Works inspired by Tolkien

The works of J. R. R. Tolkien have served as the inspiration to painters, musicians, film-makers and writers, to such an extent that he is sometimes seen as the "father" of the entire genre of high fantasy.[1]

> Do not laugh! But once upon a time (my crest has long since fallen) I had a mind to make a body of more or less connected legend, ranging from the large and cosmogonic to the level of romantic fairy-story... The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama. Absurd.

— J. R. R. Tolkien[2]

## Art and illustration

[edit]

Main article: Illustrating Tolkien

Tolkien found Horus Engels' 1946 illustrations for the German edition of The Hobbit too "Disnified": he disliked both "Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun".[3]

The earliest illustrations of Tolkien's works were drawn by the author himself. The 1937 American edition of The Hobbit was illustrated by professional draughtsmen. Tolkien was very critical of this work, and in 1946 he rejected illustrations by Horus Engels for the German edition of the Hobbit as "too 'Disnified' for my taste: Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of".[3]

In 1948, Milein Cosman was invited by Tolkien's publishers to submit illustrations for Farmer Giles of Ham. Tolkien felt her impressionistic style did not suit the story, and she was replaced by Pauline Baynes, who later also supplied the illustrations for The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) and Smith of Wootton Major (1967). In 1968, Tolkien was sent part of a suite of illustrations of The Lord of the Rings, mostly in coloured ink, by the English artist Mary Fairburn; Tolkien said of her pictures: "They ... show far more attention to the text than any that have yet been submitted to me.... I am beginning to ... think that an illustrated edition might be a good thing." For various reasons the project went no further, and Fairburn's illustrations were unknown until 2012.[4] Princess Margrethe (now Queen Margrethe II) of Denmark, an accomplished and critically acclaimed painter, was inspired to create illustrations to The Lord of the Rings in the early 1970s.[5] In 1977, Queen Margrethe's drawings were published in the Danish translation of the book, redrawn by the British artist Eric Fraser.[6]

A very large Gollum in Tove Jansson's illustration for the 1962 Swedish translation of The Hobbit, given that Tolkien had not said how large Gollum was[7]

Tim and Greg Hildebrandt, usually called the Brothers Hildebrandt, were Tolkien illustrators in the 1970s, known especially for their Middle-earth calendars.[8] The British artist Jimmy Cauty created a best-selling poster of The Lord of the Rings (1976) and The Hobbit (1980) for the retailer Athena.[9][10]

Well-known Tolkien illustrators of the 1990s and 2000s are John Howe, Alan Lee, and Ted Nasmith — Lee for illustrated editions of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, Nasmith for illustrated editions of The Silmarillion, and Howe for the cover artwork to several Tolkien publications. Howe and Lee worked as concept artists in the creation of Peter Jackson's film trilogy. In 2004, Lee won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction on the film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.[11]

Other artists who have found inspiration in Tolkien's works include Inger Edelfeldt who illustrated the covers of Swedish translations of several of his books,[12] Anke Eißmann,[13] Michael Hague,[14] Tove Jansson (of Moomin fame, illustrator of Swedish and Finnish translations of The Hobbit),[7] Paul Raymond Gregory,[15] Tim Kirk,[16] Angus McBride who illustrated Iron Crown's Tolkien-based role-playing games,[17] Jef Murray,[18] Colleen Doran,[19] Jenny Dolfen who has made watercolour paintings of scenes from The Silmarillion,[20] Alexander Korotich, who made a series of scraperboard engravings of The Lord of the Rings,[21] and Peter Xavier Price.[22] Works of several of these artists were exhibited in an "Images of Middle-earth" exhibition of some 170 artworks organised by Davide Martini of the Greisinger Museum of Switzerland; it toured Italy between 2003 and 2005.[23][24]

## Film

[edit]

See also: Star Wars Sources and analogues

The 2005–2010 Narnia film trilogy adapted from the novel series by Tolkien's friend C. S. Lewis were produced due to the popularity of The Lord of the Rings. George R. R. Martin acknowledged that Tolkien influenced his 2011–2019 Game of Thrones TV series and novels about medieval fantasy, while speaking about a movie about Tolkien's life.[25][26]

An early draft for George Lucas's 1977 Star Wars film is said to have included an exchange of dialogue between Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker taken directly from the conversation between Gandalf and Bilbo in Chapter 1 of The Hobbit, where Bilbo/Kenobi says "Good morning!" and Gandalf/Luke replies asking whether he means he's having a good morning, or is wishing him one, or that all mornings are good. Bilbo/Kenobi answers "All of them at once".[27][28][29] The plagiarised dialogue was dropped, but Lucas modelled the monk-like Kenobi on Gandalf; the film author Chris Taylor identifies several further elements of Star Wars that in his view could have been modelled on Middle-earth.[27]

Chris Taylor's[27] comparison of Star Wars with The Lord of the Rings Element | Star Wars 1977 | The Lord of the Rings 1954–55

|
|

Wise old man | Obi-Wan Kenobi
sacrifices himself fighting Darth Vader,
then guides Luke through the Force | Gandalf
dies saving Fellowship from the Balrog,
then guides Frodo telepathically
Innocent
protagonists | R2-D2 and C-3PO,
carrying stolen data tapes,
supported by the team | Frodo and Sam,
carrying the One Ring,
supported by the Fellowship
"Hellish war machine" | Death Star | Mordor
Enemy troops | Stormtroopers | Orcs
Evil wizard | Grand Moff Tarkin | Saruman
Dark Lord | Darth Vader | Sauron

While working on a Star Wars animated series, Dave Filoni noted that Peter Jackson visited him and his mentor George Lucas to discuss Tolkien's works and to ask for advice. According to the Star Wars website, Darth Vader is compared by Filoni to the Balrog rather than Sauron, and the Prancing Pony bar may have inspired the Mos Eisley cantina, the introduction of Han Solo suggestively matching that of Strider (Aragorn). As for the prequel trilogy, it notes that Saruman influenced Count Dooku, and volcanic Mordor, whether Tolkien's or Jackson's, influenced the volcanic planet Mustafar.[29][30]

## Literature

[edit]

Further information: Tolkien's impact on fantasy

### Fantasy

[edit]

Fantasy writer Terry Brooks was influenced by Tolkien.[31]

As early as 1984, Diana Paxson argued in Mythlore that Tolkien had founded a new literary tradition.[32] Since then, many authors have found inspiration in Tolkien's work. Following the success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings in the 1960s, publishers were quick to try to meet a new demand for literate fantasy in the American marketplace.[31]

Ursula Le Guin's Earthsea series, beginning with A Wizard of Earthsea in 1968, was one of the first fantasy series influenced by Tolkien.[33][34][a] Among the Tolkienian archetypes in the Earthsea books are wizards (including the protagonist, Ged), a disinherited prince (Arren in The Farthest Shore), a magical ring (the ring of Erreth-Akbe in The Tombs of Atuan), a Middle-earth style quest (in The Farthest Shore), and powerful dragons (like the dragon of Pendor, in A Wizard of Earthsea).[32]

