Witwatersrand

Ridge of erosion-resistant rock in South Africa

For Witwatersrand urban area, see Gauteng § Witwatersrand area. For The University of the Witwatersrand ("Wits University"), see University of the Witwatersrand.

Witwatersrand

Witpoortjie Falls in the Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden, formerly the Witwatersrand National Botanical Gardens. Waterfalls like this, cascading over a 56-kilometre-long (35 mi) quartzite ridge in Gauteng gave rise to the name “Witwatersrand”, which means “white water ridge” in Afrikaans.

Highest point
Elevation| 1,913 m (6,276 ft)
Coordinates| 26°12′13″S 28°2′34″E﻿ / ﻿26.20361°S 28.04278°E﻿ / -26.20361; 28.04278
Dimensions
Length| 56 km (35 mi) ESE/WNW
Width| 10 km (6.2 mi) NNE/SSW
Geography

Witwatersrand

Country| South Africa
Provinces|

* North West
* Gauteng
* Mpumalanga

Geology
Orogeny| Vredefort impact structure
Rock age| Archean
Rock types|

* Quartzites
* conglomerates
* banded ironstones
* tillites
* shales

Climbing
Easiest route| From Gauteng or Pretoria

The Witwatersrand (UK: /wɪtˈwɔːtərzrænd, -rɑːnd/, US also /ˈwɪtwɔːtərz-/;[1] Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˌvətˌvɑːtəɾsˈɾant]; locally the Rand or, less commonly, the Reef) is a 56-kilometre-long (35 mi), north-facing scarp in South Africa. It consists of a hard, erosion-resistant quartzite metamorphic rock, over which several north-flowing rivers form waterfalls, which account for the name Witwatersrand, meaning 'white water ridge' in Afrikaans.[2] This east-west-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap, from Bedfordview (about 10 km [6.2 mi] west of O.R. Tambo International Airport) in the east, through Johannesburg and Roodepoort, to Krugersdorp in the west (see the diagram at left below).[3]

The scarp forms the northern edge of a 7-to-10-kilometre-wide (4–6 mi) plateau (or ridge) which rises about 200 m (660 ft) above the surrounding plains of the Highveld. A number of picturesque Johannesburg suburbs, including Observatory, Linksfield Ridge and Upper Houghton are located along the scarp, overlooking the rest of northern Johannesburg with views up to the Magaliesburg[4] (although locals refer to segments of the scarp using area-specific names, such as Linksfield Ridge, Parktown Ridge or Observatory Ridge).[5][6] The entire plateau-like structure is also often called the Witwatersrand. The plateau's elevation above sea-level is between 1,700 and 1,800 metres (5,600–5,900 ft).

The Witwatersrand plateau forms a continental divide, with the run-off to the north draining into the Indian Ocean via the Crocodile and Limpopo rivers, while the run-off to the south drains via the Vaal into the Orange River and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean.[3][7][8]

Because of the extraordinary quantities of gold that have been extracted from the Witwatersrand rocks, the South African currency was named the rand in 1961 upon the declaration of the republic.

Witwatersrand and the Rand are names for the conurbation that developed along the range, although the terms are falling into disuse[citation needed] and Witwatersrand was the "W" in PWV (Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging), the initial name of Gauteng province. In this context, it has lent its name to institutions including the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits University) and the defunct Rand Afrikaans University (RAU, now part of the University of Johannesburg), and to towns and regions such as the East Rand, West Rand and Randburg.

## Geology

[edit]

A diagrammatic north–south cross section through the Witwatersrand ridge / plateau, below the Johannesburg city center. Only the major subgroups of rocks are shown, each of which is made up of many separate layers of varying composition. The harder layers form the hills, and the softer layers the valleys. The oldest rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup form the Orange Grove Quartzite layer. This forms the scarp in the north, from which the Witwatersrand derives its name. The granite to the north of the Orange Grove Quartzite scarp is around 3.2 billion years old, and is an exposed portion of the underlying Kaapvaal Craton on which a large portion of South Africa rests. (See illustration below.) To place this diagram into its broader context, see the diagrammatic geological cross section through the Vredefort impact structure at the end of the article.

The Witwatersrand plateau consists of a 5000-to-7000-metre-thick (3.1–4.3 mi) layer of mainly sedimentary rocks laid down over a period of about 260 million years, starting approximately 2.97 billion years ago.[9] The entire series of rocks, known as the "Witwatersrand Supergroup", consists of very hard erosion resistant quartzites, banded ironstones and some marine lava deposits, interspersed with softer, more easily eroded tillites, mudstones and conglomerates. The oldest rocks (laid down 2.97 billion years ago) form the northern scarp of the Witwatersrand plateau; the youngest (laid down 2.71 billion years ago) are those that form the southern edge of the plateau.

Gold is found in the conglomerate strata of the younger members of the Supergroup, locally referred to as banket. The abundance of this gold is without a natural equal anywhere else in the world. Over 40,000 tonnes (44,000 short tons) have been mined from these rocks since this precious metal was first discovered here in 1886. This accounts for approximately 22% of all the gold that is accounted for today.[3]

Not all the conglomerates contain gold, and of those that do (known as "reefs" by the miners), the gold is not uniformly distributed throughout the layer, but tends to occur in streaks, where the pebbles that make up the conglomerate are larger than elsewhere. Here the gold is associated with other minerals, especially iron pyrite and uraninite, as well as carbon rich materials such as kerogen, or bitumen, which occurs in small balls less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in size, called "flyspeck carbon", or as continuous layers about 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) thick.[2][9] The gold-bearing conglomerates occur chiefly in the upper, younger layers of the Witwatersrand Supergroup of rocks, on the southern side of the Witwatersrand plateau.

The Witwatersrand Supergroup strata which reach the surface in Johannesburg dip downwards to the south at an angle of about 30°.[3] From there on they are almost everywhere, with very few exceptions (see below), covered by younger rocks.[10] Gold mining in these buried portions of the Witwatersrand Supergroup is sometimes carried out at depths of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) below the surface.[9][11]

### Witwatersrand Basin

[edit]

Witwatersrand Basin and major goldfields Carbon Leader Gold Ore, Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine, Carletonville Goldfield, West Witwatersrand. The Carbon Leader is a blackened, hydrocarbon-rich stromatolitic interval richly impregnated with native gold and uraninite. This is a paleoplacer deposit, part of an ancient alluvial fan succession. High-grade gold ore from the Witwatersrand near Johannesburg.

The Witwatersrand Basin is a largely underground geological formation which surfaces in the Witwatersrand. It holds the world's largest known gold reserves and has produced over 40000 tonnes (1.3×109 ozt), which represents about 22% of all the gold accounted for above the surface.[3] The basin straddles the old provinces of Transvaal and the Orange Free State, and consists of a 5000–7000 m thick layer of Archean, mainly sedimentary rocks laid down over a period of about 260 million years, starting about 3000 million years ago.[9] The entire series of rocks, known as the "Witwatersrand Supergroup" consists of quartzites, banded ironstones, mudstones, tillites, conglomerates and some marine lava deposits. Most of the basin is deeply buried under younger rocks, but outcrops occur in Gauteng, the Free State, as well as in some of the surrounding Provinces. The outcrop in Gauteng forms the Witwatersrand ridge, from which the basin and its rocks derive their name. It was on the southern portion of this ridge that gold was first discovered on the farm Langlaagte in 1886, 5 km west of Johannesburg.[3][2] Since this gold was embedded in a conglomerate, it was first assumed that this was alluvial gold in an old riverbed, that had been tilted as a result of earth movements.[3][2] However, when it was found that, traced downdip, the conglomerate was not merely developed for the narrow width of a river, but continued in depth, there came the realisation that this conglomeratic zone was part of a sedimentary succession.[2] The conglomerate was quickly traced east and westward for a total continuous distance of 50 km (31 mi) to define what became known as the "Central Rand Gold Field".

It has since been established that the rocks that make up the Witwatersrand Ridge dip downwards and southwards to form the largely underground "Witwatersrand Basin" which covers an elliptical area with a 300 km (190 mi) long major axis from Evander in the north-east to Theunissen in the south-west, and 150 km (93 mi) wide stretching from Steynsrus in the south-east to Coligny in the north-west,[2] with a small subsidiary basin at Kinross. Gold occurs only along the northern and western margins of this basin, but not in a continuous band. The gold-bearing rocks are limited to six sites where Archean rivers from the north and west formed fan deltas, with many braided channels, before flowing into the "Witwatersrand Sea" to the south, where the earlier sediments that form the older rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup had been deposited. Some of these gold bearing fan deltas are now at depths of 4 km (2.5 mi) below the surface.[3][2] Although many of the older mines, around Johannesburg, are now nearly exhausted, the Witwatersrand Basin still produces most of South Africa's gold and much of the total world output. Silver, uranium, and iridium are recovered as gold-refining by-products.[12]

### Geological origin

[edit]

The Witwatersrand basin was created during the Archean Eon, and is therefore amongst the oldest geological structures on Earth. It was laid down in two stages, over the course of 260 million years starting just short of 3 billion years ago. The first phase, lasting 60 million years, consisted of sedimentary deposits in a shallow sea, conveniently named the "Witwatersrand Sea". The resulting 2500–4500 m thick layer of sediments is termed the "West Rand Group" of Witwatersrand rocks. The second phase, which lasted for 200 million years, followed on from the first phase, with on-land deposits, resulting from the retreat of the Witwatersrand Sea, leaving a wide almost flat coastal plain over which rivers from the north formed wide braided river deltas, into some of which rich deposits of gold were deposited. The resulting 2500 m thick layer of rock is termed the "Central Rand Group". The "West Rand Group" and "Central Rand Group" of rocks together form the "Witwatersrand Supergroup", the full horizontal extent of which is termed the Witwatersrand Basin.[3][9][2]

