World Trade Center (1973–2001)

Former development in Manhattan, New York

"Twin Towers" redirects here. For other uses, see Twin Towers (disambiguation).

World Trade Center

Brandmark of the WTC, used from 1993 to 2001

The original complex in March 2001. The tower on the left, with antenna spire, was 1 WTC. The tower on the right was 2 WTC. All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible. The red granite-clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center. In the background is the East River.

Record height
Tallest in the world from 1970 to 1973[I]
Preceded by| Empire State Building
Surpassed by| Willis Tower
General information
Status| Destroyed
Architectural style|

* New Formalism (Buildings 1, 2, 4, 5, 6)

Location| Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Coordinates| 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W﻿ / ﻿40.71167°N 74.01250°W﻿ / 40.71167; -74.01250
Groundbreaking| August 5, 1966 (August 5, 1966)
January 18, 1967 (South Tower)
Construction started|

* 1 WTC: August 6, 1968
* 2 WTC: January 1969
* 3 WTC: March 1979
* 4 WTC: 1974
* 5 WTC: 1970
* 6 WTC: 1969
* 7 WTC: October 2, 1984

Topped-out|

* 1 WTC: December 23, 1970
* 2 WTC: July 19, 1971

Completed|

* 1 WTC: 1972
* 2 WTC: 1973
* 3 WTC: April 1, 1981
* 4 WTC: 1975
* 5 WTC: 1972
* 6 WTC: 1973
* 7 WTC: March 1987

Opening|

* 1 WTC: December 15, 1970
* 2 WTC: January 1972
* 3 WTC: July 1, 1981[1]
* 4 WTC: January 1977
* 5 WTC: March 1972
* 6 WTC: January 1974
* 7 WTC: May 1987

Inaugurated| April 4, 1973 (April 4, 1973)[2]
Destroyed| September 11, 2001; 22 years ago (2001-09-11)
Owner| Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

Other information

Height
Antenna spire| 1 WTC: 1,728 feet (526.7 m)
Roof|

* 1 WTC: 1,368 feet (417.0 m)
* 2 WTC: 1,362 feet (415.1 m)
* 3 WTC: 250 feet (76.2 m)
* 4 and 5 WTC: 120 feet (36.6 m)
* 6 WTC: 110 feet (33.5 m)
* 7 WTC: 610 feet (185.9 m)

Top floor|

* 1 WTC: 1,355 feet (413 m)
* 2 WTC: 1,348 ft (411 m)

Technical details
Floor count|

* 1 and 2 WTC: 110 floors
* 3 WTC: 22 floors
* 4 and 5 WTC: 9 floors
* 6 WTC: 8 floors
* 7 WTC: 47 floors

Floor area|

* 1 and 2 WTC: 4,300,000 sq ft (400,000 m2) each
* 4, 5, and 6 WTC: 500,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) each
* 7 WTC: 1,868,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)

Lifts/elevators| 99 (North Tower); 95 (South Tower)
Design and construction
Architect(s)|

* Minoru Yamasaki
* Emery Roth & Sons

Developer| Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Engineer| Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson,[3] Leslie E. Robertson Associates
Main contractor| Tishman Realty & Construction Company
References
I. ^ [4][5]

The original World Trade Center (WTC) was a complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Built primarily between 1966 and 1975, it was dedicated on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers, including the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) at 1,368 feet (417 m), and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower) at 1,362 feet (415.1 m), were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space and, prior to its completion, was projected to accommodate an estimated 130,000 people.[6]

The core complex cost of about $400 million (equivalent to $2.31 billion in 2023).[7] The idea was suggested by David Rockefeller to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, and his brother Nelson, then New York's 49th governor, signed the legislation to build it.[8][9] The buildings at the complex were designed by Minoru Yamasaki.[10] In 1998, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage. It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001.[11] During its existence, the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic prosperity of the U.S.[12] Although its design was initially criticized by New Yorkers and professional critics[13]—"they put up the boxes instead of the buildings"—the Twin Towers became an icon of New York City.[14] It had a major role in popular culture, and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. The Twin Towers were also used in Philippe Petit's tightrope-walking performance on August 7, 1974.[15] Following the September 11 attacks, mentions of the complex in various media were altered or deleted, and several dozen "memorial films" were created.[16]

The World Trade Center experienced several major crime and terrorist incidents, including a fire on February 13, 1975;[17] a bombing on February 26, 1993;[18] and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998.[19] During the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets, one into each of the Twin Towers, seventeen minutes apart; between 16,400 and 18,000 people were in the Twin Towers when they were struck.[20] The fires from the impacts were intensified by the planes' burning jet fuel, which, along with the initial damage to the buildings' structural columns, ultimately caused both towers to collapse.[21] The attacks killed 2,606 people in and around the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft.[22] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires in several surrounding buildings that were initiated by falling debris, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings, including 7 World Trade Center, and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area.

The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished. On May 30, 2002, the last piece of WTC steel was ceremonially removed.[23] A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers and several other buildings, many of which are complete. A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub, and an elevated park have opened. The memorial features two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood.[24] One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541 m) and the lead building for the new complex, completed construction in May 2013 and opened in November 2014.

## Before the World Trade Center

[edit]

Radio Row and Cortlandt Street station (background) in 1936 Lower Manhattan in 1980 with the twin towers visible in the background

### Site

[edit]

The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River. The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street, which is closer to the site's eastern border. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street, that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and was discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second eighteenth-century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers stood, about 20 feet (6.1 m) below the surface.[25]

Later, the area became New York City's Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually, the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., AN/ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business.[26]

### Establishment of the World Trade Center

[edit]

The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project,[27] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[28] During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center there.[29]

Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; or the west side, near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) station, Hudson Terminal.[30] Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.[31] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project.[32] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.[33]

At the time, ridership on New Jersey's H&M Railroad had declined substantially—from a high of 113 million riders in 1927, to 26 million in 1958—after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River.[34] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the H&M Railroad. They also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH.[33] With the new location and the Port Authority's acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project.[35] As part of the deal, the Port Authority renamed the H&M "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", or PATH for short.[36]

To compensate Radio Row business owners for their displacement, the Port Authority gave each business $3,000 without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous it was.[37] The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965,[38] and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966.[39] It was completely demolished by the end of the year.[40]

Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3, 1966, an agreement was reached whereby the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[41] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased.[42]

## Development

[edit]

Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center

### Design

[edit]

Video of the World Trade Center in the 1960s and early 70s, including scenes of its construction Twin Tower framed tube structure

On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[43] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[44] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.[45]

Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.[44][46] The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure.[47] His design included building facades clad in aluminum-alloy.[48] The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.[49] He was also inspired by Islamic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the building's design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the Saudi Binladin Group.[50][51]

A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service it, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.[52] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation used in New York City's subway system,[53] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently. This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts.[54] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[55]

The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the framed-tube structural system used in the twin towers.[56] The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project.[57] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes.[58]

The framed-tube design, introduced in the 1960s by Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan,[59] was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads. Each of the World Trade Center towers had 236 high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.[60][56] The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns.[56] The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates.[61] The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.[62] Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not on the same floor.[58] Below the 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways.[61][56]

The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight as well as live loads, providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing wind loads among the exterior walls.[63] The floors consisted of 4-inch (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors.[61] The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants.

