Western Schism

Split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417

For the East–West Schism of 1054, also known as the Great Schism, see East–West Schism. For the Schism of 1521, see Protestant Reformation.

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Western SchismPart of the crisis of the late Middle Ages

A 14th-century miniature symbolizing the schism

Date| 20 September 1378 – 11 November 1417
(39 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 1 day)
Location| Europe
Type| Christian schism
Cause|

* Election of two popes by the College of Cardinals in 1378
* Election of a third pope by the Council of Pisa in 1409

Motive| International rivalries in Catholic Europe
Outcome| Reunification of the Catholic Church after the Council of Constance

The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism[1] (Latin: Magnum schisma occidentale, Ecclesiae occidentalis schisma), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417, in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually joined by a line of Pisan claimants in 1409. The event was driven by international rivalries, personalities and political allegiances, with the Avignon Papacy in particular being closely tied to the French monarchy.

The papacy had resided in Avignon since 1309, but Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377. The Catholic Church split in September 1378, when, following Gregory XI's death and Urban VI's subsequent election, a group of French cardinals declared his election invalid and elected Clement VII, who claimed to be the true pope. As Roman claimant, Urban VI was succeeded by Boniface IX, Innocent VII and Gregory XII. Clement VII was succeeded as Avignon claimant by Benedict XIII.

Following several attempts at reconciliation, the Council of Pisa (1409) declared that both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII were illegitimate and elected a third purported pope, Alexander V.[2]

The schism was finally resolved when Alexander V’s successor as Pisan claimant, Antipope John XXIII, called the Council of Constance (1414–1418). The Council arranged for the renunciation of both Roman pope Gregory XII and Pisan antipope John XXIII. The Avignon antipope Benedict XIII was excommunicated, while Pope Martin V was elected and reigned from Rome.

The split is sometimes referred to as the 'Great Schism', although this term is usually reserved for the East–West Schism of 1054 between the churches remaining in communion with the See of Rome and those remaining with the Eastern Orthodox Church.

## History

[edit]

Under pressure from Philip IV of France, the papacy had, since 1309, resided in Avignon, a papal enclave surrounded by France. Initiated by Pope Clement V, the Avignon Papacy had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged much of Western Christendom.[3] This reputation was attributed to perceptions of strong French influence, the papal curia's efforts to extend its powers of patronage, and attempts to increase its revenues. The last Avignon pope, Gregory XI, at the entreaty of relatives, friends, and his retinue, decided to return to Rome on 17 January 1377.[4] Gregory, however, announced his intention to reverse his decision and return to Avignon just after the Easter celebrations of 1378.[5]

Before he could return to Avignon, Gregory XI died in the Vatican palace on 27 March 1378.[6] The Romans put into operation a plan to use intimidation and violence (impressio et metus) to ensure the election of a Roman pope.[7] The pope and his curia had returned to Rome after seventy years in Avignon, and the Romans were prepared to do everything in their power to keep them there.[8] On 8 April 1378, the cardinals elected Bartolomeo Prignano, the archbishop of Bari, as Pope Urban VI.[9]

## Two popes

[edit]

Map showing allegiance to Rome (blue), to Avignon (red), and variable allegiance (orange) during the Western Schism; this breakdown is valid until the Council of Pisa (1409), which created a third line of claimants.

The majority of the cardinals who had elected Urban VI quickly regretted their decision and removed themselves to Anagni.[10] Meeting at Fondi, thirteen cardinals elected Count Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII on 20 September 1378.[11] The dissident cardinals argued that the election of Urban VI was invalid because it had been out of fear of the rioting Roman crowds.[12] Unable to maintain himself in Anagni, and following the defeat of his forces at the battle of Marino,[13] Clement VII fled to Naples, which was ruled by one of his supporters, Queen Joanna I of Naples.[14] Despite being met regally by Joanna, Clement was met with the populace chanting Viva Papa Urbano (Long Live Pope Urban) and Muoia l'Anticristo (Death to the Antichrist), which convinced him to leave.[14][15] He took a ship to Avignon and reestablished the papal court there. Charles V of France, who seems to have been irked beforehand by the choice of the Roman pontiff, soon became his greatest protector.[16] Besides France, Clement eventually succeeded in winning to his cause Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, Scotland, and most of Italy besides Naples and Savoy.[17] Years later, Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion in Wales also recognized the Avignon antipope Benedict XIII.[18] John I of Portugal, the founder of the House of Aviz,[19] who took the throne with English support signed the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 and firmly sided with Urban VI.[20] Unlike their relatives, the Angevin kings of Hungary (Louis I and Mary) supported Rome.[21] Joanna I of Naples, who sided with Clement VII was deposed and replaced by Charles III in 1381.[22] Charles III would later take the throne of Hungary from Mary and her husband Sigismund; for this she was excommunicated by Urban VI.[23]

### Consequences

[edit]

In the intense partisanship that was characteristic of the Middle Ages, the schism engendered a fanatical hatred noted by Johan Huizinga:[24]

> when the town of Bruges went over to the "obedience" of Avignon, a great number of people left to follow their trade in a city of Urbanist allegiance. ... In the 1382, the oriflamme, which might only be unfurled in a holy cause, was taken up against the Flemings, because they were Urbanists, that is, infidels.

