White Sands Missile Range

Military testing area in New Mexico, US

White Sands Missile Range (1960)[1]
New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range (1947)
White Sands Proving Ground (1945)
Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (1941)[2]

Part of United States Army Test and Evaluation Command
Located in the San Andres Mountains, the Oscura Mountains, the San Augustin Mountains, the Tularosa Basin, and the Chupadera Mesa in New Mexico

Most of the northern Tularosa Basin (blue) is used for the WSMR (area within dashed perimeter), which encloses numerous areas that are not military land (e.g., the NPS's White Sands National Park), as well as United States Air Force facilities.

WSMR location

Site information
Controlled by| United States Army
Website| www.wsmr.army.mil
Location
Coordinates| 32°20′08″N 106°24′21″W﻿ / ﻿32.33556°N 106.40583°W﻿ / 32.33556; -106.40583[3] Condron Army Airfield near the southernmost WSMR point
Site history
Built| 1948-07-09 cantonment completed[4]
1957-02: Launch Complex 37 completed
Built by| Ordnance Corps[4]
Garrison information
Current
commander| BG Eric D. Little (2021–present)[5]
Past
commanders|

* BG David C. Trybula (2019–2021)
* BG Gregory J. Brady (2018–2019)
* BG Eric L. Sanchez (2016–2018)
* BG Timothy R. Coffin (2014–2016)
* MG Gwen Bingham (2012–2014)[6]
* BG John G. Ferrari (2011–2012)
* BG David L. Mann (2008–2009)
* BG Richard L. McCabe (2007–2008)

White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) is a United States Army military testing area and firing range located in the US state of New Mexico. The range was originally established in 1941 as the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, where the Trinity test site lay at the northern end of the Range, in Socorro County near the towns of Carrizozo and San Antonio. It then became the White Sands Proving Ground on 9 July 1945.

White Sands National Park founded in the 1930s is located within the range.

## Significant events

[edit]

* The missile range was originally established in 1941 as the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.
* On 16 July 1945, the first atomic bomb (code named Trinity) was test detonated at Trinity Site near the northern boundary of the range, seven days after the White Sands Proving Ground was officially established,[7] near the towns of Carrizozo and San Antonio. (33°40.636′N 106°28.525′W﻿ / ﻿33.677267°N 106.475417°W﻿ / 33.677267; -106.475417).[8]
* After the conclusion of World War II, 100 long-range German V-2 rockets that were captured by U.S. military troops were brought to WSMR. Of these, 67 were test-fired between 1946 and 1951 from the White Sands V-2 Launching Site. (This was followed by the testing of American rockets, which continues to this day, along with testing other technologies.)
* On 15 May, 1947, a V-2 rocket fired from WSMR veered off course and landed 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Alamogordo, New Mexico.[9]
* Exactly two weeks later, on May 29, 1947, a modified V-2 sounding rocket veered off course and crashed on top of a rocky knoll about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of the Juárez business district, leaving a 24 feet (7.3 m) deep by 50 feet (15 m) wide crater.[9][10]
* On 11 July 1970, the United States Air Force launched an Athena sounding rocket, equipped with re-entry vehicle V-123-D, from the Green River Launch Complex in Utah. While its intended target was inside of WSMR, the rocket instead flew south and impacted 180–200 miles (290–320 km) south of the Mexican border in the Mapimi Desert in the northeastern corner of the Mexican state of Durango.[11]
* On 30 March 1982 NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia landed on the Northrop Strip at WSMR as the conclusion to mission STS-3.[12] This was the only time that NASA used WSMR as a landing site for the space shuttle.

The site of the 1945 Trinity explosion became part of WSMR.

## Geography

[edit]

For the geography and ecology of the WSMR area, see White Sands, New Mexico and Basin and Range Province.

As the largest military installation in the United States, WSMR encompasses almost 3,200 sq mi (8,300 km2) including parts of Doña Ana, Otero, Socorro, Sierra, and Lincoln counties in southern New Mexico.

