Wind power in New York

Electricity from wind in one U.S. state

Maple Ridge Wind Farm

Bliss Wind Farm

Wethersfield

Dutch Hill

Madison

High Sheldon

Steel Winds

Fenner

Clinton

Hardscrabble

Black Oak

Empire Wind

class=notpageimage|

Wind power projects in New York
Operating
Under construction
Proposed
Canceled or decommissioned

New York has 2,192 MW of installed wind power capacity as of 2022.[1] Most of New York's wind power is located in upstate New York as onshore wind farms. New York has set a goal of developing 9,000 MW of offshore installed wind power capacity by 2035 that will power an estimated 6 million homes. As of October 2022, New York has five offshore wind farms in development with approximately 4,300 MW installed capacity.[2]

## Wind farms

[edit]

Cassadaga Wind Farm Arkwright Summit Wind Farm

The first wind farms in New York came online in 2000. They were relatively small projects. Madison Wind Farm, with a nameplate generating capacity of 11.55 MW, located in Madison County, was the first to commence operations. Also that year, the 6.6 MW Wethersfield Wind Farm, located in Wyoming County, came on line. The following year, the 30 MW Fenner Wind Farm, also in Madison County, commenced operations.

Five years passed before Maple Ridge Wind Farm, the largest wind farm in the state of New York, located in Lewis County, with 195 Vestas model V82 1.65 megawatt (MW) wind turbines, commenced operations.[3][4] Collectively, the turbines have a rated or nameplate capacity of 320 MW.[5] Maple Ridge Wind Farm became fully operational in January 2006.

The Bliss Windpark in Wyoming County opened in May 2008 with a capacity of 100.5 megawatts. Also, in 2008, the 100.5 MW Clinton Windpark, located in Clinton County, commenced operations. In February 2009, three other large wind farms — the Altona, Chateaugay, and Wethersfield Windparks — were completed in Upstate New York in Clinton, Franklin, and Wyoming Counties, respectively. The projects have an installed capacity of 97.5, 106.5, and 124 MW respectively. All four use General Electric 1.5SLE wind turbines.[6] The 112.5 MW Sheldon Wind Project in Wyoming County also came on line in 2009. In 2010, the Hardscrabble Wind Farm located in Herkimer County was constructed in the towns of Fairfield, and Norway NY. The wind farm has 37 Gamesa G90 2.0 MW wind turbines and came online in 2011. The project generates 74 Megawatts of power and is owned by Avangrid Renewables. In 2012, the 215 MW Marble River Wind Farm, located in Clinton County, commenced operations. Wind farms completed in 2018 include Arkwright Summit Wind Farm and Copenhagen Wind Farm.[7]

The capacity factor of wind farms in New York is about 30 percent. However, the effective capacity — the fraction of rated power generated during summer afternoons, the period of peak demand — is estimated to be 10 percent for the whole state, except for Long Island where about 40% is forecast.[8]

## Wind power development

[edit]

Wind is a very powerful element in society, and is able to provide energy without emitting greenhouse gases. Therefore, able to make a valid contribution to electricity demands. More than a quarter of power of the athletic complex at Union College of Schenectady County is supported by the endorsement of tall wind turbines. In 2014, energy projects accounted for more than 1,800 MW. Which in return estimated to be around 2.6 of the electric power available from "generation facilities in New York" and able to provide power for a million residents. While two power projects are being constructed in the state of New York, there is also a project under "active review." Wind energy development itself has striven towards achieving the goals of New York's renewable energy.

This series of projects is just a start for the 15th windiest state in the Nation, New York. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has confirmed that the wind resource is able to provide at least half of the needs of the states electricity.

