Winter Paralympic Games

International multi-sport event for disabled athletes

Winter Paralympic Games

One of the four Paralympic cauldrons located in Yanqing during the 2022 Winter Paralympics

Games

* 1976
* 1980
* 1984
* 1988
* 1992
* 1994
* 1998
* 2002
* 2006
* 2010
* 2014
* 2018
* 2022

Sports

* Alpine skiing
* Biathlon
* Cross‑country skiing
* Ice sledge hockey
* Para snowboard
* Wheelchair curling

Paralympic Games

Main topics

* Bids
* Charter
* Host cities
* IPC
* NPCs
* Medal tables
* Medalists
* Sports
* Symbols

Games

* Summer Paralympics
* Winter Paralympics

Regional games

* Asian Para Games
* African Para Games
* European Para Championships
* Parapan American Games

* v
* t
* e

The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete in snow and ice sports. The event includes athletes with mobility impairments, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter Olympic Games and (since 1992) hosted in the same city. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) oversees the Games. Medals are awarded in each event: with gold for first place, silver for second, and bronze for third, following the tradition that the Olympic Games began in 1904.

The Winter Paralympics began in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. Those Games were the first Paralympics that featured athletes other than those in wheelchairs. The Games have expanded and grown, including the Summer Paralympic Games, to become part of the largest international sporting event after the Olympics. Given their expansion, the need for a very specific classification system has arisen. This system has also given rise to controversy and opened the door for various forms of cheating, which has tainted the integrity of the Games.

Norway has been the top-ranking (medals) nation for four Paralympic Winter Games: 1980, 1988, 1994, and 1998. Germany has been the top-ranking (medals) for three Paralympic Winter Games: 1976, 2002, and 2010. Russia (2006 and 2014) and United States (1992 and 2018) have been the top-ranking nation two time each. Austria (1984) and China (2022) have been the top-ranking nation one time each.[1]

## History

[edit]

The origins of the Winter Paralympics are much similar to the Summer Paralympics. Injured soldiers returning from World War II sought sports as an avenue to healing.[2] Organized by Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, sports competitions between British convalescent hospitals began in 1948 and continued until 1960 when a parallel Olympics was held in Rome after the 1960 Summer Olympics. Over 400 wheelchair athletes competed at the 1960 Paralympic Games, which became known as the first Paralympics.[2]

Official sticker from the first Winter Paralympics held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, 1976

Sepp Zwicknagl, a pioneer of snow sports for disabled athletes, was a double-leg amputee Austrian skier who experimented skiing using prosthetics. His work helped pioneer technological advances for people with disabilities who wished to participate in winter sports.[3] Advances were slow, and it was not until 1974 that the first official world ski competition for physically impaired athletes, featuring downhill and a cross-country skiing, was held.[3] The first Winter Paralympics were held in 1976 at Örnsköldsvik, Sweden from February 21–28. Alpine and Nordic skiing for amputees and visually impaired athletes where the main events but ice sledge racing was included as a demonstration event.[3] There were 198 participating athletes from 16 countries,[4] and it was the first time that athletes with impairments other than wheelchair athletes were permitted to compete.[5]

Starting in 1988 the Summer Paralympics were held in the same host city as the Summer Olympic Games. This was due to an agreement reached between the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The 1992 Winter Paralympics were the first Winter Games to use the same facilities as the Winter Olympics.[5]

## Cheating

[edit]

Main article: Cheating at the Paralympic Games

Athletes have cheated by over-representing impairment to have a competitive advantage, and the use of performance-enhancing drugs.[6][7] German skier Thomas Oelsner became the first Winter Paralympian to test positive for steroids in 2002. He had won two gold medals in the alpine events but was stripped of his medals.[8] One concern now facing Paralympic officials is the technique of boosting blood pressure, known as autonomic dysreflexia. The increase in blood pressure can improve performance by 15% and is most effective in the endurance sports such as cross-country skiing. To increase blood pressure athletes will deliberately cause trauma to limbs below a spinal injury. This trauma can include breaking bones, strapping extremities in too tightly and using high-pressured compression stockings. The injury is painless to the athlete but affects the body and impacts the athlete's blood pressure, as can techniques like allowing the bladder to overfill.[9]