### Nearby military bases

[edit]

Holloman Air Force Base borders WSMR to the east; and WSMR borders the 600,000-acre (2,400 km2) McGregor Range Complex at Fort Bliss to the south (southeast Tularosa Basin and on Otero Mesa) making them contiguous areas for military testing.[13][14]

### Nearby cities

[edit]

WSMR is located between Las Cruces, New Mexico to the west, Alamogordo, New Mexico 40 miles to the east, and Chaparral, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas to the south.

### National park and wildlife refuge

[edit]

White Sands National Park and the San Andres National Wildlife Refuge are federally-protected natural areas contained within the borders of WSMR.

## Transportation

[edit]

### Major highways

[edit]

New Mexico State Road 213 enters the range from the south from Chaparral, New Mexico and terminates at U.S. Highway 70, which traverses the southern part of the range in a west-northeast direction and is subject to periodic road closures during test firings at the range. U.S. Highway 380 runs east-west along the northern edge of WSMR between San Antonio and Carrizozo, and is also subject to periodic closures during test firings. New Mexico State Road 525 provides access from U.S. Highway 380 to the north end of WSMR near Stallion Army Airfield.

### Nearby airports

[edit]

El Paso International Airport is the nearest airport with regularly scheduled commercial flights. There have been no regularly scheduled commercial passenger flights from Las Cruces International Airport since 25 July 2005, when Westward Airways ceased operations; general aviation, New Mexico Army National Guard (4 UH-72 Lakota Helicopters), private charters and CAP, among others, still use the airport. Regularly scheduled commercial flights are also available at the Albuquerque International Sunport, which is located 200 miles (320 km) north of White Sands Missile Range's main base, but is closer to the northern test ranges than El Paso.

## National Historic Landmarks

[edit]

On 21 December 1965, the Trinity Site, selected in November 1944 for the Trinity nuclear test conducted on 16 July 1945[15], was designated a National Historic Landmark district,[16][17] and added to the National Register of Historic Places on 15 October 1966.[18]

* The White Sands V-2 Launching Site used for a V-2 static test firing on 15 March 1946, and for the first US V-2 launch on 16 April 1946, received landmark designation on 3 October 1985.[19]

## Current operations

[edit]

Ground-based electro-optical deep-space surveillance telescopes performing space surveillance mission.

The White Sands Test Center, headquartered at the WSMR post area, has branches for tactical systems and electromagnetic radiation, and conducts missile testing and range recovery operations.[20] "WSMR Main Post" includes several smaller areas such as the housing area, golf course, "Navy Area", and "Technical Area"[21] The WSMR Museum offers tours and exhibits including a V-2 rocket returned in May 2004 after restoration. The White Sands Missile Range Hall of Fame inducts members such as the first range commander, Colonel Harold Turner (1945–1947), in 1980.[22] A recreational shooting range just inside the "El Paso gate" on the south is outside of the Post Area.

The 1972 DoD Centers for Countermeasures (CCM) evaluates precision guided munitions and other devices in electronic counter- and counter-countermeasures environments.[23] Other operations on WSMR land include the Launch Abort Flight Test Complex for the Pad Abort-1, the White Sands Launch Complex 37 built for Nike Hercules tests, the White Sands Launch Complex 38 built for Nike Zeus tests with Launch Control Building now used for Patriot missile firings, the North Oscura Peak facility of the Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate, and the 1963 NASA White Sands Test Facility's ground station for Tracking and Data Relay Satellites, and the SDO ground station with two 18 m (59 ft) antennas.

## Chronology

[edit]

* 1930: Robert Goddard began rocket testing in New Mexico.
* 1941-04-13: US World War II preparations established[15] the Army Air Base, Alamogordo[24]
* 1942: Biggs Army Airfield construction began near El Paso (1947 Biggs AFB, 1973 Biggs AAF)--the region's nearby Deming Army Air Field, Ft Sumner Army Air Field, and South Aux Fid #1 transferred to "Army Div Engrs" in 1946.[25]
* 1940s: When the range was formed, ranchers' land was leased and eventually condemned by eminent domain
* In the 1970s, more land was taken permanently to expand the area available for testing.[26]

### USAAF ranges

[edit]

* 1941-12: Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range established near the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle".
* 1941-12: Executive Order No. 9029 canceled grazing leases on the newly established Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.[2][27]
* 1942-07: Goddard's rocket research group moved from Roswell, New Mexico, to Annapolis, Maryland.
* 1944-02: War Department and the Corps of Engineers' Ordnance Department teams looked for a US missile test site.[28]
* 1945-07-13: McDonald Ranch House, Manhattan Project location for the final assembly of the prototype Fat Man plutonium bomb.
* 1945-07-16: Trinity test of the plutonium bomb, the first nuclear weapon tested in the world.