A NYISO study conducted in 2010, Growing Wind: Final Report of the NYISO 2010 Wind Generation Study (Sept. 2010), found that the New York power system will allow for the integration of up to 8,000 MW of wind generation with no adverse reliability impacts. At higher levels of wind generation, due to increased variability, the analysis determined that for every 1,000 MW increase between the 4,250 MW and 8,000 MW wind penetration level, the average regulation requirement increases approximately 9 percent. Further, given existing transmission constraints, at the 6,000 MW scenario modeled, 8.8% of the energy production in three areas of upstate New York (Zones C - Central, D - North, and E - Mohawk) would be "bottled" or undeliverable. With upgrades, the amount of bottled wind energy could be reduced to less than 2 percent. A similar bottling pattern was found in the 8,000 MW model. Offshore wind energy, as modeled, is fully deliverable.[9]

In January 2015, Sims Municipal Recycling (a division of Sims Metal Management) inaugurated the New York City's only commercial-scale wind turbine at its recycling center at the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal. Built by Northern Power Systems at the cost of about $750,000, the 160 ft (49 m) tall turbine has the capacity to produce 100 kilowatts, or 4% of the center's power needs.[10][11]

### Offshore wind power

[edit]

Main articles: Offshore wind power in the United States and List of offshore wind farms in the United States

In 2009, utilities in the state such as the New York Power Authority and Long Island Power Authority were exploring the possibility of large-scale offshore facilities, either in the ocean [12] or in the Great Lakes.[13] The New York Power Authority cancelled, in 2011, the Great Lakes Offshore Wind (GLOW) project.[14]

Further information: Empire Wind

On September 8, 2011, the New York Power Authority, Long Island Power Authority, and Con Edison (the Offshore Wind Collaborative) filed a request with the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to issue a commercial lease on the outer continental shelf to the New York Power Authority for the development of the Long Island - New York City Offshore Wind Project. This project would be located in the Atlantic Ocean off Nassau County, approximately 13 nautical miles off Rockaway Peninsula, in a long 65,000-acre wedge-shaped area between shipping channels, directionally aligned southwest of Rockaway Peninsula. The project as now configured consists of 97 offshore turbines, with a total nameplate generating capacity of 350 MW. With 194 turbines, generating capacity could be doubled to 700 MW. Given the lengthy permitting process, the Collaborative's proposed project would not be operational until 2018 at the earliest. On January 4, 2013, BOEM issued a Request for Interest (Docket ID: BOEM-2012-0083) to determine whether other parties were interested in developing the same area. In addition to the Collaborative's response, BOEM received letters of interest in a commercial lease for this area from Fishermen's Energy LLC and Energy Management, Inc.[15]

Further information: South Fork Wind Farm

Another offshore wind energy project that would supply electricity to New York is Deepwater ONE. On September 12, 2013, BOEM awarded two commercial offshore wind energy leases, OCS-A-0486 and OCS-A-0487, to Deepwater Wind New England LLC for development of a regional offshore wind energy project.[16] Deepwater ONE (formerly Deepwater Wind Energy Center) would be located in the Atlantic Ocean on 256 square miles on the outer continental shelf, approximately 30 miles east of Montauk, New York, and 15 miles east of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. The project would consist of 150 to 200 turbines with a total nameplate generating capacity of 900 to 1,200 MW. It includes a 98-mile, 600 MW submarine transmission line, a new regional HVDC transmission system, and a New York-Long Island interconnector to link the electrical supply system in New England and Long Island.[17]

In October 2023, New York awarded three additional offshore wind projects with 4,032 MW capacity.

List of NYSERDA Contracted Wind Projects in New York State[18][19] Project  | Developer  | Capacity(MW)  | Projected Completion

|
|
|

Beacon Wind  | Equinor Wind US LLC  | 1,230  | 2028
Empire Wind 2  | Equinor Wind US LLC  | 1,260  | 2027
Empire Wind 1 | Equinor Wind US LLC  | 816  | 2026
Sunrise Wind  | Sunrise Wind LLC  | 924  | 2025
South Fork Wind Farm | Ørsted and Eversource  | 130  | 2023
Attentive Energy One  | TotalEnergies, Rise Light & Power and Corio Generation  | 1,404  | 2030
Community Offshore Wind  | RWE Offshore Renewables and National Grid Ventures  | 1,314 MW  | 2030
Excelsior Wind  | Vineyard Offshore (Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners)  | 1,314 MW  | 2030

## Renewable energy incentives

[edit]

### Renewable Portfolio Standard

[edit]

