)

21°25′34″N 16°57′31″W﻿ / ﻿21.42611°N 16.95861°W﻿ / 21.42611; -16.95861
Status|  Ongoing
Territorial
changes|  Morocco secures Guerguerat border crossing[1]
Belligerents
Kingdom of Morocco|  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Commanders and leaders

* Mohammed VI
* Abdellatif Loudiyi
* Saadeddine Othmani (until 2021)
* Aziz Akhannouch (since 2021)
* Abdelfattah Louarak (until 2021)
* Belkhir El Farouk (2021–23)
* Mohammed Berrid (since 2023)

* Brahim Ghali
* Mohamed Wali Akeik
* Abdelkader Taleb Omar
* Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun

Units involved
Royal Moroccan Armed Forces|  Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
Casualties and losses
At least 6 soldiers killed[2][3][1][a]|  At least 12 soldiers killed[5]
66 killed overall (as of July 2023[update])[6][7][needs update]

1. ^ Number of victims according to the International Crisis Group during the first week of combat. The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara has decided, at present, not to share information on the victims or the injured, according to its spokesperson.[4]

* v
* t
* e

Western Sahara conflict

* Zemla Intifada
* Sahrawi insurgency
* Western Sahara War
* First Sahrawi Intifada
* Second Sahrawi Intifada
* Gdeim Izik protest camp
* 2011 Western Saharan protests
* Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)
* Timeline

Clashes between military forces belonging to the Kingdom of Morocco and the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), represented at the United Nations by the Polisario Front, broke out in the disputed region of Western Sahara in November 2020. It was the latest escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, which is largely occupied by Morocco, but 20–25% is administered by the SADR.[8] The violence ended a ceasefire between the opposing sides that had held for 29 years in anticipation of a referendum of self-determination that would have settled the dispute. Despite the establishment of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara in 1991, the referendum was never held.

Tensions between Morocco and the Polisario Front deepened in mid-October 2020 when Sahrawi peaceful protesters blocked a controversial road connecting Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara to sub-Saharan Africa. The protesters camped on the road near the small village of Guerguerat, where it passes through a 5-kilometre-wide buffer strip monitored by the UN. Despite the controversy, the route had grown in economic importance,[9] such that the protest stranded about 200 Moroccan truck drivers on the Mauritanian side of the border.[10] According to the MINURSO, both Morocco and Polisario deployed forces near the area in late October,[11] with Mauritanian forces reinforcing their positions along its border with Western Sahara.[12]

On 13 November, Morocco launched a military operation from the Berm into the demilitarized buffer strip of Western Sahara to clear the protesters near Guerguerat and restore the free movement of goods and people. The Polisario Front urged the United Nations to intervene, noting that the Moroccan military operation violated the ceasefire agreements of the 1990s, and furthermore accused the Moroccan security forces of shooting at unarmed civilians in the buffer strip.[13][14] Morocco denied there had been any armed clashes between the sides and said the truce remained in place,[15] while SADR authorities declared the ceasefire over. Clashes spread that same day along the Moroccan Berm, with Morocco claiming that it had repelled a Sahrawi incursion near Al Mahbes.[16] The SADR declared war on Morocco the next day.[17] Since the beginning of the conflict, both countries have begun mass mobilisation and the SADR Ministry of Defense claims to be carrying out daily bombardments on military objectives along the Moroccan Berm.[18][19][20] It is the first major clash in the region since 1991.[21]

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Western Sahara conflict and Western Sahara War

### Western Sahara War

[edit]

Moroccan walls in the territory of Western Sahara, during the Western Sahara war (1975-1991). In yellow, the territory under control by the Polisario Front

The disputed region of Western Sahara is a sparsely-populated area mostly comprising desert territories, situated in the Maghreb region of Africa's northwest coast. The region was a Spanish colony until February 1976, when the Spanish government informed the United Nations that it withdrew from the territory. Since then, the region has been the subject of a long-running territorial dispute between Morocco, supported by a number of its prominent Arab allies, including Saudi Arabia and Jordan,[22] and the Saharawi Republic (SADR), an African Union member state established by the Algerian-backed pro-independence Polisario Front, which is recognized by the United Nations as the legitimate representative of the indigenous Sahrawi people.[23] Some commentators have connected Morocco's interests over the region with the idea of Greater Morocco, which encompasses Western Sahara and parts of both Mauritania, Mali, and Algeria, and according to the narrative, was divided up by the French and Spanish colonizers.[22] Morocco, claiming Tindouf and Béchar provinces, invaded Algeria in 1963, resulting in the brief Sand War, which ended in a military stalemate.[24]

The official United Nations map of the MINURSO peacekeeping mission shows that the border crossing at Guerguerat is not among the recognized locations to cross the Moroccan Berm.