Hat trusses (or "outrigger trusses") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication antenna on top of each building.[61] Only 1 WTC (North Tower) actually had a spire antenna fitted, which was added in May 1979.[64][65][66] The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.[61]

The framed-tube design, using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire-resistant material, created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind compared to traditional structures, such as the Empire State Building that has thick, heavy masonry for fireproofing of steel structural elements.[67] During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces.[68] Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could comfortably tolerate; however, many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill effects.[69] One of the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic dampers to absorb some of the sways. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns along with some other structural modifications, reduced the building sway to an acceptable level.[70]

* World Trade Center lobby interior with large cathedral-like arched windows

* Exterior entrance trident columns with Ideogram sculpture

* Exterior view from plaza

* Exterior view with Cloud Fortress sculpture in front

### Construction

[edit]

The World Trade Center under construction in May 1970

The Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in May 1973

In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[38] Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row for its construction.[39] Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center took place on August 5, 1966.[71]

The site of the World Trade Center was located on filled land with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.[72] To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build a "bathtub" with a slurry wall around the West Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson River out.[73] The slurry method selected by the Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging a trench, and as excavation proceeded, filling the space with a slurry consisting of a mixture of bentonite and water, which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in, forcing the slurry out. It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed. It was necessary before the excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin.[74] The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000 m3) of excavated material were used (along with other fill and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street to form Battery Park City.[75][76]

In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers.[77] Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968, and construction on the South Tower was under way by January 1969.[78] The original Hudson Tubes, which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service during the construction process until 1971, when a new station opened.[79] The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred on July 19, 1971.[78] Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process, and the first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970, while it was still under construction,[80][5] while the South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972.[81] When the Twin Towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.[82] The ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4, 1973.[83]

In addition to the Twin Towers, the plan for the World Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. The 47-story 7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s, to the north of the main complex. Altogether, the main World Trade Center complex occupied a 16-acre (65,000 m2) superblock.[84][85]

## Complex

[edit]

The World Trade Center complex housed more than 430 companies that were engaged in various commercial activities.[86] The complex hosted 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space,[87][88] which according to a 1970 account was supposed to accommodate 130,000 people.[6] On a typical weekday, an estimated 50,000 people worked in the complex and another 140,000 passed through as visitors.[86] The World Trade Center was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048.[89] The towers offered expansive views from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North Tower. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well as on postcards and other merchandise. It became a New York icon, in the same league as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty.[90] The World Trade Center was compared to Rockefeller Center, which David Rockefeller's brother Nelson Rockefeller had developed in midtown Manhattan.[91]

### North and South Towers

[edit]

"Twin Towers" redirects here. For other uses, see Twin Towers (disambiguation).

View from the ground, 1999

North Tower lobby, looking south along the east side of the building, 2000

One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly referred to as the Twin Towers, were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls.[92][93] They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center.[78] Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center.[94] When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after its 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall[94] and featured a 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m).[95] Chicago's Willis Tower, then called Sears Tower which was finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.[96]

When completed in 1973, the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415 m). Its rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high.[95] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m2) of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His tongue-in-cheek response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale."[97] Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design of the twin towers when they were first announced, saying: "Here we have the world's daintiest architecture for the world's biggest buildings."[98][99]

The twin towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building before the completion of the Sears Tower in 1973.[95] Their floor counts were not matched until the construction of the Sears Tower, and they were not surpassed until the construction of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.[100][101] Each tower had a total mass of around 500,000 tons.[102]

### Austin J. Tobin Plaza

[edit]

Main article: Austin J. Tobin Plaza

World Trade Center Plaza in 1976 with The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig

The Austin J. Tobin Plaza in 1995, looking west toward the Vista Hotel in 3 World Trade Center

The original World Trade Center had a five-acre (two-hectare) plaza around which all of the buildings in the complex, including the twin towers, were centered. World Trade Center officials had wanted the plaza to be a "contemplative space" or a Zen garden.[103] In 1982, the plaza was renamed after Port Authority's late chairman, Austin J. Tobin, who authorized the construction of the original World Trade Center.[104][105] During the summer, the Port Authority installed a portable stage, typically backed up against the North Tower within Tobin Plaza for musicians and performers.[106] These series of concerts and events were called "CenterStage at the World Trade Center".[107] At the center of the plaza stood the monumental sculpture The Sphere by German artist Fritz Koenig. The world's largest bronze sculpture of modern times was surrounded by a fountain. The site had other sculptures such as Ideogram, Cloud Fortress, and the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial fountain.[108] The plaza was pervaded by Muzak background music that came from installed loudspeakers.[109][110]

For many years, the Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers.[111] Some gusts were so strong that pedestrians' travel had to be aided by ropes.[112] In 1997 Tony May opened an Italian restaurant in the plaza next to 4 World Trade Center called "Gemelli".[113] The following year, he opened another restaurant in an adjacent place called "Pasta Break".[114] On June 9, 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million in renovations.[115][116] This involved replacing marble pavers with over 40,000 gray and pink granite stones, as well as adding benches, planters, food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas.[103]

### Top of the World observation deck

[edit]

Visitors on the viewing platform on the South Tower's roof, looking north toward Midtown Manhattan in 1984

Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured a public glass-enclosed observation deck on the 107th floor called Top of the World and an open-air deck with the height of 110 stories.[117][118][119] The observation deck was operative since December 1975 and the opening times were from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. (June – August) and from 9:30 a.m. – 9:30 p.m. (September – May).[120][121] After paying an entrance fee in the second floor, visitors were required to pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[122] They were then sent to the 107th-floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m) by a dedicated express elevator.[118] The exterior columns were narrowed to allow 28 inches of window width between them. In 1995, the Port Authority leased operation of the observatory to Ogden Entertainment, which decided to renovate it.[123] On April 30, 1997, the Top of the World tour reopened after renovations were finished.[124] Attractions added to the observation deck included 24 video monitors, which provided descriptions of 44 points of interest in six languages; a theater showing a film of a simulated helicopter tour around the city called "Manhattan Magic";[125][118][126] a model of Manhattan with 750 buildings; a Kodak photo booth and two gift shops.[125] The 107th-floor also featured a subway-themed food court that featured Sbarro Street Station and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs with a dining area that simulated Central Park.[95][127]