A timeline of the Earth's geological history, with an emphasis on events in Southern Africa. W indicates when the Witwatersrand supergroup was laid down, C the Cape supergroup, and K the Karoo Supergroup. The graph also indicates the period during which banded ironstone formations were formed on Earth, indicative of an oxygen-free atmosphere. The Earth's crust was wholly or partially molten during the Hadean Eon; the oldest rocks on Earth are therefore less than 4000 million years old. One of the first microcontinents to form was the Kaapvaal Craton. An ashtray carved out of a soft form of banded ironstone. Note the alternating red and beige layers that make up this rock. The red layers much richer in iron (III) oxides (Fe

3) were laid down during time periods when Archean photosynthesizing cyanobacteria produced oxygen that rapidly reacted with the dissolved iron (II) (Fe2+
) in water, to form insoluble iron oxide (hematite). The beige layers are sediments that settled during time periods when there was no (or much less) precipitation of iron oxide due to the depletion of dissolved oxygen or Fe2+
in water. The earth's atmosphere was oxygen-free until about 2000 million years ago, when the rate of photosynthetic oxygen production began to exceed its rate of reaction with oxidizable substances (i.e. reducing agents such as Fe2+
, or HS−
).[13] A diagrammatic representation of the position and size of the Kaapvaal Craton, outlined in red, in relation to present-day Southern Africa. The blue area depicts the portion of the craton that subsided below the "Witwatersrand Sea", about 3000 million years ago. It is in this sea that the sediments accumulated that would ultimately form the "West Rand Group" portion of the "Witwatersrand Supergroup" of rocks. The younger "Central Rand Group" of rocks accumulated on the low, flat coastal plain (see diagram below) after the Witwatersrand Sea had retreated southwards as a result of uplifting of the craton, especially in the north. CT indicates Cape Town, D Durban, B Bloemfontein, J Johannesburg, and K Kimberley. A diagrammatic presentation of the rivers that flowed into the Witwatersrand sea after 43000 m of sediment had already been deposited in the basin. The fast flowing rivers cascading down the mountains to the north now flowed over a wide flat coastal plain to form broad deltas of sluggish braided rivers, where the heavy materials (cobbles, gold, uranium and iron pyrite etc.) carried down from the mountains settled out, to form the gold bearing "Central Rand Group" deposits. Today's gold ore is confined to the fossil river deltas. The position of the Kaapvaal Craton (khaki coloured area) beneath the South African landscape, and the shrunken, shallow Witwatersrand Sea (light blue) at the time that gold was deposited in the broad, river deltas of six rivers that flowed into that sea, dropping all their heavier materials (cobbles, gold, uranium iron pyrite etc.) in the braided rivers of the deltas (see illustration on the left). Most of these gold deposits are deep under the South African surface, but form outcrops (exposures at the surface) along the Witwatersrand ridge. The six gold fields thus established are, in order from the west, moving clockwise, to the northern shore of the Witwatersrand sea, Welkom, Klerksdorp, Carletonville, West Rand, East Rand and Evander.[2]

There were no continents during the early stages of the Archean Eon,[14] but island arcs did form. It was the coalescence of several of these island arcs that led to the formation of the Kaapvaal Craton, one of the first microcontinents to form on Earth about 3.9 billion years ago.[9] Its size and position relative to Southern Africa today are indicated in the diagram on the left. About 3 billion years ago local cooling of the underlying asthenosphere caused subsidence of the south eastern portion of this microcontinent below sea level.[9] The floor of this newly formed "Witwatersrand sea" consisted of smoothly eroded granites. Sandy sediments brought in by rivers from the north started being deposited on the granite about 2.97 billion years ago. This sandy layer eventually became compressed to form the Orange Grove Quartzite, the lowermost layer of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. This quartzite layer can be seen lying on its granite base in Johannesburg, where it forms a 56 km long east–west ridge over which several rivers running to the north form waterfalls, giving rise to the name Witwatersrand, which in Afrikaans means "Ridge of White Waters".

A schematic diagram of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2020 million year old Vredefort impact structure and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.

There was no free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere until about 2 billion years ago, before the appearance and sufficient development of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria.[13] The oxygen produced by these microorganisms rapidly reacted with, amongst others, Fe2+ ions dissolved in water, precipitating insoluble red iron oxide (hematite). For various reasons, the sedimentation of the fine grain mud was affected by cyclic episodes with more or less precipitation of iron oxides. The result was alternating red and beige layers of mud which, when consolidated, became banded ironstones.[13]

As the sea deepened, finer grained and muddy sediments accumulated. Changing geographical conditions resulted in the accumulation of a wide variety of sediments, ranging from mud, to sand, to gravel, and banded ironstones. Tillite deposits, dating from 2.95 billion years ago, are indicative of the first glaciation episodes on earth.[9][15] Within 60 million years, up to 4500 m of sediment had accumulated on the granite base, to become the "West Rand Group" of rocks that contribute over 60% of the total thickness of the Witwatersrand Supergroup.[3][9][15]

Uplifting of the north of the Kaapvaal Craton, in addition to orogenesis (mountain formation), towards the end of the deposition of the "West Rand Group" of sediments caused the Witwatersrand sea to retreat. The area of the craton on top of which Johannesburg is now situated, became a vast riverine plain, which extended along the entire northern and western shoreline of the shrunken sea, in an arc extending from Evander in the east, through Johannesburg, Carletonville and then southwards to Klerksdorp and Welkom in the south-west. The rivers formed braided deltas with many interlacing, slow flowing channels where all the heavy materials brought down from the mountains were deposited: large pebbles, and heavy minerals, such as gold, iron pyrite, and uraninite. The gold was in its free elemental form. Cyanobacteria grew in relative abundance in these mineral rich waters.[3][9][15] The kerogen, or bitumen, that is found in association with the gold deposits almost certainly represents what remains of these Archean photosynthesizing micro-organisms.[9]

It is clear that for the next 200 million years the flood plain was repeatedly inundated, sometimes eroded, and sediments re-deposited. The result was a 2500 m thick layer of rock that is termed the "Central Rand Group", which together with the "West Rand Group", forms the "Witwatersrand Supergroup". It is the younger Central Rand Group that contains most of the gold bearing conglomerates, locally referred to as banket, that are today of great economic importance.

The "Central Rand Group" of deposits was brought to an abrupt end by massive outpourings of lava, which form the Ventersdorp lavas which erupted 2.715 billion years ago.[9] The cause of these lava outpourings is a matter of speculation. It might be related to the collision of the Kaapvaal Craton with the Zimbabwe Craton, eventually to become knitted together to form a single continental unit.

A schematic diagram of the area surrounding the Vredefort Dome, where a massive meteor created an impact crater 300 km in diameter 2020 million years ago. The red dot represents the point of impact. The outer circle has a radius of 150 km, and indicates the approximate location of the crater rim. The inner circle marks the 100 km distance from the centre. Note that the outcrops (surface exposures) of Witwatersrand rocks (yellow areas) are located at 25 km from the point of impact and then again at about 80–120 km from the centre. The locations of important towns and cities in the region are indicate in the appropriate places. The red line in the detail of the Johannesburg region shows the location of the scarp/ridge that gave the "Witwatersrand" its name; the purple line the location where the main gold bearing reef is exposed at the surface, just south of Johannesburg.

A final event that had a major impact on the geology of the Witwatersrand Basin and its exposure in the Johannesburg region, was a massive meteor impact 110 km to the south-west of Johannesburg 2.02 billion years ago.[3][9] The impact was close to the present village of Vredefort, which has given its name to the geological remnant of this immense event: the Vredefort Dome. Not only are the remains of this impact among the oldest on Earth, but it is also one of the largest meteor impacts to have left its imprint on present-day Earth geology.[3][9] A meteor 10–15 km across created a 300 km diameter crater, distorting all the rock strata within that circle. Johannesburg is just within the outer edge of this impact crater. In the immediate vicinity of the impact all the subterranean strata were uplifted and upturned, so that Witwatersrand rocks are exposed in an arc 25 km away from the impact centre. There are no gold deposits in these outcrops. The meteor impact, however, lowered the Witwatersrand basin inside the crater. This protected it from erosion later on; but, possibly more importantly, bringing it to the surface close to the crater rim, near Johannesburg.[9] In fact, apart from the Witwatersrand outcrops (i.e. where these rocks are exposed at the surface) in the immediate vicinity of the Vredefort Dome, virtually all the other outcrops occur in an arc approximately 80–120 km from the centre of the impact crater, to the west, north-west, north and north-east.[10] Thus, it is possible that if it had not been for the Vredefort asteroid strike 2 billion years ago, we would either have never discovered the rich gold deposits beneath the Southern African surface, or they would have been eroded away during the uninterrupted removal of a several kilometres thick layer of deposits from the surface of the Southern African Plateau in the relatively recent geological past: i.e. the past 150 million years, but especially during the last 20 million years.[9]

### Gold origin

[edit]