While the Polisario Front had waged a low-intensity war of national liberation against Spanish colonial authorities since May 1973, the Western Sahara War began in October 1975, just weeks before the death of long-time Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, when Moroccan and Mauritanian forces,[25][26] aided by France,[27][28] invaded the Spanish colony. While Mauritania withdrew from Western Sahara and recognized the Saharawi Republic early in the conflict, by the end of the war Morocco had obtained control of more than two-thirds of the vast desert territory in its western part, along the Atlantic Ocean.[29] During the war, between 1980 and 1987, Morocco built six mostly sand barriers some 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi) long,[30] and in 1988, both Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to a UN Settlement Plan, approved by the UN Security Council on 29 April 1991, called for a referendum, which would ask the Sahrawis to choose between independence or integration into Morocco, to be organized and conducted by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO).[31] After the war, on 6 September 1991, an UN-brokered ceasefire was signed,[32] promising a referendum on self-determination to the Sahrawis.[33] The United Nations has recognising the area as a non-self-governing territory since 1963; it is also the only African territory on the list, making the Western Sahara the last African territory subject to decolonization.[33][34] Despite the efforts, the planned referendum has been repeatedly delayed ever since then;[35] Morocco had refused the terms of the referendum, citing its dissatisfaction with who was allowed to vote,[36] while tens of thousands of Moroccans have emigrated to the region since the 1970s.[22]

### Guerguerat Blockade

[edit]

Guerguerat border crossing in 2007.

Guerguerat is a small village located on the southern coast of the region, along the Moroccan National Route 1 leading to Mauritania, some 380 kilometres (240 mi) north of Nouakchott, in a buffer zone patrolled by MINURSO;[37] UN's envoy to the region, Horst Köhler, resigned in mid-2019 for health-related reasons.[38] The Polisario Front considers the road illegal since they say it was built in violation of the ceasefire.[39] Tensions yet again deepened between Morocco and the Polisario Front in mid-October, when unarmed Sahrawi refugees from Tindouf, Algeria (where Polisario-administered refugee camps house about 100,000 Sahrawi refugees[40]) passed through SADR-controlled territories to camp on and block the road in protest of what they called the plunder of Western Saharan resources from the Sahrawi people,[41] creating a large caravan of vehicles and blocking traffic in the region.[42] Morocco, which regards the region as vital to trade with sub-Saharan Africa,[9] accused the Polisario Front of infiltrating the buffer zone and "carrying out acts of banditry" in Guerguerat.[43] The Moroccan authorities also stated that the Polisario Front was harassing UN troops at the crossing, though the UN denied this.[33]

These protesters were later joined by a group of up to 12 Sahrawi People's Liberation Army (SPLA) fighters and 8 light vehicles, two of which had mounted heavy weapons, in violation of the ceasefire. The Polisario Front claimed they were exclusively there to protect the protesters but later removed some of the light vehicles on 29 October after being told by MINURSO withdraw from the area. At the same time, 16 Royal Moroccan Army vehicles carrying heavy-duty machinery were observed west of the berm near Guerguerat. To reduce tensions, MINURSO requested that the Moroccan army also leave the area. Despite claiming it would comply to the request, no withdrawal was observed.[11]

In early November, around 200 Moroccan truck drivers appealed to Moroccan and Mauritanian authorities for help, saying they were stranded on the Mauritanian side of the border near Guerguerat, and adding that they didn't have access to drinking water, food, shelter, or medicine, with some suffering from chronic illnesses.[10] According to Jeune Afrique, Morocco first appealed to the United Nations to resolve the conflict peacefully, and that although the Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, approved this request, the situation was not resolved.[44] Guterres himself likewise said that he had launched numerous initiatives to evade an escalation in the buffer zone, but his efforts had failed.[45] On 6 November, MINURSO observed that Morocco was deploying a large force consisting of 250 vehicles near Guerguerat.[11] On 12 November, Mauritanian forces reinforced their positions along border Polisario Front-controlled territories bordering Mauritania.[12]