### White Sands Proving Ground

[edit]

For additional events (e.g., USAF launches) at sites not on WSPG but that later became part of WSMR, see Air Force Missile Development Center.

* 1945-02-20: The Secretary of War approved establishment of WSPG.[29]: 246 [28]
* 1945-04-01: The first Private F launch[30] was at WSPG. (Not Fort Bliss's Antiaircraft and Guided Missile Center, which was established 6 July 1946.)[31]
* 1945-06-25: WSPG construction began with drilling of water wells.[15]
* 1945-07: First of 300 railroad cars of German V-2 components began to arrive at Las Cruces, New Mexico.[29]: 246
* 1945-09: The blockhouse at Army Launch Area 1 (later Launch Complex 33) was completed.[15]
* 1945-09-16: First WAC Corporal test firing.[29]: 253
* 1945-11: GE contractors began to identify, sort, and reassemble V-2 components in Building 1538 (Assembly Building 1).
* 1946: 35 of the Operation Paperclip scientists from Germany were working at WSPG.[32]
* 1946-05-29: The 4th U.S. V-2 launch was tracked by two White Sands based AN/MPQ-2 stations.[33]
* 1946 summer: New WSPG quarters were completed and the Medical Detachment and 3 batteries moved from Ft Bliss.[34]
* 1946-09: First static firing of a Nike missile was at WSPG.[35]

### New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range

[edit]

* 1947 (late): AMC shifted Army Air Force guided missile programs to Alamogordo in March 1947 and established inter-service New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range at the end of the year[36]
* 1947-11-14: The USAF's Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base (AGMTB) had its first ramjet-configured GAPA missile launch (39th for GAPA).[37]
* 1948–05-13 to 1949-04-21: First six flight attempts for the Project Bumper two-stage V-2 SRBM/WAC Corporal two-stage research vehicles as the world's first "high-speed" multistage rockets to be launched.[38]
* 1948-07: USAF Project MX–774 commenced with the first RTV-A-2 Hiroc launch (from Launch Complex 33)[39]
* 1949-03: Holloman's 2754th Air Force Base unit gained "control of [the WSPG] support airfield, Condron Field…from Biggs Army Air Field at Fort Bliss."[15]
* 1949: German scientists transferred from New Mexico to Alabama (Ernst Steinhoff transferred from WSPG to Holloman's Air Development Center.) Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
* 1949-07: The range's Four Bits Peak Instrumentation Annex was assigned to the air force base (disposed on 30 September 1960).[25]
* 1951-07: The AGMTB became a sub-base of Florida's Air Force Missile Test Center until 31 August 1952.[40]
* 1951-08-22: Broomstick Scientists in a unit of the 9393 Technical Service Unit conducted their first launch: the "TF-1" V-2 rocket.[41][42] (Broomstick Sweepings publication ended after a 22 January 1952 general order transferred "1st Ord. GMS Bn." soldiers to Detachment No. 1, Station Complement.)[43]
* 1952-05-27: An aggregated 2,394,384 acres (4,680 sq miles) was set aside for the "Alamogordo bombing range, White Sands proving ground, and the Fort Bliss antiaircraft range".[44]
* 1952-09-01: Merger of Holloman bombing range and smaller White Sands Proving Grounds (WSPG) into WSPG[45][36]
* 1952-11: The range's Red Butte Instrumentation Annex was assigned to Holloman AFB (disposed on 22 November 1963).[25]
* 1953-06: USS Desert Ship (LLS-1) (Launch Complex 35) was built to test the Navy RIM-8 Talos missile.[15]
* 1957-02: The 9393rd Technical Unit, Ordnance, became the U.S. Army Garrison.[46]
* 1957-03-13: Nike Hercules satisfactory launch from White Sands[47][48]