Weather permitting, visitors could ride two short escalators up from the 107th-floor viewing area to an outdoor platform at a height of 1,377 ft (420 m).[128][118][129] On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km).[95] An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing. This left the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building.[127]

### Windows on the World Restaurant

[edit]

Main article: Windows on the World

Windows on the World, the restaurant on the North Tower's 106th and 107th floors,[130] opened in April 1976. It was developed by restaurateur Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million.[131] As well as the main restaurant, two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower: Hors d'Oeuvrerie (offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and Cellar in the Sky (a small wine bar).[132] Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly, who published a book on the course.[133]

Windows on the World was forced to close following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as the explosion damaged receiving areas, storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex.[131] On May 12, 1994, the Joseph Baum & Michael Whiteman Company won the contract to run the restaurants after Windows's former operator, Inhilco, gave up its lease.[134] After its reopening on June 26, 1996, the Greatest Bar on Earth and Cellar in the Sky (reopened after Labor Day)[135] replaced the original restaurant offshoots.[132] In 1999, Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed as Wild Blue.[136] In 2000 (its last full year of operation), Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.[137] The Skydive Restaurant, which was a 180-seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers, was also operated by Windows on the World.[132][138]

In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl, a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations". She gave the restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality.[139] In his 2009 book Appetite, William Grimes wrote that, "At Windows, New York was the main course".[140] In 2014, Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory. He said, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy by-product of the vital institution it resided in."[141]

### Other buildings

[edit]

(Counterclockwise)
A view of 4, 5 and 6 World Trade Center (the black buildings) surrounding the central plaza and Twin Towers, in 1976

Five smaller buildings stood on the 16-acre (65,000 m2) block.[142] One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened at the southwest corner of the site in 1981 as the Vista Hotel;[143] in 1995, it became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC).[142] Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC), which were steel-framed office buildings, also stood around the plaza.[144][145] 6 World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service.[146] 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station, and 4 World Trade Center, located at the southeast corner,[145][147] housed the U.S. Commodities Exchange.[146] In 1987, construction was completed on a 47-floor office building, 7 World Trade Center, located to the north of the superblock.[148] Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall. It had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's PATH trains.[149][150]

One of the world's largest gold depositories was located underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bombing detonated close to the vault.[151] Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230 million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC. This included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars.[152]

## Major events

[edit]

### February 13, 1975 fire

[edit]

Main article: 1975 World Trade Center fire

On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor. It spread to the 9th and 14th floors after igniting telephone cable insulation in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately; the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to fire damage on the 9th through the 14th floors, the water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few of the floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.[17] On March 12, 1981, the Port Authority announced a $45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center.[153] A disgruntled custodian, 19 year old Oswald Adorno, was discovered to have deliberately started the fire and was criminally charged.[154][155]

### February 26, 1993 bombing

[edit]

Main article: 1993 World Trade Center bombing

The World Trade Center following the 1993 bombing

The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage.[18] The blast opened a 100 ft (30 m) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3.[156] Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks, some from smoke inhalation.[157][158] Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman[159] and four other individuals[160] were later convicted for their involvement in the bombing,[159][160] while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for carrying out the bombing.[161] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers.[162]

Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns.[163] The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and the loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side. The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged.[164] After the bombing, the Port Authority installed photoluminescent pathway markings in the stairwells.[165] The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the original system were destroyed.[166] A memorial to the victims of the bombing, a reflecting pool, was installed with the names of those who were killed in the blast.[167] It was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks. The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.[168]

### January 14, 1998 robbery

[edit]

Main article: 1998 Bank of America robbery

The World Trade Center as seen from Austin J. Tobin Plaza in 1995

In January 1998, an DeCavalcante crime family member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center. He arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the North Tower's 11th floor.[19]

### Other events

[edit]

On the morning of August 7, 1974, Philippe Petit performed a high-wire walk between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. For his unauthorized feat 1,312 feet (400 m) above the ground, he rigged a 440-pound (200 kg) cable and used a custom-made 30-foot-long (9.1 m), 55-pound (25 kg) balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the wire.[15] Though Petit was charged with criminal trespass and disorderly conduct, he was later freed in exchange for performing for children in Central Park.[169]

On February 20, 1981, an Aerolíneas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with the North Tower (1 WTC). The aircraft, which departed from José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and was scheduled to land at nearby JFK Airport, was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations recommended.[170]

The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the South Tower.[171]

On February 8, 2000, a worker was crushed to death and another was injured by an industrial cooling unit.[172][173]

### Proposed lease

[edit]

The World Trade Center seen from the Hudson River, five months prior to the September 11 attacks in April 2001

Slow leasing was a hallmark of the old World Trade Center complex. The Twin Towers suffered high vacancy rates for decades. The complex achieved 95% occupancy only in mid-2001.[174]

Following the Port Authority's approved plans to privatize the World Trade Center in the late 1990s,[175] they sought to lease it to a private entity in 2001. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust; a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties;[176] and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group.[11] Privatizing the World Trade Center would add it to the city's tax rolls[11] and provide funds for other Port Authority projects.[177]

On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won the World Trade Center lease, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[178] Vornado outbid Silverstein by $600 million though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.[179] Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26, 2001,[180] and closed on July 24, 2001.[181]

## Destruction

[edit]

Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center

See also: September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, and United Airlines Flight 175

A fireball rises in the immediate aftermath of United Airlines Flight 175 hitting the South Tower during the September 11 attacks. The World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks seen from above the original building locations (outlined in yellow)

On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked two flights and crashed them into the Twin Towers. One group led by Mohamed Atta crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower[182] at 8:46:40 a.m.; the aircraft struck between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m.,[a] a second group led by Marwan al-Shehhi crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th floors.[187]

The terrorist organization al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, carried out the attacks in retaliation for certain aspects of American foreign policy, particularly U.S. support of Israel and the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.[188] Flight 175 had a much more off-centered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell was left intact; however, only a few people managed to descend successfully before the tower collapsed. Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower, thus affecting more floors, a smaller number (fewer than 700) were killed instantly or trapped.[189]

At 9:59 a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane's impact, to fail. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes.[190] At 5:20 p.m., 7 World Trade Center began to collapse with the crumbling of the east penthouse and collapsed completely at 5:21 p.m.[191] due to uncontrolled fires causing structural failure.[192]

The Marriott World Trade Center hotel was destroyed during the two towers' collapse. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later demolished.[193] The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months.[194] A small church, the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, sat directly south of the towers and was destroyed during the South Tower’s collapse. It was rebuilt and opened in December 2022.[195][196] The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned because of the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011.[197][198] The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned due to extensive damage, being eventually demolished and completely rebuilt.[199]