Sustained by such national and factional rivalries, the schism continued after the deaths of both Urban VI in 1389 and Clement VII in 1394. Boniface IX was crowned in Rome in 1389, and Benedict XIII, who was elected against the wishes of Charles VI of France, reigned in Avignon from 1394.[25] When Pope Boniface died in 1404, the eight cardinals of the Roman conclave offered to refrain from electing a new pope if Benedict would resign; but when Benedict's legates refused on his behalf,[a][27] the Roman party then proceeded to elect Pope Innocent VII.[26] Discussions continued instead with Innocent, but quickly stalled and by February 1405, and Benedict's envoys had returned to Avignon.[26] Benedict quickly excommunicated Innocent and with an army started marching towards Rome, in May 1405. He occupied Genoa for a year and awaited French military support, which never came.[26] Innocent died 6 November 1406, and the Roman cardinals elected Angelo Correr as Gregory XII.[28]

The suggestion for a church council to resolve the Schism, first made in 1378, was not adopted initially, because canon law required that a pope call a council. Eventually theologians like Pierre d'Ailly and Jean Gerson, adopted arguments that permitted the Church to call a council to resolve this issue,[29] while Francesco Zabarella argued that a council could only be convoked by an emperor.[30]

## Three popes

[edit]

Benedict and Gregory agreed to abdicate their respective papacies in December 1406. However, Benedict stated that he wanted to negotiate a solution first.[28] Gregory sent an ambassador to the St. Victor abbey in Marseille, where Benedict was staying.[28] On the other hand, Gregory preferred Savona, and Benedict concurred.[28] They balked at the last moment, and both groups of cardinals abandoned their preferred leaders.[31] The Council of Pisa met in 1409 under the auspices of the cardinals to try solving the dispute.[31] At the fifteenth session, on 5 June 1409, the Council of Pisa attempted to depose both the Roman pope and Avignon antipope as schismatical, heretical, perjured and scandalous,[32] but proceeded to inflame the problem even further by electing Peter Philargi, the cardinal archbishop of Milan, as Alexander V.[33] He reigned briefly in Pisa from June 26, 1409, to his death in 1410,[34] when he was succeeded by Baldassare Cossa as John XXIII,[35] who achieved limited support.

### Council of Constance

[edit]

Habemus Papam at the Council of Constance

In 1414, Council of Constance was convened by the Pisan pope John XXIII to resolve the schism once and for all.[36] The council was also endorsed by the Roman pope Gregory XII, giving it greater legitimacy.[37] On 6 April 1415, the council issued Haec sancta,[38] stating that the council is the Church's highest governing body and has the authority to remove popes.[39][40] Haec sancta is today considered invalid by the Catholic Church, on the basis that Gregory XII was the legitimate pope at the time and the decree was passed by the council in a session before his confirmation; further, since it was not used to remove him, it was not actually used to remove the pope.

The council, advised by the theologian Jean Gerson, secured the resignation of Gregory XII and the detention and removal of John XXIII.[41] The Avignon antipope Benedict XIII, who refused to step down, was excommunicated on 27 July 1417, having lost all his supporters in the process.[42][41] The Council elected Pope Martin V in 1417, essentially ending the schism.[43]

Benedict XIII, recognized by King Martin of Aragon in 1397, chose to ignore pleas for his resignation.[44] Benedict died 23 May 1423: to succeed him three cardinals elected Gil Sanchez Munoz y Carbon as Clement VIII.[45] Clement VIII resigned in 1429 and recognized Martin V.[45]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Conciliarism gained impetus due to the Schism.[46] This new reformist movement held that a general council is superior to the pope on the strength of its capability to resolve ecclesiastical issues. Theorists such as Jean Gerson explained that the priests and the church itself are the sources of the papal power and, thus, the church should be able to correct, punish, and, if necessary, depose a pope.

On 18 January 1460, Pope Pius II issued the bull Execrabilis which forbade any attempt to appeal papal judgements by general councils.[47]

There was also a marked decline in discipline within the church. Scholars note that the Western Schism effectively eroded the church's authority and its capacity to proclaim the gospel.[48] This dissension and loss of unity ultimately culminated in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.

## Official list of popes

[edit]

Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's. Alexanders VI, VII, and VIII are numbered as though the Pisan pope Alexander V were legitimate, but John XXIII (d. 1963) reused the ordinal of the Pisan pope John XXIII.

For the next five centuries, the Catholic Church recognized the Roman popes as the legitimate line from 1378 to 1409, followed by the Pisan popes from 1409 to 1415. All Avignon popes after 1378 are considered to be antipopes. This recognition is reflected in the numbering of popes Alexander VI, VII, and VIII, who numbered themselves consecutively after their Pisan namesake Alexander V.

