Wicker man

Effigy for burning in pagan ritual

For other uses, see Wicker man (disambiguation).

An 18th-century illustration of a wicker man. Engraving from A Tour in Wales written by Thomas Pennant.

A wicker man was purportedly a large wicker statue in which the druids (priests of Celtic paganism) sacrificed humans and animals by burning. The main evidence for this practice is a sentence by Roman general Julius Caesar in his Commentary on the Gallic War (1st century BC),[1] which modern scholarship has linked to an earlier Greek writer, Poseidonius.[2][3]

There is some archaeological evidence of human sacrifice among Celtic peoples, although it is rare.[4] The ancient Greco-Roman sources are now regarded somewhat sceptically, considering it is likely they "were eager to transmit any bizarre and negative information" about the Celts, as it benefited them to do so.[5][6]

The British horror film The Wicker Man (1973) brought the wicker man into popular culture.[7] In recent times, a wicker man (without human or animal sacrifices) has been burned at some neopagan ceremonies, and festivals such as Burning Man.[7] It has also been referenced in music and art.

## Ancient accounts[edit]

Illustration of human sacrifices in Gaul from Myths and legends; the Celtic race (1910) by T. W. Rolleston

While other Roman writers of the time described human and animal sacrifice among the Celts, only the Roman general Julius Caesar and the Greek geographer Strabo mention the wicker man as one of many ways the druids of Gaul performed sacrifices. In the mid-1st century BC, Caesar wrote in his Commentary on the Gallic War that a large wickerwork figure with limbs was filled with living men and set on fire.[3] He says that criminals were the preferred victims, but that innocent people might also be burned if there were no criminals.[8] Writing slightly later, Strabo says in his Geographica that men and animals were burned in a large figure of wood and straw, although he does not make clear whether the victims were burned alive. He adds that the ashes were believed to help the crops grow.[3]

Also in the 1st century BC, Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote in Bibliotheca historica that the Celts sacrificed human and animal captives by burning them on huge pyres along with the first fruits.[9] It has been suggested that both Diodorus[9] and Strabo[3] got their information from the earlier Greek historian Posidonius, whose work has not survived.[9]

In the 1st century AD, Roman writer Lucan mentioned human sacrifices to the Gaulish gods Esus, Toutatis and Taranis. In a commentary on Lucan—the Commenta Bernensia dating from the 4th century and later—an unnamed author added that sacrifices to Taranis were burned in a wooden container.[10][11]

There is some archaeological evidence of human sacrifice among Celtic peoples, although it is rare.[4] There is also evidence of Celtic animal sacrifice, sometimes by burning.[12] Some modern historians and archaeologists stress that the ancient Greco-Roman accounts should be viewed with caution, as Greeks and Romans "had good reason to dislike a long-term enemy" and it may have benefited them to "transmit any bizarre and negative information" about the Celts. Their desire to depict Celtic peoples as "barbarians" may have "led to exaggeration or even fabrications".[9]

## Modern[edit]

There are accounts of large wickerwork figures being burnt in France during the 18th and 19th centuries. Wilhelm Mannhardt recorded that a wickerwork giant was burnt each Midsummer Eve in Brie.[13] Until 1743, a large wickerwork figure of a soldier or warrior was burnt every 3 July on the Rue aux Ours in Paris, as the crowd sang "Salve Regina".[13] At Luchon in the Pyrenees, snakes were burnt alive in a tall wickerwork column decked with leaves and flowers on Midsummer Eve. Young men with torches danced around the burning column, and the townsfolk and clergy sang hymns.[13] An Englishman who watched the ceremony in 1890 said the figure was somewhat "shaped like a mummy" and stood about 20 feet tall.[14]

The British horror film The Wicker Man (1973) brought the wicker man into modern popular culture.[7] In recent times, a wicker man (without human or animal sacrifices) has been burnt at some neopagan ceremonies, folk festivals, as well as festivals such as Burning Man in the United States[7] and the former Wickerman Festival in Scotland.[15]

In Northern Portugal, the traditional Caretos Festival ends with the burning of a gigantic human effigy with horns while young people run around it.[16]

* Wicker man on fire at the Archaeolink Prehistory Park, Oyne, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

* A lifesize modern pagan wicker man, in south east London, England

* Wickerman Event 2013 in Wola Sękowa, Poland

## See also[edit]

* Beltane
* Bonfire
* Brazen bull
* Burning of Judas
* Giubiana
* Guy Fawkes Night
* Willow Man
* Zozobra
* Burning Man

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Others have figures of vast size, the limbs of which formed of osiers they fill with living men, which being set on fire, the men perish enveloped in the flames." Caesar, Julius (1915). Caesar's Commentaries. Translated by Macdevitt, W. A. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
2. ^ Ellis, Peter Berresford (1998). The Ancient World of the Celts. Barnes & Noble. pp. 64, 184, 187. ISBN 0-7607-1716-8.
3. ^ a b c d Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1988). Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Syracuse University Press. p. 60.
4. ^ a b Koch, John (2012). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 687–690. ISBN 978-1598849646.
5. ^ Wells, Peter S. (1999). The Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe. Princeton University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-691-08978-7.
6. ^ "Did The Celts Burn Human Sacrifices In A Huge 'Wicker Man'?". The Straight Dope. 1998.
7. ^ a b c d Jordan, Mark (2003). "The Body". In Gary Laderman (ed.). Religion and American Cultures. ABC-CLIO. p. 341.
8. ^ De Bello Gallico 6.16
9. ^ a b c d Voigt, Mary (2013). "The violent ways of Galatian Gordion". In Sarah Ralph (ed.). The Archaeology of Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches. SUNY Press. pp. 220–221.
10. ^ Maier, Bernhard (1997). Dictionary of Celtic Religion and Culture. Boydell & Brewer. p. 36.
11. ^ Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, Vol. 2. University of Chicago Press (1982). § 171.
12. ^ Green, Miranda (2002). Animals in Celtic Life and Myth. Routledge. pp. 94–96.
13. ^ a b c Frazer, James (1922). Chapter 64. The Burning of Human Beings in the Fires, Section 2. The Burning of Men and Animals in the Fires. The Golden Bough. Internet Sacred Text Archive.
14. ^ Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1988). Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Syracuse University Press. p. 60.
15. ^ Gallery Archived 2012-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, Thewickermanfestival.co.uk
16. ^ "Caretos de Podence". www.caretosdepodence.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2017-04-11.

## External links[edit]

Media related to Wicker man (ritual) at Wikimedia Commons

* Caesar, De Bello Gallico, English translation by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn (1869); Latin text edition, from the Perseus Project
* Project Gutenberg text for Frazer's The Golden Bough