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the attacks, as over 50,000 people could have been inside the World Trade Center. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated approximately 17,400 individuals were in the towers at the time of the attacks.[200] Ultimately, 2,753 death certificates (excluding those for hijackers) were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks.[22]

There were 2,192 civilians who died in and around the World Trade Center, including 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. (an investment bank on the 101st to 105th floors of One World Trade Center),[201] 295 employees of Marsh & McLennan Companies (located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93 to 101, the location of Flight 11's impact), and 175 employees of Aon Corporation.[202] In addition to the civilian deaths, 414 sworn personnel were also killed: 343 New York City Fire Department (FDNY) firefighters, including 2 FDNY paramedics and 1 FDNY chaplain, and 71 law enforcement officers, including 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) and 23 members of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Eight EMS personnel from private agencies also died in the attacks.[203][204][205] Ten years after the attacks, the remains of only 1,629 victims had been identified.[206] Of all the people who were still in the towers when they collapsed, only 20 were pulled out alive.[207]

## New World Trade Center

[edit]

Main article: World Trade Center (2001–present)

The New World Trade Center in September 2020

Over the following years, plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process,[208] organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design.[209] Memory Foundations, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan;[210] however, substantial changes were made to the design.[211]

The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened on May 23, 2006.[212] The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011,[213] and the museum opened on May 21, 2014.[214] 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[215] 4 WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[216] and 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018.[217]

In November 2013, according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC would not be built to its full height until sufficient space was leased to make the building financially viable.[218] Above-ground construction of 5 WTC was also suspended due to a lack of tenants[219] as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.[220] In mid-2015, Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned 2 WTC, to be designed by Bjarke Ingels and completed by 2020 with News Corp as anchor tenant.[221] Four years later, with no anchor tenant for 2 WTC, Silverstein expressed his intent to resume work on the tower regardless of whether a tenant had signed.[222]

## Impact and legacy

[edit]

Main articles: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks and Post-9/11

### Reception

[edit]

The WTC site building arrangement

Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. Its site was the location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation.[223] A group of affected small businesses sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of an eminent domain.[224] The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court, which refused to hear the case.[225]

Private real-estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector, when there was already a glut of vacancies;[226][227] the World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979, and only then due to subsidies.[228] Another critic questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a "mistaken social priority".[229]

The World Trade Center's design aesthetics attracted criticism from the American Institute of Architects and other groups.[48][230] Lewis Mumford, author of The City in History and other works on urban planning, criticized the project, describing it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets".[231] The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to "the boxes that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in".[232] Cultural critic Paul Fussell dismissed the Twin Towers for being "charmless, merely tall, and huge blunt buildings" in his 1991 book BAD Or, The Dumbing of America, adding that they were "brutal and despotic. Dull and witless, expressive only of dumb, raw power, they are widely touted as among the major achievements of the late twentieth century."[233] In his 1996 book Home from Nowhere, James Howard Kunstler wrote in regard to skyscrapers like the Twin Towers and the Empire State Building that "it was probably necessary for mankind's collective ego to prove that such buildings . . . could be built," but he added that they were not worth the "distortions of population density" that they produced, and that they also "overload neighborhoods and strain the infrastructure."[234]

In his book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford described the World Trade Center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city".[85] Other critics disliked the twin towers' narrow office windows, which were 18 inches (46 cm) wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow slots.[47] Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs argued the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers to enjoy.[235] Retrospectively, the American Institute of Architects ranked the World Trade Center complex as 19th among 150 buildings in its List of America's Favorite Architecture, published in 2007.[236]

### On the surrounding community

[edit]

The World Trade Center seen from a nearby street in 2000

The original World Trade Center created a superblock that cut through the area's street grid, isolating the complex from the rest of the community.[84][237][238] The Port Authority had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center. The project involved combining the 12-block area bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets on the north, east, south, and west, respectively.[237][239] 7 World Trade Center was built on the superblock's north side in the late 1980s over another block of Greenwich Street. The building acted as a physical barrier separating Tribeca to the north and the Financial District to the south.[240] The underground mall at the World Trade Center also drew shoppers away from surrounding streets.[241]

The project was seen as being monolithic and overambitious,[242] with the design having had no public input.[243] By contrast, the rebuilding plans had significant public input.[244] The public supported rebuilding a street grid through the World Trade Center site.[243][237][245] One of the rebuilding proposals included building an enclosed shopping street along the path of Cortlandt Street, one of the streets demolished to make room for the original World Trade Center.[241] The Port Authority ultimately decided to rebuild Cortlandt, Fulton, and Greenwich Streets, which were destroyed during the original World Trade Center's construction.[237]

### As popular culture icon

[edit]

Main article: World Trade Center in popular culture

The World Trade Center seen from Liberty Island in 1995

Before its destruction, the World Trade Center was a New York City icon, and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex. They were used in film and TV projects as "establishing shots", standing for New York City as a whole.[16] In 1999, one writer noted: "Nearly every guidebook in New York City lists the Twin Towers among the city's top ten attractions."[14] Among the films that used the complex as a filming location was Sidney Lumet's The Wiz (1978), where the World Trade Center was used to represent Emerald City.[246]

There were several high-profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center. The most notable was held at the original WTC in 1974. French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the two towers on a tightrope,[247] as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire (2008)[248] and depicted in the feature film The Walk (2015).[249] Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable.[250][247] In 1975, Owen J. Quinn base-jumped from the roof of the North Tower and safely landed on the plaza between the buildings.[251] Quinn claimed that he was trying to publicize the plight of the poor.[251] On May 26, 1977, Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower.[252] He later said, "It looked unscalable; I thought I'd like to try it."[253][254] Six years later, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers.[255][256]

The complex was featured in numerous works of popular culture; in 2006, it was estimated that the World Trade Center had appeared in some form in 472 films.[16] Several iconic meanings were attributed to the World Trade Center. Film critic David Sterritt, who lived near the complex, said that the World Trade Center's appearance in the 1978 film Superman "summarized a certain kind of American grandeur [...] the grandeur, I would say, of sheer American powerfulness".[257] Remarking on the towers' destruction in the 1996 film Independence Day, Sterritt said: "The Twin Towers have been destroyed in various disaster movies that were made before 9/11. That became something that you couldn't do even retroactively after 9/11." Other motifs included romance, depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl, and corporate avarice, depicted in Wall Street (1987) and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990).[257] Comic books, animated cartoons, television shows, video games, and music videos also used the complex as a setting.[258]

#### After the September 11 attacks

[edit]