Patricia A. McKillip's The Forgotten Beasts of Eld and Jane Yolen's The Magic Three of Solatia were Tolkien-inspired fantasies for young adults written in the mid-1970s.[36] Ballantine, under the direction of editor Lin Carter, published public domain and relatively obscure works under the banner of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series, aimed at adult readers who enjoyed Tolkien's works.[31] Lester del Rey, however, sought for new books that would mirror Tolkien's work, and published Terry Brooks' The Sword of Shannara, David Eddings's Belgariad, and Stephen R. Donaldson's The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, the Unbeliever.[31] Guy Gavriel Kay, who had assisted Christopher Tolkien with the editing of The Silmarillion, later wrote his own Tolkien-influenced fantasy trilogy, The Fionavar Tapestry, complete with dwarfs and mages.[31] Dennis L. McKiernan's Silver Call duology was intended to be a direct sequel to The Lord of the Rings but had to be altered. The Iron Tower trilogy, highly influenced by Tolkien's books, was then written as backstory.[37] Fantasy series such as Terry Pratchett's Discworld and Orson Scott Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker were "undoubtedly" influenced by Tolkien.[38]

Due to a loophole in Russian copyright law, Russian writers were able to publish fantasy novels set in Tolkien's Arda. Nick Perumov's The Ring of Darkness (Russian Кольцо Тьмы) takes place after the events of The Lord of the Rings.[39]

From 1980, the term "fantasy" became synonymous with the general aspects of Tolkien's work: multiple races including dwarves and elves, a quest to destroy a magical artifact, and an evil that seeks to control the world. The plot of Pat Murphy's 1999 There and Back Again intentionally mirrors that of The Hobbit, but is transposed into a science-fiction setting involving space travel. J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series has been seen as having been influenced by Tolkien's work; in particular, the wizard Dumbledore has been described as partially inspired by Tolkien's Gandalf.[40] S.M. Stirling's "Emberverse" series, published starting in 2004, includes a character obsessed with The Lord of the Rings who creates a post-apocalyptic community based upon the Elves and Dúnedain of Middle-earth. The same plot point was used by the Russian writer Vladimir Berezin in his novel Road Signs (from the Universe of Metro 2033). Stephen King, best known as a horror writer, has acknowledged Tolkien's influence on his novel The Stand as well as his fantasy series The Dark Tower. Other prominent fantasy writers including George R. R. Martin, Michael Swanwick, Raymond E. Feist, Poul Anderson, Karen Haber, Harry Turtledove, Charles De Lint, and Orson Scott Card have acknowledged Tolkien's work as an inspiration.[31]

### Graphic novels

[edit]

The cartoonist Jeff Smith was influenced by Tolkien, and the mythologies that inspired his works. He has characterized his epic 1,300-page graphic novel Bone as "Bugs Bunny meets The Lord of the Rings. It's a really long fairy tale with some fantasy elements but a lot of comedy."[41]

### Parody

[edit]

The first commercially published parody of Tolkien's work was the 1969 Bored of the Rings, by The Harvard Lampoon.[42] The BBC produced a parody radio serial, Hordes of the Things, in 1980.[43] The Last Ringbearer is a 1999 fantasy novel by the palaeontologist Kirill Eskov in the form of a parallel novel showing the war from the perspective of the people of Sauron's land of Mordor, under the notion that the original is a "history written by the victors".[44][45]

## Radio plays

[edit]

Main article: Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings

Three radio plays based on The Lord of the Rings have been made, broadcast in 1955–1956, 1979 and 1981 respectively.[46][47] The first and last ones were produced by the BBC. Tolkien heavily criticised the 1955-56 production.[46]

## Music

[edit]

Further information: Music of Middle-earth

Numerous songs and other musical works, in a wide range of idioms, have been inspired by Tolkien's fiction.

### Hard rock and heavy metal

[edit]

Hansi Kürsch, the Blind Guardian vocalist and lyrics writer, composed many songs about Middle-earth

Jack Bruce wrote a song called "To Isengard" on his first solo album "Songs for a Tailor" (1969).[48]

Progressive rock acts which have composed songs based on Tolkien's characters and stories include Rush ("Rivendell"),[49] Camel ("Nimrodel", "The White Rider"),[50] Mostly Autumn (Music Inspired by The Lord of the Rings CD, 2001),[51] Glass Hammer (The Middle-Earth Album, 2001),[52] Bo Hansson (Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings, 1970),[53] and the indie rock band Gatsbys American Dream.[54]

The hard rock and classic metal band Led Zeppelin wrote several songs inspired by Tolkien's works including "The Battle of Evermore", "Misty Mountain Hop", "Ramble On", and "Over the Hills and Far Away" (with debate about some parts of "Stairway to Heaven").[55][56][57][58] Tom Rapp set most of The Verse of the One Ring ("Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky...") to music as "Ring Thing" in Pearls Before Swine's second album, Balaklava (1968).[59] Bob Catley, lead singer of the British prog rock band Magnum, released a solo album titled Middle Earth. Punk quartet Thrice released a song called "The Long Defeat" about Tolkien's philosophies. The East Texas-based rock band Hobbit has produced multiple albums inspired by Tolkien's work.[60]

Among the heavy metal artists influenced by Tolkien are Blind Guardian, who composed numerous songs relating to Middle-earth, including the whole of the concept album Nightfall in Middle Earth, based on The Silmarillion.[55][61] The album was "adored" by fans of Tolkien and metal, but despised as escapist by grunge fans.[57]

Many black metal bands, at least 85 specifically, out of 151 "metal bands" in a 2015 search, have made use of Middle-earth themes in their lyrics, artwork, and band names.[62] One such is Black Breath, named for the terror-inducing Black Breath of the Nazgûl.[63]

The symphonic black metal band Summoning states that most of its songs are based on Middle-Earth, with focus on the orcs and dark forces.[64] Battlelore's lyrics are about Middle-earth characters and events in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, as well as medieval literature and the Kalevala,[65] as is their pseudo-medieval stage show, in which each member is dressed as "ferocious warriors", "dirty thieves" or "beautiful female elves".[66] The Italian group Ainur (named for Tolkien's Ainur) released Middle-earth themed albums named Children of Hurin (2007) and Lay of Leithian (2009).[57]

Bands and musicians who have used Tolkien's legendarium for their stage names include the progressive rock band Marillion (from The Silmarillion).[67] Gorgoroth take their name from an area of Mordor, Burzum take their name from the Black Speech of Mordor,[62][68] Cirith Ungol take their name from the pass on the western path of Mordor, the dwelling of the spider Shelob[69] and Amon Amarth take their name after an alternative name for Mount Doom.[70] Lead singer of Dimmu Borgir, Shagrath, takes his stage name from The Lord of the Rings, after an orc captain.[71]

### Jazz

[edit]

Australian jazz musician and composer, John Sangster, made six albums of musical responses to Tolkien's work. He recorded The Hobbit Suite (1973, Swaggie Records – S1340), and Double Vibe: Hobbit (1977); the first of these, with a selection from the second, was released on CD in 2002 (Swaggie CD 404). The later four double albums, The Lord of the Rings: A Musical Interpretation, v. 1, 2 and 3 (1975–77), and Landscapes of Middle-earth (1978), have been re-released on CD, 2002-06: Move Records MD 3251, 3252, 3253, and 3254.[72]

### Folk

[edit]

Sally Oldfield's first solo album, Water Bearer (1978) was inspired by Tolkien's works, particularly "Songs of the Quendi", which quote from his poems.[73]

The folk group The Hobbitons, part of the Dutch chapter of the Tolkien Society, released a CD in 1996 with 16 tracks of settings of Tolkien's poems.[74]

The Irish singer Enya contributed a song "May it Be" for The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) movie soundtrack. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. She released a song entitled "Lothlórien", on her 1991 album Shepherd Moons.