The recognition of the Pisan popes made the continued legitimacy of the Roman pope Gregory XII doubtful for 1409–1415. The Annuario Pontificio for 1860 listed the Pisan popes as true popes from 1409 to 1415, but it acknowledged that Gregory XII's reign ended in either 1409 or 1415.

The Western Schism was, in practice, reinterpreted in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII upon his election as Pope John XXIII, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy".[49] (There had actually been twenty undisputed Johns due to antipopes and numbering errors.) Although Roncalli's declaration of assuming the name specified that his decision was made "apart from disputes about legitimacy", this passage was subsequently excised from the version appearing in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, and the Pisan popes Alexander V and John XXIII have since been classified as antipopes by the Roman Curia.[50] The reinterpretation is reflected in modern editions of the Annuario Pontificio, which extend Gregory XII's reign to 1415. The line of Roman popes is now retroactively recognized by the Catholic Church as the sole legitimate line during the Western Schism. However, Popes Alexander VI through VIII have not been renumbered, leaving a gap in the numbering sequence.

According to John F. Broderick (1987):

> Doubt still shrouds the validity of the three rival lines of pontiffs during the four decades subsequent to the still disputed papal election of 1378. This makes suspect the credentials of the cardinals created by the Roman, Avignon, and Pisan claimants to the Apostolic See. Unity was finally restored without a definitive solution to the question; for the Council of Constance succeeded in terminating the Western Schism, not by declaring which of the three claimants was the rightful one, but by eliminating all of them by forcing their abdication or deposition, and then setting up a novel arrangement for choosing a new pope acceptable to all sides. To this day the Church has never made any official, authoritative pronouncement about the papal lines of succession for this confusing period; nor has Martin V or any of his successors. Modern scholars are not agreed in their solutions, although they tend to favor the Roman line.[51]

### Timeline

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Western Schism timeline

↓Gregory XI move back to Rome

↱Clement VII's election begins the Western Schism

↓Council of Pisa

↓Council of Constance ends the Western Schism

Clement VII

Benedict XIII

Urban VI

Boniface IX

Innocent VII

Gregory XII

Martin V

Alexander V→

John XXIII

1376

1381

1386

1391

1396

1401

1406

1411

1416

= Avignon
= Rome
= Pisa

### Papal recognition

[edit]

Papacy  |  Avignon popes |  Roman popes |  Pisan popes (from 1409)

|
|
|

Supporters: |

* House of Capet
* Kingdom of France (until 1409)
* Kingdom of Navarre
* Kingdom of Naples (until 1382, continued to fight Hungary)
* Kingdom of Portugal (until 1385)
* Burgundian State[citation needed]
* Crown of Aragon
* Crown of Castile
* Kingdom of Scotland
* Kingdom of Sicily
* County of Savoy[52]
* Duchy of Brittany
* Kingdom of Cyprus
* Crown of Bohemia
* Knights of Rhodes
* Welsh rebels (fought against England)
* County of Foix
* County of Armagnac
* small number of imperial states of the Holy Roman Empire

* Italian city-states (Central-Northern Italy)
* Papal States
* Republic of Venice
* Republic of Genoa
* Republic of Florence
* Holy Roman Empire (majority and the Emperor,
only a small number of imperial states aligned with Avignon)
* Kingdom of England
* Ireland under English rule
* Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland
* House of Capet
* Kingdom of Naples (since 1382)
* Kingdom of Portugal (aligned with Rome in 1385)
* Kingdom of Hungary (until 1385)
* Kingdom of Hungary (since 1385)
* Crown of Poland
* Grand Duchy of Lithuania
* County of Flanders[53][54]
* Kingdom of Denmark
* Kingdom of Norway
* Kingdom of Sweden
* Teutonic Order
* Duchy of Aquitaine
* Ghent rebels (fought against France)