### White Sands Missile Range

[edit]

External media

Images
1945 WSPG
Video
196x Big Picture: Tularosa Frontier
Short Notice Annual Practice (minute 16:50)
Countdown at White Sands
1982 Space Shuttle Columbia landing at Northrop Strip

* 1958-05-01: The test range was designated "White Sands Missile Range".[15]
* 1958-09-02: The Gold Hill Instrumentation Annex was assigned to Holloman Air Force Base (disposed on 30 September 1960).[25]
* 1958-10: Zeus Acquisition Radar site construction at the planned Launch Complex 38 began[49] near an airstrip.[50]
* c. 1959: The long-range GE AN/FPS-17 Fixed Ground Radar at the Laredo Test Site tracked its first WSMR rocket.
* 1959: Shavetail rocket tested.[where?]
* 1959: An Iconorama large screen display as used for Pentagon C2 was installed at WSMR.[51]
* 1962-03: Annual Service Practice was being conducted for Redstone missile crews.[52]
* 1963-03: Site preparation began for the Multi-function Array Radar.[53]
* 1963-06-05: President John F. Kennedy visited for the MEWS (Missile Exercise White Sands).[54]
* 1963-08-28: Apollo program Launch Escape System tests with the Little Joe II began at White Sands Launch Complex 36 (ended 1966).[55]
* 1963-11: The Loma (assigned December 1952), Rose Park (5 February 1950), and Twin Buttes (December 1949) instrumentation annexes transferred from Holloman Air Force Base to the Army.[25]
* 1963-11: Cincinnati Ohio area civic leaders visit White Sands Nike Zeus site as part of Operation Understanding[56]
* 1964-07-08: The first "successful Athena/ABRES test missile [was] fired from Utah into WSMR".[57]
* 1965-11: first Sprint missile launch [58]
* 1967-10-21: Public Law 90-110 authorized $4,781,000 for WSMR construction.[59]
* 1972: WSMR had 3 RCA AN/FPS-16 Instrumentation Radars[60]
* 1983 thru 30 September 1993 - WSMR hosted the Simtel collection, the largest collection of free software and freeware available to the public on the ARPANET and Internet. It began as a copy of an MIT collection of CP/M software, and expanded to collect free software for other operating systems as well.[61]
* 1991 (late): Convair QF-106 Delta Dart drones based at Holloman Air Force Base began operating as Full-Scale Aerial Targets over WSMR.[62]
* 1993-08-18: The first McDonnell Douglas DC-X flight was from the White Sands Space Harbor
* 2005: AIAA named the WSPG a Historic Aerospace Site.[63]
* 2007-11-14: Launch Complex 32 groundbreaking for the Orion Abort Test Booster.[64][65]
* 2010-05-06: Successful test of Orion Pad Abort System at Launch Complex 32[66]
* 2022-05-25: CST-100 Starliner spacecraft, traveling from the International Space Station, landed successfully at White Sands Space Harbor toward the northern portion of White Sands Missile Range[67]

## Launch Complexes

[edit]

* White Sands LC32 \- Used for Storm-2 and Hera.[68]
* White Sands LC33 \- Originally Army Launch Area 1. Used to launch WAC Corporal, Viking, V-2, Nike, Javelin, Hermes, Corporal, Atlas and Apache.[69]
* White Sands LC35 \- Used to launch Standard-ER, Black Brant and Aerobee.[70]
* White Sands LC36 \- Originally Army Launch Area 3, later becoming a NASA facility. Used to launch Terrier, Redstone, Nike, Little Joe II, Honest John, Black Brant, Storm, Aries, and to test the Apollo LES.[71]
* White Sands LC37 \- Originally Army Launch Area 3. Used for Nike Ajax, Nike Hercules, HIBEX and HEDI KITE.[72]
* White Sands LC38 \- Originally Army Launch Area 5. Used for Nike Zeus and Patriot.[73]
* White Sands LC39[74]
* White Sands LC50 \- Used for Sprint and HIBEX.[75]
* White Sands LC94 \- Used to launch Nike Zeus and Hera.[76]
* White Sands SULF (Speedball Uprange Launch Facility) - Used for Storm.[77]
* White Sands WSSH (White Sands Space Harbor)[78]