See also: List of entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks and List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks

View of Manhattan from the Brooklyn Bridge with the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center visible between the two

After the September 11 attacks, some movies and TV shows deleted scenes or episodes set within the World Trade Center.[259][260][261][262] For example, The Simpsons episode "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson", which first aired in 1997, was removed from syndication after the attacks because a scene showed the World Trade Center.[263] Songs that mentioned the World Trade Center were no longer aired on radio, and the release dates of some films, such as the 2001–2002 films Sidewalks of New York; People I Know; and Spider-Man were delayed so producers could remove film and poster scenes that included the World Trade Center.[259][258] The 2001 film Kissing Jessica Stein, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival the day before the attacks, had to be modified before its general public release so the filmmakers could delete scenes that depicted the World Trade Center.[259]

Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts.[260] The production of some family-oriented films was also sped up due to a large demand for the genre after the attacks. Demand for horror and action films decreased, but within a short time demand returned to normal.[262] By the attacks' first anniversary, over sixty "memorial films" had been created.[264] Filmmakers were criticized for removing scenes related to the World Trade Center. Rita Kempley of The Washington Post said "if we erase the towers from our art, we erase it [sic] from our memories".[265] Author Donald Langmead compared the phenomenon to the 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, where historic mentions of events are retroactively "rectified".[266] Other filmmakers such as Michael Bay, who directed the 1998 film Armageddon, opposed retroactively removing references to the World Trade Center based on post-9/11 attitudes.[259]

Oliver Stone's film World Trade Center—the first movie that specifically examined the attacks' effects on the World Trade Center as contrasted with the effects elsewhere—was released in 2006.[266] Several years after the attacks, works such as "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" were placed back in syndication. The National September 11 Museum has preserved many of the works that feature depictions of the original World Trade Center.[259]

## Logo

[edit]

1973–1993 and 1993–2001 logos of the World Trade Center

The World Trade Center used two different logos over its lifetime. The first logo, used from 1973 to 1993, consisted of two open rectangles, one of which was upside down. When the complex reopened after the 1993 bombing, a new logo was unveiled, consisting of the towers encircled by a globe. This logo was found throughout the complex and was printed on commemorative mugs given out to tenants with the caption "Welcome back to the World Trade Center".[267]

## See also

[edit]

* Artwork damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks
* List of tallest freestanding steel structures
* List of tallest freestanding structures

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The exact time is disputed. The 9/11 Commission report says 9:03:11,[183][184] NIST reports 9:02:59,[185] some other sources report 9:03:02.[186]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The city's newest hotel, the Vista International, officially opened..." UPI. July 1, 1981. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
2. ^ Prial, Frank J. (April 5, 1973). "Governors Dedicate Trade Center Here; World Role Is Cited". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
3. ^ Nalder, Eric (February 27, 1993). "Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
4. ^ "World Trade Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
5. ^ a b "History of the Twin Towers". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. June 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
6. ^ a b Ferretti, Fred (October 28, 1970). "Its Ambiance Will Go From Snack to Posh". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
7. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
8. ^ "David and Nelson Rockefeller | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
9. ^ Dunlap, David W. (March 26, 2017). "What David Rockefeller Wanted Built Got Built". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
10. ^ "Minoru Yamasaki designed World Trade Center as "beacon of democracy"". Dezeen. September 10, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
11. ^ a b c Cuozzo, Steve (January 30, 2001). "Larry Lusts for Twin Towers; Silverstein has an Eye on WTC's; Untapped Retail Potential". New York Post.
12. ^ "9/11 FAQs | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
13. ^ Stewart, Henry (September 8, 2016). "Why New Yorkers Couldn't Stand The Twin Towers". Gothamist. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
14. ^ a b Gillespie (1999), p. 162.
15. ^ a b Lichtenstein, Grace (August 8, 1974). "Stuntman, Eluding Guards, Walks a Tightrope Between Trade Center Towers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
16. ^ a b c Langmead (2009), p. 353.
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28. ^ "Lets Port Group Disband, State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation" (PDF). The New York Times. March 11, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331.
29. ^ Gillespie (1999), pp. 32–33.
30. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 56.
31. ^ Gillespie (1999), pp. 34–35.
32. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 38.
33. ^ a b Grutzner, Charles (December 29, 1961). "Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
34. ^ Cudahy (2002), p. 56.
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36. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 59.
37. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 68.
38. ^ a b Ingraham, Joseph C. (March 29, 1965). "Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
39. ^ a b Gillespie (1999), p. 61.
40. ^ "'Radio Row:' The neighborhood before the World Trade Center". National Public Radio. June 3, 2002. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
41. ^ Smith, Terence (August 4, 1966). "City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
42. ^ Smith, Terence (January 26, 1967). "Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
43. ^ Esterow, Milton (September 21, 1962). "Architect Named for Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
44. ^ a b Huxtable, Ada Louise (January 19, 1964). "A New Era Heralded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
45. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 49.
46. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 7.
47. ^ a b Pekala, Nancy (November 1, 2001). "Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center". Journal of Property Management.
48. ^ a b Huxtable, Ada Louise (May 29, 1966). "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
49. ^ Darton (1999), pp. 32–34.
50. ^ Grudin, Robert (April 20, 2010). Design And Truth. Yale University Press. p. 39\. ISBN 978-0-300-16203-5. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
51. ^ Kerr, Laurie (December 28, 2001). "Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
52. ^ Goldberger (2004), p. 25.
53. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 75.
54. ^ Gillespie (1999), pp. 75–78.
55. ^ Ruchelman, Leonard I. (1977). The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development. Syracuse University Press. p. 11\. ISBN 978-0-81562-180-5.
56. ^ a b c d NIST NCSTAR 1 (2005), p. 6.
57. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 1.
58. ^ a b NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), pp. 40–42.
59. ^ Swenson, Alfred; Chang, Pao-Chi (2008). "Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 20, 2019. "The framed tube, which Khan developed for concrete structures, was applied to other tall steel buildings."
60. ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), p. 2.33. "... the loads initially carried by the damaged exterior columns were transferred by Vierendeel truss action to the remaining exterior columns immediately adjacent to the impact area."
61. ^ a b c d e NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 10.
62. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 8.
63. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), pp. 8–9.
64. ^ "New York: A Documentary Film – The Center of the World (Construction Footage)". Port Authority / PBS. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
65. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (May 31, 1979). "World Trade Center Still in Shadow". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved January 3, 2022. "Manhattan — John De Smidt is positively insouciant as he and his construction crew climb still higher, erecting a 365‐foot television‐transmission antenna on the roof."
66. ^ Roberts, Sam (March 25, 2019). "Peter B. Kaplan, a Photographer With Altitude, Is Dead at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
67. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), p. 138.
68. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. 65.
69. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), pp. 139–144.
70. ^ Glanz & Lipton (2003), pp. 160–167.
71. ^ World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), p. 1.2.
72. ^ Iglauer, Edith (November 4, 1972). "The Biggest Foundation". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 18, 2001.
73. ^ Kapp, Martin S (July 9, 1964). "Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations". Engineering News-Record.
74. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 68.
75. ^ Gillespie (1999), p. 71.
76. ^ "New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing". Engineering News-Record. April 18, 1968.
77. ^ "Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center" (PDF). The New York Times. January 24, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331.
78. ^ a b c "Timeline: World Trade Center chronology". PBS – American Experience. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
79. ^ Carroll, Maurice (December 30, 1968). "A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
80. ^ Lew, H. S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. xxxvi.
81. ^ NIST NCSTAR 1-1 (2005), p. xxxvi.
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263. ^ Snierson, Dan (March 27, 2011). "'Simpsons' exec producer Al Jean: 'I completely understand' if reruns with nuclear jokes are pulled". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
264. ^ Dixon (2004), p. 5.
265. ^ Kempley, Rita (May 10, 2002). "The unusual suspects". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
266. ^ a b Langmead (2009), p. 355.
267. ^ "A Mixed Welcome: Stories Behind the WTC "Welcome Back" Mugs". www.911memorial.org. National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Retrieved February 24, 2023.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Cudahy, Brian J. (2002), Rails Under the Mighty Hudson (2nd ed.), New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0-82890-257-1, OCLC 911046235
* Darton, Eric (1999). Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01727-0.
* Dixon, W. W. (2004). Film and Television After 9/11. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2556-6.
* Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2742-0.
* Glanz, James & Lipton, Eric (2003). City in the Sky. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7691-2.
* Goldberger, Paul (2004). Up from Zero: Politics, Architecture, and the Rebuilding of New York. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-58836-422-7.
* Langmead, Donald (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood icons. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
* "World Trade Center Building Performance Study". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 2002. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
* Design and Construction of Structural Systems. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). September 2005.
* Fanella, David A.; Derecho, Arnaldo T.; Ghosh, S.K. (September 2005). "Design and Construction of Structural Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1A)" (PDF). NIST. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
* Lew, Hai S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NIST NCSTAR 1-1)" (PDF). NIST. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
* Gross, John L.; McAllister, Therese P. (September 2005). "Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers (NIST NCSTAR 1–6)" (PDF). NIST. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
* Sivaraj Shyam-Sunder; Richard G. Gann; William L. Grosshandler; Hai S. Lew; Richard W. Bukowski; Fahim Sadek; Frank W. Gayle; John L. Gross; Therese P. McAllister (September 2005). Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Tower (NIST NCSTAR 1) (PDF). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Trade Center (1970–2001).