* Kingdom of France (from 1409)
* Kingdom of England[clarification needed]
* Ireland under English rule[clarification needed]
* Crown of Poland (changed two times to
Roman pope Gregory XII in 1410 and 1414)[clarification needed]
* Grand Duchy of Lithuania[clarification needed]
* Kingdom of Hungary (changed to Roman pope Gregory XII in 1414)[citation needed][clarification needed]
* Kingdom of Portugal (began supporting Pisa in 1409)[citation needed]
* Kingdom of Denmark[citation needed]
* Kingdom of Norway[citation needed]
* Kingdom of Sweden[citation needed]
* some imperial states of Holy Roman Empire[which?]
* Teutonic Order (from 1409–1415 was in alliance with Pisa)[citation needed][clarification needed]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ According to Joëlle Rollo-Koster, Benedict's legates were imprisoned until after the conclave ended.[26]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Western Schism | History, Background, Popes, & Resolution | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
2. ^ Lindberg, Carter, ed. (2020-04-20). The European Reformations. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781394259861. ISBN 978-1-119-64081-3.
3. ^ Lindberg, Carter, ed. (2020-04-20). The European Reformations. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781394259861. ISBN 978-1-119-64081-3.
4. ^ Kelly 1986, p. 227.
5. ^ Gregorovius 1906, p. 490-491.
6. ^ Logan 2002, p. 306.
7. ^ Rollo-Koster 2009, p. 19-21.
8. ^ Creighton 2012, p. 50.
9. ^ Richardson 2009, p. xxi.
10. ^ Atwood 2001, p. 23.
11. ^ Rollo-Koster 2009, p. 13.
12. ^ Fleck 2009, p. 241.
13. ^ Keen 2010, p. 311.
14. ^ a b Creighton 2012, p. 68.
15. ^ Trexler 1974, p. 141.
16. ^ Scott 1993, p. 87.
17. ^ Walsh 2011, p. 157.
18. ^ Swanson 2021, p. 85.
19. ^ Villalon 2014, p. 233.
20. ^ Villalon 2014, p. 235f.
21. ^ Hunyadi 2017, p. 45.
22. ^ Hunyadi 2017, p. 48.
23. ^ Hunyadi 2017, p. 50.
24. ^ Huizinga 1924, p. 14.
25. ^ Blumenfeld-Kosinski 2009, p. 127.
26. ^ a b c d Rollo-Koster 2022, p. 49.
27. ^ Logan 2002, p. 318.
28. ^ a b c d Rollo-Koster 2022, p. 50.
29. ^ Linder 2008, p. 7.
30. ^ Stump 2009, p. 402-403.
31. ^ a b Logan 2002, p. 318-319.
32. ^ Logan 2002, p. 319-320.
33. ^ Logan 2002, p. 320.
34. ^ Logan 2002, p. 320-321.
35. ^ Rollo-Koster 2022, p. 59.
36. ^ Rosenwein 2018, p. 323.
37. ^ Bellitto 2002, p. 87-88.
38. ^ Lindberg, Carter, ed. (2020-04-20). The European Reformations. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781394259861. ISBN 978-1-119-64081-3.
39. ^ Lindberg, Carter, ed. (2020-04-20). The European Reformations. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781394259861. ISBN 978-1-119-64081-3.
40. ^ McGuire 2006, p. 23.
41. ^ a b Riccoboni 2000, p. 61.
42. ^ Kneupper 2016, p. 61.
43. ^ González 2010, p. 408-409.
44. ^ O’Callaghan 1975, p. 539-540.
45. ^ a b Fleck 2016, p. 266.
46. ^ Orji 2021, p. 191.
47. ^ O'Brien 2015, p. 81.
48. ^ Coriden 2004, p. 21.
49. ^ "I Choose John ..." Time. 10 November 1958. p. 91.
50. ^ Oakley 2008, p. 89.
51. ^ Broderick 1987, p. 14.
52. ^ Noël Valois, La France et le Grand Schisme, (in French), Vol. 1 (Paris: A. Picard 1896), p. 196.
53. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Western Schism". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
54. ^ Huizinga, Johan (1924). The Waning of the Middle Ages: A Study of the Forms of Life, Thought and Art in France and the Netherlands in the XIVth and XVth Centuries. Edward Arnold & Co

## Sources

[edit]