In 2001, bluegrass and anti-folk artist Chris Thile released an instrumental album titled Not All Who Wander Are Lost, referencing Gandalf's words to Bilbo and Bilbo's poem about Aragorn. One of the songs on the album is "Riddles in the Dark", sharing the title of one of the chapters in The Hobbit.[75] The Celtic foursome Broceliande's album The Starlit Jewel sets to music selected songs by Tolkien.[76][74] Other folk rock and new age musicians inspired by Tolkien include Za Frûmi (singing in Orkish), Nickel Creek, David Arkenstone and Lyriel, among others. The Spanish Neoclassical Dark Wave band Narsilion [es] derived its name from Tolkien's song "Narsilion" about the creation of the Sun and Moon.[77]

### Classical / film score

[edit]

Howard Shore composed the music for the film trilogy The Lord of the Rings.

Donald Swann set music in the British art-song tradition to a collection of seven of Tolkien's lyrics and poems, published as The Road Goes Ever On. The work was approved by Tolkien himself, who collaborated on the published book, to which he provided notes and commentary.[78] The songs were recorded by William Elvin (bass-baritone) with Swann on piano, and released in 1967 on an LP by Caedmon Records.[79]

The Norwegian classical composer Martin Romberg has written three full-scale symphonic poems, Quendi (2008), Telperion et Laurelin (2014), and Fëanor (2017), inspired by passages from the Silmarillion. The works were premiered in Southern France.[80][81][82] Romberg has also set Tolkien's Elven language poems to music in his work "Eldarinwë Liri" for girls' choir. The work premiered in 2010 with the Norwegian Girls Choir and Trio Mediæval at the Vestfold International Festival.[83]

Johan de Meij's Symphony No. 1, "The Lord of the Rings", for concert band, is in five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the novel: Gandalf, Lothlorien, Gollum, Journey in the Dark (The Mines of Moria /The Bridge of Khazad-Dum), and Hobbits. The symphony was written between March 1984 and December 1987, and was premièred in Brussels on 15 March 1988. It has been recorded four times, including in an orchestral version, orchestrated by Henk de Vlieger. It won Sudler Composition Award in 1989.[84]

Jacqueline Clarke's setting Tinuviel (1983), for countertenor solo, SATB choir, and piano accompaniment has been published in score.[85]

Leonard Rosenman composed music for the Ralph Bakshi animated movie, while Howard Shore composed the music of The Lord of the Rings film series.[86]

Paul Corfield Godfrey has written a large number of works based on Tolkien, the most significant of which is the four-evening cycle on The Silmarillion but also including three operas based on The Lord of the Rings: Tom Bombadil (one act), The Black Gate is closed (three acts) and The Grey Havens. as well as several sets of songs. His third symphony, Ainulindalë, is based on the opening chapter of The Silmarillion, and there is a half-hour setting of The Lay of Eärendil based on Bilbo's song at Rivendell.[87][88]

The Tolkien Ensemble have published their settings of all the poems in The Lord of the Rings on CDs.[89]

The Tolkien Ensemble published four CDs from 1997 to 2005 with the aim to create "the world's first complete musical interpretation of the poems and songs from The Lord of the Rings". The project was given approval by both the Tolkien Estate and HarperCollins Publishers. Queen Margrethe II of Denmark gave permission to use her illustrations in the CD layout.[89][90][91]

Aulis Sallinen, one of the leading classical music composers of Finland, composed his Seventh Symphony named "The Dreams of Gandalf" in 1996, from music initially meant to accompany a ballet.[92]

The Australian musician, Patrick Flegg, late husband of Tolkien illustrator Mary Fairburn, composed a piano suite, Anduin: The Mighty River, recorded by Wendy Rowlands (2001).[93]

The Canadian composer Glenn Buhr has written a three-movement tone poem Beren and Lúthien which he has recorded with the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra as part of his CD Winter Poems.[94]

## Games

[edit]

Further information: Middle-earth in video games

Many model-based games, trading card games, board games and video games are set in Middle-earth, most depicting scenes and characters from The Lord of the Rings. In a broader sense, many fantasy role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) and DragonQuest feature Tolkienesque creatures and were influenced by Tolkien's works. The Legend of Zelda was inspired by The Lord of the Rings books,[95][96][97] as were other dungeon crawler and action-adventure games. The books themselves have been reproduced in video game form repeatedly, though without necessarily reflecting the power of Tolkien's storytelling.[98]

Early miniature wargames include The Ringbearer (1975). Games Workshop have made The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game (2001), which, while part of the film trilogy's merchandise, combines elements from both the books and films.[99]

Early board games included Battle of Five Armies (1975) and the series of Middle Earth Games from Simulations Publications, Inc. in 1977, containing the games War of the Ring (strategic, covering all three books), Gondor (tactical, covering the siege of Minas Tirith) and Sauron (covering the decisive battle of the Second Age). More recent games include a game simply entitled Lord of the Rings (2000) and War of the Ring (2004, strategic, covering all three books).[99]

Among role-playing and card games based on Middle-earth, Iron Crown Enterprises made Middle-earth Role Playing game (1982–1999) and Middle-earth Collectible Card Game (1995–1999). Decipher, Inc. created The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game (2001)[100] and The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2002), both based on the Jackson films.[99] The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game (2011) is made by Fantasy Flight Games under their "Living Card Game" line.[99] Adventures in Middle-earth (2016) is a D&D-compatible role-playing game released by Cubicle 7.[101]

## Fan works

[edit]

Further information: Tolkien fan fiction

The first piece of Middle-earth fan fiction was published in 1959.[102] Fanzines started to be produced soon after Tolkien fans formed "The Fellowship of the Ring" on 4 September 1960 at the Pittsburgh Worldcon. That group's magazine was I Palantir, edited by Ted Johnstone. Its British members had their own fanzine, Nazgul's Bane.[103] Ed Meskys published his science fiction fanzine Niekas from 1962, including at least one piece on Tolkien per issue.[104] By 1964, there were dozens of Tolkien fanzines across the US, and several in England.[103] In 1969, Glen GoodKnight founded Mythlore as the fanzine of his Mythopoeic Society. Always serious, it transformed into a peer-reviewed journal in 1999.[105] The Winter 1976 issue of Evermist was a special Tolkien edition, in a fanzine not otherwise dedicated to his work.[106][107]