* World Trade Center – Silverstein Properties
* World Trade Center (1997) – World Trade Center (2001) – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
* World Trade Center at Curlie
* Building the Twin Towers: A Tribute – slideshow by Life magazine
* New York: A Documentary film Archived August 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center in the seventh and final episode of the series directed by Ric Burns.
* Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center under construction in 1970
* Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-6369, "World Trade Center Site", 103 photos, 21 data pages, 8 photo caption pages

Records

Preceded by

Empire State Building

|  Tallest building in the world
1970–1974 (North Tower) | Succeeded by

Willis Tower

Tallest building in the United States
1970–1974 (North Tower)
Tallest building with the most floors
1970–2001
Tallest building in New York City
1970–2001 (North Tower) | Succeeded by

Empire State Building

Tallest building with the most floors ever
1970–2008  | Succeeded by

Burj Khalifa

Preceded by

City National Plaza

|  Tallest twin towers in the world
1970–1998  | Succeeded by

Petronas Towers

* v
* t
* e

World Trade Center

First WTC
(1973–2001)|

* Construction
* Towers
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* Austin J. Tobin Plaza
* Windows on the World
* Mall
* The Bathtub
* Tenants

| Art|

* 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial
* Bent Propeller
* Ideogram
* Sky Gate, New York
* The Sphere
* The World Trade Center Tapestry
* World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture

|

Major events|

* February 26, 1993 bombing
* January 14, 1998 robbery
* September 11, 2001 attacks
* Collapse
* Timeline
* Victims
* Aftermath
* Rescue and recovery effort
* NIST report on collapse
* Deutsche Bank Building
* St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church

Second WTC
(2001–present)|

| Site, towers,
and structures|

* One
* Construction
* Tenants
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 7
* Perelman Performing Arts Center
* Vehicular Security Center
* Liberty Park
* St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
* Westfield Mall
* Artwork
* ONE: Union of the Senses
* The Sphere

|

Rapid transit|

* PATH stations
* Transportation Hub
* New York City Subway stations
* Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street (2, ​3​, A, ​C, ​E​, ​N, ​R, and ​W trains)
* WTC Cortlandt (1 train)
* Fulton Street (2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C​, J, and ​Z trains)
* Fulton Center
* Corbin Building
* Dey Street Passageway

9/11 memorials|

* 9/11 Tribute Museum
* National September 11 Memorial & Museum
* Competition
* Memory Foundations
* Tribute in Light
* America's Response Monument
* Empty Sky
* To the Struggle Against World Terrorism
* Postcards memorial
* The Rising memorial
* Relics from the original WTC
* The Sphere
* Cross
* Survivors' Staircase

People|

* Minoru Yamasaki
* David Rockefeller
* Nelson Rockefeller
* Emery Roth & Sons
* Austin J. Tobin
* Christopher O. Ward
* Larry Silverstein
* David Childs
* Michael Arad
* THINK Team
* Daniel Libeskind
* Leslie E. Robertson
* Welles Crowther

Other|

* Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
* Silverstein Properties
* Project Rebirth
* Take Back The Memorial
* WTC in popular culture
* Music
* 9/11-related media
* Silver dollar
* 10048 ZIP code
* Former:
* IFC
* Twin Towers 2

| Brookfield Place|

* 200 Liberty Street
* 225 Liberty Street
* 200 Vesey Street
* 250 Vesey Street
* Winter Garden Atrium
* One North End Avenue

Other nearby structures|

* 90 West Street
* 200 West Street
* Barclay–Vesey Building
* Park51
* West Street pedestrian bridges

* v
* t
* e

September 11 attacks

Timeline|

* Planning
* September 11, 2001
* World Trade Center collapse
* 7 World Trade Center collapse
* Remainder of September
* October
* Post-October

Victims|

* Casualties
* List
* A–G
* H–N
* O–Z

Hijacked airliners|

* American Airlines Flight 11
* United Airlines Flight 175
* American Airlines Flight 77
* United Airlines Flight 93
* Suspected hijackings
* Korean Air Flight 085
* Delta Air Lines Flight 1989