The vast majority of the Earth's gold and other heavy metals are locked up in the earth's core. Evidence from tungsten isotope studies indicates that most gold in the crust is derived from gold in the mantle which resulted from a meteorite bombardment some 3900 million years ago (i.e., at approximately the time that the Kaapvaal Craton formed). The gold bearing meteorite events occurred millions of years after the segregation of the Earth's core.[16] The gold in the Witwatersrand Basin area was deposited in Archean river deltas having been washed down from surrounding gold-rich greenstone belts to the north and west. Rhenium-osmium isotope studies indicate that the gold in those mineral deposits came from unusual 3 billion year old mantle-derived intrusions known as komatiite, present in the greenstone belts.[17]

## Consequences of mining the ancient Witwatersrand rocks

[edit]

Further information: Acid mine drainage

Apart from the obvious hollowing out of the rocks below southern Johannesburg, causing unpredictable sinkholes, surface instabilities and earth tremors,[18] the bringing to the surface of rocks that had been laid down in oxygen-free conditions had unforeseen effects. Iron pyrite (FeS2), which is relatively plentiful in the gold ores of the Witwatersrand, oxidises to insoluble ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Thus, when mine waste comes into contact with oxygenated rainwater, sulfuric acid is released into the ground water. Acid mine drainage, as the phenomenon is called, has become a major ecological problem, because it dissolves many of the heavy elements, such as the uranium, cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic and mercury found in the mine dumps, facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water.[9][18][19] The tailings ponds contain an average of 100 mg/kg of U3O8, and uranium levels are measureable in human hair.[20]

Sulfuric acid also erodes concrete and cement structures, resulting in structural damage to buildings and bridges.[18][19]

## History

[edit]

Although gold had been discovered in various locations in South Africa, such as Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest, as well as at several sites near the Witwatersrand, these were alluvial concentrates in contemporary rivers, or in quartz veins, in the form that gold had always been found elsewhere on earth. When George Harrison, probably accompanied by George Walker, found gold on the farm Langlaagte, 5 km (3 mi) west of what would become the city of Johannesburg, in an outcrop of conglomerate rocks, in February 1886, they assumed that this was alluvial gold in an old riverbed, that had been tilted as a result of earth movements.[2][3] However, when it was found that, traced downdip, the conglomerate was not merely developed for the narrow width of a river, but continued in depth, there came the realisation that this conglomeratic zone was part of a sedimentary succession.[2] Harrison had stumbled on the Main Reef conglomerate (part of the "Johannesburg Subgroup" of rocks — see illustration above). The conglomerate was quickly traced east and westward for a total continuous distance of 50 km (31 mi) to define what became known as the "Central Rand Gold Field".

Gold production on the Witwatersrand
1898 to 1910[21]: 134 Year | No. of
mines | Gold output
fine (troy) ounces | Value
(million GB£) | Relative
2010 value
(million GB£)[22]

|
|
|
|

1898 | 77 | 4295608 | £15.14 | £6910
1899 (Jan–Oct) | 85 | 3946545 | £14.05 | £6300
1899 Nov – 1901 Apr | 12 | 574043 | £2.02 | £908
1901 (May–Dec) | 12 | 238994 | £1.01 | £441
1902 | 45 | 1690100 | £7.18 | £3090
1903 | 56 | 2859482 | £12.15 | £5220
1904 | 62 | 3658241 | £15.54 | £6640
1905 | 68 | 4706433 | £19.99 | £8490
1906 | 66 | 5559534 | £23.62 | £9890
1907 | 68 | 6220227 | £26.42 | £10800
1908 | 74 | 6782538 | £28.81 | £11700
1909 | 72 | 7039136 | £29.90 | £12200
1910 | 63 | 7228311 | £30.70 | £12400

Harrison declared his claim with the then-government of the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek (ZAR), and in September 1886 President Paul Kruger issued a proclamation declaring nine farms public mining diggings, starting on 20 September 1886.[3] This heralded the historic Witwatersrand Gold Rush. Harrison is believed to have sold his claim for less than £10 before leaving the area, and he was never heard from again.

The street entrance of George Harrison Park

Harrison's original Zoekers' (in English: seekers', or prospectors') Claim No 19 was declared a national monument in 1944, and named Harrison's Park.[23] The park is on the busy Main Reef Road, immediately west of Nasrec Road.[3] In 1887 Cecil John Rhodes registered "The Gold Fields of South Africa" in London, South Africa's first mining house, with a capital of £250000. His brother Thomas was the first chairman.[3]

## See also

[edit]

* Geography of South Africa
* Great Escarpment, Southern Africa
* Borakalalo Game Reserve
* Pilanesberg
* List of mountain ranges of South Africa
* Witwatersrand Gold Rush
* Thuchomyces

## Further reading

[edit]

* Breckenridge, Keith Derek (1995) An Age of Consent: law, discipline, and violence on the South African gold mines, 1910-1933. Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.
* Cammack, Diana (1990) The Rand at War: the Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer war 1899-1902. London: James Currey
* Herd, Norman (1966) 1922: the revolt on the Rand. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Truswell, J.F. (1977). The Geological Evolution of South Africa. pp. 21, 27–28, 33–36. Cape Town: Purnell.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Norman, N.; Whitfield, G. (2006) Geological Journeys. pp. 38–49, 60–61. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
4. ^ "Three Historic Johannesburg Passes | The Heritage Portal". theheritageportal.co.za. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
5. ^ Clive Chipkin. "Appendix A: Historical overview of the Corridors of Freedom" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
6. ^ "Johannesburg walking tour: Hillbrow-Berea Ridge". 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
7. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1975). Micropaedia, Vol. X. p. 720. Helen Hemingway Benton, Chicago.
8. ^ "Water, water... everywhere - Johannesburg's streams and rivers | The Heritage Portal". www.theheritageportal.co.za. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q McCarthy, T.; Rubridge, B. (2005). The Story of Earth and Life. Cape Town, S.A.: Struik Publishers. pp. 89–90, 102–107, 134–136.
10. ^ a b Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.
11. ^ Wadhams, Nicholas (6 November 2007). "World's Deepest Mines Highlight Risks of New Gold Rush". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007.
12. ^ "THE GOLD PROJECT". www.goldsheetlinks.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2001.
13. ^ a b c Margulis, L., Sagan, D. (1995). ’’What is Life?’’. p. 81-83. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
14. ^ Stanley, S.M. (1999). Earth System History. pp. 297–301. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. ISBN 0-7167-2882-6.
15. ^ a b c Tankard, A.J., Jackson, M.P.A, Erikson, K.A., Hobday, D.K., Hunter, D.R., Minter, W.E.L. (1982). Crustal Evolution of Southern Africa. 3.8 Billion Years of Earth History.pp. 118–139. Springer-Verlag, New York.
16. ^ Battison, Leila; Meteorites delivered gold to Earth, BBC News, Science & Environment, 8 September 2011 [1] Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
17. ^ Kirk, Jason; Joakin Ruiz; John Chesley and Spencer Titley; The Origin of Gold in South Africa, American Scientist, Vol 91, Nov.-Dec 2003, pp. 534–531 [2] Archived 4 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ a b c Brink, A.B.A. (1996). "Engineering Geology of Southern Africa". pp. 81–160. Building Publications, Pretoria.
19. ^ a b Behind gold's glitter, torn lands and pointed questions Archived 7 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 24 October 2005. (PDF). Retrieved on 4 May 2012.
20. ^ Winde, Frank; Geipel, Gerhard; Espina, Carolina; Schüz, Joachim (27 June 2019). "Human exposure to uranium in South African gold mining areas using barber-based hair sampling". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0219059. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1419059W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219059. PMC 6597193. PMID 31247044.
21. ^ Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996). Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 510\. ISBN 978-962-209-423-9.
22. ^ Measuring Worth Archived 10 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount – average earnings, retrieved on 27 January 2011
23. ^ "Outcrop of Main Reef Group of Conglomerates Langlaagte Johannesburg-9/2/228/0196". South African Heritage Resource Agency. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Witwatersrand at Wikimedia Commons
* Corner, B.; Durrheim, R.J; Nicolaysen, L.O (1990). "Relationships between the Vredefort structure and the Witwatersrand basin within the tectonic framework of the Kaapvaal craton as interpreted from regional gravity and aeromagnetic data". Tectonophysics. 171 (1–4): 49–61. Bibcode:1990Tectp.171...49C. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90089-Q.