Broadening Internet access and a surge of interest driven by the Jackson films resulted in the production of a large amount of Tolkien fan fiction and Tolkien artwork in online communities, beginning in the early 2000s.[108] Tolkien-inspired fan works include the fan films The Hunt for Gollum and Born of Hope, the novel The Last Ringbearer, and over 80,000 others listed in 2022.[109] In 2004, sites for Tolkien-derived works were estimated to be 10% of all fan fiction websites, and, in 2019, Tolkien fan fiction was one of the most popular categories for works based on books on both Archive of Our Own and FanFiction.net.[110]

The study of Middle-earth fan works has been largely neglected by Tolkien scholars[111] and fan studies scholars alike.[110] Many studies have been qualitative, focusing on a few selected fan works.[108]

## See also

[edit]

* List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Tolkien scholar John Garth writes that Tolkien's name appears to be hidden in the small amount of the Hardic language of Earthsea in The Wizard of Earthsea. "Sea" is sukien, from suk, "foam", and inien, "feather". "Rock", the material of earth, is "tolk", so, he suggests, the Hardic for "Earthsea" would be Tolkien, for tolk + inien on the same pattern as sukien. Garth suggests that this is a tribute to Tolkien, tolk being the first word of the "Old Speech" that she names, and the first to be handed down both by the Wizard Ged to Tenar in The Tombs of Atuan, and by Tenar to her daughter in Tehanu.[35]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mitchell, Christopher. "J. R. R. Tolkien: Father of Modern Fantasy Literature". "Let There Be Light" series. University of California Television. Archived from the original (Google Video) on 28 July 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2006..
2. ^ Carpenter 2023, #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951
3. ^ a b Carpenter 2023, #107 to Sir Stanley Unwin, 7 December 1946
4. ^ Tankard, Paul, "An Unknown Vision of Middle-earth: Mary Fairburn: Tolkien Illustrator", Times Literary Supplement, 14 September 2012. http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1124297.ece
5. ^ Thygesen, Peter (Autumn 1999). "Queen Margrethe II: Denmark's monarch for a modern age". Scandinavian Review.
6. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). The Lord of the Rings. The Folio Society. Title page.
7. ^ a b Holownia, Olga (31 December 2014). "'Hell, what a chance to have a go at the classics': Tove Jansson's take on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, The Hunting of the Snark, and The Hobbit". Barnboken - Journal of Children's Literature Research. 37. doi:10.14811/clr.v37i0.191.
8. ^ "The Art of The Brothers Hildebrandt". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011.
9. ^ Spencer, Neil, "A guerrilla raid on the arts establishment", The Guardian (Manchester) ISSN 0261-3077, 31 October 1993, The Observer Review Page.
10. ^ "Jimmy Cauty's Athena Posters". KLF Online. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
11. ^ "76th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
12. ^ Rose, Simon (3 December 2002). "The Two Towers - A J. R. R. Tolkien Museum Trail". Culture24. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
13. ^ Gand, André (21 November 2009). "Interview with Anke Eißmann". Tolkien Bücher. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
14. ^ "Michael Hague Auction Price Results". Invaluable. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
15. ^ Gregory, Paul Raymond (1949). "The Death of Theoden". Peter Nahum at The Leicester Galleries. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
16. ^ "Kirk, Tim". Science Fiction Encyclopedia. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
17. ^ Holland, Steve (26 May 2007). "Angus McBride". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
18. ^ "Art Top 10 Rating". Tolkien Collector's Guide: An Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography. June 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
19. ^ "The essential J.R.R. Tolkien sourcebook: a fan's guide to Middle-earth and beyond / George Beahm; illustrated by Colleen Doran". National Library of Australia.
20. ^ "Awards - Previous Winners". The Tolkien Society. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2020. "2014 Jenny Dolfen, Eärendil the Mariner"
21. ^ "Александр Коротич. Иллюстрации к произведениям Дж" [Р. Р. Толкина Alexander Korotich. Illustrations for the works of J. R. R. Tolkien]. Uraic.ru (in Russian). 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2023. "The exhibition presents individual illustrations for "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, created by artist Alexander Korotich from the second half of the 1980s until mid-1997, when the folder with most of the sheets was lost, as well as a number of illustrations for the book J. R. R. Tolkien. Fairy tales by the publishing house "Ural market", released in 1993."
22. ^ Forchhammer, Troels (2 January 2016). "Tolkienian Artwork". The Tolkien Society. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
23. ^ "Milano in Fantasy: un week end nella Terra di Mezzo tra elfi, draghi e maghi". Il Giorno (in Italian). 18 March 2015.
24. ^ "Immagini dalla Terra di Mezzo". Arteventi. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
25. ^ "George R.R. Martin said 'Lord of the Rings' trilogy influenced 'Game of Thrones'". Chicago Tribune. 9 May 2019.
26. ^ "15 Fantasy Movies and TV Shows That Owe Their Existence to the Lord of the Rings Films". IGN. 19 December 2016.
27. ^ a b c Taylor, Chris (4 October 2014). "Secrets of the "Star Wars" drafts: Inside George Lucas' amazing -- and very different -- early scripts". Salon.com. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
28. ^ Taylor, Chris (2015). How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: the past, present, and future of a multibillion dollar franchise. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78497-047-5. OCLC 951149431.
29. ^ a b Young, Bryan (13 March 2016). "The Cinema Behind Star Wars: The Lord of the Rings". Star Wars. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016.
30. ^ "Loving the Hobbit, Building the Clone Wars". 14 December 2012.
31. ^ a b c d e f Shippey, Tom, "Literature, Twentieth Century: Influence of Tolkien", in Michael D. C. Drout, J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia.Taylor & Francis, 2007 ISBN 0415969425 (pp. 378-382).
32. ^ a b Paxson, Diana (1984). "The Tolkien Tradition". Mythlore. 11 (1). Article 19.
33. ^ "Le Guin's Earthsea series, beginning with The Wizard of Earthsea (1968) is not only amongst the finest examples of post-Tolkien fantasy, it is explicitly and directly influenced by Tolkien himself." Adam Roberts, The Riddles of the Hobbit. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. ISBN 1137373652 p. 19
34. ^ "For Le Guin, Tolkien is a major precursor...Le Guin also acknowledges the importance of Tolkien, whose ability to create a world she finds impressive."Susan M. Bernardo, Graham J. Murphy, Ursula K. Le Guin: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 978-0313332258 (pp. 92-93).
35. ^ Garth, John (22 January 2021). "Ursula Le Guin, the language of Earthsea, and Tolkien". John Garth. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
36. ^ "Patricia McKillip and Jane Yolen, both American, should also be mentioned here: the former's The Forgotten Beasts of Eld (1974) echoes Tolkien in its nuanced prose...the latter's The Magic Three of Solatia (1974) bears a similar relationship to Tolkien." Jamie Williamson, The Evolution of Modern Fantasy: From Antiquarianism to the Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series. Springer, 2015. ISBN 9781137518088
37. ^ Interview with Dennis L. McKiernan
38. ^ Haber, Karen, ed. (2002). "Rhythmic Pattern in The Lord of the Rings". Meditations on Middle-earth: New Writing on the Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien by Orson Scott Card, Ursula K. Le Guin, and others. St Martin's Press. reviewed in Duriez, Colin (2003). "Journal Article Review: Survey of Tolkien Literature". VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center. 20: 105–114\. JSTOR 45296990.