## Course of the conflict

[edit]

Further information: Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)

This section is empty. Per a talk page discussion, the content of this section was moved to a separate timeline article in December 2023. The content moved to the timeline article needs a summary here. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024)

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## Non-military actions taken by Morocco and the SADR

[edit]

On 13 November 2020, both Morocco and the SADR introduced mass mobilisation.[18][19] The SADR evacuated civilians from the Guerguerat area[46] and introduced a curfew in the territories under its control.[47]

## Foreign weapon supplies

[edit]

### Morocco

[edit]

Following the signing of the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement in December 2020, Morocco has purchased advanced military equipment from Israel including at least 150 drones.[48][49] The use of these drones has been documented in Polisario-controlled Western Sahara where they have killed both SPLA fighters and civilians.[48] Israeli drones are also suspected to have been used to follow the movements of SPLA forces.[50] In October 2022, Morocco made a deal with Israel to build two factories to produce war drones with Israeli supervision and expertise. These factories, once completed, will allow Morocco to manufacture advanced drones at a low cost compared to those it had been buying from China and Turkey.[51]

Morocco reportedly used a Chinese-made Wing Loong Is, among a few given as a gift from the United Arab Emirates, to kill Addah al-Bendir, the chief of the Polisario head of the Gendarmerie, in April 2021.[52] Missile fragments examined by the Intercept indicated that Bayraktar TB2 attack drones sold by Turkey have been used on targets in Western Sahara.[49]

### SADR

[edit]

Since the start of the clashes, Algeria has reiterated its support for Western Saharan independence.[53] However, Algeria has been reluctant to send the SADR any serious type of equipment. Consequently, the SADR has been compelled to rely on outdated equipment dating back to the late 1980s and early 1990s, given that its previous arms supplier, Muammar Gaddafi, was killed in 2011. This predicament poses a challenge for the SPLA as they have to confront Moroccan forces equipped with more advanced weaponry, including drones.[54]

Despite that, Algeria still cooperates with the SADR by opening up its borders everyday to SPLA fighters armed with artillery who shoot at Moroccan positions.[48]

## Reactions

[edit]

### Official statements

[edit]

* Morocco: On 13 November, the Authenticity and Modernity Party, the Party of Progress and Socialism, the Popular Movement Party, and the Independence Party voiced their support for the Moroccan military intervention.[55] The next day, the House of Representatives of Morocco issued a statement, stressing that the military intervention was legitimate.[56] On 16 November, King Mohammed VI stated that Morocco would take necessary measures to "keep order and protect safety and fluidity of passenger and commercial traffic in the border area between Morocco and Mauritania", adding that the UN had failed in its "laudable attempts to end the unacceptable acts of the Polisario".[57] Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani said the operation led by the Moroccan forces was a "strategic change" to open the route in the Mauritania border.[58]
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: On 16 November, SADR's minister of foreign affairs Mohamed Salem Ould Salek stated that the end of the war was now linked to the "end of the illegal occupation of parts of the territory of the Sahrawi Republic", and that the war had started as a "consequence of Morocco's aggression and action in Guerguerat".[59]

### Domestic

[edit]

On 13 November, Sahrawi sources stated that there were mass protests in Laayoune, the unofficial capital of Western Sahara, which is de facto administered by Morocco, against the clashes.[60] The Moroccan media denied these claims, stating that the city's population was in support of the Moroccan forces, citing Laayoune's mayor.[61] Despite that, the NGO media outlet Équipe Media reported that the Moroccan government was exercising a strong police force, and had arrested several activists.[62] The next day, the same source stated that the Moroccan security forces had arrested several demonstrators in Smara.[63]

On 14 November, some Sahrawi tribal leaders issued a joint statement in support of the Moroccan intervention to restore free movement in Guerguerat.[64] More than fifty riders from the Moroccan Bikers Club and the Royal Petanque Club organized a trip from Casablanca to the Guerguerat border crossing starting on 27 December and ending on 3 January 2021 to express their support for the Moroccan army's move to secure the crossing.[65]

Sahrawi self-determination activist Sultana Khaya described Moroccan control of the Western Sahara as an occupation and called for the United States to intensify diplomatic pressure on Morocco in favor of self-determination.[66] She has been under de facto house arrest since November 2020 and subject to repeated home raids and sexual assault by Moroccan security forces, as reported by a number of international human rights organizations.[67][68][69]