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) found evidence that the Disappearing Positive Methodology was in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi.[10] On 7 August 2016, the IPC's Governing Board voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, citing the Russian Paralympic Committee's inability to enforce the IPC's Anti-Doping Code and the World Anti-Doping Code which is "a fundamental constitutional requirement".[10] IPC President Sir Philip Craven stated that the Russian government had "catastrophically failed its Para athletes".[11] IPC Athletes' Council Chairperson Todd Nicholson said that Russia had used athletes as "pawns" in order to "show global prowess".[12]

## Disability categories

[edit]

The IPC has established six disability categories applying to both the Summer and Winter Paralympics. Athletes with one of these physical disabilities are able to compete in the Paralympics though not every sport can allow for every disability category.[13]

* Amputee: Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb.
* Cerebral Palsy: Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.
* Intellectual Disability: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behavior.
* Wheelchair: Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair.
* Visually Impaired: Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.
* Les Autres: Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide (the name for this category is French for "the others").[13]

## Classifications

[edit]

Paralympian Andy Soule in the 12.5 km cross-country race at the 2010 Winter Olympics

Within the six disability categories the athletes still need to be divided according to their level of impairment. The classification systems differ from sport to sport. The systems are designed to open up Paralympic sports to as many athletes as possible, who can participate in fair competitions against athletes with similar levels of ability. The closest equivalents in non-disabled competitions are age classifications in junior sports, and weight divisions in wrestling, boxing, and weightlifting. Classifications vary in accordance with the different skills required to perform the sport. The biggest challenge in the classification system is how to account for the wide variety and severity of disabilities. As a result, there will always be a range of impairment within a classification.[14] What follows is a list of the Winter Paralympic sports and a general description of how they are classified.

Alpine skiing: There are two events in alpine skiing: slalom and giant slalom. Alpine skiing accommodates athletes with the following physical limitations: spinal injury, Cerebral Palsy, amputation, Les Autres and blindness/visual impairment. There are eleven classifications, seven for standing athletes, three for sitting athletes, and three for visually impaired athletes. The divisions are defined by the degree of the athletes' function and the need for assistive equipment (prosthesis, ski poles, etc.).[15] Snowboard Cross is technically now included in this category, though competition will take place with only limited classifications (see below).

Biathlon: Biathlon is a combination of cross-country skiing with target shooting. It requires physical stamina and accurate shooting. The events are open to athletes with physical disabilities and visual impairments. There are fifteen classes in which athletes will be placed depending on their level of function. Twelve divisions are for athletes with a physical impairment and three divisions are for athletes with a visual impairment. The athletes compete together, and their finishing times are entered into a formula with their disability class to determine the athletes' overall finish order. Visually impaired athletes are able to compete through the use of acoustic signals. The signal intensity varies depending upon whether or not the athlete is on target.[16]

Cross-country skiing: Cross-country skiing, also known as Nordic skiing, is open to athletes with Cerebral Palsy, amputations, the need for a wheelchair, visual impairment and intellectual impairment. There are fifteen classifications, three for visually impaired athletes, nine for standing athletes and three for seated athletes. The divisions are determined in a similar fashion to alpine skiing with attention given to the athletes' level of function and need for assistive devices.[17]

Ice sledge hockey game at the 2010 Winter Paralympics

Ice Sledge Hockey: Ice sledge hockey is open only to male competitors with a physical disability in the lower part of their body. The game is played using international hockey rules with some modifications. Athletes sit on sledges with two blades that allow the puck to go beneath the sledge. They also use two sticks, which have a spike-end for pushing and a blade-end for shooting. The athletes are classified into three groups: group 1 is for athletes with no sitting balance or with major impairment in both upper and lower limbs, group 2 is for athletes with some sitting balance and moderate impairment in their extremities and athletes in group 3 have good balance and mild impairment in their upper and lower limbs.[18]