## Education

[edit]

Las Cruces Public Schools operates White Sands School on the missile range property.[79]

## See also

[edit]

* Fallout from the Trinity nuclear test
* McDonald Ranch House, location of the final assembly of the world's first nuclear weapon
* Kapustin Yar, the Soviet analog of WSMR
* Peenemunde Army Research Center, WWII German rocket center
* Jornada del Muerto, desert where White Sands Missile Range is located

## References

[edit]

1. ^ White Sands Administrative History (Report). National Park Service. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
2. ^ a b "Chapter Four: Global War at White Sands 1940–1945". White Sands Administrative History. National Park Service. Retrieved 26 November 2022. "Executive Order No. 9029"
3. ^ "Condron Army Airfield (2444053)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 28 May 2014. (Doña Ana county—entered in the GNIS on 20 March 2011)
4. ^ a b "Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program" (PDF). Army Ballistic Missile Agency. April 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
5. ^ "Leadership White Sands Missile Range". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
6. ^ "LTG Gwen Bingham". Association of the United States Army. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
7. ^ "White Sands Missile Range". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
8. ^ "Trinity Site". White Sands Missile Range. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007. "GPS Coordinates for obelisk (exact GZ) = N33.40.636 W106.28.525"
9. ^ a b Jim Eckles (15 May 2022) Two crashes in two weeks: In 1947, rockets launched from White Sands landed in Alamogordo, Juárez
10. ^ "Remember the time we bombed Mexico with German rockets?". Gizmodo. 11 May 2012.
11. ^ Barclay, Michael (13 July 2015). "USAF Accidentally Launched Rocket into Mexico's Mapimi Desert 45 Years Ago". Unredacted. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
12. ^ "STS-3 Columbia Lands at the White Sands Missile Range, NM". NASA. 30 March 1982. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
13. ^ Rubenson, David; Robert Everson; Jorge Munoz; Robert Weissler (1998). McGregor Renewal and the Current Air Defense Mission. p. 77\. ISBN 978-0-8330-2669-9. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
14. ^ "U.S. Army Fort Bliss Training Center" (PDF). Western Regional Partnership. 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
15. ^ a b c d e f g "A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965" (PDF). New Mexico State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
16. ^ Greenwood, Richard (14 January 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Trinity Site". National Park Service. Retrieved 21 June 2009. and Accompanying 10 photos, from 1974. (3.37 MB)
17. ^ "Trinity Site". National Historic Landmarks. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
18. ^ "National Register Information System – Trinity Site (#66000493)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 23 January 2007.
19. ^ "White Sands Missile Range Fact Sheet" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
20. ^ "Time Magazine, "Recovery at White Sands"". 29 June 1962. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009.
21. ^ "Welcome to WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE WSMR" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
22. ^ "White Sands Missile Range Hall of Fame". White Sands Missile Range Museum. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
23. ^ "Center for Countermeasures". Archived from the original on 6 April 2001. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
24. ^ "A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground, 1941-1965". WSMR Museum. 21 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
25. ^ a b c d e Mueller (1982). "Holloman Air Force Base". Air Force Bases as of 1982 (Report).
26. ^ Gibbs, Jason (19 July 2014). "WSMR, DOD may take control of range's Northern Extension Area". Las Cruces Sun-News. The Las Cruces Sun-News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
27. ^ "Executive Order 9029: Withdrawing Public Lands for Use of the War Department as a General Bombing Range; New Mexico". National Archives. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
28. ^ a b Ordway, Frederick I III; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. 290, 389. ISBN 1-894959-00-0.
29. ^ a b c Ley, Willy (1958) [1944]. Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel (revised ed.). New York: The Viking Press. pp. 246, 253.
30. ^ Bluth, John. "Von Karman, Malina laid the groundwork for the future JPL". JPL.
31. ^ Hamilton, John A. Blazing skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, 1940-2009 ("Google eBook" of Government Printing Office document). Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160869495. Retrieved 29 May 2014. "Special Orders No. 143, Headquarters, Army Ground Forces, dated 6 July 1946, [established] the Antiaircraft and Guided Missile Center [from] the remnants of the Antiaircraft Artillery School, the Antiaircraft Replacement Training Center, Army Ground Forces Board No. 4,13 1st AAA Guided Missile Battalion, the 1852nd Area Service Unit, and remaining antiaircraft units, including three automatic weapons battalions and one gun battalion placed in the Army General Reserve."
32. ^ McCleskey, C.; D. Christensen. "Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision" (PDF). p. 35\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
33. ^ Upper Air Rocket Summary: V-2 Number 4 (PDF) (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. 29 May 1946. p. 332. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
34. ^ Hamilton, John A. Blazing skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, 1940-2009. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160869495. "three officers and fifty-five enlisted men...worked closely with the German rocket scientists who were located in a six-acre ordnance area on the north side of the Fort Bliss cantonment. [The military unit went to WSPG] to provide the manpower to build the [V-2] missiles and erect them on test stands."
35. ^ Fort Bliss Main Post Early Cold War BASOPS Building Inventory and Evaluation, 1951-63 (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. December 2006. p. 37. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