* Atwood, Craig D. (2001). Always Reforming: A History of Christianity Since 1300. Mercer University Press.
* Bellitto, Christopher M. (2002). The General Councils. Paulist Press.
* Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Renate (2009). "The Conceptualization and Imagery of the Great Schism". In Rollo-Koster, Joëlle; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). Brill. pp. 123–158.
* Broderick, John F. (1987). "The Sacred College of Cardinals: Size and Geographical Composition (1099–1986)". Archivum Historiae Pontificiae. 25. Gregorian Biblical Press: 7–71.
* Cable, Martin J. (2015). "Cum essem in Constantie...": Raffaele Fulgosio and the Council of Constance, 1414-1415. Brill.
* Coriden, James (2004). An Introduction to Canon Law. Paulist Press. ISBN 0809142562.
* Creighton, Mandell (2012). The Great Schism. The Council of Constance, 1378–1418. Houghton, Mifflin & Company.
* Fleck, Cathleen A. (2009). "Seeking Legitimacy:Art and Manuscripts for the Popes in Avignon from 1378 to 1417". In Rollo-Koster, Joëlle; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). Brill. pp. 239–302.
* Fleck, Cathleen A. (2016). The Clement Bible at the Medieval Courts of Naples and Avignon: "A Story of Papal Power, Royal Prestige, and Patronage. Routledge.266
* Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1906). Hamilton, Annie (ed.). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. VI, Part II. George Bell.
* González, Justo (2010). The Story of Christianity. Vol. 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 408–409\. ISBN 9780061855887.
* Huizinga, Johan (1924). The Waning of the Middle Ages: A Study of the Forms of Life, Thought and Art in France and the Netherlands in the XIVth and XVth Centuries. Edward Arnold & Co.
* Hunyadi, Zsolt (2017). "The Western Schism and Hungary: from Louis I to Sigismund of Luxembourg". Chronica: Annual of the Institute of History, University of Szeged Hungary. 13: 44–53\. ISSN 1588-2039.
* "I Choose John ..." Time. Vol. LXXII No.19. 1958. p. 91.
* Keen, Maurice, ed. (2010). Medieval Warfare: A History. Oxford University Press.
* Kelly, J.N.D. (1986). Oxford Dictionary of the Popes. Oxford University Press.
* Kneupper, Frances Courtney (2016). The Empire At The End Of Time. Oxford University Press.
* Linder, Robert D. (2008). The Reformation Era. Greenwood Press.
* Logan, F. Donald (2002). A History of the Church in the Middle Ages. Routledge.
* McGuire, Brian Patrick (2006). A Companion to Jean Gerson. Brill.
* Oakley, Francis (2003). The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church 1300-1870. Oxford University Press.
* Oakley, Francis (2008). "The Conciliar Heritage and the Politics of Oblivion". In Christianson, Gerald; Izbicki, Thomas M.; Bellitto, Christopher M. (eds.). The Church, the Councils, and Reform: The Legacy of the Fifteenth Century. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 89\. ISBN 978-0813215273.
* O'Brien, Emily (2015). The 'Commentaries' of Pope Pius II (1458-1464) and the Crisis of the Fifteenth-Century Papacy. University of Toronto Press.
* O’Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press.
* Orji, Cyril (2021). An Introduction to Religious and Theological Studies (2nd ed.). Cascade Books.
* Riccoboni, Sister Bartolomea (2000). Bornstein, Daniel (ed.). Life and Death in a Venetian Convent: The Chronicle and Necrology of Corpus. The University of Chicago Press.
* Richardson, Carol M. (2009). Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Brill.
* Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (2009). "Civil Violence and the Initiation of the Schism". In Rollo-Koster, Joëlle; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). Brill. pp. 9–66.
* Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (2022). The Great Western Schism, 1378–1417: Performing Legitimacy, Performing Unity. Cambridge University Press.
* Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2018). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Vol. II: From c.900 to c.1500. University of Toronto Press.
* Scott, Karen (1993). "Io Catarina: Ecclesiastical Politics and Oral Culture in the Letters of Catherine of Siena". In Cherewatuk, Karen; Wiethaus, Ulrike (eds.). Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Stump, Philip H. (2009). "The Council of Constance (1414-1418) and the End of the Schism". In Rollo-Koster, Joëlle; Izbicki, Thomas M. (eds.). A Companion to the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). Brill. pp. 395–442.
* Swanson, Robert (2021). "The church and religious life: The papacy". In Lazzarini, Isabella (ed.). The Later Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–108.
* Trexler, R.C. (1974). The Spiritual Power: Republican Florence under Interdict. Brill.
* Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2014). "10. War and the Great Schism: Military Factors Determining Allegiances in Iberia". Journal of Medieval Military History. XII: 217–239\. ISBN 9781843839361. ISSN 1477-545X.
* Walsh, Michael J. (2011). The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802829412.
* Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Available from: Yuzu, (3rd Edition). Wiley Global Research (STMS), 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* Catholicism portal

* The Age of the Great Western Schism
* Catholic Encyclopedia article

* v
* t
* e

Popes of the Catholic Church

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1st–4th centuries|

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5th–8th centuries|

* Innocent I
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* Leo I
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* Gelasius I
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9th–12th centuries|

* Stephen IV
* Paschal I
* Eugene II
* Valentine
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* Sergius II
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* Nicholas I
* Adrian II
* John VIII
* Marinus I
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* Stephen IX
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* Alexander II
* Gregory VII
* Victor III
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* Paschal II
* Gelasius II
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* Honorius II
* Innocent II
* Celestine II
* Lucius II
* Eugene III
* Anastasius IV
* Adrian IV
* Alexander III
* Lucius III
* Urban III
* Gregory VIII
* Clement III
* Celestine III
* Innocent III

13th–16th centuries|

* Honorius III
* Gregory IX
* Celestine IV
* Innocent IV
* Alexander IV
* Urban IV
* Clement IV
* Gregory X
* Innocent V
* Adrian V
* John XXI
* Nicholas III
* Martin IV
* Honorius IV
* Nicholas IV
* Celestine V
* Boniface VIII
* Benedict XI
* Clement V
* John XXII
* Benedict XII
* Clement VI
* Innocent VI
* Urban V
* Gregory XI
* Urban VI
* Boniface IX
* Innocent VII
* Gregory XII
* Martin V
* Eugene IV
* Nicholas V
* Callixtus III
* Pius II
* Paul II
* Sixtus IV
* Innocent VIII
* Alexander VI
* Pius III
* Julius II
* Leo X
* Adrian VI
* Clement VII
* Paul III
* Julius III
* Marcellus II
* Paul IV
* Pius IV
* Pius V
* Gregory XIII
* Sixtus V
* Urban VII
* Gregory XIV
* Innocent IX
* Clement VIII