Wheelchair curling: Wheelchair curling is a coed team event for athletes with permanent lower limb disabilities that require them to use a wheelchair in their daily lives. Athletes with Cerebral Palsy or Multiple Sclerosis can also play if they use a wheelchair. Delivery of the stone can be by hand release or the use of a pole. There are no classifications in this event except the requirement that all athletes participating must have need for a wheelchair for daily mobility.[19]

Para snowboard: On 2 May 2012, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) officially sanctioned Para snowboarding (formerly known as adaptive snowboarding) as a medal event in the 2014 Winter Paralympic Games under Alpine Skiing. There were men's and women's standing snowboard cross competitions.[20] The sport's Paralympic debut featured events for only athletes with overall lower-limb impairments. Athletes with amputations were permitted to wear a prosthesis. The events were held in a time trial format, but no accommodation was made based on an athlete's level of impairment. At the 2018 Winter Paralympics, the number of events increased from 2 to 10 with the split of the lower limb classifications into two sub-groups (LL-1 for greater impairment and LL-2 for lesser impairment), and the addition of the banked slalom. The snowboard cross event was run in a head-to-head format with multiple knockout heats to determine the medal winners.[21] In 2022, events for athletes with upper-limb impairments were added, but the IPC eliminated the LL-1 category for women due to a dearth of athletes in that class. Those athletes were initially barred from competing at all until Brenna Huckaby of the United States prevailed in a lawsuit to "compete up" against the LL-2 class.

## List of Paralympic sports

[edit]

Main article: Paralympic sports

A number of different sports have been part of the Paralympic program at one point or another.

This color indicates a discontinued sport

Sport | Years

|

Ice sledge racing | 1980–1988, 1994–1998
Para alpine skiing | 1976–present
Para biathlon | since 1988
Para cross-country skiing | 1976–present
Para ice hockey | since 1994
Para snowboard | since 2014
Wheelchair curling | since 2006

## All-time medal table

[edit]

See also: All-time Paralympic Games medal table

According to official data of the International Paralympic Committee. This table lists the top 20 nations, as ranked by number of golds, then silvers, then bronzes.

### Winter Paralympics (1976–2022)

[edit]

No. | Nation | Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  |  Norway (NOR) | 13  | 140  | 111  | 86  | 334
2  |  United States (USA) | 13  | 117  | 130  | 88  | 335
3  |  Austria (AUT) | 13  | 109  | 118  | 116  | 343
4  |  Germany (GER)[22] | 9  | 109  | 85  | 81  | 275
5  |  Russia (RUS) | 6  | 84  | 88  | 61  | 233
6  |  Finland (FIN) | 13  | 79  | 51  | 62  | 192
7  |  France (FRA) | 13  | 63  | 57  | 60  | 183
8  |  Canada (CAN) | 13  | 58  | 52  | 76  | 186
9  |  Switzerland (SUI) | 13  | 53  | 55  | 50  | 158
10  |  West Germany (FRG) | 4  | 42  | 43  | 35  | 120
11  |  Ukraine (UKR) | 7  | 38  | 51  | 52  | 141
12  |  Sweden (SWE) | 13  | 28  | 35  | 44  | 107
13  |  Japan (JPN) | 13  | 27  | 42  | 37  | 97
14  |  China (CHN) | 6  | 19  | 20  | 23  | 62
15  |  Slovakia (SVK) | 8  | 18  | 21  | 22  | 61
17  |  New Zealand (NZL) | 12  | 17  | 7  | 11  | 35
18  |  Italy (ITA) | 12  | 16  | 25  | 32  | 73
19  |  Spain (ESP) | 12  | 15  | 16  | 12  | 43
20  |  Australia (AUS) | 12  | 12  | 6  | 17  | 35

## List of Winter Paralympic Games

[edit]

