Wildlife contraceptive

Veterinary pharmaceuticals

Wildlife contraceptives are contraceptives used to regulate the fertility of wild animals. They are used to control population growth of certain wild animals.

## Usage

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White-tailed deer may be controlled with contraceptives in suburban areas, where they are sometimes a nuisance. In parts of the United States, does are shot with darts containing a contraceptive vaccine, rendering them temporarily infertile.[1] The Humane Society of the United States runs a deer birth control program, but it is experimental; it may not be cost-effective in the long run.[1][2][needs update] It may cost $300[2] to $1000[1] per deer.

One contraceptive vaccine used is porcine zona pellucida (PZP), or derivatives. This form of immunocontraception prevents sperm from accessing an ovum.[3] Another form of deer contraception, called GonaCon, produces antibodies to sex drive hormones in the deer, causing them to lose interest in mating.[4]

Similar forms of injectable contraceptive are being studied for use in elk[5] and gray squirrels.[6]

Oral contraceptives may also be developed for population control among a variety of animals, including deer, feral pigs, coyotes, cougars, dogs and cats.[7] One product that has success in mice, rats, and dogs originally went by the name Mouseopause, but was approved for commercial use under the name ContraPest.[8] Another project is five-year development and trial of several oral contraceptives for gray squirrels in the UK. The project has been supported by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and aims to "provide an effective, less labour intensive, non-lethal method for managing grey squirrels" by January 2024.[9][10]

Pigeons have been a target for experimental contraceptives for decades.[11] In 2007, the USEPA registered the first product for oral contraception of feral pigeons and other pest birds called OvoControl P.[12] www.ovocontrol.com An oral contraceptive was introduced in 2005 for the control of Canada geese,[5] but abandoned in 2011 due to regulatory barriers and pressure from hunting groups.[13] See also Feral Pigeons.

A slow-release hormonal contraceptive implant for female Tasmanian devils is under development. While it may seem counter-intuitive to develop contraceptives for an endangered animal, their use is intended to promote the wild behaviour of mating freely, but without certain females over-contributing to the next generation, which "can have long-term genetic consequences for the insurance population". Contraceptive trials in male devils showed that their testosterone increased, instead of decreasing as other male mammals' testosterone does.[14]

## See also

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* Neutering
* Xenoestrogen
* Inherited sterility in insects

## References

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1. ^ a b c Schuerman, M. Birth Control for Deer?. Audubon February 8, 2002.
2. ^ a b Barr, Cameron W. (19 August 2004). "A Deer Contraceptive Is Turning Off the Heat". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
3. ^ Broache, Anne (October 2005). "Oh Deer!". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
4. ^ "Deer 'pill' curbs aggressive mating". BBC News. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
5. ^ a b Boyle, Rebecca (3 March 2009). "Birth Control for Animals". Popular Science. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
6. ^ Dalhouse, D. Squirrel contraceptive research under way. Clemson University News March 10, 2008.
7. ^ "Oral Contraceptives Could Work For Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Maybe Even Deer And Coyotes". ScienceDaily. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
8. ^ "ContraPest Rodent Control Product Wins EPA Approval". Pest Control Technology, GIA Media, Inc. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
9. ^ "Fertility control research". UK Squirrel Accord. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
10. ^ "Grey squirrel fertility control research. Frequently asked questions" (PDF). February 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
11. ^ Mooallem, Jon (15 October 2006). "Pigeon Wars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
12. ^ "Labels for OVOCONTROL P (80224-1)". ordspub.epa.gov.
13. ^ The Political and Social Barriers for Contraception in Pest Birds: A Case Study of OvoControl® (NICARBAZIN), Alexander MacDonald, Ph.D. and Erick Wolf, M.B.A. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44(4S): S132–S134, 2013
14. ^ "Tasmanian Devil Contraception Trial shows Early Promise". Save the Tasmanian Devil. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.

## Further reading

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* Kirkpatrick, Jay F.; Lyda, Robin O.; Frank, Kimberly M. (July 2011). "Contraceptive vaccines for wildlife: a review". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 66 (1): 40–50. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01003.x. ISSN 1600-0897. PMID 21501279.
* Brennan, Ozy (20 December 2018). "Wildlife Contraception". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

## External links

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* Botstiber Institute for Wildlife Fertility Control
* Florida Environmnetal is a pest control

* v
* t
* e

Wild animal suffering

Concepts|

* Animal ethics
* Ecology of fear
* Predation problem
* Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
* Speciesism
* Welfare biology
* Wild animal welfare

Interventions|

* Contraception
* Rehabilitation
* Vaccination

Media|

* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Nature Red in Tooth and Claw (2008)
* "The Meat Eaters" (2010)
* Sentientist Politics (2019)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)

Organizations|

* Animal Ethics
* Wild Animal Initiative
* Wildlife Disaster Network

Writers|

| Contemporary|

* Elisa Aaltola
* Jacy Reese Anthis
* Yves Bonnardel
* J. Baird Callicott
* Richard Dawkins
* Sue Donaldson
* Catia Faria
* Oscar Horta
* Kyle Johannsen
* Jeff McMahan
* Will Kymlicka
* Tobias Leenaert
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Ole Martin Moen
* Arne Næss
* Yew-Kwang Ng
* David Olivier
* William MacAskill
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* David Pearce
* Holmes Rolston III
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Steven Nadler
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Peter Singer
* Peter Vallentyne

|

Historical|

* Charles Darwin
* Erasmus Darwin
* Lewis Gompertz
* William Paley
* J. Howard Moore
* Tom Regan
* Alexander Skutch

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