17th–21st centuries|

* Leo XI
* Paul V
* Gregory XV
* Urban VIII
* Innocent X
* Alexander VII
* Clement IX
* Clement X
* Innocent XI
* Alexander VIII
* Innocent XII
* Clement XI
* Innocent XIII
* Benedict XIII
* Clement XII
* Benedict XIV
* Clement XIII
* Clement XIV
* Pius VI
* Pius VII
* Leo XII
* Pius VIII
* Gregory XVI
* Pius IX
* Leo XIII
* Pius X
* Benedict XV
* Pius XI
* Pius XII
* John XXIII
* Paul VI
* John Paul I
* John Paul II
* Benedict XVI
* Francis
* Leo XIV

History of the papacy|

| Antiquity and Early
Middle Ages|

* During the Roman Empire (until 493)
* Under Constantine (312–337)
* Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537)
* Byzantine Papacy (537–752)
* Frankish Papacy (756–857)
* Saeculum obscurum (904–964)
* Crescentii era (974–1012)

|

High and Late
Middle Ages|

* Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044 / 1048)
* Conflicts with the HRE (1048–1257)
* Wandering Papacy
* Viterbo, 1257–1281
* Orvieto, 1262–1297
* Perugia, 1228–1304
* Avignon Papacy (1309–1378)
* Western Schism (1378–1417)

Early Modern and
Modern Era|

* Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534)
* Reformation Papacy (1534–1585)
* Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)
* Age of Enlightenment (c. 1640–1740)
* Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848)
* Roman question (1870–1929)
* Vatican City (1929–present)
* World War II (1939–1945)
* Cold War (1945–1991)

* Category
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History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
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Early Church
(30–325/476)|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

* Jesus
* Ministry
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Holy Spirit
* Mary
* John the Baptist
* Apostles in the New Testament
* Commissioning
* Peter
* John
* Paul
* Stephen
* Council of Jerusalem
* Split with Judaism
* New Testament
* Background
* Gospels
* Acts
* Pauline epistles
* General epistles
* Revelation

|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* Pope Clement I
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Canon
* Tertullian
* Origen

Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380–451)|

* Constantine the Great
* Christianity
* Arian controversy
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* First Council of Nicaea
* Pope Sylvester I
* First Council of Constantinople
* Biblical canon
* Jerome
* Vulgate
* Council of Ephesus
* Council of Chalcedon

|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
* Second Council of Constantinople
* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
* Pope Leo III
* Fourth Council of Constantinople
* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
* Clash against the empire
* Crusades
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* First Council of the Lateran
* Second Council of the Lateran
* Third Council of the Lateran
* Pope Innocent III
* Latin Empire
* Francis of Assisi
* Fourth Council of the Lateran
* Inquisition
* First Council of Lyon
* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Protestant Reformation
Counter-Reformation

* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Counter-Reformation
* Exsurge Domine
* Dissolution of the monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* European wars of religion
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* United States
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazi Germany
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* Pope John XXIII
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* Second Vatican Council
* Ecumenism
* Judaism
* Pope Paul VI (coronation)
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
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* HIV/AIDS
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* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
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* 2000
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* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
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* 2023
* Pope Benedict XVI
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Legal|

| Early Church|

* Jesus Christ
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* Apostles
* Succession
* Petrine primacy
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* History of the papacy
* Primacy

|

Great Church|

* Ante-Nicene period
* Constantine
* First seven ecumenical councils
* Nicaea I
* Chalcedon
* Late antiquity
* Biblical canon
* Monasticism

Middle Ages|

* Islamic conquests
* Pope Gregory I
* Papal States
* Schism (1054)
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Schism (1378)
* Inquisition
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* Age of Discovery

Modern era|

* Protestantism
* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Trent
* Thirty Years' War
* Enlightenment
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* Nazism
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* Communism
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* Islam
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Theology
Bible
Tradition
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| General|

* God
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* Nova Vulgata
* Worship

|

Ecclesiology|

* Communitas perfecta
* Councils
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* Four marks
* One true church
* Catholic
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* Mystici Corporis Christi
* People of God
* Three states
* Subsistit in
* In canon law

Sacraments|

* Baptism
* Confirmation
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* Penance
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* Last rites
* Holy orders
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Mariology|

* Assumption
* History
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* Mother of God
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* Veneration
* See also:
* Josephology

Philosophy|

* Natural law
* Moral theology
* Personalism
* Social teaching
* Philosophers
* Philosophy of canon law
* See also:
* Science
* Evolution
* Separation of church and state
* Relations
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Saints|

* Holy Family
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* Disciples
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Organisation
Hierarchy
Canon law
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Precedence
By country|

| Holy See
(List of popes)|

* Pope Leo XIV
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* List
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* Roman Curia
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* Properties

|

Vatican City|

* Index
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Polity (Holy orders)|

* Diocese
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* Coadjutor
* Auxiliary
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Consecrated life|

* Religious:
* Superior
* Abbot, Abbess
* General
* Provincial
* Prior, Prioress
* Grand master
* Brother
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Particular churches
sui iuris|

* Latin Church
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* Albanian
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* Croatian and Serbian
* Eritrean
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Catholic liturgy|