39. ^ Prilutskaya, Natalya (2008). "Russian Followers of J.R.R.Tolkien". The Ring Goes Ever on: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference. Coventry: The Tolkien Society. ISBN 978-0-905520-24-7.
40. ^ Louise Wetherill, Ampthill Literary Festival Yearbook 2015. Ampthill. (2015) ISBN 978-1-5175506-8-4. pp. 85–92.
41. ^ Ken Mills (Director) (21 July 2009). The Cartoonist: Jeff Smith, BONE and the Changing Face of Comics (Documentary). Mills James Productions.
42. ^ Bratman, David (2013) [2007]. "Parodies". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 503–504\. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
43. ^ Wolf, Ian. "About Hordes Of The Things". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
44. ^ Miller, Laura (15 February 2011). "Middle-earth according to Mordor". Salon.com.
45. ^ Page, Benedicte (8 February 2011). "Lord of the Rings reworking a hit with fans, but not Tolkien estate". The Guardian.
46. ^ a b Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: HarperCollins. #175 to Mrs Molly Waldron, 30 November 1955. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
47. ^ "Riel Radio Theatre — The Lord of the Rings, Episode 2". Radioriel. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
48. ^ Viglione, Joe. "[Review] Jack Bruce: Songs for a Tailor". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
49. ^ Harlitz-Kern, Erika (9 December 2014). "Countdown to THE HOBBIT: 4 Songs Inspired by Tolkien". BookRiot. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
50. ^ "Mirage: Camel". ProgArchives. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
51. ^ Schoenmakers, Remco (17 March 2002). "Album Reviews: Mostly Autumn - The Lord Of The Rings". DPRP. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
52. ^ Birzer, Bradley J. (9 March 2014). "The Music of Glass Hammer: An Appreciation". The Catholic World Report. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
53. ^ "Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings album review". Allmusic. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
54. ^ "Gatsby's American Dream: The Most Literary Band You've Never Heard Of". BookRiot. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
55. ^ a b Eden, Bradford Lee (2010). Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4814-2.
56. ^ Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2008). Icons of Rock. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. p. 383\. ISBN 978-0-313-33846-5.
57. ^ a b c Bottero, Alessandro (3 January 2021). "Quando il metal e il rock si ispirano ai libri di Tolkien" [When Metal and Rock are Inspired by Tolkien's Books]. Stone Music (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
58. ^ Taysom, Joe (2 September 2022). "Every Led Zeppelin song inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien". Far Out magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
59. ^ "Pearls Before Swine – Ring Thing". Retrieved 18 February 2019.
60. ^ "Hobbit Hole". Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
61. ^ Nightfall in Middle Earth: AllMusic Guide Review
62. ^ a b Kuusela, Tommy (2015). "'Dark Lord of Gorgoroth': Black Metal and the Works of Tolkien". In Van Zon, Cecile; Vink, Renee (eds.). Lembas Extra: Unexplored Aspects of Tolkien and Arda: Edition 2015 (PDF). Netherlands: Productie Boekscout. pp. 89–119\. ISBN 978-94-022-1557-1.
63. ^ Breen, Samuel (1 April 2010). "[Review] Black Breath: Heavy Breathing". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
64. ^ Second page of About.com interview with Summoning Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
65. ^ Bowar, Chad. "Interview With Finnish Metal Band Battlelore". Heavy Metal. About.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
66. ^ Gallarati, Marco. "Battlelore – O Elbereth! Gilthoniel!" (in Italian). Metalitalia.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
67. ^ Wall, Mick (1987). Market Square Heroes - The Authorised Story of Marillion. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 28\. ISBN 978-0-283-99426-5.
68. ^ "Satanist (?) Uses the Black Speech". Ardalambion. Retrieved 13 June 2020. "His one-man Black Metal band was called Burzum, this being the Black Speech word for "darkness", taken from the inscription on the Ring: ...agh burzum-ishi krimpatul, "and in the darkness bind them"."
69. ^ ""Cirith Ungol Biography"".
70. ^ "Amon Amarth Biography". Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
71. ^ "Dimmu Borgir - Interview on NRK1 (Subbed)" - via YouTube.
72. ^ Seeman, Chris (3 July 2002). "Lord of the Rings: A Review by Chris Seeman". Move Records. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
73. ^ "Sally Oldfield – Water Bearer". discogs.com. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
74. ^ a b Bratman, David (2010). "Liquid Tolkien: Music, Tolkien, Middle-earth, and More Music". In Eden, Bradford Lee (ed.). Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien. McFarland. pp. 140–170\. ISBN 978-0-7864-5660-4.
75. ^ Robb, Brian J.; Simpson, Paul (2013). Middle-earth Envisioned: The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings: On Screen, On Stage, and Beyond. Race Point. p. 188\. ISBN 978-1-937994-27-3.
76. ^ "Brocelïande Celtic and Early Music Ensemble -- CD Store".
77. ^ "Narsilion". Castlefest. 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
78. ^ "Bard: Poems and Songs of Middle Earth - Notes". Archived from the original on 31 October 2018.
79. ^ ""The Songs and Poems of Middle-earth"".
80. ^ "Concert Recording "Quendi" 2010, Fëanor" - via YouTube.
81. ^ "Concert Review Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice 2017, Fëanor". France 3.
82. ^ "Martin Romberg at Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence" (in French). Orchestre régional Avignon-Provence. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
83. ^ "Announcement of the Vestfold International Program 2010=Sandefjords Blad". 4 June 2010.
84. ^ "Johan De Meij". The Flying Inkpot. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
85. ^ Pleskun, Stephen (2012). A Chronological History of Australian Composers and Their Compositions - Volume 2: 1955-1984. Xlibris. p. 753\. ISBN 978-1-4797-5752-7.
86. ^ BBC entertainment; Filmtracks
87. ^ Bakker, Jeroen. "Interview with Paul Corfield Godfrey, composer of the Silmarillion Opera-cycle". Tolkien Library.
88. ^ "Paul Corfield Godfrey's "The Fall of Gondolin: Epic Scenes from the Silmarillion, Part Four" Demo Recording". Volante Opera Productions. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
89. ^ a b Drout, Michael D. C. (2006). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 539\. ISBN 1-135-88034-4.
90. ^ Weichmann, Christian. "The Lord of the Rings: Complete Songs and Poems (4-CD-Box)". The Tolkien Ensemble. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
91. ^ Snider, John C. (March 2003). "CD Review: At Dawn in Rivendell: Selected Songs & Poems from The Lord of the Rings by The Tolkien Ensemble & Christopher Lee". SciFiDimensions. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
92. ^ Hurwitz, David. "Sallinen: Symphony 7". Classics Today. Retrieved 13 June 2020. "Symphony No. 7, subtitled "The Dreams of Gandalf", arose out of music intended for a ballet based on The Lord of the Rings. Perhaps because the music was intended for the dance, it's the most energetic and impulsive piece on the disc, full of captivating tunes cloaked in absolutely magical orchestration (Sallinen is particularly adept in his use of tuned percussion). It would be a hit at any concert and at 25 minutes it's not a moment too long."
93. ^ Flegg, Patrick. ""Odds & Sods," MySpace". Retrieved 12 February 2021.
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100. ^ Miller, John Jackson (2003). Scrye Collectible Card Game Checklist & Price Guide (2nd ed.). pp. 295–302.
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105. ^ "Mythlore Publishing History". Archived from the original on 13 December 2006.
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## Sources