The New York State Public Service Commission adopted a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) policy in 2004, calling for an increase in renewable energy used in the state from the then-current level of 19.3 percent (largely attributable to legacy hydroelectric power projects) to at least 25 percent by the end of 2013. In 2010, the Commission raised the standard to 30 percent by the end of 2015, and extended the program through 2015. With the RPS program due to sunset in 2015, the Commission has undertaken a program review. Unlike most states with an RPS, New York follows a central procurement model, with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) responsible for meeting the majority of the RPS goals. NYSERDA obtains the bulk of the RPS Attributes (including any and all reductions in harmful pollutants and emissions such as carbon dioxide and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen) through a "Main Tier" competitive procurement of utility-scale renewable resources. A "Customer-Sited Tier," smaller, behind-the-meter resources provided by residential, commercial, institutional, and governmental projects, complements the Main Tier. Voluntary markets, state agency purchases, and Long Island Power Authority purchases make up the balance.[20]

Wind power is the predominant generating technology in the Main Tier, with 21 wind farms generating or expected to generate 1,696 MW of new renewable energy by the end of 2014. As of the end of 2013, 18 wind farms funded through the Main Tier were generating 1,657 MW of new renewable energy.[21]

### Financial incentives

[edit]

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), through its On-Site Wind Turbine Incentive Program (which began in 2007), is making $13.8 million available in incentives to encourage the installation of residential, commercial, institutional, and governmental end-use wind energy systems. The program runs from December 1, 2012 through December 31, 2015, with completed applications accepted through September 30, 2015. NYSERDA will pay up to 50 percent of the total installed cost of the wind energy system to eligible installers who install new approved, grid-connected systems using qualified equipment in accordance with eligibility requirements. The installer must pass the entire incentive through to the customer. The maximum incentive is $1 million per site or customer, and the maximum turbine size is 2 MW (2,000 kW).[22]

### Procedural reforms

[edit]

Opposition to utility-scale wind turbines in Chautauqua County

With a strong tradition of home rule and, for many year, no state requirements or guidelines for locating facilities, the siting of large facilities in New York state has generated some controversy, along with myriad, diverse municipal efforts to zone or ban wind farms. Such conditions helped to produce in summer 2009 a Code of Conduct [23] promulgated by the state's Attorney General Andrew Cuomo and embraced by wind developers responsible for a majority of the state's facilities.

In a significant reform aimed at encouraging investment in clean energy technology, Governor Andrew Cuomo on August 4, 2011, signed into law the Power New York Act of 2011, Chapter 388 of the Laws of 2011, enacting Article 10 of the Public Service Law, establishing a unified siting review process for major electric generating facilities; that is, facilities with a generating capacity of 25 MW or more. The New York Department of Public Service and the New York Department of Environmental Conservation adopted implementing regulations on July 17, 2012: Chapter X Certification of Major Electric Generating Facilities, 16 NYCRR Part 1000 and Analyzing Environmental Justice Issues in Siting of Major Electric Generating Facilities, 6 NYCRR Part 487. After July 17, 2012, all applicants for permits to construct major electric generating facilities must follow Article 10. In addition, applicants who had applied for permits or licenses before that date, along with applicants for permits or licenses for certain other types of electric generating facilities excluded from Article 10, may elect to follow Article 10.

Article 10 creates an administrative agency lodged within the Department of Public Service, the Board on Electric Generation Siting and the Environment, to conduct the reviews and make final administrative siting decisions. The Board has seven members; five are agency heads (the "Permanent Board") and two are appointed on a project-specific basis (the local, ad hoc public members). The new law provides a unified review process for the state permits, licenses, and other approvals required to site, construct, and operate a major electric generating facility. Department of Environmental Conservation review of permit applications under federally delegated or approved Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act programs is coordinated with, and conducted through, the Article 10 review. The Department of State's coastal zone consistency determination is also coordinated with the Article 10 review. Federal permitting and licensing reviews may be coordinated with the Article 10 review. Article 10 provides for consideration of local laws, and Board decisions must provide reasons for deviation from local substantive requirements. Article 10 seeks to promote early and effective public participation in the siting process, facilitating communication between the applicant and interested persons, to minimize later delays and reduce the likelihood of litigation challenging siting decisions. It provides numerous public participation opportunities, including the distribution of "intervenor funds" derived from application fees to enable municipalities and local parties to hire technical experts and lawyers to assist them in participating in the proceeding.[24]

Further, an expansion of the state's net metering laws in 2008 may help to grow the market for small-scale residential, agricultural, or commercial installations.