* Eastern Catholic liturgy
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* Malankara
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Culture|

* Art
* Marian
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* Altarpieces
* Folk
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* Distinctions
* Role in civilisation
* See also:
* Criticism of the Catholic Church
* Anti-Catholicism

Media|

* Holy See Press Office
* Vatican Media
* Vatican News
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* Vatican Radio
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* L'Osservatore Romano
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Religious orders,
institutes, societies|

* Assumptionists
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* Augustinians
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* Piarists
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* Servites
* Theatines
* Trappists
* Trinitarians
* Visitandines

Associations
of the faithful|

* Confraternities
* Lay
* Marian
* Youth
* Workers
* Third orders
* Saint Dominic
* Lay Carmelites
* Discalced
* Saint Francis
* Secular
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* Communion and Liberation
* Sant'Egidio
* Focolare
* International Alliance of Catholic Knights
* Scouting
* Legion of Mary
* Neocatechumenal Way
* Opus Dei
* Schoenstatt

Charities|

* Aid to the Church in Need
* Caritas
* Catholic Charities USA
* Home Missions
* Relief Services
* CIDSE
* Pax Christi
* Society of Saint Vincent de Paul

* See also:
* Health care
* Schools
* Universities

* Catholic Church portal
* Category

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History of Christianity

* Spread
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* List of martyrs

Timeline|

| Centuries|

* 1st
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* 4th
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* 12th
* 13th
* 14th
* 15th
* 16th
* 17th
* 18th
* 19th
* 20th
* 21st

|

Early
Christianity|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age|

* Background
* Chronology of Jesus
* birth
* baptism
* ministry
* crucifixion
* resurrection
* Great Commission
* ascension
* historical Jesus
* Holy Spirit
* Apostles in the New Testament
* Jewish Christianity
* Split
* Paul the Apostle
* Council of Jerusalem
* Gospels
* Acts
* Pauline epistles
* General epistles
* Revelation

|

Ante-Nicene
period|

* Diversity
* Adoptionism
* Arianism
* Docetism
* Donatism
* Gnosticism
* Marcionism
* Montanism
* Canon development
* Persecution
* Apostolic / Church Fathers
* Clement of Rome
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Tertullian
* Origen
* Great Church
* Early African

Late antiquity|

* Constantine
* Constantinian shift
* Roman state religion
* Monasticism
* Councils
* Nicaea I
* Creed
* Christianity
* Athanasius
* Jerome
* Augustine
* Constantinople I
* Ephesus I
* Chalcedon
* Chalcedonian / Non-Chalcedonian
* Biblical canon

Catholicism
(Timeline)|

* Papacy
* Development of primacy
* Eastern Orthodox opposition
* Peace and Truce of God
* Crusading movement
* Lateran IV
* Art patronage of Julius II
* Leo X
* Counter-Reformation
* Trent
* Art
* Catholic Reformation
* Jesuits
* Xavier
* Thomas More
* Monastery dissolution
* Wars
* Mass rocks and priest holes
* Guadalupe
* Jansenists
* Molinists
* Neo-Scholasticism
* Teresa
* Modernism
* Independent Catholics
* Vatican I and Vatican II
* Ecclesial community

Eastern
Christianity|

* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Oriental Orthodoxy
* Church of the East
* Chrysostom
* Nestorianism
* Icons
* Iconodulism
* Iconoclasm
* Great Schism
* Fall of Constantinople
* Armenia
* Georgia
* Greece
* Egypt
* Syriac
* Ethiopia
* Ottoman Empire
* Bulgaria
* Russia
* Serbia
* North America

Middle Ages|

* Pelagianism
* Gregory I
* Celtic
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Franks
* Gothic
* Scandinavian
* Iceland
* Slavs
* Bohemia
* Bulgaria
* Kievan Rus'
* Moravia
* Poland
* Pomerania
* Investiture
* Anselm
* Abelard
* Bernard
* Bogomils
* Bosnian
* Cathars
* Apostolic Brethren
* Dulcinian
* Crusades
* Waldensians
* Inquisition
* Early Scholasticism
* Christian mysticism
* Dominic
* Francis
* Bonaventure
* Aquinas
* Five Ways
* Wycliffe
* Avignon
* Papal Schism
* Bohemian Reformation
* Hus
* Conciliarism
* Synods

Reformation
and
Protestantism|

* Erasmus
* Eucharist
* Calvinist–Arminian debate
* Arminianism
* Wars
* Resistance theories
* Separation of church and state
* Nicodemites
* Hymnody of continental Europe
* Formal and material principles
* Law and Gospel
* Literature
* Protestant work ethic

| Lutheranism|

* Luther
* Ninety-five Theses
* Diet of Worms
* Theology
* Bible
* Melanchthon
* Book of Concord
* Orthodoxy
* Eucharist
* Art

|

Calvinism|

* Zwingli
* Calvin
* Huguenots
* Presbyterianism
* Scotland
* Knox
* TULIP
* Baptism
* Dort
* Three Forms of Unity
* Westminster
* Orthodoxy
* Metrical psalters