1998

2002, 2034

2010

2010

2018

2022

class=notpageimage|

Non-European host cities of Winter Paralympic Games

1976

1980

1984,1988

2030

1992

1994

2006

2014

2026

2026

class=notpageimage|

European host cities of Winter Paralympic Games

Games  | Year  | Host  | Opened by  | Dates  | National Paralympic Committees  | Competitors  | Sports  | Events  | Top Nation

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Total  | Men  | Women
1 | 1976  |  Örnsköldsvik, Sweden | King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden | 21–28 February  | 16 | 196 |  |  | 2 | 53  |  West Germany (FRG)
2 | 1980  |  Geilo, Norway | King Olav V of Norway | 1–7 February  | 18 | 299 |  |  | 63  |  Norway (NOR)
3 | 1984  |  Innsbruck, Austria | President Rudolf Kirchschläger | 14–20 January  | 21 | 419 |  |  | 3 | 107  |  Austria (AUT)
4 | 1988  |  Innsbruck, Austria | President Kurt Waldheim | 18–25 January  | 22 | 377 |  |  | 4 | 97  |  Norway (NOR)
5 | 1992  |  Tignes and Albertville, France | President François Mitterrand | 25 March – 1 April  | 24 | 365 | 288 | 77 | 3 | 78  |  United States (USA)
6 | 1994  |  Lillehammer, Norway | Queen Sonja of Norway | 10–19 March  | 31 | 471 |  |  | 5 | 133 |  Norway (NOR)
7 | 1998  |  Nagano, Japan | Crown Prince Naruhito | 5–14 March  | 32 | 571 |  |  | 122  |  Norway (NOR)
8 | 2002  |  Salt Lake City, United States | President George W. Bush | 7–16 March  | 36 | 416 |  |  | 4 | 92  |  Germany (GER)
9 | 2006  |  Turin, Italy | President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | 10–19 March  | 39 | 486 |  |  | 5 | 58  |  Russia (RUS)
10 | 2010  |  Vancouver and Whistler, Canada | Governor General Michaëlle Jean | 12–21 March  | 44 | 506 |  |  | 64  |  Germany (GER)
11 | 2014  |  Sochi, Russia | President Vladimir Putin | 7–16 March  | 45 | 550 |  |  | 6 | 72  |  Russia (RUS)
12 | 2018  |  Pyeongchang, South Korea | President Moon Jae-in | 9–18 March  | 49 | 569 |  |  | 80  |  United States (USA)
13 | 2022  |  Beijing, China | President Xi Jinping | 4–13 March  | 46 | 564 |  |  | 78  |  China (CHN)
14 | 2026  |  Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy |  | 6–15 March |  |  |  |  | 79 |
15 | 2030  |  French Alps, France |  | 1-10 March |  |  |  |  |  |
16 | 2034  |  Salt Lake City, United States |  | 10–19 March |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

[edit]

* Sports portal

* Summer Paralympic Games

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Paralympic Games - Results". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
2. ^ a b "History of the Paralympics". BBC Sport. 2008-09-04. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
3. ^ a b c "Örnsköldsvik 1976". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
4. ^ "Results search". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
5. ^ a b "History of the Paralympic Games". The Government of Canada. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
6. ^ Slot, Owen (2001-02-03). "Cheating shame of Paralympics". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
7. ^ Grey-Thompson, Tanni (2008-09-11). "Cheating does happen in the Paralympics". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
8. ^ Maffly, Bryan (2002-03-13). "Skier Fails Drug Test". Salt Lake 2002 Paralympics. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
9. ^ "Paralympic athletes who harm themselves to perform better". BBC News Magazine. BBC. 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
10. ^ a b "The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect". International Paralympic Committee. 7 August 2016.
11. ^ Craven, Philip (7 August 2016). "The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee". International Paralympic Committee.
12. ^ Nicholson, Todd (7 August 2016). "The IPC decision on the membership status of the Russian Paralympic Committee". International Paralympic Committee.
13. ^ a b "Making sense of the categories". BBC Sport. 2000-10-06. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
14. ^ "Athlete Classification". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
15. ^ "Alpine Skiing". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
16. ^ "Biathlon". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
17. ^ "Classification information sheet Nordic Skiing". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
18. ^ "Ice Sledge Hockey". Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
19. ^ "Wheelchair curling". Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
20. ^ "Para-Snowboard Included in Sochi 2014 Paralympic Winter Games | IPC". Paralympic.org. 2012-05-28. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
21. ^ "Para Alpine Skiing Rules & Classification". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
22. ^ Only medals won since 1992 are counted. . Does not include the totals from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR).