36. ^ a b Mueller (1982). "Holloman Air Force Base" (PDF). Air Force Bases as of 1982 (Report). USAF Office of Air Force History. p. 248. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
37. ^ Bushnell, David (25 August 1986). GAPA: Holloman's First Missile Program (Scribd.com image) (Report). Air Force Missile Development Center: Historical Branch. IRIS 00169113. Retrieved 11 August 2013. "[1st ramjet GAPA] "was launched 14 November 1947 and the initial liquid-fuel variety 12 March 1948.8... The last of the GAPAs, number 114, was launched 15 August 1950, and the project officially terminated at Holloman the following month.11"
38. ^ "Bumper Project". White Sands History – Fact Sheets and Articles. US Army. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
39. ^ "A Brief History of White Sands Proving Grounds 1941-1965" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
40. ^ "History of Holloman Air Force Base Space Biology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. test installation
41. ^ Kennedy, Gregory P. (1983). Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 62.
42. ^ Egermeier, Robert P. (September 2001). "Former "Broomstick Scientist"". Aerospace America: 7.
43. ^ Koppenshaver, James T. (30 January 1951). "Broomstick Sweepings" (PDF). Wind and Sand. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved 27 May 2014. "late 1950…Fort White Sands…early in 1951"
44. ^ "Public Land Order 833" (PDF). Federal Register (Report). 27 May 1952. p. 4822. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
45. ^ Integration of the Holloman-White Sands Ranges, 1947-1952 (2nd Edition, 1957)
46. ^ "W S P G Military Units Have New Designations" (PDF). Wind and Sand. 8 February 1957. Retrieved 27 January 2022 – via www.wsmrhistoric.com.
47. ^ "Nike Hercules". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
48. ^ Leonard, Barry (c. 1986). History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956-1972 (PDF). p. 308\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
49. ^ Piland, Doyle. "Way Back When..." (PDF). WSMR newsletter. Retrieved 11 April 2014. "Launch Complex 38...Site preparation for the TTR [Target Tracking Radar] began in July 1959.... Site preparation for the Discrimination Radar was started in January 1961."
50. ^ Site Plan: Nike Zeus Facilities ALA 5 (Map). reproduced in WSMR newsletter: Federal Government of the United States.
51. ^ "New Device Will Plot All Planes". Alton Evening Telegraph. 20 August 1959. p. 29\. "Iconorama shows almost instantly the positions of aircraft thousands of miles away… Traces made by the planes being tracked are scribed on a coated slide by a moving stylus. … The slide plot measures only one inch square, yet overall error of the projected display is said to be about one part in 1,000. … Iconorama units already have been installed and operated at the Pacific Missile Range, Point Mugu Calififornia; the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico; the Atlantic Missile Range at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and the Naval Research Laboratory"
52. ^ Conduct of Redstone Annual Service Practice at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico, Fort Sill: Headquarters, United States Army Artillery And Missile Center (the Artillery and Missile Center at Ft Sill was redesignated the Field Artillery Center in 1969.)
53. ^ "Nike R&D at White Sands, Multi-Function Array Radar, 1954-1970 (page 16)". Nike Historical Society. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
54. ^ "Remarks Upon Arrival at the Missile Range, White Sands, New Mexico". The American Presidency Project. 5 June 1963. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
55. ^ Townsend, Neil A (March 1973). "Little Joe Test Program" (PDF). Apollo Experience Report - Launch Escape Propulsion Subsystem (Report). NASA. p. 14. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
56. ^ "Local Men Visit Zeus at White Sands". Wilmington News-Journal. 27 November 1963. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
57. ^ "Part I. History of ABM Development". Archived from the original (transcript at AlternateWars.com) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
58. ^ Mark Paine. "Sprint". Nuclearabms.info. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
59. ^ "Public Law 90-110-October 21, 1967" (PDF). U.S. Congressional Record. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
60. ^ Hoihjelle, Donald L. (February 1972). AN/FPS-16(AX) Radar Modeling and Computer Simulation (Report). WSMR Instrumentation Directorate. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
61. ^ "The Story of SIMTEL20". Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
62. ^ "82nd Aerial Target Squadron QF-106 Drone Pacer Six". F-106 Delta Dart Association. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
63. ^ "White Sands Missile Range AIAA Historic Aerospace Site". the Historical Marker Database. 6 October 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
64. ^ "NASA Building Test Pad at White Sands for New Spacecraft". RedOrbit. 3 February 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
65. ^ "NASA Constellation Mission Project, Research, and Test Sites Overview". NASA. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
66. ^ "Orion Pad Abort 1 Test a Spectacular Success". NASA. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
67. ^ Romero, Leah (25 May 2022). "Starliner lands on 'bull's-eye' at White Sands Missile Range". Las Cruces Sun News.
68. ^ "White Sands LC32". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
69. ^ "White Sands LC33". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
70. ^ "White Sands LC35". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
71. ^ "White Sands LC36". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
72. ^ "White Sands LC37". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
73. ^ "White Sands LC38". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
74. ^ "White Sands LC39". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
75. ^ "White Sands LC50". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
76. ^ "White Sands LC94". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
77. ^ "White Sands SULF". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
78. ^ "White Sands WSSH". astronautix.com. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
79. ^ "White Sands School Homepage". White Sands School. Retrieved 26 November 2022. "#1 Viking St White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002"