## Installed capacity

[edit]

New York Wind Generation by Year

Thousand Megawatt-hours[25][26][27]
New York wind power capacity by year (MW)[28]

Year | Amount | Change | % Change
1999 | 0 | 0 | 0%
2000 | 18.2 | 18.2 |
2001 | 48.2 | 30 |
2002 | 48.5 | 0.3 |
2003 | 48.5 | 0 | 0%
2004 | 48.5 | 0 | 0%
2005 | 185.5 | 136.5 | 283%
2006 | 370.3 | 185.3 | 100%
2007 | 424.8 | 54.5 | 15%
2008 | 831.8 | 407 | 96%
2009 | 1,274.3 | 442.5 | 53%
2010 | 1,274.3 | 0 | 0%
2011 | 1,403 | 128.7 | 10%
2012 | 1,638 | 235 | 17%
2013 | 1,722 | 84 | 5%
2014 | 1,748 | 26 | 2%
2015 | 1,749 | 1 | 5%
2016 | 1,827 | 78 |
2017 | 1,829 | 2 | 1%
2018 | 1,987 | 158 | 8%
2019 | 1,987 | 0 | 0%
2020 | 1,987 |  |

## Wind generation

[edit]

2013 Wind power capacity density by state New York Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh)

Year  | Total  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec
2001 | 23 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2
2002 | 82 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 24
2003 | 41 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5
2004 | 118 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15
2005 | 102 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 13
2006 | 656 | 59 | 61 | 54 | 55 | 42 | 33 | 46 | 38 | 47 | 68 | 53 | 100
2007 | 832 | 84 | 93 | 107 | 87 | 45 | 50 | 44 | 51 | 55 | 65 | 73 | 78
2008 | 1,251 | 109 | 85 | 88 | 83 | 110 | 157 | 88 | 62 | 68 | 94 | 99 | 208
2009 | 2,266 | 163 | 208 | 176 | 298 | 222 | 96 | 153 | 128 | 134 | 184 | 202 | 302
2010 | 2,595 | 230 | 206 | 238 | 236 | 196 | 173 | 157 | 157 | 235 | 255 | 257 | 255
2011 | 2,831 | 178 | 326 | 312 | 325 | 187 | 173 | 146 | 157 | 151 | 242 | 330 | 304
2012 | 2,992 | 394 | 308 | 321 | 274 | 168 | 206 | 123 | 149 | 184 | 271 | 242 | 352
2013 | 3,539 | 422 | 290 | 312 | 404 | 280 | 207 | 145 | 180 | 205 | 299 | 445 | 350
2014 | 3,968 | 456 | 368 | 399 | 443 | 288 | 189 | 236 | 185 | 239 | 362 | 472 | 331
2015 | 3,977 | 488 | 343 | 440 | 395 | 318 | 220 | 184 | 195 | 189 | 390 | 415 | 401
2016 | 3,940 | 480 | 437 | 388 | 257 | 236 | 278 | 219 | 214 | 195 | 327 | 371 | 538
2017 | 4,236 | 368 | 384 | 427 | 418 | 360 | 327 | 249 | 218 | 250 | 409 | 479 | 347
2018 | 3,998 | 451 | 427 | 305 | 360 | 323 | 244 | 233 | 241 | 260 | 381 | 389 | 384
2019 | 4,457 | 465 | 414 | 471 | 449 | 301 | 328 | 242 | 255 | 278 | 393 | 372 | 489
2020 | 4,523 | 385 | 391 | 472 | 451 | 318 | 242 | 273 | 247 | 352 | 376 | 563 | 453
2021 | 4,389 | 315 | 378 | 535 | 382 | 325 | 343 | 233 | 239 | 341 | 366 | 415 | 517
2022 | 4,788 | 417 | 485 | 507 | 462 | 355 | 327 | 299 | 239 | 268 | 406 | 510 | 513
2023 | 1,489 | 368 | 568 | 553 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Teal background indicates the largest wind generation month for the year.

Green background indicates the largest wind generation month to date.