* v
* t
* e

Geology of South Africa

Geological formations

* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa

| Palaeoarchaean|

* Bushveld Igneous Complex
* Fig Tree Formation
* Komatii Formation
* Moodies Group
* Onverwacht Group
* Transvaal Supergroup

|

Paleozoic|

* Carboniferous
* Dwyka Group
* Ganigobis Formation
* Devonian
* Bokkeveld Group
* Table Mountain Sandstone
* Permian
* Abrahamskraal Formation
* Balfour Formation
* Dwyka Group
* Ganigobis Formation
* Teekloof Formation
* Whitehill Formation
* Ordovician
* Soom Shale

Mesozoic|

* Cretaceous
* Uitenhage Group
* Buffelskloof Formation
* Enon Formation
* Kirkwood Formation
* Sundays River Formation
* Kalahari Deposits

* Jurassic
* Drakensberg Group
* Enon Formation
* Uitenhage Group
* Karoo Supergroup
* Beaufort Group
* Abrahamskraal Formation
* Balfour Formation
* Katberg Formation
* Middleton Formation
* Teekloof Formation
* Dwyka Group
* Ecca Group
* Whitehill Formation
* Stormberg Group
* Bushveld Sandstone
* Clarens Formation
* Elliot Formation
* Triassic
* Elliot Formation
* Katberg Formation
* Molteno Formation
* Normandien Formation

Cenozoic|

* Algoa Group

‎Tectonics and orogeny

* Algoa Basin
* Cape Fold Belt
* Ellisras Basin
* Gondwanide orogeny
* Kaapvaal Craton
* Kalahari Craton
* Makhonjwa Mountains
* Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
* Terra Australis Orogen
* Transvaal Basin
* Witteberg
* Witwatersrand Basin

| Volcanism|

* List of volcanoes in South Africa
* Pilanesberg
* Pilanesberg Game Reserve
* Prince Edward Islands
* Diatremes
* Big Hole
* Finsch diamond mine
* Jagersfontein Mine
* Koffiefontein mine
* Barberton Greenstone Belt
* Drakensberg
* Karoo-Ferrar

|

Earthquakes|

* 1620 Robben Island earthquake
* 1969 Tulbagh earthquake
* 2006 Mozambique earthquake
* 2014 Orkney earthquake

Impact craters|

* Kalkkop crater
* Morokweng impact structure
* Tswaing crater
* Vredefort impact structure

Meteorites|

* Bellsbank meteorite

‎Mineral deposits

* Kimberlite
* Merensky Reef
* Witwatersrand
* Banket (mining term)

* Coal in South Africa
* Iron ore in Africa
* Platinum in Africa
* Titanium in Africa
* Uranium in Africa

* Minerals Council South Africa
* Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
* Department of Mineral Resources and Energy

Paleontology‎

* List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
* Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
* Waterloo Farm lagerstätte

| Ordovician|

* Notiodella
* Onychopterella
* Promissum
* Soomaspis

|

Devonian|

* Africanaspis
* Antarctilamna
* Bainella
* Deltacephalaspis
* Diplacanthus
* Gondwanascorpio
* Priscomyzon
* Serenichthys
* Tutusius
* Umzantsia

Carboniferous|

* Dadoxylon
* Lepidodendron

Permian|

* Abdalodon
* Alopecognathus
* Anomocephalus
* Basilodon
* Bulbasaurus
* Charassognathus
* Cistecephaloides
* Crapartinella
* Cynosaurus
* Dicynodontoides
* Diictodon
* Dinanomodon
* Dinogorgon
* Dwykaselachus
* Endothiodon
* Eunotosaurus
* Galechirus
* Glanosuchus
* Glossopteris
* Hofmeyria
* Ictidognathus
* Ictidosuchoides
* Lepidodendron
* Lycosuchus
* Mesosaurus
* Moschops
* Odontocyclops
* Procynosuchus
* Scylacosaurus
* Scymnosaurus
* Simorhinella
* Stereosternum
* Theriognathus
* Thliptosaurus
* Trochosaurus
* Youngina

Beaufort Group|

* Aelurosaurus
* Anomocephalus
* Basilodon
* Blattoidealestes
* Brachyprosopus
* Broomistega
* Cistecephaloides
* Choerosaurus
* Clelandina
* Colobodectes
* Compsodon
* Cryptocynodon
* Cynariognathus
* Cynosaurus
* Diictodon
* Dinanomodon
* Eodicynodon
* Eohyosaurus
* Emyduranus
* Euchambersia
* Homodontosaurus
* Icticephalus
* Ictidochampsa
* Ictidodon
* Ictidodraco
* Ictidostoma
* Lanthanostegus
* Leontosaurus
* Lepidodendron
* Lycideops
* Macroscelesaurus
* Moschorhinus
* Paliguana
* Pelictosuchus
* Polycynodon
* Pristerodon
* Pristerognathoides
* Pristerognathus
* Procolophon
* Promoschorhynchus
* Scalopocephalus
* Silpholestes
* Tamboeria
* Uranocentrodon

| Assemblages|

* Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
* Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
* Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
* Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
* Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
* Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone

|

Triassic|

* Batrachosuchus
* Blikanasaurus
* Bolotridon
* Cynognathus
* Diademodon
* Dinanomodon
* Elliotherium
* Ericiolacerta
* Erythrosuchus
* Erythrotherium
* Eucnemesaurus
* Euskelosaurus
* Galesaurus
* Howesia
* Ictidosuchoides
* Kannemeyeria
* Lepidodendron
* Lydekkerina
* Lystrosaurus
* Melanorosaurus
* Mesosuchus
* Microgomphodon
* Micropholis
* Myosaurus
* Noteosuchus
* Olivierosuchus
* Orosaurus
* Pentasaurus
* Plateosauravus
* Platycraniellus
* Procolophon
* Progalesaurus
* Prolacerta
* Proterosuchus
* Ptychoceratodus
* Regisaurus
* Scaloposaurus
* Scymnosaurus
* Shansiodon
* Tetracynodon
* Thrinaxodon
* Trirachodon
* Ufudocyclops
* Zorillodontops

| Assemblages|

* Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
* Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone

|

Jurassic|

* Aardonyx
* Abrictosaurus
* Antetonitrus
* Arcusaurus
* Coelophysis
* Coelophysis rhodesiensis
* Dracovenator
* Eocursor
* Erythrotherium
* Fabrosaurus
* Geranosaurus
* Gigantoscelus
* Gryponyx
* Gyposaurus
* Heterodontosaurus
* Ledumahadi
* Lesothosaurus
* Litargosuchus
* Lycorhinus
* Massospondylus
* Ngwevu
* Pegomastax
* Ptychoceratodus
* Pulanesaura
* Sefapanosaurus
* Sphenosuchus
* Tritheledon

Cretaceous|

* Acanthohoplites
* Algoasaurus
* Baculites
* Kangnasaurus
* Macroscaphites
* Nqwebasaurus
* Paranthodon
* Ptychoceratodus

Paleogene|

* Nummulite

Neogene|

* Africanacetus
* Nummulite

Pleistocene|

* Boskop Man
* Homo naledi
* Panthera shawi
* Vulpes skinneri

Other|

* Cradle of Humankind
* Planolites
* Scylacorhinus
* West Coast Fossil Park
* Waterloo Farm lagerstätte

Research and administration‎

* Council for Geoscience
* Evolutionary Studies Institute
* Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
* Geological Society of South Africa

| Geologists|

* Hans Merensky

|

Paleontologists|

* Andrew Geddes Bain
* Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
* Charles Kimberlin Brain
* Robert Broom
* Alfred Brown
* Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
* H. Basil S. Cooke
* Alfred W. Crompton
* Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
* Andre Keyser
* James Kitching
* John Talbot Robinson
* George William Stow
* Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker

Regional articles

* Geology of Cape Town

Other

* Pothole (geology)
* Steep structure
* Swazian

* Geology portal
* South Africa portal
* Category
*   * Glossary

* v
* t
* e

Greater Johannesburg

Natural environment

* Highveld

| Geology|

* Kaapvaal Craton
* Transvaal Supergroup
* Transvaal Basin
* Witwatersrand Supergroup
* Witwatersrand Basin
* Banket

|

Topography|

* Witwatersrand
* Observatory Ridge
* Magaliesberg (partially)
* Vredefort impact structure (partially)

Rivers and
wetlands|

| Vaal-Orange basin|

* Blesbokspruit
* Braamfontein Spruit
* Hennops River
* Jukskei River
* Klip River
* Wonderfonteinspruit

|

Limpopo basin|

* Crocodile River
* Wilge River

Climate|

* 2016 flooding
* 2018–2021 drought

Cradle of
Humankind|

* Taung Child
* Mrs Ples
* Little Foot
* Rising Star Expedition
* Underground Astronauts

| Fossil sites|

* Bolt's Farm
* Cooper's Cave
* Drimolen
* Gladysvale
* Haasgat
* Kromdraai
* Malapa
* Minnaar's Cave
* Motsetsi
* Plovers Lake
* Rising Star Cave
* Sterkfontein
* Swartkrans
* Wonder Cave

|

Biodiversity|

* Highveld grasslands (ecoregion)
* Montane grasslands and shrublands (biome)
* Afrotropical realm (biogeographic realm)
* Palaeotropical kingdom (floristic kingdom)
* Northern Provinces (WGSRPD area)
* Timber trees

| Vegetation types|

* Andesite Mountain Bushveld
* Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
* Eastern Highveld Grassland
* Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
* Egoli Granite Grassland
* Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
* Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
* Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
* Moot Plains Bushveld
* Rand Highveld Grassland
* Soweto Highveld Grassland
* Tsakane Clay Grassland
* Urban woodland

|

Parks and gardens|

* Brenthurst Gardens
* Delta Park
* Donald Mackay Park
* Emmarentia Dam
* Huddle Park
* Johannesburg Botanical Garden
* Johannesburg Zoo
* Pullinger Kop Park
* Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
* Wemmer Pan
* Zoo Lake

Nature reserves|

* Abe Bailey Nature Reserve
* Aloe Ridge Game Reserve
* Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve
* Kloofendal Nature Reserve
* Kromdraai Conservancy
* Krugersdorp Game Reserve
* Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
* Marievale Bird Sanctuary
* Melville Koppies
* Olifantsvlei Nature Reserve
* Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve
* The Wilds Municipal Nature Reserve