Crash sites|

* World Trade Center
* site
* The Pentagon
* Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania

Aftermath|

* Immediate repercussions
* artwork destroyed
* buildings destroyed
* closings and cancellations
* detentions
* Communication
* Post-9/11
* economy
* local health
* airport security
* Reactions
* conspiracy theories
* Rudy Giuliani
* Unsuccessful terrorist plots

Response|

* U.S. government response
* U.S. military response
* War on terror
* Afghanistan
* North-West Pakistan
* Rescue and recovery effort
* maritime response
* Financial assistance
* Operation SUPPORT
* Operation Yellow Ribbon
* Memorials and services
* 9/11 Memorial and Museum
* Flight 93 National Memorial
* Pentagon Memorial
* Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial
* World Trade Center Health Program
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri

Perpetrators|

* Responsibility
* Al-Qaeda
* Osama bin Laden
* Alleged Saudi role
* Motives
* Hijackers
* 20th hijacker
* Hamburg cell
* Trials

Inquiries|

* U.S. congressional inquiry
* the 28 pages
* September 11 intelligence before the attacks
* August 2001 CIA warning
* Phoenix Memo
* 9/11 Commission
* Commission Report
* criticism
* NIST investigation
* PENTTBOM
* ThinThread

Cultural effects|

* Cultural references
* songs
* comics
* books
* Cartoonists Remember 9/11
* Entertainment affected
* Humor
* Lost artworks
* Clear Channel memorandum

Miscellaneous|

* War games
* Patriot Day
* The Falling Man
* Impending Death
* Dust Lady
* Raising the Flag at Ground Zero
* View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11
* Tourist Guy hoax
* Iraq War
* Twin Towers II
* Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip
* Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris
* Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi
* Killing of Henryk Siwiak
* Mark Anthony Stroman
* Larme Price
* Rudi Dekkers
* Alicia Esteve Head
* Jersey Girls
* Emma E. Booker Elementary School
* Media documentation

* Category
* WikiProject

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan

Lower Manhattan
below 14th St
(CB 1, 2, 3)|

* Alphabet City
* Battery Park City
* Bowery
* Chinatown
* Civic Center
* Cooperative Village
* Dimes Square
* East Village
* Essex Crossing
* Financial District
* Greenwich Village
* Hudson Square
* Little Australia
* Little Fuzhou
* Little Italy
* Loisaida
* Lower East Side
* Meatpacking District
* NoHo
* Nolita
* SoHo
* South Street Seaport
* South Village
* Tribeca
* Two Bridges
* West Village
* World Trade Center

Midtown Manhattan (CB 5)|

* Columbus Circle
* Diamond District
* Flatiron District
* Garment District
* Herald Square
* Koreatown
* Madison Square
* Midtown South
* NoMad
* Silicon Alley
* Theater District
* Times Square

West Side (CB 4, 7)|

* Chelsea
* Hell's Kitchen
* Hudson Yards
* development
* Lincoln Square
* Manhattan Valley
* Penn South
* Pomander Walk
* Riverside South
* Upper West Side

East Side (CB 6, 8)|

* Carnegie Hill
* Gramercy Park
* Kips Bay
* Lenox Hill
* Murray Hill
* Peter Cooper Village
* Rose Hill
* Stuyvesant Square
* Stuyvesant Town
* Sutton Place
* Tudor City
* Turtle Bay
* Union Square
* Upper East Side
* Waterside Plaza
* Yorkville

Upper Manhattan
above 110th St
(CB 9, 10, 11, 12)|

* Astor Row
* East Harlem
* Fort George
* Hamilton Heights
* Harlem
* Hudson Heights
* Inwood
* Le Petit Senegal
* Manhattanville
* Marble Hill (Bx CB 8)
* Mount Morris Park
* Morningside Heights
* Sugar Hill
* Sylvan
* Washington Heights

Islands|

* Ellis Island (CB 1)
* Governors Island (CB 1)
* Liberty Island (CB 1)
* Randalls Island (CB 11)
* Roosevelt Island (CB 8)
* Wards Island (CB 11)

Former|

* Five Points (CB 3)
* Gas House District (CB 6)
* Jones's Wood (CB 8)
* Ladies' Mile (CB 5)
* Little Germany (CB 3)
* Little Spain (CB 4)
* Little Syria (CB 1)
* Manhattantown (CB 7)
* Radio Row (CB 1)
* San Juan Hill (CB 7)
* Seneca Village
* Tenderloin (CB 4)
* Yiddish Theatre District (CB 3)

* Community boards: 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* Joint interest area:
* 64 (Central Park)

* v
* t
* e

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

Seaports|

| Cargo|

* Howland Hook
* Port Jersey
* Port Newark–Elizabeth
* Red Hook

|

Passenger|

* Brooklyn Cruise Terminal
* Cape Liberty

Airports|

* Atlantic City
* Kennedy
* LaGuardia
* Newark Liberty
* Stewart
* Teterboro
* Downtown Manhattan Heliport

Bridges and tunnels|

* Bayonne Bridge
* George Washington Bridge
* Goethals Bridge
* 1928–2017 bridge
* Holland Tunnel
* Lincoln Tunnel
* Outerbridge Crossing

Rail|

| Passenger|

* AirTrain JFK
* AirTrain LaGuardia (proposed)
* AirTrain Newark
* Gateway Project (under construction)
* Newark Airport Station
* PATH

|

Freight|

* Greenville Yard
* ExpressRail
* NYNJ Rail

Bus stations|

* GWB Bus Station
* Journal Square Transportation Center
* Port Authority Bus Terminal

Roadways|

* Dyer Avenue
* Holland Tunnel Rotary
* George Washington Bridge Plaza
* JFK Expressway
* Lincoln Tunnel Expressway
* Lincoln Tunnel Helix
* Trans-Manhattan Expressway

Other|

* 178th–179th Street Tunnels
* Bathgate Industrial Park
* Battery Park City Ferry Terminal
* Essex County Resource Recovery Facility
* Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne
* Newark Legal Center
* PANYNJ Police Department
* Teleport
* Queens West
* World Trade Center (2001–present)

Historical|

* 111 Eighth Avenue
* Hudson Terminal
* Port Authority Pavilion (1964–1965)
* World Trade Center (1973–2001)

* v
* t
* e

Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City

* Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (c. 1643)
* Trinity Church (85 m) (1846)
* New York World Building (94 m) (1890)
* Manhattan Life Insurance Building (100 m) (1894)
* Park Row Building (119 m) (1899)
* Singer Building (187 m) (1908)
* Metropolitan Life Tower (213 m) (1909)
* Woolworth Building (241 m) (1913)
* 40 Wall Street (283 m) (1930)
* Chrysler Building (320 m) (1930)
* Empire State Building (443 m) (1931)
* World Trade Center (526 m) (1973)
* Empire State Building (443 m) (2001)
* One World Trade Center (541 m) (2014)

