Wives of Karna

Wives of the Karna, a character in Hindu epic, Mahabharata

Karna (center) sacrifices his divine armour, while his wife watches in distress—a scene from the Mahabharata by Bamapada Banerjee

The Mahabharata provides limited information about the marital life of Karna, one of the central figures in the epic. His wives are not named in the canonical text and are described as belonging to the Sūta (charioteer) community. In the Stri Parva, one of his wives, revealed to be the mother of his sons Vrishasena and Sushena, is briefly mentioned lamenting over Karna's death.

Over time, various regional traditions and literary adaptations have expanded upon Karna's marital life, often introducing named spouses through imaginative retellings. The Tamil play Karna Moksham depicts a character named Ponnuruvi as his wife, while the regional Kashidasi Mahabharata refers to her as Padmavati. In modern literature, particularly in Shivaji Sawant’s novel Mrityunjay, Karna is portrayed as being married to two women—Vrushali and Supriya.

## In the Mahabharata

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Karna's wives play insignificant roles in the original epic. In the Udyoga Parva of the Mahabharata, Karna—while explaining his commitment towards his foster parents—mentions them.[1]

> When also I attained to youth, I married wives according to his [Adhiratha] selections. Through them have been born my sons and grandsons, O Janardana. My heart also, O Krishna, and all the bonds of affection and love, are fixed on them.

— Karna, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli[2]

In the Kurukshetra War, consumed by desperation, Karna pledges to give away his wives and children to anyone who can find Arjuna on the battlefield.[3]

In the epic's Stri Parva, Gandhari, the mother of Duryodhana (antagonist of the Mahabharata), describes the grief of women after the Kurukshetra War. The sorrow of a wife of Karna is also described by her.[1]

> Behold, the wife of Karna and mother of Vrishasena, is indulging in piteous lamentations and crying and weeping and falling upon the ground! Even now she exclaims, "Without doubt, thy preceptor’s curse hath pursued thee! When the wheel of thy car was swallowed up by the Earth, the cruel Dhananjaya cut off thy head with an arrow! Alas, fie (on the heroism and skill)! That lady, the mother of Sushena, exceedingly afflicted and uttering cries of woe, is falling down, deprived of her senses, at the sight of the mighty-armed and brave Karna prostrated on the earth, with his waist still encircled with a belt of gold. Carnivorous creatures, feeding on the body of that illustrious hero, have reduced it to very small dimensions. The sight is not gladdening, like that of the moon on the fourteenth night of the dark fortnight. Falling down on the earth, the cheerless dame is rising up again. Burning with grief on account of the death of her son also, she cometh and smelleth the face of her lord!"

— Gandhari, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli[4]

After the war, Yudhishthira honours Karna's wives.[1]

P. Lal, a professor and translator of the Mahabharata, interprets three unnamed women as Karna wives, all belonging to the Sūta (charioteer) caste.[5]

## In derivative literature

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### Ponnuruvi

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Ponnuruvi is the wife of Karna in the Karna Moksham of Kattaikkuttu, a Tamil drama written by Pukalentippulavar.[6] She plays a major role in it and is depicted as a princess belonging to Kshatriya (warrior) community.[7] In the play, she is the princess of Kalinga and the story of her marriage is based on the Mahabharata's narration of the abduction of the Kalinga princess. Though the princess marries Duryodhana in the original epic, in these folklores, she is named Ponnuruvi and is married to Karna because he was the one who touched her during the abduction.[8] Karna Moksham depicts her as abusive towards Karna as his lineage is not specified and she believes him to be of the lower caste. She doesn't even let Karna touch his son. However, when Karna discloses his true lineage before going to the Kurukshetra War, her attitude drastically changes and she apologizes. She advises Karna to not kill the Pandavas (Karna's half-brothers). She also advises him to leave the side of the Duryodhana. However, Karna refuses as he believes Duryodhana to be his true friend. After Karna dies in the war, Ponnuruvi laments his death.[9]

### Padmavati

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In the Kashidasi Mahabharat (the Bengali retelling of the epic), Padmavati is attested as the wife of Karna. She was the maid of princess Asawari. They were rescued by Karna from some attackers. When Karna asks Asawari's father, the king, for her hand, the king rejected her marriage with Karna. Later, Karna attacked the kings at Asawari's swaymvara. Karna asked her if she would like to marry him. She says that she will do anything to save her father. Karna then accepts her maid Padmavati as his wife instead. Padmavati marries him and goes to Anga Kingdom with him.

### Vrishali and Supriya

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The characters Vrishali and Supriya, depicted as the wives of Karna, are literary creations introduced by author Shivaji Sawant in his Marathi novel Mrityunjaya. According to scholar Pradip Bhattacharya, the name "Vrushali" appears to have been coined by Sawant, drawing a parallel with "Panchali", the heroine of the Mahabharata, while the name "Supriya" resembles that of Subhadra, the wife of Arjuna—Karna's arch-rival.[10]

In Mrityunjaya, Vrushali is portrayed as Karna's childhood companion and later his first wife, chosen by Adhiratha. She is described as wise, devout, and devoted to her husband. Following the deaths of Karna and their sons, she ends her life on his funeral pyre, symbolising her loyalty and grief.[10]

Supriya is depicted as Karna’s second wife in the same novel. In the narrative, Supriya serves as the maid of Bhanumati, the princess of Kalinga. After Duryodhana abducts and marries Bhanumati with Karna’s assistance, he arranges Supriya’s marriage to Karna.[10]

## References

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1. ^ a b c McGrath, Kevin (1 January 2004). The Sanskrit Hero: Karṇa in Epic Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 114\. ISBN 978-90-04-13729-5.
2. ^ "The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Bhagwat Yana Parva: Section CXLI". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
3. ^ Meyer, Johann Jakob (15 October 2013). Sexual Life In Ancient India V2: A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-88906-6.
4. ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1883–1896). "The Mahabharata, Book 11: Stri Parva: Stri-vilapa-parva: Section 21". www.sacred-texts.com.
5. ^ Lal, P. (1992). Vyasa's Mahabharata, Creative Insights. Writers Workshop.
6. ^ Pulavar, Pukal̲ēntip (1998). Karna's Death. Institut franc̦ais de Pondichéry.
7. ^ McGrath 2004, p. 132.
8. ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf (27 July 2011). Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-18566-1.
9. ^ "Karna". Kattaikkuttu. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
10. ^ a b c "The Novel As Epic by Pradip Bhattacharya". www.boloji.com. Retrieved 17 July 2021.