Anglicanism
(Timeline)|

* Henry VIII
* Cranmer
* Elizabethan
* 39 Articles
* Puritans
* Civil War
* Church music
* Book of Common Prayer
* King James Version

Anabaptism|

* Theology
* Radical Reformation
* Grebel
* Swiss Brethren
* Müntzer
* Martyrs' Synod
* Menno Simons
* Smyth
* Martyrs Mirror
* Ausbund

1640–1789|

* Revivalism
* Missionaries
* timeline
* Baptists
* Separation of church and state
* Edicts of toleration
* Congregationalism
* First Great Awakening
* Methodism
* Millerism
* Pietism
* Fostering of early experimental science
* Neo- and Old Lutherans

1789–present|

* Camp meeting
* Holiness movement
* Second Great Awakening
* Restorationists
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Mormonism
* Seventh-day Adventist
* Adventism
* Oxford Movement
* Laestadianism
* Finnish Awakening
* Christian existentialism
* Third Great Awakening
* Azusa Revival
* Gospel music
* Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy
* Pacifism
* Ecumenism
* Five solae
* Jesus movement
* Pentecostalism
* Charismatics
* Liberation theology
* Reformed epistemology
* Fourth Great Awakening
* Evangelical and Mainline Protestants
* Christian right and left
* Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

* v
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* e

European Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages|

* Migration Period
* Decline of the Western Roman Empire
* Barbarian kingdoms
* Late antiquity
* Decline of Hellenistic religion
* Christianity in the Middle Ages
* Christianization
* Rise of Islam
* Papal States
* First Bulgarian Empire
* Frankish Empire
* Principality of Serbia
* Duchy of Croatia
* Kingdom of Croatia
* Anglo-Saxon England
* Viking Age
* Carolingian Empire
* Old Church Slavonic
* Rise of the Venetian Republic
* Civitas Schinesghe
* Kievan Rus'
* Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
* Reconquista

High Middle Ages|

* Norman Conquest
* Holy Roman Empire
* Second Bulgarian Empire
* Georgian Empire
* Kingdom of Poland
* Croatia in personal union with Hungary
* Kingdom of Serbia
* Feudalism
* Rise of the Republic of Genoa
* Great Schism
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Republic of Florence
* Scholasticism
* Capet–Plantagenet feud
* Monasticism
* Communalism
* Manorialism
* Medieval Warm Period
* Mongol invasion of Europe
* Kingdom of Portugal

Late Middle Ages|

* Hundred Years' War
* Wars of the Roses
* Hussite Wars
* Burgundy
* Milan
* France
* England
* Serbian Empire
* Castile
* Western Schism
* Fall of Constantinople
* Rise of the Ottoman Empire
* Swiss mercenaries
* Chivalry
* Renaissance Humanism
* Universities
* Crisis of the late Middle Ages
* Great Famine
* Little Ice Age

Culture|

* Agriculture
* Architecture
* Art
* Church and State
* Cuisine
* Crusading movement
* Dance
* Demography
* Domes
* Hastilude
* Household
* Hunting
* In popular culture
* Itinerant court
* Literature
* Medicine
* Minstrel
* Music
* Instruments
* Philosophy
* Poetry
* Science
* Slavery
* Technology
* Theatre
* Warfare
* Women

Related|

* Medieval anthropology
* Dark Ages
* Disability in the Middle Ages
* Basic topics list
* Land terms
* Medievalism
* Medieval reenactment
* Medieval studies
* Misconceptions
* Neo-medievalism
* Peasant Wars
* Post-classical history
* Timeline
* Historiography in the Middle Ages
* Medieval archaeology

* Portal
* Category
* WikiProject

* v
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Antipopes

Late Antiquity|

* Natalius
* Hippolytus
* Novatian
* Heraclius
* Felix II
* Ursicinus
* Eulalius

Early Middle Ages|

* Laurentius
* Dioscorus
* Theodore
* Paschal
* Constantine II
* Philip

High Middle Ages|

* John VIII
* Anastasius III
* Christopher
* Boniface VII
* John XVI
* Gregory VI
* Benedict X
* Honorius II
* Clement III
* Theodoric
* Adalbert
* Sylvester IV
* Gregory VIII
* Celestine II
* Anacletus II
* Victor IV (1138)
* Victor IV (1159–1164)
* Paschal III
* Callixtus III
* Innocent III
* Nicholas V

Late Middle Ages /
Western Schism|

| Avignon|

* Clement VII
* Benedict XIII
* Clement VIII
* Benedict XIV

|

Pisa|

* Alexander V
* John XXIII

Basel|

* Felix V

Modern era|

| Palmarian|

* Gregory XVII
* Peter II
* Gregory XVIII
* Peter III

|

Apostles of Infinite Love|

* Clement XV
* Gregory XVII
* Gregory XVIII

post-Sedevacantist|

* Pius XIII

* Category
* Catholicism portal

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Spain
* Israel

Other|

* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* Yale LUX

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