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Paralympics.

* Paralympic Link Directory
* Official IPC Website
* Paralympics History By Susana Correia in Accessible Portugal Online Magazine

* v
* t
* e

Paralympic Games

* Charter
* Host cities
* IPC
* NPCs
* Medal tables
* Medalists
* Participating nations
* Summer
* Winter
* Sports
* Symbols

Summer Games|

* 1960 Rome
* 1964 Tokyo
* 1968 Tel Aviv
* 1972 Heidelberg
* 1976 Toronto
* 1980 Arnhem
* 1984 New York / Stoke Mandeville
* 1988 Seoul
* 1992 Barcelona / Madrid
* 1996 Atlanta
* 2000 Sydney
* 2004 Athens
* 2008 Beijing
* 2012 London
* 2016 Rio de Janeiro
* 2020 Tokyo†
* 2024 Paris
* 2028 Los Angeles
* 2032 Brisbane

Winter Games|

* 1976 Örnsköldsvik
* 1980 Geilo
* 1984 Innsbruck
* 1988 Innsbruck
* 1992 Tignes / Albertville
* 1994 Lillehammer
* 1998 Nagano
* 2002 Salt Lake City
* 2006 Turin
* 2010 Vancouver
* 2014 Sochi
* 2018 PyeongChang
* 2022 Beijing
* 2026 Milano Cortina
* 2030 French Alps
* 2034 Salt Lake City–Utah

†Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic

* v
* t
* e

Nations that have competed at the Paralympic Games

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Comoros
* Congo
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Aruba
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bermuda
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Curaçao
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Puerto Rico
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Virgin Islands

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* East Timor
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Macau
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Chinese Taipei
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Faroe Islands
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Gilbraltar
* Great Britain
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Israel1
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine

Oceania|

* Australia
* Winter
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Other|

* Independent Paralympic Participants
* Individual Paralympic Athletes
* Neutral Paralympic Athletes
* Refugee Paralympic Team
* RPC
* Unified Team

Historical|

* Czechoslovakia
* East Germany
* Rhodesia
* Serbia and Montenegro
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

1 Israel has been a member of the European Paralympic Committee (EOC) since 1994.

* v
* t
* e

Winter Paralympic Games host cities

* 1976: Örnsköldsvik
* 1980: Geilo
* 1984: Innsbruck
* 1988: Innsbruck

* 1992: Tignes-Albertville
* 1994: Lillehammer
* 1998: Nagano
* 2002: Salt Lake City

* 2006: Turin
* 2010: Vancouver
* 2014: Sochi
* 2018: Pyeongchang

* 2022: Beijing
* 2026: Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo
* 2030: French Alps
* 2034: Salt Lake City

|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

Multi-sport events

Global

Olympic Games|

* Olympic Games
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* Summer
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Parasports|

* Arafura Games
* Deaflympics
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* Défi sportif
* IBSA World Games
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* Special Olympics
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Professions|

* International Army Games
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Youth and students|

* FISU World University Games (Universiade)
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Intercommunity|

* Arab Games
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* Gay Games
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* World Polonia Games

Other|

* CSIT World Sports Games
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* World Beach Games
* World Combat Games
* World Games
* World Masters Games
* World Mind Games
* World Nomad Games
* World Skate Games
* World Urban Games
* X Games

Regional

Africa|

* African Games
* African Para Games
* African Youth Games
* All-Africa University Games
* African School Games
* West African University Games
* African Beach Games