### International

[edit]

#### Supranational and regional organisations

[edit]

The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres,[70] and the chairperson of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki, expressed their grave concern over the conflict, with Faki stating "[The] Saharan issue has gone on for a long time and it has become urgent to solve it as a case of decolonization in the first place and to support the UN efforts in this regard."[71][72] The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Josep Borrell, stated that the EU was supporting the efforts of the United Nations to find a peaceful settlement for the conflict, per the Security Council resolutions, and stressing the insurance of freedom of movement in Guerguerat.[73]

The secretary-general of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Yousef Al-Othaimeen, and the secretary-general of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Nayef bin Falah Al-Hajraf, stated that they support Morocco's efforts to what they called "securing freedom of civil and commercial movement."[74][75] The Central American Parliament also expressed its support for Morocco.[76]

On 20 November, the Chairperson of the African Union and President of the Republic of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, wrote a letter to the United Nations Security Council that called for "all the parties to uphold the Settlement Plan, which provides for 'a cease-fire' and the holding of a referendum for the people of Western Sahara to exercise their right to self-determination."[77] The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization released a statement voicing its support for Western Sahara and condemned Morocco's "unlawful assertion" of sovereignty over Western Sahara.[78]

#### Foreign governments

[edit]

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Azerbaijan,[79] Bahrain,[80] the Central African Republic,[81] Comoros,[81] the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[82] Chad,[83][84] Djibouti,[85] Equatorial Guinea,[86] Gabon,[87][85] the Gambia,[88] Haiti,[89] Jordan,[90] Kuwait,[91] Liberia,[92] Oman,[93] Qatar,[94] São Tomé and Príncipe,[81] Saudi Arabia,[95] Senegal,[96] Sierra Leone,[97] Turkey,[98] Yemen (Hadi government),[99] and the United Arab Emirates[100] voiced their support for Morocco, while Guyana withdrew its recognition of the SADR.[101]

The Foreign Ministry of the State of Palestine said it "does not interfere in the internal affairs of the brotherly Arab countries".[102] Egypt,[85] Mauritania,[103] Russia,[104] and Spain[105] have all urged both parties to respect the ceasefire.

South Africa, Algeria and Namibia backed the Polisario Front, accused Morocco of violating the ceasefire and urged the UN to appoint a new Western Sahara envoy to restart talks.[106][107] Algeria also sent 60 tons of food and medical aid to the refugees in Western Sahara.[108] On the other hand, Spain's second deputy prime minister Pablo Iglesias Turrión,[109] Cuba,[110] and Venezuela[111] have stated that they supported the right to self-determination of the Sahrawis.

#### Minorities abroad

[edit]

On 15 November, a group of Sahrawis staged a rally in front of the Moroccan consulate in Valencia, Spain. The protestors dismantled the flag of Morocco from the consulate, raising the SADR's flag over the building.[112][113] Spain[114] and Morocco[115] condemned the incident.

#### Other groups

[edit]

The Islamic State released an official statement criticising Morocco and the Polisario Front for allegedly using religion to justify the use of weapons in the conflict, for which it accused both of apostasy.[116]

### Analysis

[edit]

According to International Crisis Group's Portuguese analytic Riccardo Fabiani, the conflict could be a "potential breaking point that could have major repercussions", adding that the United Nations had been quite negligent towards this issue.[37]

## References

[edit]