[edit]

* Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.

## External links

[edit]

* Ardalambion — Languages of Tolkien
* Scholarly Studies of J. R. R. Tolkien and His Works (in English): 1984–2000 by Michael D.C. Drout, Hilary Wynne, and Melissa Higgins

* v
* t
* e

The Lord of the Rings

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Constructing The Lord of the Rings

About|

* Volumes
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* Stories
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* Translating
* list
* Swedish
* Reception
* Impact
* Literary
* Fandom
* Fan fiction
* Oxonmoot
* Tolkienmoot
* Works inspired
* Tolkien's impact on fantasy

Elements|

| Languages|

* Black Speech
* Elvish
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Khuzdul
* Westron

|

Poetry|

* A Elbereth Gilthoniel
* Namárië
* Song of Eärendil
* The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
* The Road Goes Ever On
* A Walking Song

Other|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Maps
* Proverbs
* Scripts
* Cirth
* Tengwar

Analysis|

| Themes|

* Addiction to power
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Company of the Ring
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Divination
* Dreams and visions
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Evil
* Feudal allegiance
* Forests
* Hell
* Heroism
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Paganism
* Plants
* Prophecy
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Race
* Sexuality
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees
* Women

|

Influences|

* Antiquarianism
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Christianity
* Classical world
* Edwardian adventure stories
* First World War
* Norse
* Medieval
* Modern sources
* Modernism
* William Morris
* A mythology for England
* Philology
* Shakespeare

Techniques|

* Anachronism
* Character pairing
* Editorial framing
* Frame stories
* Pseudotranslation
* Impression of depth
* Narrative structure
* Interlacing
* Storytelling
* Prose style
* Ambiguity
* Epic Pooh

Peoples|

| Maiar|

* Balrogs
* Sauron
* Wizards
* Gandalf
* Radagast
* Saruman

|

Free
peoples|

* Dwarves
* Balin
* Gimli
* Elves
* Galadriel
* Glorfindel
* Half-elven
* Arwen
* Elrond
* Legolas
* Thranduil
* Ents
* Treebeard
* Hobbits
* Bilbo
* Frodo
* Merry
* Pippin
* Sam
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Aragorn
* of Gondor
* Boromir
* Denethor
* Faramir
* of Rohan
* Éomer
* Éowyn
* Théoden
* Wormtongue

Monsters|

* Barrow-wight
* Gollum
* Nazgûl
* Witch-king of Angmar
* Old Man Willow
* Orcs
* Shelob
* Trolls
* Wargs
* Watcher in the Water

Other|

* Eagles
* Goldberry
* Tom Bombadil

World|

| Geography|

* Middle-earth
* Eriador
* Bree
* Old Forest
* Rivendell
* The Shire
* Bag End
* Gondor
* Harad
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Moria
* Mordor
* Rohan
* Isengard
* Undying Lands

|

Battles|

* Helm's Deep
* Pelennor Fields
* Morannon

Things|

* Mithril
* Oliphaunts
* Palantírs
* Phial of Galadriel
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* List of weapons and armour

Related
works|

* The Hobbit
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
* Errantry
* Fastitocalon
* The Sea-Bell
* Donald Swann
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Bilbo's Last Song
* The Silmarillion
* Unfinished Tales
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The History of Middle-earth
* The Children of Húrin
* The History of The Hobbit
* Beren and Lúthien
* The Fall of Gondolin
* The Nature of Middle-earth

Adaptations and derivative works

Books|

* Bored of the Rings (1969)
* The Last Ringbearer (1999)
* Muddle Earth (2003)

Illustrations|

* A Map of Middle-earth
* Pauline Baynes
* Barbara Remington
* John Howe
* Alan Lee
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

Theatre|

* Fellowship! (2005)
* The Lord of the Rings (2006)

Music|

* Bo Hansson
* Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972)
* Johan de Meij
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988)
* Led Zeppelin
* "Ramble On" (1969)
* "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971)
* "The Battle of Evermore" (1971)

Radio|

* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955)
* The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979)
* Hordes of the Things (1980)
* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981)
* Der Herr der Ringe (1992)

Film|

| Animated|

* The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978)
* The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980)
* The War of the Rohirrim (Kamiyama, 2024)

|

Peter Jackson
series|

* The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
* The Two Towers (2002)
* The Return of the King (2003)

Music|

* "Concerning Hobbits"
* "Into the West"
* "May It Be"

Approach|

* Production
* Hobbiton Movie Set
* Peter Jackson's interpretation
* Picturing Tolkien
* Tolkien on Film

Other|

* Sagan om ringen (1971)
* Khraniteli (1991)
* Hobitit (1993)
* The Rings of Power (2022)
* music

Fan-made|

* The Hunt for Gollum (2009)
* Born of Hope (2009)

Video games|

* Journey to Rivendell
* Game One
* Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
* War in Middle Earth
* Vol. I (1990)
* Vol. I (SNES)
* Riders of Rohan
* Elendor
* Vol. II: The Two Towers
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* War of the Ring
* The Third Age
* Game Boy Advance
* The Battle for Middle-earth
* Tactics
* The Battle for Middle-earth II
* The Rise of the Witch-king
* Conquest
* Aragorn's Quest
* War in the North
* Lego The Lord of the Rings
* Guardians of Middle-earth
* Shadow of Mordor
* Shadow of War
* Gollum
* Return to Moria

| The Lord of the Rings Online|

* Mines of Moria
* Siege of Mirkwood
* Rise of Isengard
* Riders of Rohan
* Helm's Deep
* Mordor
* Minas Morgul
* War of Three Peaks
* Fate of Gundabad
* Before the Shadow

|

Tabletop role-
playing games|

* Middle-earth Role Playing
* The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
* The One Ring Roleplaying Game
* Adventures in Middle-earth