Human impact|

* Acid mine drainage
* Mine dumps
* Urbanisation
* Sprawl

Communities

| Inner City|

* Johannesburg CBD
* Albertville
* Aldara Park
* Amalgam
* Auckland Park
* Belgravia
* Bellevue
* Bellevue East
* Benrose
* Berea
* Bertrams
* Braamfontein
* Braamfontein Werf
* Brixton
* City Deep
* City and Suburban
* City and Suburban Industrial
* Cottesloe
* Crosby
* Crown
* Crown North
* Doornfontein
* Droste Park
* Emmarentia
* Fairview
* Ferreirasdorp
* Fordsburg
* Forest Town
* Highlands
* Hillbrow
* Homestead Park
* Jan Hofmeyer
* Jeppestown
* Jeppestown South
* Joubert Park
* Judith's Paarl
* Killarney
* Lake View Estate
* Langlaagte North
* Lorentzville
* Marshalltown
* Mayfair
* Mayfair West
* Melville
* Milpark
* New Centre
* New Doornfontein
* Newtown
* North Doornfontein
* Observatory
* Paarlshoop
* Pageview
* Park Central
* Parktown
* Randview
* Riepen Park
* Riviera
* Rossmore
* Trojan
* Troyeville
* Village Deep
* Village Main
* Vrededorp
* Wemmer
* Westbury
* Westcliff
* Yeoville

|

Northern
suburbs and
environs|

* Abbotsford
* Airdlin
* Albertskroon
* Alexandra
* Atholhurst
* Atholl
* Atholl Gardens
* Bagleyston
* Barbeque Downs
* Barbeque Downs Business Park
* Benmore Gardens
* Berario
* Beverley Gardens
* Birdhaven
* Birnam
* Blackheath
* Blairgowrie
* Bloubosrand
* Blue Hills
* Bordeaux
* Bramley
* Bramley North
* Bramley Park
* Bridle Park
* Broadacres
* Bromhof
* Bryanbrink
* Bryanston
* Bryanston East
* Bryanston West
* Buccleuch
* Bultfontein
* Bush Hill
* Carlswald
* Chartwell
* Cheltondale
* Chislehurston
* Country Life Park
* Country View
* Cowdray Park
* Craighall
* Craighall Park
* Cramerview
* Cresta
* Crowthorne
* Dainfern
* Daniel Brink Park
* Darrenwood
* Dennehof
* Diepsloot
* Douglasdale
* Dunhill
* Dunkeld
* Dunkeld West
* Ebony Park
* Edenburg
* Elton Hill
* Epsom Downs
* Erand
* Fairland
* Fairway
* Fairwood
* Farmall
* Fellside
* Ferndale
* Fontainebleau
* Forbesdale
* Fourways
* Franklin Roosevelt Park
* Gallo Manor
* The Gardens
* Glen Austin
* Glenadrienne
* Greenside
* Gresswold
* Greymont
* Halfway Gardens
* Halfway House Estate
* Hawkins Estate
* Headway Hill
* Highlands North
* Houghton Estate
* Houtkoppen
* Hurl Park
* Hurlingham
* Hurlingham Gardens
* Hyde Park
* Illovo
* Inadan
* Inanda
* Ivory Park
* Johannesburg North
* Jukskei Park
* Kaalfontein
* Kensington B
* Kentview
* Kew
* Khyber Rock
* Klevehill Park
* Kya Sand
* Kya Sands
* Kyalami AH
* Kyalami Business Park
* Kyalami Estates
* Linden
* Linksfield
* Littlefillan
* Lone Hill
* Lyme Park
* Magaliessig
* Malanshof
* Marlboro
* Marlboro Gardens
* Maroeladal
* Maryvale
* Melrose
* Melrose Estate
* Melrose North
* Midrand
* Midridge Park
* Mill Hill
* Millgate Farm
* Moodie Hill
* Morningside
* Morningside Manor
* New Brighton
* Newlands
* Nietgedacht
* Noordwyk
* Norscot
* North Champagne Estates
* Northcliff
* Northern Acres
* Northgate
* Northriding
* Norwood
* Oerder Park
* Olivedale
* Orange Grove
* Osummit
* Parkhurst
* Parkmore
* Parktown North
* Parkview
* Parkwood
* Paulshof
* Petervale
* Plooysville
* President Ridge
* Rabie Ridge
* Randburg
* Randjesfontein AH
* Randjespark
* Randpark
* Randpark Ridge
* Raumarais Park
* River Club
* Riverbend
* Rivonia
* Rosebank
* Rouxville
* Ruiterhof
* Salfred
* Sandhurst
* Sandown
* Sandton
* Savoy Estate
* Saxonwold
* Simba
* Solridge
* Strathavon
* Strijdompark
* Sunninghill
* Sunrella
* Sunset Acres
* Vandia Grove
* Victoria
* Victory Park
* Vorna Valley
* Waterval Estate
* Waverley
* Wierda Valley
* Willaway
* Willowild
* Witkoppen
* Witpoort
* Woodlands
* Woodmead
* Wynberg
* Zandspruit

Southern
suburbs and
environs|

* Aeroton
* Alan Manor
* Alberton
* Aspen Hills
* Bassonia
* Booysens
* Chrisville
* Crown Gardens
* Diepkloof
* Dobsonville
* Doornkop
* Drieziek
* Eastcliff
* Elandspark
* Eldorado Park
* Electron
* Elladoone
* Ennerdale
* Evans Park
* Forest Hill
* Framton
* Gillview
* Glenanda
* Glenesk
* Glenvista
* Haddon
* The Hill
* Johannesburg South
* Kanana Park
* Kenilworth
* Kibler Park
* Klipriviersberg
* Klipriviersberg Estate
* Kliptown
* La Rochelle
* Lawley
* Lenasia
* Liefde en Vrede
* Lindberg Park
* Linmeyer
* Mayfield Park
* Meadowlands
* Meredale
* Moffat View
* Mondeor
* Mulbarton
* Nasrec
* Noordgesig
* Oakdene
* Ophirton
* Orange Farm
* Orlando
* Ormonde
* Phiri
* Protea Glen
* Regents Park
* Regents Park Estate
* Reuven
* Rewlatch
* Reynolds View
* Ridgeway
* Risana
* Rispark
* Robertsham
* Roseacre
* Rosettenville
* Salisbury Claims
* Selby
* South Hills
* Southdale
* Southfork
* Southgate
* Soweto
* Springfield
* Stafford
* Steeledale
* Suideroord
* Theta
* Towerby
* Townsview
* Tulisa Park
* Turf Club
* Turffontein
* Unigray
* Winchester Hills
* Zola

East Rand|

* Bapsfontein
* Bedfordview
* Benoni
* Bezuidenhout Valley
* Boksburg
* Brakpan
* Bruma
* Cyrildene
* Daveyton
* Dawn Park
* Dewetshof
* Duduza
* Edenvale
* Elcedes
* Elsburg
* Etwatwa
* Fairmount
* The Gables
* Germiston
* Glenhazel
* Greenstone Hill
* Heriotdale
* Isando
* Katlehong
* Kempton Park
* Allen Grove
* Aston Manor
* Birch Acres
* Birchleigh
* Birchleigh North
* Bonaero Park
* Bredell
* Cresslawn
* Croydon
* Edleen
* Esther Park
* Glen Marais
* Kempton Park West
* Nimrod Park
* Norkem Park
* Pomona
* Rhodesfield
* Spartan
* Terenure
* Van Riebeeck Park
* Kensington
* KwaThema
* Lakeside
* Langaville
* Lombardy East
* Malvern
* Modderfontein
* Mountain View
* Nigel
* Oaklands
* Olifantsfontein
* Percelia Estate
* Primrose
* Prolecon
* Raedene Estate
* Reiger Park
* Sandringham
* Spes Bona
* Springs
* Sunningdale
* Sunningdale Ridge
* Sydenham
* Talboton
* Thembisa
* Thokoza
* Tsakane
* Vosloorus
* Wanderers View
* Wattville

West Rand|

* Azaadville
* Bekkersdal
* Blyvooruitzicht
* Boikarabelo
* Bosmont
* Carletonville
* Claremont
* Constantia Kloof
* Coronationville
* Denver
* Driefontein
* East Driefontein
* Elandsrand
* Florida
* Florida Glen
* Florida Hills
* Fochville
* Hekpoort
* Kagiso
* Khutsong
* Krugersdorp
* Lindley
* Magaliesburg
* Mohlakeng
* Muldersdrift
* Munsieville
* Oberholzer
* Randfontein
* Rietvallei
* Roodepoort
* Sophiatown
* Venterspos
* Weltevredenpark
* Welverdiend
* West Driefontein
* Westdene
* Westonaria
* Zuurbekom

Cityscape

* Constitution Hill
* Beyers Naudé Square
* Fordsburg Square
* Gandhi Square
* Mary Fitzgerald Square
* Walter Sisulu Square