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64. ^ "Shioukhs of Sahrawi Tribes Back Efforts to Restore Free Movement in Guergarate". Maghreb Arabe Press. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
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66. ^ Khaya, Sultana Sidibrahim (29 July 2021). "Opinion: I've been raped, beaten and held under house arrest for fighting for my Sahrawi people". CNN. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
67. ^ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Further information: Sahrawi activist raped by Moroccan forces: Sultana Khaya". Amnesty International. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
68. ^ "Western Sahara: Harassment of Independence Activist". Human Rights Watch. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
69. ^ "Sultana Khaya". Front Line Defenders. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
70. ^ "Guterres 'remains committed' to maintaining 1991 ceasefire in Western Sahara". UN News. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
71. ^ "Statement of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, H.E. Mr. Moussa Faki Mahamat, on the tensions in the Guerguerat buffer zone". African Union. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
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73. ^ "Is the EU trying to mediate between Morocco and Algeria?". Yabiladi. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
74. ^ "OIC Supports Morocco's Measures to Secure Freedom of Civil and Commercial Movement in Guerguerat". Saudi Press Agency. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
75. ^ "The Gulf Cooperation Council supports Moroccos measures to ensure the smooth..." Al Khaleej. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
76. ^ "El Guerguerat: Parlacen Expresses Support for all Measures Taken by Morocco". Maghreb Arabe Presse. 6 December 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
77. ^ "S/2020/1132" (PDF). United Nations Security Council.
78. ^ "UNPO Statement on Western Sahara". 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
79. ^ Mebtoul, Taha (4 December 2020). "Western Sahara: Azerbaijan Supports Morocco's Action in Guerguerat". Morocco World News. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
80. ^ "Bahrain expresses its solidarity with the Kingdom of Morocco against the attacks of the "Polisario" militias". Aluom. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
81. ^ a b c "European voices join wave of support to Morocco's action against Polisario militias in Guerguerat". Northafricapost. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
82. ^ "SAHARA- GUERGUARAT: LE PRÉSIDENT DE LA RDC APPORTE SON SOUTIEN AU MAROC". Agence Afrique. 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
83. ^ "Tchad Diplomatie". Facebook (in French). Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
84. ^ "Le Tchad condamne l'obstruction par les milices du "polisario" de la circulation des biens et des personnes à El Guerguarat". MSN. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
85. ^ a b c "El Guerguerate: Plusieurs pays africains soutiennent le Maroc". Yabiladi (in French). 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
86. ^ "Le Gouvernement de la République de Guinée Équatoriale a exprimé sa solidarité et appui au Gouvernement du Royaume du Maroc pour une initiative qu'il a qualifié de juste et légitime, conformément à la légalité internationale" (in French). MFAC. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
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88. ^ "Guergarate: large soutien africain à l'action du Maroc". Le Petit Journal Marocain (in French). 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
89. ^ "Haïti – Diplomatie : Haïti prend position dans le conflit frontalier au Maroc". haitilibre.com (in French). 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
90. ^ "الأردن يقف مع المغرب في حماية مصالحه ووحدة أراضيه وأمنه". Al Ghad (in Arabic). 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
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96. ^ "Le président sénégalais salue le "sens de la mesure et de la retenue" du Maroc pour maintenir la stabilité à El Guerguarat". Afrique24 (in French). 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
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* v
* t
* e

Western Sahara articles

* Political status
* Sahrawi Republic
* Southern Provinces

History|

| Before 1975|

* Spanish Sahara (1884–1975)
* Colonial governors

|

1975|

* UN visiting mission (May)
* ICJ Advisory Opinion (October)
* Green March (November)
* Madrid Accords (November)

Since 1975|

* Western Sahara War (1975–1991)
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR, 1976–present)
* Berm (built 1981–1987)
* Settlement Plan (1991)
* UN referendum mission (MINURSO, 1991–present)
* Houston Agreement (1997)
* Baker Plan (2000/2003)
* UN Security Council Resolution 1495 (2003) / 1754 (2007)
* Manhasset negotiations (2007–2008)

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Climate
* Ecoregions
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Human rights
* International recognition
* Legal status
* Moroccan Initiative
* Moroccan Western Sahara Wall
* Polisario Front
* former members
* Politics
* SADR
* Sahrawi People's Liberation Army
* Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS)

Economy|

* Sahrawi peseta (currency)
* Telecommunications
* Transportation

Culture|

* Cuisine
* Demographics
* Music
* Sahrawi people

* Outline
* Bibliography

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic articles

History|

| Before 1975|

* Colonial wars in Morocco
* Spanish Sahara (1884–1975)
* Spanish Morocco (1913–1956)
* Moroccan Army of Liberation
* Ifni War (1957–1958)

|

1975|

* UN visiting mission (May)
* ICJ Advisory Opinion (October)
* Green March (November)
* Madrid Accords (November)

Since 1975|

* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Sahara War (1975–1991)
* Berm (built 1981–1987)
* Western Sahara peace process
* Settlement Plan (1991)
* UN referendum mission (MINURSO, 1991–present)
* Houston Agreement (1997)
* Baker Plan (2000/2003)
* UN Security Council Resolution 1495 (2003) / 1754 (2007)
* Manhasset negotiations (2007–2008)

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Climate
* Ecoregions
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Constitution
* Diplomatic relations
* International recognition
* Government
* Parliament
* Polisario Front
* Political status
* President
* Prime Minister