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Sands Missile Range.

* White Sands Missile Range Museum Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
* Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NM-1, "White Sands Missile Range, White Sands, Dona Ana County, NM", 128 data pages
* HAER No. NM-1-A, "White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site", 106 photos, 11 measured drawings, 116 data pages, 8 photo caption pages
* HAER No. NM-1-B, "White Sands Missile Range, V-2 Rocket Facilities", 72 photos, 6 measured drawings, 117 data pages, 5 photo caption pages

* v
* t
* e

United States Space Force

Leadership|

* Department of the Air Force
* Secretary of the Air Force
* Under Secretary of the Air Force
* Space Staff
* Chief of Space Operations
* Vice Chief of Space Operations
* Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force
* Director of Staff
* Deputy Chiefs of Space Operations
* General Officers
* Generals
* Lieutenant Generals

| Oversight|

* House Armed Services Committee
* Strategic Forces subcommittee
* Senate Committee on Armed Services
* Strategic Forces subcommittee

|

Structure|

| Field commands|

* Space Futures Command
* Space Operations Command
* Commander
* Space Systems Command
* Commander
* Space Training and Readiness Command
* Commander

|

Component Field
Commands|

* United States Space Forces – Central
* United States Space Forces – Europe and Africa
* United States Space Forces – Indo-Pacific
* United States Space Forces – Korea
* United States Space Forces – Space