Americas|

* Pan American
* Pan American Games
* Parapan American Games
* Junior Pan American Games
* Americas Masters Games
* Central American and the Caribbean
* Central American and Caribbean Games
* Central American Games
* Latin American
* ALBA Games
* Bolivarian Games
* North American
* CANUSA Games
* North American Indigenous Games
* North American Outgames
* South American
* South American Games
* South American Beach Games
* South American University Games
* South American Youth Games
* Caribbean
* Caribbean Games

Asia|

* Pan Asian
* Asian Games
* Summer
* Winter
* Asian Para Games
* Asian Beach Games
* Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
* Asian Youth Games
* Southeast Asian
* SEA Games
* ASEAN School Games
* ASEAN University Games
* ASEAN Para Games
* Central Asian Games
* East Asian Youth Games
* South Asian Games
* West Asian Games1

Europe|

* Black Sea Games1
* European Games
* European Masters Games
* European Championships
* European Para Championships
* European Para Youth Games
* European Youth Olympic Festival
* EuroGames
* European Universities Championships
* European Universities Games
* Games of the Small States of Europe
* International Erasmus Games

Oceania|

* Australian Youth Olympic Festival
* Micronesian Games
* Pacific Games
* Pacific Mini Games
* Arafura Games

Intercontinental|

* Arab Games
* Arctic Winter Games
* Asia Pacific Deaf Games
* Asia Pacific Masters Games
* Isles
* Indian Ocean Island Games
* Island Games
* Jeux des îles
* Mediterranean Games

National

Americas|

* Canada
* British Columbia
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Saskatchewan
* Western
* Colombia
* United States
* amateur juniors
* seniors
* Warrior Games

NCSG,
United States3|

* Alabama
* California
* Florida
* Massachusetts
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* New York
* North Carolina
* Lakota Nation
* Texas
* Wisconsin

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* All-China Games
* National Games
* National Peasants' Games
* National Youth Games
* India
* Youth
* University
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* National Games
* Para Games
* Student
* Youth
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Summer
* Winter
* Thailand
* Youth
* Vietnam
* Taiwan
* National Games (Taiwan)

Europe|

* Poland (youth)
* WheelPower

Historical1

Pre-Modern Olympics
(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD)|

* Tailteann Games (ancient)
* Panhellenic Games
* Ancient Olympic Games
* Pythian Games
* Nemean Games
* Isthmian Games
* Heraean Games
* Panathenaic Games
* Roman Games
* Cotswold Olimpick Games
* Gog Magog Games
* Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games
* Zappas Olympics

Alternatives to the
Modern Olympics|

* Aryan Games
* Friendship Games
* GANEFO
* Goodwill Games
* Inter-Allied Games
* Islamic Games
* Liberty Bell Classic
* People's Olympiad
* Workers' Olympiads
* Spartakiad

Defunct regional or
community events|

* Afro-Asian Games
* Asian Indoor Games
* Asian Martial Arts Games
* Baltic Sea Games
* Black Sea Games
* Central African Games
* East Asian Games
* Far Eastern Championship Games
* FESPIC Games
* Games of the New Emerging Forces
* Pacific Ocean Games
* Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR
* Tailteann Games (modern)
* West African Games
* Women's Islamic Games
* World Youth Games
* IWAS World Games
* Cerebral Palsy Games
* South African Games
* North Dakota
* Netherlands
* Spartakiad of Albania
* Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR
* youth

Winter sports

International|

* Olympics
* Paralympics
* Winter University Games
* FIS Games
* Nordic Games1
* Commonwealth1
* World Scout
* Arctic Winter Games
* Kennedy Memorial1
* New Zealand Winter Games
* Winter World Masters Games

Regional|

* National Winter Games of China
* Asian Winter Games
* European Youth Olympic Festival
* Winter X Games Europe
* Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games

* 1 Defunct
* 2 Sub-national
* 3 51 component games in 36 U.S. states

* Category
* List
* WikiProject

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