* 7th Street
* Commissioner Street
* Munro Drive

* Beyers Naudé Drive
* Jan Smuts Avenue
* Louis Botha Avenue
* Malibongwe Drive
* Metropolitan routes
* M1
* M2
* Provincial routes
* R21
* R24
* R25
* R29
* R41
* R55
* R82
* R101
* R511
* R512
* R553
* R562
* R564
* Johannesburg Ring Road
* N1
* Western Bypass
* N3
* Eastern Bypass
* N12
* Southern Bypass
* N17

| Landmarks|

* Tallest buildings

| Public art|

* Fire Walker
* Flame of Democracy
* Nelson Mandela Mural
* Orlando Power Station cooling towers

| Statues|

* Mahatma Gandhi
* Nelson Mandela

|

Civic
buildings|

* Johannesburg City Hall
* Johannesburg Central Police Station

Office
buildings|

* 11 Diagonal Street
* Chamber of Mines Building
* Chancellor House
* Consolidated Building
* Corner House
* Corona Lodge
* Cuthberts Building
* Eskom Centre
* Johannesburg Trades Hall
* Kimberley House
* Logistics House
* London House
* Luthuli House
* Markham Building
* Megawatt Park
* Natal Bank Building
* National Bank Building
* Shell House
* Standard Bank Building
* Victory House

| Skyscrapers|

* Absa Tower
* Carlton Centre
* Carlton Hotel
* Exchange Square
* Hekro Towers
* Johannesburg Sun Hotel
* Kine Centre
* The Leonardo
* Marble Towers
* Mariston Hotel
* Michelangelo Towers
* Radiopark
* Schlesinger Building
* Southern Life Centre
* Standard Bank Centre
* Trust Bank Building
* UCS Building

|

Residential
buildings|

* Ansteys Building
* Arop House
* Astor Mansions
* Beacon Royal
* Circle Court
* Dorkay House
* Houghton Heights
* Kingsway Mansions
* Lauriston Court
* Manners Mansions
* Radoma Court

| Skyscrapers|

* 120 End Street
* Highpoint Hillbrow
* Ponte City
* Tygerberg Building

|

Structures|

* Brixton Tower
* Hillbrow Tower
* Nelson Mandela Bridge
* Grayston Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge

Urban planning|

* Alexandra Renewal Project

Heritage conservation|

* Johannesburg Heritage Foundation

Government

| National government|

| Courts|

* Constitutional Court of South Africa
* South Gauteng High Court
* Labour Court
* Labour Appeal Court

|

Chapter nine institutions|

* Commission for Gender Equality
* CRL Rights Commission
* Human Rights Commission

Provincial government|

* Gauteng Provincial Legislature
* Executive Council of Gauteng

Municipalities|

* City of Johannesburg
* Seat: Johannesburg
* Mayor: Dada Morero
* Elections
* Flag
* Coat of arms
* City of Ekurhuleni
* Seat: Germiston
* Mayor: Nkosindiphile Xhakaza
* Elections
* West Rand
* Merafong
* Seat: Carletonville
* Mogale
* Seat: Krugersdorp
* Rand West
* Seat: Randfontein

African Union|

* Pan-African Parliament
* Bureau
* Secretariat
* NEPAD Secretariat

Politics

| Governing parties|

* Johannesburg: ANC
* Ekurhuleni: ANC
* West Rand: ANC
* Merafong: ANC
* Mogale: ATM
* Rand West: ANC

|

Political organisations
and parties based in
Greater Johannesburg|

| Political parties|

* ActionSA
* African Christian Democratic Party
* African National Congress
* Veteran's League
* Women's League
* Youth League
* African People's Convention
* Agang
* Azanian People's Organisation
* Capitalist Party
* Congress of the People
* Dagga Party
* Economic Freedom Fighters
* Pan Africanist Congress
* South African Communist Party
* Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party
* Workers and Socialist Party

|

Trade unions|

* COSATU
* AFADWU
* CEPPWAWU
* CWU
* NEHAWU
* NUM
* POPCRU
* SAAPAWU
* SACCAWU
* SADNU
* SADTU
* SAFPU
* SAMWU
* SASAWU
* SASBO
* SATAWU
* FEDUSA
* UASA
* NACTU
* SAFTU
* NUMSA

Other political
organisations|

* Afrikanerbond
* Ahmed Kathrada Foundation
* Civicus
* COSAS
* Dagga Couple
* Earthlife Africa
* Free Market Foundation
* Helen Suzman Foundation
* Jacob Zuma Foundation
* Keep Left
* Landless People's Movement
* OUTA
* PASMA
* SASCO
* South African Institute of Race Relations
* South African Zionist Federation
* Tripartite Alliance
* Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front

History

* Timeline
* Kweneng' Ruins
* Tlokwe Ruins
* Witwatersrand Gold Rush
* Mineral Revolution
* Transvaal gold fields
* Randlords
* Uitlanders
* Ferreira's Camp
* Second Boer War

| Fortifications|

* Johannesburg Fort
* Blockhouses

|

Monuments
and memorials|

* Anglo-Boer War Memorial
* Chris Hani Memorial
* Constitution Hill
* Hector Pieterson Memorial
* Indian Army Memorial
* Scottish Horse War Memorial
* Walter Sisulu Square

Cemeteries|

* Avalon Cemetery
* Juliwe Cemetery
* Westpark Cemetery

Historical
sites|

* Bantu Men's Social Centre
* Kirchoff's Building
* Langlaagte Stamp Mill
* OK Bazaars
* Rand Water Board Building
* Red Square
* Rissik Street Post Office
* Shlom Native Eating House
* Union Observatory

| Houses|

* 36 Houghton Drive
* David Webster House
* Dr Xuma House
* Endstead
* House Brunton
* House Hains
* James Mpanza House
* Kholvad House
* Lindfield House
* Mandela House
* Parktown mansions
* Villa Arcadia
* Pullinger Kop
* Rahima Moosa House
* Satyagraha House
* Tutu House
* Villa d'Este

|

Historical
companies and
organisations|

| Companies|

* Bosasa
* Deneys Reitz
* Edcon
* Lema
* Mandela and Tambo
* Simmer and Jack
* VBS Mutual Bank

|

Political
organisations|

* Anti-Privatisation Forum
* Black Sash
* Democratic Left Front
* Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand
* Industrial Workers of the World
* MK Military Veterans' Association
* Reform Committee
* Socialist Party of Azania

Other organisations|

* Witwatersrand Native Labour Association

Events|

* Jameson Raid
* Braamfontein explosion
* Battle of Doornkop
* Battle of Witpoort
* Rand Rebellion
* Empire Exhibition
* Schlesinger African Air Race
* 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
* Sophiatown forced removals
* Congress of the People
* Freedom Charter
* Treason Trial
* 1957 Alexandra bus boycott
* Soweto uprising
* Concert in the Park
* Westdene dam disaster
* Eerste Alternatiewe Afrikaanse Rockkonsert
* Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
* Shell House massacre
* Ellis Park Stadium disaster
* Bredell land occupation
* World Summit on Sustainable Development
* Johannesburg Declaration
* 2002 Soweto bombings
* Jacob Zuma rape trial
* Live 8 concert
* Live Earth concert
* Miss World 2008
* Miss World 2009
* Occupy Johannesburg
* Murder of Mido Macia
* Death and state memorial service of Nelson Mandela
* 2015 train crash
* #FeesMustFall
* Life Esidimeni scandal
* 10th BRICS summit
* Zondo Commission
* 2019 riots
* Shooting of Nathaniel Julies
* Zuma riots
* Murder of Babita Deokaran
* 2022 Soweto shooting
* Boksburg explosion
* 2023 Boksburg gas leak
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2023 building fire

Culture

| Cultural heritage|

* Architecture
* Gumboot dancing
* amaKota
* Kwaito

|

Performance art|

* Joburg Ballet

| Musical ensembles|

* Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra
* Johannesburg Youth Orchestra
* Soweto Gospel Choir
* Soweto String Quartet

|

Theatres|

* Alexander Theatre
* Alhambra Theatre
* Johannesburg Civic Theatre
* Market Theatre
* Wits Theatre

Events and festivals|

* Abantu Book Festival
* Encounters South African International Documentary Festival
* Joburg Art Fair
* In the City
* Johannesburg International Motor Show
* Johannesburg Pride
* Jozi Book Fair
* Naledi Theatre Awards
* Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival
* RAMFest
* Rand Show
* South Africa’s Children’s Book Fair
* Transforming Stories International Christian Film Festival
* Ultra South Africa

Museums and art
galleries|

* Apartheid Museum
* Constitution Hill Museum
* Fietas Museum
* Gold Reef City
* Goodman Gallery
* Hector Pieterson Museum
* James Hall Transport Museum
* Joburg Contemporary Art Foundation
* Johannesburg Art Gallery
* Johannesburg Holocaust and Genocide Centre
* South African Airways Museum
* Mandela House
* Market Photo Workshop
* Maropeng
* Military History Museum
* Museum Africa
* Photo:
* Satyagraha House
* Workers' Museum

| Defunct|

* SAB World of Beer
* South African National Railway And Steam Museum

|

Clubs and societies|

* Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging
* Automobile Association
* Nippon Club
* Rand Club
* SAA Museum Society
* South African Radio League
* Southern African Vexillological Association

Religion

* SACC
* Anglican
* Diocese of Johannesburg
* Diocese of the Highveld
* Diocese of Christ the King
* Catholic
* Archdiocese of Johannesburg
* Knights of Da Gama
* Protestant
* Baptist Union
* Presbytery of Egoli
* Jewish
* Union of Orthodox Synagogues
* Johannesburg Beth Din
* Ohr Somayach
* SAUPJ
* Islamic
* Jamiatul Ulama

| Places of
worship|

| Churches|

| Anglican|

* Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin
* Cathedral Church of Saint Dunstan
* St Aidan's Anglican Church
* St Boniface Church
* St Mary's Anglican Church
* St Michael and All Angels' Anglican Church

|

Baptist|

* Troyeville Baptist Church

Calvinist|

* Brixton Reformed Church
* Congregational Church, Turffontein
* Fordsburg Reformed Church
* Johanesburg East Reformed Church
* Johannesburg North Reformed Church
* Johannesburg Reformed Church
* Johannesburg Reformed Church (GKSA)
* Langlaagte Reformed Church
* Linden Reformed Church
* Parkhurst Reformed Church
* Turffontein Reformed Church