Board games|

* Middle Earth
* War of the Ring
* Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
* Sauron
* Lord of the Rings
* War of the Ring

Card games|

* Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game

Other games|

* Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
* Lego The Lord of the Rings

* v
* t
* e

Middle-earth

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Bibliography
* Canon
* Legendarium
* Outline

Works|

| In Tolkien's
lifetime|

* The Hobbit (1937)
* The Lord of the Rings (1954-55)
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)

|

Posthumous|

* The Silmarillion (1977)
* "Ainulindalë"
* Unfinished Tales (1980)
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981)
* Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
* The three "Great Tales"
* The Children of Húrin (2007)
* Beren and Lúthien (2017)
* The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
* The Fall of Númenor (2022)

History of
composition|

| History of
Middle-earth|

* [1–2] The Book of Lost Tales (1983–84)
* Ælfwine
* [3] The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
* [4] The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
* [5] The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
* The Etymologies
* Lhammas
* [6–9] The History of The Lord of the Rings (1988–92)
* The Notion Club Papers
* [10] Morgoth's Ring (1993)
* [11] The War of the Jewels (1994)
* [12] The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)

|

Others|

* John D. Rateliff
* The History of The Hobbit (2007)
* Carl F. Hostetter
* The Nature of Middle-earth (2021)

Fictional
universe|

| Peoples,
monsters|

* Ainur
* Maiar
* Balrogs
* Wizards
* Valar
* Dragons
* Ancalagon
* Smaug
* Dwarves
* Eagles
* Elves
* Half-elven
* Noldor
* Sundering
* Ents
* Hobbits
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Orcs
* Trolls

|

Characters|

* First and Second Ages
* Celebrimbor
* Eärendil and Elwing
* Elendil
* Fëanor
* Fingolfin
* Finwë and Míriel
* Gil-galad
* Húrin
* Isildur
* Lúthien and Beren
* Melian
* Morgoth
* Thingol
* Tuor and Idril
* Túrin Turambar
* Ungoliant
* Third Age
* Elrond
* Galadriel
* Gandalf
* Glorfindel
* Goldberry
* Gollum
* Saruman
* Sauron
* Tom Bombadil

Places|

* First and Second Ages
* Beleriand
* Númenor
* Valinor
* Third Age
* Bree
* Esgaroth
* Gondor
* Harad
* Isengard
* Lonely Mountain
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Mordor
* Moria
* Rivendell
* Rohan
* The Shire
* Bag End

Objects|

* Mithril
* Palantír
* Red Book of Westmarch
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* Silmarils
* Two Trees of Valinor
* List of weapons and armour

Analysis|

| Elements|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Languages
* Adûnaic
* Black Speech
* Elvish
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Khuzdul
* Valarin
* Westron
* Maps
* Tolkien's poetry
* Scripts
* Cirth
* Sarati
* Tengwar

|

Themes|

* Anachronism
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Cosmology
* Round World dilemma
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Dreams and visions
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Evil
* First World War
* Forests
* Frame stories
* Hell
* Heroism
* Light
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Modernism
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Old Straight Road
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees

Literary|

* Tolkien's impact on fantasy
* Influences
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* Finnish language and literature
* Medieval
* Modern
* William Morris
* Norse
* Philology
* Shakespeare
* Prose style
* Ambiguity
* A mythology for England

Geographic|

* The Atlas of Middle-earth
* Journeys of Frodo
* A Map of Middle-earth

Adaptations,
legacy|

| Artists|

* Pauline Baynes
* Cor Blok
* Anke Eißmann
* Brothers Hildebrandt
* Jenny Dolfen
* Mary Fairburn
* Donato Giancola
* John Howe
* Tove Jansson
* Alexander Korotich
* Alan Lee
* Tom Loback
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

|

Composers|

* Bo Hansson
* Johan de Meij
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings
* Howard Shore
* Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
* Music of The Hobbit film series
* Music of The Rings of Power TV series
* Blind Guardian
* Nightfall in Middle-Earth

Settings|

* Donald Swann
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
* The Tolkien Ensemble
* An Evening in Rivendell
* A Night in Rivendell
* At Dawn in Rivendell
* Leaving Rivendell

Other media|

* Impact
* Middle-earth Enterprises
* Works inspired by Tolkien
* Fan fiction
* Film
* Calendars
* Video games
* Things named after Tolkien and his works

Literary
criticism|

* The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
* A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
* Interrupted Music
* Master of Middle-Earth
* Picturing Tolkien
* A Question of Time
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
* J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
* The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
* Perilous Realms
* The Road to Middle-Earth
* Splintered Light
* Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
* Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
* Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
* A Tolkien Compass
* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
* Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
* Tolkien's Legendarium
* Tolkien and the Great War
* The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

Fantasy fiction

* History
* Literature
* Magic
* Sources

Subgenres|

* Accidental travel
* Action-adventure
* Lost world
* Sword and sorcery
* Wuxia
* Alternate history
* Chuanyue
* Contemporary
* Children's fantasy
* Comedy
* Bangsian
* Dark fantasy
* Grimdark
* Fairy tale parodies
* Fairytale fantasy
* Fantastique
* Fantasy of manners
* Hard fantasy
* High fantasy
* Historical fantasy
* Isekai
* LitRPG
* Low fantasy
* Magical girl
* Mythic
* Mythpunk
* Mythopoeia
* Omegaverse
* Progression
* Romantic
* Science fantasy
* Dying Earth
* Planetary romance
* Shenmo
* Urban fantasy
* Occult detective fiction
* Paranormal romance
* Weird fiction
* New weird
* Weird West
* Fantasy Western
* Xianxia

Media|

| Film and television|

* Anime
* Films
* highest-grossing
* S&S
* Television programs

|

Literature|

* Authors
* Ballantine Adult Fantasy series
* Comics
* list
* The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
* Fantasy Masterworks
* Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* List of novels
* A–H
* I–R
* S–Z
* List of story collections
* Publishers

Magazines|

* Fantastic
* Fantastic Adventures
* Locus
* The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
* Science Fantasy
* Unknown
* Weird Tales

Other|

* Dungeons & Dragons
* Féeries
* Podcasts

Awards|

* Balrog
* British Fantasy
* Crawford
* Dragon
* Gandalf
* Gemmell
* Hugo
* International Fantasy
* Japan Fantasy
* Locus
* Méliès d'Or
* Mythopoeic
* Nebula
* Saturn
* Tähtifantasia
* World Fantasy

Fandom|

* Art
* Fanspeak
* Filk music
* Harry Potter fandom
* The Inklings
* Lovecraft fandom
* Mythopoeic Society
* Tolkien fandom
* Tolkien's influence
* Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
* World Fantasy Convention