Deltas|

* Space Delta 1
* Mission Delta 2
* Mission Delta 3
* Mission Delta 4
* Space Delta 5
* Space Delta 6
* Space Delta 7
* Space Delta 8
* Space Delta 9
* Space Delta 10
* Space Delta 11
* Space Delta 12
* Space Delta 13
* Space Delta 15
* Space Delta 18
* Space Delta 21
* Space Delta 23
* Space Delta 26
* Space Launch Delta 30
* Mission Delta 31
* Space Launch Delta 45
* Space Base Delta 1
* Space Base Delta 2
* Space Base Delta 3

Squadrons|

* 1st Delta Operations
* 319th Combat Training
* 328th Weapons
* 392d Combat Training
* 533rd Training
* 21st Operations Support
* 15th Space Surveillance
* 18th Space Defense
* 19th Space Defense
* 20th Space Surveillance
* 3rd Combat Training
* 4th EW
* 5th EW
* 16th EW
* 23rd EW
* 2nd Space Warning
* 3rd satellite Communications
* 5th Space Warning
* 6th Space Warning
* 7th Space Warning
* 10th Space Warning
* 11th Space Warning
* 12th Space Warning
* 13th Space Warning
* 55th Training
* 21st Space Operations
* 22nd Space Operations
* 23rd Space Operations
* 62nd Cyberspace
* 63rd Cyberspace
* 64th Cyberspace
* 65th Cyberspace
* 68th Cyberspace
* 69th Cyberspace
* 645th Cyberspace
* 71st ISR
* 72nd ISR
* 73rd ISR
* 74th ISR
* 75th ISR
* 76th ISR
* 1st Space Operations
* 2nd Navigation Warfare
* 3rd Space Operations
* 4th Space Operations
* 10th Space Operations
* 53rd Space Operations
* 527th Space Aggressor
* 1st Test and Evaluation
* 3rd Test and Evaluation
* 17th Test and Evaluation
* 25th Space Range
* 2nd Space Launch
* 5th Space Launch
* 1st Range Operations
* NSSI

Direct reporting units|

* Space Development Agency
* Space Rapid Capabilities Office
* Space Warfighting Analysis Center

Locations|

| Space Force Bases|

* Buckley
* Los Angeles
* Patrick
* Peterson
* Schriever
* Vandenberg

|

Space Bases|

* Pituffik

Space Force Stations|

* Cape Canaveral
* Cape Cod
* Cavalier
* Cheyenne Mountain
* Clear
* Kaena Point
* New Boston

Personnel
and training|

* Astronauts
* Awards and decorations
* Badges
* Ranks
* Training
* Academy
* Reserve Officer Training Corps
* Officer Training School
* Basic Military Training
* Uniforms

History and
traditions|

* Delta
* Flag
* History
* Seal
* "Semper Supra"
* Air & Space Forces Association
* Space Force Association

| Former wings and deltas|

* 21st Space Wing
* 50th Space Wing
* 460th Space Wing
* Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional)

|

* Category

* v
* t
* e

United States Proving Grounds

* Army: Aberdeen Proving Ground
* Dugway Proving Ground
* Fort Belvoir
* Kwajalein Missile Range
* Yuma Proving Ground
* White Sands Missile Range
* Jefferson Proving Ground (inactive)
* Sandy Hook Proving Ground (inactive)
* Scituate Proving Ground (inactive)

* Navy: Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
* Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
* Pacific Missile Range Facility
* Pacific Missile Test Center
* Abbotts Lagoon Bombing Range Number 2 (inactive)
* Big Lagoon Bombing Target Number 12 (inactive)
* Indian Head Proving Ground (inactive)
* Vieques Naval Training Range (inactive)

* Space Force: Eastern Range
* Western Range

* Department of Energy: Pacific Proving Grounds (inactive)

* v
* t
* e

Places adjacent to White Sands Missile Range

| NASA White Sands Test Facility | White Sands National Park | Holloman Air Force Base (25 mi)

|
|

|  |
Organ Mountain National Recreation Area |

Main Post, WSMR

| Spaceport America
|  |
Organ Peak | Dona Ana Base Camp[1]
Fort Bliss (60 mi) | Condron Army Airfield

* v
* t
* e

Military installations in New Mexico

Army|

| Range|

* White Sands Missile Range

|

Air Force|

| Base|

* Cannon
* Holloman
* Kirtland

|

Station|

* Las Cruces

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template