Catholic|

* Cathedral of Christ the King
* Holy Trinity Catholic Church
* Regina Mundi Catholic Church

| Maronite|

* Shrine of Our Lady of the Cedars

|

Greek
Orthodox|

* Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen

Latter-day
Saints|

* Johannesburg South Africa Temple

Lutheran|

* Friedenskirche

Synagogues|

| Orthodox|

* Chassidim Shul
* Doornfontein Synagogue
* Great Synagogue
* Oxford Shul

| Historical|

* President Street Synagogue

|

Progressive|

* Beit Emanuel Progressive Synagogue
* Temple Israel

Mosques|

* Jumah Mosque
* Nizamiye Mosque

Hindu temples|

* Madhya Kailash Shiva Temple

Scientology centres|

* Castle Kyalami

Media

* South African National Editors' Forum
* Southern African Music Rights Organisation
* AmaBhungane

| Mass media|

| Magazines|

* African Communist
* Drum
* Financial Mail
* Mining Weekly
* Music Industry Online
* Nomad Africa Magazine
* SA Flyer

| Defunct|

* Die Arbeider en Arm Boer
* Style
* Top 40 Music Magazine

|

Newspapers|

* Caxton local newspapers (various)
* Beeld
* Business Day
* The Citizen
* City Press
* Daily Maverick
* Daily Sun
* Jewish Report
* Mail & Guardian
* Mayihlome News
* Rapport
* The South African
* The Sowetan
* The Star
* The Sunday Independent
* Sunday Times
* TimesLIVE
* Wits Vuvuzela

| Defunct|

* New Age
* The New Age
* The World

|

Radio stations|

* 5FM
* 702
* 947
* ArrowLine Chinese Radio
* Boervolk Radio
* ChaiFM
* Channel Africa
* Ekurhuleni FM
* Hot 1027
* Jozi FM
* Kasie FM
* Kaya FM
* Metro FM
* Munghana Lonene FM
* Power FM
* Radio 2000
* Radio Sonder Grense
* Rock FM 91.9
* SAfm
* UJFM
* YFM

Television channels|

* CNBC Africa
* eNCA
* M-Net
* Me
* SABC 1
* SABC 2
* SABC 3
* SABC Children
* SABC Education
* SABC News
* SABC Sport
* Soweto TV

| Defunct|

* M-Net Series

|

Film studios|

* Film Resource Unit
* Quizzical Pictures

| Defunct|

* Killarney Film Studios

|

Record labels|

* Ambitiouz Entertainment
* CCP Records
* Family Tree Records
* Gallo Records
* Kalawa Jazmee Records

Game studios|

* Celestial Games

Cultural references|

* District 9
* Egoli: Place of Gold
* "Gimme Hope Jo'anna"
* Johannesburg Festival Overture
* The Real Housewives of Johannesburg
* Sarafina!
* "Soweto Blues"
* Welcome to Our Hillbrow
* Zoo City

Economy

* Johannesburg Stock Exchange
* AltX
* Safex
* companies traded
* A2X Markets
* Brenthurst Foundation

| Companies|

* v
* t
* e

Companies based in Greater Johannesburg

Diversified
conglomerates|

* Aveng
* Barloworld
* Bidvest
* Chancellor House
* Famous Brands

Airlines|

* Aerolift
* Airlink
* Cargo
* CemAir
* Egoli Air
* Federal Air
* Global Aviation
* National Airways
* Norse Air
* Phoebus Apollo Aviation
* SAA
* Safair
* FlySafair
* Solenta Aviation

| Defunct|

* 1time
* African International Airways
* AirQuarius Aviation
* Avia
* Comair
* Command Airways
* Executive Aerospace
* Fly Blue Crane
* Imperial Air Cargo
* Interair South Africa
* Interlink Airlines
* kulula.com
* Mango
* Nationwide Airlines
* Rossair Executive Air Charter
* Rovos Air
* Skywise
* South African Express

|

Construction
and engineering|

* Concor
* Murray & Roberts

Energy|

* DLO Energy Resources
* Total South Africa

Financial

* Absa Group
* Alexforbes
* Discovery
* Evolution Group
* Hollard Group
* Investec
* Liberty Holdings
* Livestock Wealth
* MiWay Insurance
* Lesaka Technologies
* Old Mutual
* Riovic Capital Group
* RMB Holdings
* RMI Holdings
* STANLIB
* Venmyn Rand

| Banks|

* Absa Bank
* Access Bank South Africa
* African Alliance Investment Bank
* African Bank
* Bank Zero
* Bidvest Bank
* DBSA
* First National Bank
* FirstRand Bank
* Imperial Bank South Africa
* Mercantile Bank
* Nedbank
* Rand Merchant Bank
* Sasfin Bank
* Stanchart South Africa
* Standard Bank
* TymeBank
* Ubank
* Wizzit
* Defunct
* VBS Mutual Bank

|

Hospitality|

* Southern Sun Hotels
* Sun International
* Tsogo Sun

ICT|

* Afrihost
* BCX
* Cell C
* Cybatar
* Datatec
* Dimension Data
* EOH Holdings
* iVeri Payment Technologies
* MTN
* Neotel
* OTEL Telecoms
* Rain
* Sybrin
* Teraco Data Environments
* Vodacom
* Defunct
* Internet Solutions
* Luma Arcade
* Vision Software

Legal|

* Bowman Gilfillan
* ENSafrica
* Webber Wentzel
* Werksmans
* Defunct
* Deneys Reitz
* Mandela and Tambo

Manufacturing|

* Adcock Ingram
* AECI
* African Explosives
* All Joy Foods
* Bakers
* Clover Industries
* FEW
* IWC
* Isuzu Trucks South Africa
* Land Systems OMC
* Nampak
* Paramount Group
* PPC
* Premier FMCG
* Rand Refinery
* Rembrandt Group
* Sappi
* Simba
* SkyReach Aircraft
* Sling Aircraft
* South African Breweries
* Tiger Brands
* Truvelo Armoury
* Union Carriage & Wagon
* Defunct
* Basil Green Motors
* New PowerChutes

Media|

* Arena Holdings
* Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers
* MultiChoice
* Nu Metro Cinemas
* Primedia
* SABC
* StarSat
* Ster-Kinekor

Mining|

* Alexkor
* Asa Resources
* African Rainbow Minerals
* AngloGold Ashanti
* DRDGOLD
* ERPM
* Gold Fields
* Harmony Gold
* Impala Platinum
* JCI
* Metorex
* Northam Platinum
* Sibanye-Stillwater
* Defunct
* Simmer and Jack

Retail and
marketing|

* AutoTrader
* Bidorbuy
* Cadac
* CNA
* The Creative Counsel
* Dis-Chem
* Exclusive Books
* Hyundai South Africa
* Incredible Connection
* Massmart
* Wantitall
* Defunct
* Edcon
* OK Bazaars

Restaurant
franchises|

* Chicken Licken
* Debonairs Pizza
* Mugg & Bean
* Nando's
* Roman's Pizza
* Steers
* Wimpy

Services|

* Netcare
* SA Waste Holdings
* Defunct
* Bosasa

Transport|

* Avis Southern Africa
* Comazar
* PUTCO
* Surtees Rail Group

State-owned
enterprises|

* Airports Company South Africa
* Denel Aeronautics
* Development Bank of Southern Africa
* Eskom
* Rand Water
* South African Broadcasting Corporation
* Sasol
* Sentech
* South African Airways
* Transnet
* Freightdynamics
* Defunct
* Lema

* Companies based in Ekurhuleni
* Companies based in Johannesburg

Professional
associations|

* Gauteng Institute for Architecture
* South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
* South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
* South African Institute of Professional Accountants

Mining|

* Minerals Council South Africa
* Rand Refinery

| Mines|

* Blyvooruitzicht
* Driefontein
* ERPM
* KDC
* Kopanang
* Kusasalethu
* Mintails
* Mponeng
* Old Randfontein
* Randfontein
* South Deep
* TauTona
* West Wits

|

Shopping centres|

* Carlton Centre
* Cresta Mall
* Dobsonville Mall
* Eastgate
* Fourways Mall
* Hyde Park Corner
* Mall of Africa
* Maponya Mall
* Nelson Mandela Square
* Northgate
* Northmead Square
* Oriental City
* Oriental Plaza
* Protea Glen Mall
* Sandton City
* Southgate

Hotels and resorts|

* The Leonardo
* Michelangelo Towers
* Montecasino

Venues|

* The Bassline
* Ellis Park Arena
* Gallagher Convention Centre

Restaurants,
bars and cafés|

* The Radium

Tourism|

* Gold Reef City

| Cultural villages|

* Ke-Ditselana Cultural Village
* Kwa-Khaya Lendaba Cultural Village
* Lesedi Cultural Village

|

Transport

| Civil aviation|

* South African Civil Aviation Authority

| Airports|

* Grand Central Airport
* Lanseria International Airport
* O. R. Tambo International Airport
* Rand Airport

| Defunct|

* Palmietfontein Airport

|

Road transport|

* Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport
* Johannesburg Roads Agency
* Roads
* Freeways
* e-tolling
* Buses and taxis
* PUTCO
* Trolleybuses

Rail transport|

* Gautrain
* Metrorail Gauteng
* Johannesburg–Durban high speed rail (proposed)
* Trams

| Train stations|

* Johannesburg Park Station
* Marlboro Station
* Midrand Station
* Rhodesfield Station
* Rosebank Station
* Sandton Station

|

Sports

| Sports governing
bodies based in
Greater Johannesburg|

* SASCOC
* Athletics South Africa
* Basketball South Africa
* Bowls South Africa
* Cricket South Africa
* Mind Sports South Africa
* South African Baseball Union
* South African Confederation of Cue Sport
* South African Equestrian Federation
* South African Football Association
* South African Handball Federation
* South African Hockey Association
* South African National Climbing Federation
* South African Sailing
* Squash South Africa
* Volleyball South Africa

|

Teams|

| Soccer|

* Atlie
* Bidvest Wits
* Jomo Cosmos
* JVW
* Kaizer Chiefs
* Lusitano
* Mahlangu Tigers
* Moroka Swallows
* Orlando Pirates
* UJ Ladies
* Wits University
* Yebo Yes United

| Former|

* Germiston Callies
* Giant Blackpool

|

Rugby|

* Golden Lions
* Lions
* Falcons
* Jozi Cats

Cricket|

* Central Gauteng Lions
* Easterns
* Easterns Women
* Highveld Lions
* Imperial Lions
* Joburg Super Kings
* Titans

Basketball|

* Egoli Magic
* Jozi Nuggets
* Soweto Panthers
* UJ men's basketball team

Equestrian sports|

* National Horseracing Authority
* South African Lipizzaners

Sports events|

* 1992 Return Test
* 1995 Rugby World Cup
* Final
* 2003 Cricket World Cup
* Final
* 2010 FIFA World Cup
* Final
* Joburg Open
* Joburg Ladies Open
* South African Derby
* South African PGA Championship
* Soweto Derby

Sports venues|

| Stadia and
arenas|

* Alexandra Stadium
* Arthur Block Park Stadium
* Barnard Stadium
* Bidvest Stadium
* Bosman Stadium
* Cecil Payne Stadium
* Dobsonville Stadium
* Ellis Park Arena
* Ellis Park Stadium
* Germiston Stadium
* Huntersfield Stadium
* Johannesburg Stadium
* KwaThema Stadium
* Lenasia Stadium
* Makhulong Stadium
* Mehlareng Stadium
* Modderfontein Stadium
* Mohlakeng Stadium
* Orlando Stadium
* Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium
* Rabie Ridge Stadium
* Rand Stadium
* Randburg Hockey Stadium
* Ruimsig Stadium
* Sinaba Stadium
* Soccer City
* Soweto Cricket Oval
* UJ Stadium
* Union Stadium
* Wanderers Stadium
* Willowmoore Park Stadium

| Defunct|

* Old Wanderers
* PAM Brink Stadium
* WeBuyCars Dome

|

Golf courses|

* Glendower Golf Club
* Randpark Golf Club
* Royal Johannesburg & Kensington Golf Club

Equestrian
venues|

* Turffontein Racecourse

Motorsports
venues|

* Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit

|

Education and research

* GDE
* CIDA
* FOTIM
* Geological Society of South Africa
* Mandela Institute for Development Studies
* SAARF
* South African Institute for Heritage Science and Conservation
* Student Sponsorship Programme South Africa

| Libraries|

* Alexandra Childrens Library
* Brenthurst Library
* Buckland Library
* Johannesburg Public Library
* Orlando East Public Library
* Randburg Library
* UJ Libraries
* University of the Witwatersrand Libraries

|

Universities|

| University of Johannesburg|

* Johannesburg Institute for Advanced Study
* UJFM

| Campuses|

* APB Campus
* APK Campus
* Doornfontein Campus
* Soweto Campus

|

Faculties|

* Art, Design and Architecture
* Business and Economics
* Education
* Engineering and the Built Environment
* Health Sciences
* Humanities
* Law
* Science

University of the Witwatersrand|

* Campuses
* Evolutionary Studies Institute
* Global Change Institute
* Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit
* Johannesburg Planetarium
* Philosophical Papers
* Wits Theatre Complex
* Wits Vuvuzela

| Faculties|

* Commerce, Law and Management
* Engineering and the Built Environment
* School of Architecture and Planning
* School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
* School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
* Health Sciences
* Humanities
* Science

|

* CIDA City Campus
* IIE MSA

Other tertiary
institutions|

* AFDA
* Central Johannesburg College
* CityVarsity
* Damelin
* Damelin Correspondence College
* Inscape Design College
* Lyceum College
* Midrand Graduate Institute

| Business schools|

* Gordon Institute of Business Science
* IMM Graduate School
* Independent Institute of Education
* Milpark Business School
* Regenesys Business School

|

Religious institutions|

* Auckland Park Theological Seminary
* Baptist Theological College of Southern Africa
* Kollel Bet Mordechai
* Kollel Yad Shaul
* Lubavitch Yeshiva Gedolah
* St Augustine College
* South African Theological Seminary
* Yeshiva Gedolah

State schools|

* Hoërskool Alberton
* Allen Glen High School
* Athlone Boys' High School
* Barnato Park High School
* Boksburg High School
* Bopasenatla Secondary School
* Bryanston High School
* Hoërskool Dinamika
* Hoërskool Florida
* The Glen High School
* Germiston High School
* Greenside High School
* Hyde Park High School
* Jeppe High School for Boys
* Jeppe High School for Girls
* King Edward VII School
* Hoërskool Marais Viljoen
* Meadowlands Secondary School
* Moletsane High School
* Hoërskool Monument
* Morris Isaacson High School
* Naledi High School
* Northcliff High School
* Orchards Primary School
* Parktown Boys' High School
* Parkview Senior Primary School
* Sandown High School
* Sandringham High School
* Sir John Adamson High School
* Springs Boys' High School
* Thutolore Secondary School
* Hoërskool Voortrekker
* Waverley Girls' High School
* Westbury Secondary School

Private schools|

* Ashton International College
* Auckland Park Academy of Excellence
* Aurora Private School
* Charter College
* Crawford College, Lonehill
* Crawford College, Sandton
* Helpmekaar Kollege
* Holy Family College
* Japari School
* Johannesburg Muslim School
* King David Schools
* Kingsmead College
* Lenasia Muslim School
* Marist Brothers College
* Redhill School
* The Ridge School
* Roedean School
* Sacred Heart College
* St Andrew's School for Girls
* St Barnabas College
* St Benedict's College
* St Catherine's School
* St David's Marist College
* St Dominic's Catholic School for Girls
* St Dunstan's College
* St John's College
* St Martin's School
* St Mary's School
* St Peter's College
* St Stithians College
* Torah Academy School
* Yeshiva College of South Africa
* Yeshiva Maharsha Beis Aharon

Alternative schools|

* African Leadership Academy
* Branson School of Entrepreneurship
* Khanya College
* Michael Mount Waldorf School

International schools|

* American International School
* Deutsche Internationale Schule
* Japanese School
* Lycée Jules Verne

Services

* Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo

| Hospitals|

* Charlotte Maxeke Hospital
* Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
* Helen Joseph Hospital
* Leratong Hospital
* Milpark Hospital
* Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
* Pholosong Hospital
* Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital
* Tambo Memorial Hospital

| Historical|

* Imperial Military Hospital, Baragwanath
* Queen Victoria Hospital
* Transvaal Memorial Hospital for Children

|

Water supply
and sanitation|

* Rand Water
* Lesotho Highlands Water Project

| Dams|

* Vaal Dam
* Vaal Barrage

|

Water towers|

* Grand Central Water Tower
* Yeoville Water Tower

Electricity supply|

* Eskom
* City Power
* Kelvin Power Station
* Kibo Gauteng Thermal Power Station (planned)

| Defunct power stations|

* Orlando Power Station
* President Street Power Station

|

Law enforcement and
emergency services|

* Johannesburg Central Police Station
* Metro Police departments
* Johannesburg Emergency Services
* Berea Fire Station
* Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services

Charities and NGOs|

* ActionAid
* Africa's Young Entrepreneurs
* African Parks
* Bigshoes Foundation
* Camp Sizanani
* Children of Fire International
* Global Water Foundation
* LoveLife South Africa
* Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
* Never Ending Gardens
* Nkosi's Haven
* POLAF
* Woman Against Rape

Military units and formations

| Army units|

| Regular|

* 46 South African Brigade
* 21 South African Infantry Battalion
* 35 Engineer Support Regiment
* Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment

|

Reserve|

* Andrew Mlangeni Regiment
* Bambatha Rifles
* Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment
* Johannesburg Regiment
* Lenong Regiment
* OR Tambo Regiment
* Rand Light Infantry
* Sandfontein Artillery Regiment
* Solomon Mahlangu Regiment
* iWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment

SAMHS units|

* 6 Medical Battalion Group

Disbanded units|

| Army|

* Witwatersrand Command
* SA Army Troop Information Unit
* 2 Locating Regiment
* 3 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron
* 7 South African Infantry Division
* 15 Reception Depot
* 72 Motorised Brigade
* 73 Motorised Brigade
* Regiment University of the Witwatersrand

| Commandos|

* Alberton
* Atlas
* Benoni
* Boksburg
* Brakpan
* Edenvale
* East Park
* Germiston
* Johannesburg East
* Johannesburg West
* Kempton Park
* Krugersdorp
* Modderfontein
* Nigel
* Randburg
* Roodepoort
* Sandton
* Springs
* Wemmerpan
* West Park
* West Rand

|

Special Forces|

* Hunter Group

SAAF|

* 4 Squadron SAAF
* 10 Squadron SAAF

* Category
* Johannesburg

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* Poland

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