Tropes|

| Creatures|

* Angels
* Demons
* Devils
* Ghouls
* Elementals
* Faeries
* Familiars
* Fire-breathing monsters
* Chimera
* Dragons
* Gargoyles
* Imps
* Jinn
* Nymphs
* Shapeshifters
* Werecats
* Werewolves
* Skin-walkers
* Spirits
* Talking animals
* Undead
* Death
* Ghosts
* Liches
* Mummies
* Skeletons
* Vampires
* Zombies
* Unicorns
* Yōkai

|

Characters|

* Barbarian
* Caveman
* Damsel in distress
* Dark lord
* Donor
* Dragonslayer
* Fairy godmother
* Heroes
* Magicians
* Occult detective
* list
* Wild man
* Witches

Magic system|

* Hard and soft
* Elements
* Dark/neutral/light
* Ceremonial
* Love
* Moon
* Magic item
* Grimoire
* Magic ring
* Magical weapons
* Magic sword
* Runes
* Wand
* Schools
* Alchemy
* Demonology
* Divination
* Egregore
* Evocation
* Incantation
* Necromancy
* Runecraft
* Shamanism
* Shapeshifting
* Thaumaturgy
* Theurgy
* Witchcraft

Fantasy races|

* Centaurs
* Dwarves
* Elves
* Treants
* Giants
* Gnomes
* Goblins
* Gremlins
* Halflings
* Hobgoblins
* Kobolds
* Leprechauns
* Merfolk
* Mermaids
* Mermen
* Ogres
* Oni
* Orcs
* Trolls

Places and events|

* Quests
* Worlds
* list
* Maps
* Lost city
* Hollow Earth
* Astral plane
* Dreamworld
* Castle
* Enchanted forest
* Thieves' guild
* Magic school

Related|

* Allegory
* Epic poetry
* Fable
* Fairy tale
* Ghost stories
* Gothic fiction
* Horror fiction
* LGBT themes in speculative fiction
* Mecha
* Mythology
* Science fiction
* Supernatural fiction
* Superhero
* Tokusatsu
* Kaiju
* Urban legend

* Outline
* Category

* v
* t
* e

J. R. R. Tolkien

* Bibliography
* Letters

Poetry
and songs|

* Songs for the Philologists (1936)
* "Bagme Bloma"
* The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953)
* "A Walking Song" (1954)
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
* "Errantry"
* "Fastitocalon"
* "The Sea-Bell"
* "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late"
* The Road Goes Ever On (1967)
* Bilbo's Last Song (1974)
* The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009)
* The Fall of Arthur (2013)
* The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien (2024)
* List of Tolkien's alliterative verse

Fiction|

* The Hobbit (1937)
* "Leaf by Niggle" (1947)
* The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945)
* Farmer Giles of Ham (1949)
* The Lord of the Rings:
* The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
* The Two Towers (1954)
* The Return of the King (1955)
* Tree and Leaf (1964)
* The Tolkien Reader (1966)
* Smith of Wootton Major (1967)

Posthumous
fiction|

* The Father Christmas Letters (1976)
* The Silmarillion (1977)
* Unfinished Tales (1980)
* Mr. Bliss (1982)
* The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996)
* The Book of Lost Tales
* The Lays of Beleriand
* The Shaping of Middle-earth
* The Lost Road and Other Writings
* The History of The Lord of the Rings
* Morgoth's Ring
* The War of the Jewels
* The Peoples of Middle-earth
* Roverandom (1998)
* The Children of Húrin (2007)
* The History of The Hobbit (2007)
* The Story of Kullervo (2015)
* Beren and Lúthien (2017)
* The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
* The Nature of Middle-earth (2021)
* The Fall of Númenor (2022)

Academic
works|

* Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English text, 1925)
* "The Devil's Coach Horses" (1925)
* "Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad" (1929)
* "Sigelwara Land" (1932–34)
* "Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale" (1934)
* "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" (1936)
* "On Fairy-Stories" (1939)
* Eucatastrophe
* "On Translating Beowulf" (1940)
* Sir Orfeo (1944)
* Ancrene Wisse (1962)
* "English and Welsh" (1963)
* Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)

Posthumous
academic|

* Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo (translations, 1975)
* Exodus (1981)
* Finn and Hengest (1982)
* The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays (1983)
* Beowulf and the Critics (2002)
* Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary with "Sellic Spell" (2014)
* A Secret Vice (2016)

Scholars
(works)|

| Biographers|

* Humphrey Carpenter
* J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977, authorized biography)
* John Garth
* Tolkien and the Great War
* The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
* Catherine McIlwaine
* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
* Charles Moseley

|

Christian|

* Stratford Caldecott
* Matthew T. Dickerson
* Colin Duriez
* Peter Kreeft
* Holly Ordway
* Joseph Pearce
* Fleming Rutledge
* Ralph C. Wood

Literary
critics|

* Douglas A. Anderson
* Nicholas Birns
* Bradley J. Birzer
* Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny
* Picturing Tolkien
* David Bratman
* Janet Brennan Croft
* Tolkien on Film
* Patrick Curry
* Bradford Lee Eden
* Dimitra Fimi
* Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
* Jason Fisher
* Verlyn Flieger
* Interrupted Music
* A Question of Time
* Splintered Light
* Michael Foster
* Nick Groom
* Wayne G. Hammond & Christina Scull
* J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography
* The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
* Randel Helms
* Thomas Honegger
* Charles A. Huttar
* Paul H. Kocher
* Master of Middle-Earth
* Stuart D. Lee
* The Keys of Middle-earth
* Jared Lobdell
* A Tolkien Compass
* John D. Rateliff
* Robin Anne Reid
* Brian Rosebury
* Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon
* Amy H. Sturgis
* Anna Vaninskaya
* Richard C. West
* Elizabeth Whittingham
* Rose Zimbardo
* Understanding The Lord of the Rings

Linguists|

* Anthony Appleyard
* Helge Fauskanger
* Carl F. Hostetter
* Tom Loback
* David Salo
* Arden R. Smith
* Allan Turner

Medievalists,
Classicists|

* Marjorie Burns
* Perilous Realms
* Jane Chance
* Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
* Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
* Michael D. C. Drout
* J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
* Jonathan Evans
* Vincent Ferré
* Gergely Nagy
* Tom Shippey
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
* The Road to Middle-Earth
* Elizabeth Solopova
* Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
* Hamish Williams
* Tolkien and the Classical World

Popular|

* Lin Carter
* Robert Foster
* Glen GoodKnight
* Michael Martinez
* Charles Noad
* J. E. A. Tyler

Related|

* Family
* Francis Xavier Morgan
* Influences
* Artwork
* Languages constructed by Tolkien
* Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings
* Inklings
* Milton Waldman
* Mythopoeic Society
* Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
* Tolkien's impact on fantasy
* Tolkien and the modernists
* Tolkien Estate
* Tolkien fandom
* Tolkien fan fiction
* Tolkien Gateway
* The Tolkien Society
* Awards
* Memorials
* Reception
* Tolkien research
* Mythlore
* Tolkien Studies
* Works inspired by Tolkien
* Tolkien (biographical film)
* Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (album)
* Language and Human Nature
* The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

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