Source:[25]

## See also

[edit]

* Wind power portal
* Renewable energy portal
* Energy portal
* United States portal
* New York (state) portal

* Solar power in New York
* New York energy law
* Wind power in the United States
* Renewable energy in the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "WINDExchange: Wind Energy in New York". windexchange.energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
2. ^ "2022 Solicitation". NYSERDA. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
3. ^ "Major US order for Vestas Wind Systems". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). 2005-04-07. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
4. ^ "Maple Ridge Wind Farm". Horizon Wind Energy. Archived from the original on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
5. ^ "Maple Ridge Wind Farm Landmark Project Will Quadruple New York Wind Energy Capacity". Climate Change Chronicles. April 7, 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2006-05-16.
6. ^ 330 MW of Wind Power Go Online in New York
7. ^ "U.S. Wind Turbine Database". Archived from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
8. ^ "The Effects of Integrating Wind Power on Transmission System Planning, Reliability, and Operations - Report on Phase 2" (PDF). New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. March 4, 2005. p. 7.16. Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2009-05-02. "Capacity factors of inland wind sites in New York are on the order of 30% of their rated capacity. Their effective capacities, however, are about 10%, due to both the seasonal and daily patterns of the wind generation being largely "out of phase" with the NYISO load patterns. The offshore site in Long Island exhibits both annual and peak period effective capacities on the order of 40%."
9. ^ New York Independent System Operator, Growing Wind: Final Report of the NYISO 2010 Wind Generation Study (Sept. 2010).
10. ^ Giambusso, David (January 15, 2015). "Recycling firm unveils city's first commercial wind turbine". CapitalNeYork. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
11. ^ Schlossbergian, Tatiana (January 15, 2015). "In Brooklyn, Fertile Ground for a Wind Turbine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
12. ^ "Long Island – New York City Offshore Wind Project". Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
13. ^ [New York State Board on Electric Generation Siting and the Environment http://www.nypa.gov/nypawindpower/ New York Port Authority Wind Power]
14. ^ "Press Release". Archived from the original on 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
15. ^ "US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: New York Activities". Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
16. ^ "US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Commercial Wind Leases for the Wind Energy Area Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts". Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
17. ^ "Deepwater Wind: Deepwater ONE". Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
18. ^ "New York's Offshore Wind Projects". NYSERDA. Archived from the original on 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
19. ^ "Governor Hochul Announces Nation's Largest-Ever State Investment in Renewable Energy is Moving Forward in New York | Governor Kathy Hochul". www.governor.ny.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
20. ^ New York State Public Service Commission, Renewable Portfolio Standard (Case 03-E-0188) Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine; New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York Renewable Portfolio Standard; Pace Energy and Climate Center, New York's Renewable Portfolio Standard: Where To From Here? (Pace Law School 2013).
21. ^ New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, New York State Renewable Portfolio Standard: Annual Performance Report Through December 31, 2013 (Final Report 2014).
22. ^ NYSERDA On-Site Wind Turbine Incentive Program
23. ^ "New York Attorney General announces 17 wind developers sign new code of conduct". Archived from the original on 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
24. ^ "New York State Board on Electric Generation Siting and the Environment". Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
25. ^ a b "Electricity Data Browser". U.S. Department of Energy. March 28, 2018. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
26. ^ Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Mar 12, 2010). "Installed Wind Capacity by State". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved Mar 12, 2010.
27. ^ "Wind Energy in New York". Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
28. ^ "WINDExchange: U.S. Installed and Potential Wind Power Capacity and Generation". Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2020-12-28.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in New York (state).

* The Wind Power Law Blog focuses on wind energy legal developments, especially regarding land use and zoning law, real estate transactions, environmental concerns, and judicial and regulatory actions. This blog emphasizes wind power developments in New York state, but also addresses issues of broader interest.
* Hope Farm Information on Wind Power \- Page on securing incentives, building, and monitoring power generated by small-scale wind on Upstate NY farm.
* List of New York State wind power projects

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Large wind farms|

* Alta
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Offshore wind farms|

* Aqua Ventus I (pilot)
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* Marwind/Momentum (proposed)
* Ocean Wind (cancelled)
* Revolution Wind (under construction)
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* Vineyard Wind (under construction)

Wind power companies|

* Aermotor Windmill Company
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