* v
* t
* e

Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller)

Completed

Africa

| Egypt|

* Iconic Tower

|

Americas

| Chile|

* Gran Torre Santiago

|

Mexico|

* Torres Obispado

United States|

* 1 Manhattan West
* 111 West 57th Street
* 3 World Trade Center
* 30 Hudson Yards
* 35 Hudson Yards
* 432 Park Avenue
* 50 Hudson Yards
* 53W53
* 875 North Michigan Avenue
* Aon Center
* Bank of America Plaza
* Bank of America Tower
* Central Park Tower
* Chrysler Building
* Comcast Technology Center
* Empire State Building
* Franklin Center
* JPMorgan Chase Tower
* One57
* One Vanderbilt
* One World Trade Center
* Salesforce Tower
* St. Regis Chicago
* The Brooklyn Tower
* The New York Times Building
* The Spiral
* Trump International Hotel and Tower
* Two Prudential Plaza
* U.S. Bank Tower
* Wells Fargo Plaza
* Willis Tower
* Wilshire Grand Center
* World Trade Center (1973–2001) †

Asia

| Hong Kong|

* Bank of China Tower
* Central Plaza
* International Commerce Centre
* International Finance Centre
* Nina Tower
* The Center

|

Japan|

* Abeno Harukas
* Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower

Kazakhstan|

* Abu Dhabi Plaza

Kuwait|

* Al Hamra Tower
* Arraya Tower

Malaysia|

* The Exchange 106
* Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur
* Merdeka 118
* Petronas Towers
* Telekom Tower

Philippines|

* Metrobank Center

Qatar|

* Aspire Tower

Saudi Arabia|

* The Clock Towers
* Kingdom Centre
* PIF Tower

South Korea|

* Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith
* Haeundae LCT The Sharp
* Lotte World Tower
* Parc1
* Posco Tower-Songdo

Taiwan|

* 85 Sky Tower
* Taipei 101

Thailand|

* Baiyoke Tower II
* ICONSIAM
* MahaNakhon

United Arab
Emirates|

* 23 Marina
* Address Boulevard
* Address Downtown
* ADNOC Headquarters
* Almas Tower
* Burj Al Arab
* Burj Khalifa
* Cayan Tower
* DAMAC Residenze
* Elite Residence
* Emirates Office Tower
* Etihad Towers
* Gevora Hotel
* HHHR Tower
* The Index
* Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
* JW Marriott Marquis Dubai
* The Landmark
* Marina 101
* The Marina Torch
* Ocean Heights
* Princess Tower
* Rose Tower
* World Trade Center Abu Dhabi

Vietnam|

* Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower
* Landmark 81

Europe

| Poland|

* Varso Tower

|

Russia|

* City of Capitals
* Eurasia
* Federation Tower
* Lakhta Center
* Mercury City Tower
* Neva Towers 2
* OKO Tower

United Kingdom|

* The Shard

Oceania

| Australia|

* Australia 108
* Q1 Tower

|

* † No longer standing.

Under construction

| Asia|

| China|

* Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1
* Evergrande Center
* Eye of Spring Trade Center
* Greenland Group Suzhou Center
* Haikou Tower
* Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1
* Ningbo Center
* North Bund Centre
* Shandong IFC
* South Asian Gate
* Suzhou Zhongnan Center
* Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28
* Wuhan CTF Finance Center
* Xi'an Greenland Center
* Xiamen International Centre
* Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center

|

Other|

* Legacy Tower
* One Bangkok
* Taipei Twin Towers
* Thamrin Nine
* Torch Tower

North America|

* 270 Park Avenue
* 520 Fifth Avenue
* The One
* Waldorf Astoria Miami

On hold

* 2 World Trade Center
* 45 Broad Street
* Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center
* Busan Lotte Town Tower
* Chengdu Greenland Tower
* Chongqing Tall Tower
* Dalian Greenland Center
* Diamond Tower (Jeddah)
* Dubai Pearl
* Dubai Towers Doha
* Forum 66
* Gate of Kuwait
* Goldin Finance 117
* Hyundai Global Business Center
* Jeddah Tower
* Lamar Towers
* Mandarin Oriental Chengdu
* Marina 106
* Namaste Tower
* Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower
* One Tower
* Palais Royale, Mumbai
* Pentominium
* Runhua Global Center 1
* Ryugyong Hotel
* Sino-Steel Tower
* Skycity
* Square Capital Tower
* The Stratford Residences
* Tameer Commercial Tower
* Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower
* Tour Financial Hub Center
* Tower Infinity
* VietinBank Business Center Office Tower

See also
Proposed supertall skyscrapers
List of architects of supertall buildings

* v
* t
* e

Minoru Yamasaki

Skyscrapers|

* One Woodward Avenue (1963)
* IBM Building (1963)
* The Century Plaza Hotel (1966)
* M&T Bank Center, Buffalo (1967)
* World Trade Center Tower 1, Tower 2, Buildings 4, 5 and 6 (1970–1971)
* Montgomery Ward Corporate Headquarters Tower (1972)
* Century Plaza Towers (1975)
* Bank of Oklahoma (1977)
* Rainier Bank Tower (1977)
* Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (1978)
* 100 Washington Square (1981)
* Torre Picasso (1988)
* Columbia Center (1989–2000)

Airports|

* St. Louis Lambert International Airport main terminal (1956)
* Dhahran International Airport terminal (1961)
* Eastern Airlines terminal at Logan Airport (1969)
* King Fahd International Airport master plan (1977)

Houses of worship|

* North Shore Congregation Israel (1964)
* Temple Beth El (1974)
* Shinji Shumeikai Founder's Hall (1982)

Other buildings|

* Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Detroit Branch Building annex (1951)
* Pruitt–Igoe housing project (1954)
* Grosse Pointe University School (1954)
* Military Personnel Records Center (1955)
* McGregor Memorial Conference Center (1957)
* Prentis Building and DeRoy Auditorium Complex (1959)
* Pacific Science Center (1962)
* Irwin Library at Butler University (1963)
* Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1963)
* Northwestern National Life Building (1965)
* Robertson Hall at Princeton University (1965)
* Quo Vadis Entertainment Center (1966)
* Dr. John Archer Library (1967)
* Japan Center (1968)
* Tulsa Performing Arts Center (1976)
* Istanbul Cevahir (1987)

Landscape architecture|

* Wascana Centre and University of Regina - Regina Campus (1961–1967)

List of works by Minoru Yamasaki

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Geographic|

* Structurae

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa