Whanganui campaign

1847 conflict between colonial settlers and the native Māori people in New Zealand

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Wanganui campaign

Part of the New Zealand Wars

View of Wanganui, 1847
Artist: John Alexander Gilfillan
| Date| 16 April – 23 July 1847

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Location|

New Zealand

Result|  Inconclusive
Belligerents
United Kingdom: Colony of New Zealand|  Māori
Commanders and leaders
George Grey
William McCleverty
Joseph Henry Laye
John Hoseason|  Topine Te Mamaku
Maketu †
Te Pehi Pakarao
Ngapara[1]: 129
Units involved

Royal Navy

* HMS Inflexible
* HMS Calliope
* Gunboat
* Royal Marines

British Army

* 58th Regiment
* 65th Regiment

Ordnance

* Royal Engineers
* Royal Artillery

HM Treasury

* Commissariat

Armed Police
Māori allies

* Ngāti Awa
* Ngāti Toa
[2]: 38, 42 [3][4]: 143

Taua

* Ngāti Haua-te-rangi
* Ngāti Patutokotoko
* Ngāti Ruaka

Strength
188 sailors & marines
534 soldiers
1 engineer
22 artillerymen
50 warriors[2]: 42
[non-primary source needed]|  600 warriors
Casualties and losses

19 May
0 killed
0 wounded[5]
[non-primary source needed]
19 July

4 killed[2]: 44
[non-primary source needed]
11 wounded[6]
[non-primary source needed]|

19 May
2 killed
≥10 wounded[5]
[non-primary source needed]
19 July

5 killed[2]: 44
[non-primary source needed]
10–30 wounded[6]
[non-primary source needed][7]

* v
* t
* e

New Zealand Wars

* Wairau Affray (1843)
* Flagstaff War (1845)
* Hutt Valley campaign (1846)
* Whanganui campaign (1847)
* First Taranaki War (1860–1861)
* Invasion of the Waikato (1863–1864)
* Tauranga campaign (1864)
* Second Taranaki War (1863–1866)
* East Cape War (1865–1866)
* Tītokowaru's War (1868–1869)
* Te Kooti's War (1868–1872)

The Whanganui campaign was a brief round of hostilities in the North Island of New Zealand as indigenous Māori fought British settlers and military forces in 1847. The campaign, which included a siege of the fledgling Whanganui settlement (then named "Petre"),[8] was among the earliest of the 19th century New Zealand Wars that were fought over issues of land and sovereignty.

## Background

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The settlement of Petre, preferably known as "Wanganui" by its settlers,[8] was established by the New Zealand Company in 1840. William Wakefield stated that he had purchased the land for the settlement from the local Māori in November 1839, which some Māori disputed.[9]: 155 By 1845, the settlement had grown to about 200 people and about 60 houses. The surrounding area was inhabited by about 4000 Māori, with whom the settlers traded for food.[4] There was nevertheless friction over the occupation of the land, which some Māori chiefs denied having sold, with New Zealand Company surveyors reporting obstruction and harassment.[9]: 177

In March 1846, hostilities broke out in the nearby Hutt Valley over similar issues of disputed land occupation. One of the most prominent fighters in Hutt Valley was Te Mamaku, a principal chief of the Ngāti-Hāua-te-Rangi tribe of the Upper Whanganui.[4]: 139 The settlers in Whanganui became worried that the conflict would expand to encompass their region, so requested military protection.

A force made up of the 58th Regiment (5–6 officers, 4 sergeants and 160 men), Royal Artillery (4 men with 2 12-pounder guns on garrison carriages), Royal Engineers (1 officer with tools for 200 men), Commissariat (1 officer with salt provisions for two months and £500), and Medical (1 officer)—landed from HMS Calliope at Wanganui in December 1846 to construct the garrison's stockade.[10][11][12][4]: 136 Lieutenant Thomas Bernard Collinson, Royal Engineers, noted:

> Dec. 13. We landed in boats at the mouth of the Wanganui River: all the rivers on that coast of Cook's Straits have bar harbours; and had to make 4 miles up to the village. This was rather an exciting march, as we had no idea what sort of reception we should meet; and might have to fight our way. Happily the prestige of the "Hoia" (i.e. Soldiers) was still considerable, and we entered the little settlement in peaceful triumph; to the great joy of the few white settlers.[10]

There, Collinson and Captain Joseph Henry Laye, 58th Regiment, selected the hill pā of Pukenamu at the town's northern end for the Rutland Stockade, and commenced its construction. Another 100 soldiers from the Grenadier Company of the 65th Regiment arrived in May 1847.[4]: 138 The York Stockade was built on high ground to the south. The establishment of the garrison led Te Mamaku to anticipate further government intervention. He vowed to fight the soldiers but not the settlers.[13]

## Attack and siege

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Hapurona Nga Rangi, a minor chief of Putiki, was employed by Midshipman Crozier of the gunboat, to build a house for him in the Rutland stockade. Whilst Nga Rangi collected his wages on 16 April 1847, he suffered a severe gunshot wound to the head from the discharge of Crozier's pistol. The ball passed through his right cheekbone and lodged somewhere in his skull. The shot was claimed to have been accidental[14]: 170, 597 [15] and Crozier was restrained whilst the incident was investigated. Nga Rangi was placed under the care of Dr Thomas Moore Philson of the 58th Regiment, and when sufficiently recovered from his wound, confirmed that the shot had been accidental.[16][17]

A small party of Māori nevertheless decided to exact utu (revenge, or recompense) for the blood-letting. They attacked John Alexander Gilfillan and family at home on 18 April with tomahawks, killing his wife and three of their children, severely wounding Gilfillan and his second daughter, and leaving two infant babies untouched. Five of the six killers were captured by lower Whanganui Māori and handed over to the British; four were court-martialled in Whanganui and hanged at Rutland Stockade. The execution inflamed the situation, prompting a much larger revenge attack.[18][16]

Between 500 and 600 heavily armed Māori formed a taua (war party) that travelled down the Whanganui River in war canoes in early May, plundering and burning settlers' houses and killing cattle. The warriors killed and mutilated a soldier from the 58th Regiment who ventured out of the town. The town's residents began sleeping in a small group of fortified houses, abandoning their homes each night.[4][13]

* Ngati Haua-te-Rangi chief Te Mamaku

* Governor George Grey, 1854

* Lieutenant Colonel William McCleverty, c.1852

* Hori Kingi Te Anaua

* John Alexander Gilfillan and daughter, 1856

On 19 May, Te Mamaku's warriors made their first attack on the town, approaching from the west and north, effectively besieging the settlement. More homes were ransacked. The British gunboat fired from the river, mortally wounding Maketu, a chief. Rockets were fired at besiegers from two armed boats on 24 May when Governor George Grey arrived. The governor was accompanied by Tāmati Wāka Nene, future Māori king Te Wherowhero and several other northern chiefs in a bid to defuse the situation.[4]

In June reconnaissance missions were mounted up the valley of the Whanganui River from the garrison—which now contained 500 to 600 soldiers—resulting in some minor skirmishes.[2]: 43–45 [non-primary source needed] By mid-winter Māori leaders, recognising they had reached a stalemate and conscious that their potato-planting season was approaching, decided to launch a full attack on the town to draw troops from their forts.[2]: 45 [non-primary source needed]

On 19 July, some 400 Māori fighters approached the town from the low hills inland, occupying a ridge at St John's Wood where they dug trenches and rifle-pits, then breastworks. About 400 imperial soldiers commanded by William Anson McCleverty[19] became involved in a series of skirmishes along a narrow pathway through swampy ground. After being bombarded with artillery fire, Māori forces charged on the troops, who responded with a bayonet charge, halting the Māori advance. Māori withdrew to the trenches and breastworks, maintaining fire on the British troops until nightfall. Three British soldiers died and one was wounded in the clash; three Māori were killed and about 12 wounded in the so-called Battle of St John's Wood.[4]

On 23 July, Te Mamaku's forces, at least 600 men, returned to their entrenchments on the hill at St John's Wood and planted a red ensign. McCleverty readied his forces to defend the town and move out to engage. The guns opened fire on a few Māori appearing on the low hills, who then retired. The chief of Putiki, granted permission to talk with the opponents, ventured out with the interpreter, Mr Duncan, and spoke with Te Oro, Te Mamaku's brother. He informed them that the Māori would not attack the British positions because of the danger of British artillery fire, and as the soldiers would not attack the Māori entrenchments either, Māori forces would retire the next day. Te Oro said that the Māori were determined not to have peace, but the British commander anticipated that this disengagement would end the war for the winter. Te Mamaku's forces departed the next day; they split into two groups and some fighting between these groups was reported.[20][non-primary source needed][21]

Soon after, Wanganui settlers ventured out of town again, returned to their farms, settled matters of cattle losses with their besiegers and re-established trade with them, such that peace was generally established about two months later.[2]: 45 [non-primary source needed] In February 1848, with Hōri Kīngi Te Ānaua as interpreter, Grey and Te Mamaku negotiated a peace settlement to the underlying long-unsettled land question.[21] On that matter Collinson observed in 1855:

> "Thus ended the last serious disturbance that has occurred in New Zealand up to the present date; and as the peace was confirmed and strengthened in 1848, by the payment of the £1,000 for the land, and the complete concession by the whole of the natives concerned of the block claimed by the New Zealand Company; it may be considered that the peace and prosperity of this populous and troublesome district is as permanently established as that of any settlement in the Colony."[2]: 45

Twelve years of economic cooperation and development followed, with the gradual alienation of yet more Māori land which led to more conflict.[21]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Waitangi Tribunal (1999), The Whanganui River Report (PDF), Wellington: GP Publications
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Collinson, Thomas Bernard (1855). "2. Continuation of the Remarks on the Military Operations in New Zealand" (PDF). Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corp of Royal Engineers. New Series 4. London: John Weale: 22–50.22-50&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Bernard&rft_id=https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/PapersNSVol4.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Whanganui+campaign" class="Z3988">[non-primary source needed]
3. ^ "Wanganui". Wellington Independent. Vol. 3, no. 175\. 16 June 1847. p. 3.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Cowan, James (1922). "14, The War at Wanganui". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864. Wellington: RNZ Government Printer.: 135–136
5. ^ a b "Official Despatches". The Wellington Independent. Vol. 3, no. 172\. 5 June 1847. p. 3.
[non-primary source needed]
6. ^ a b "Official Despatches". The Wellington Independent. Vol. 3, no. 190\. 7 August 1847. p. 2.
[non-primary source needed]
7. ^ "The Wellington Independent". Vol. 3, no. 188\. 31 July 1847. p. 2.
8. ^ a b Beaglehole, Diana. "Whanganui Places: Petre, Wanganui or Whanganui?'". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington: Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
9. ^ a b Burns, Patricia (1989). Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company. Heinemann Reed. ISBN 0790000113.
10. ^ a b Collinson, Thomas Bernard. Seven Years Service on the Borders of the Pacific Ocean, 1843–1850. Written for the Information and Satisfaction of My Children. Vol. 1\. unpublished.
11. ^ "The Wellington Independent". Vol. 2, no. 121\. 9 December 1846. p. 2.
12. ^ "The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian". Vol. 3, no. 142\. 9 December 1846. p. 2.
13. ^ a b Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 73–74\. ISBN 0140275045.73-74&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0140275045&rft.aulast=Belich&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Whanganui+campaign" class="Z3988">
14. ^ Taylor, Richard (1847–1848), Journal, vol. 5 - via Auckland War Memorial Museum[non-primary source needed]
15. ^ "War in Whanganui: The Matarawa killings". New Zealand History Online. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
16. ^ a b "The Gilfillan Massacre". The Wanganui Herald. Vol. 44, no. 12833\. 28 July 1909. p. 2.
17. ^ Waters, Sydney David (1956). "ART. III. – The First New Zealand Navy; With Some Episodes of the Maori War in Connection with the British Navy by Herbert Baillie". The Royal New Zealand Navy. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch; Department of Internal Affairs. p. 523.
18. ^ "Wanganui". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 1847. p. 3.
19. ^ "Obituary". The Press. Vol. 54, no. 9853\. 9 October 1897. p. 8. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
20. ^ "Official Despatches". New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian. Vol. 3, no. 210\. 4 August 1847. p. 2.[non-primary source needed]
21. ^ a b c "War in Whanganui: The Siege of Whanganui". New Zealand History Online. History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.

## Further reading

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* Barthorp, Michael (1979). To Face the Daring Māori: Soldiers' Impressions of the First Maori War, 1845–47. London: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 9780340227190.
* Belich, James (1986). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 9780140275049.

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