Economy|

| Infrastructure|

* Economy
* Sahrawi peseta (currency)
* Telecommunications
* Transportation

|

Society|

* Demographics
* Cuisine
* Human rights
* Music
* Sahrawi people

* Outline
* Bibliography

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Africa

North Africa|

| Egypt|

* Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
* 2011 revolution
* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
* Post-coup unrest (2013–2014)
* Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)

|

Libya|

* 2008 Kufra conflict
* Libyan crisis
* 2011 civil war
* 2011–2014 factional violence
* 2014–2020 civil war

Western Sahara|

* Western Sahara conflict (1970–present)
* War, 1975–1991
* Clashes, 2020–present

Others|

* Algerian Civil War (1991–2002)
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Tunisian revolution (2010–2011)

West Africa|

| Nigeria|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present)
* Herder–farmer conflicts
* Religious violence
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)
* Niger Delta conflict (2003–present)
* 2016 conflict
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present)

|

Mali|

* Tuareg rebellions
* 1990–1995
* 2007–2009
* 2012
* Mali War (2012–present)

Sierra Leone|

* Ndogboyosoi War
* Sierra Leone Civil War

Liberia|

* Liberian Civil Wars
* 1989–1996
* 1999–2003

Côte d'Ivoire|

* Ivorian Civil Wars
* 2002–2007
* 2010–2011

Others|

* Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999)
* Guinea clashes (2013)
* Casamance conflict (1982–present)
* 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
* ECOWAS military intervention
* Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present)

Central Africa|

| Angola|

* Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
* Cabinda War (1975–present)

|

DR Congo|

* First Congo War (1996–1997)
* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
* Second Congo War (1998–2003)
* Ituri conflict (1999–2007)
* Kivu conflict (2004–present)
* Dongo conflict (2009)
* Ituri conflict (2009–present)
* March 23 Movement conflict
* 2012–2013 rebellion
* 2022–2024 offensive
* Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)
* Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)

Republic
of the Congo|

* Civil wars
* 1993–1994
* 1997–1999
* Pool Department conflict (2002–2003)
* Pool War (2016–2017)

Central African
Republic|

* Bush War (2004–2007)
* Civil War (2012–present)
* Djotodia period, 2013–2014

Chad|

* Civil War (2005–2010)
* Insurgency in Northern Chad (2016–present)
* 2021 offensive

Others|

* Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present)

East Africa|

| Ethiopia|

* Oromo conflict
* OLA insurgency, 2018–present
* Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018)
* Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018)
* Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018)
* War, 1998–2000
* Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
* Afar–Somali clashes
* Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
* Oromia–Somali clashes
* Tigray war
* War in Amhara

|

Somalia|

* Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present)
* Somali Civil War
* 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
* 2009–present phase
* AMISOM
* Piracy off the coast of Somalia

Kenya|

* Ethnic conflicts
* Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present)
* Likoni massacres (1997)
* Kenyan crisis (2007–2008)
* 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013)
* Baragoi clashes (2012)

South Sudan|

* Heglig Crisis (2012)
* Nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence
* Civil War (2013–2020)
* Abyei conflict (2022–2023)

Sudan|

* Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
* War in Darfur (2003–2020)
* Nomadic conflicts (2009–present)
* South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020)
* Heglig Crisis (2012)
* Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)
* Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

Uganda|

* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)
* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
* Kasese clashes (2016)

Others|

* Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994)
* Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
* Hanish Islands conflict
* 2008 invasion of Anjouan
* Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
* Burundian conflicts
* 1993–2005 Civil War
* 2015–2018 unrest

Southern Africa|

| Mozambique|

* Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)
* RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
* Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present)

|

Others|

* Bophuthatswana crisis (1994)
* Caprivi conflict (1994–1999)
* Lesothan conflicts
* SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999)
* 2014 Lesotho political crisis

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Western DR Congo clashes
* Kivu conflict
* M23 offensive
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* Afar–Somali clashes
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* Insurgency in the Sahel
* Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Libyan Crisis
* Sinai insurgency
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* War in Darfur
* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Mali War
* Azawad conflict
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war
* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Peruvian conflict
* Mapuche conflict

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh
* Drugs

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni Civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Iran–Israel conflict in Syria
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
* 2015–present
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Daraa insurgency
* Desert campaign
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Rojava conflict
* Russian intervention
* Syrian–Turkish border clashes
* Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

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