Xinjiang Province, Republic of China

Former province of the Republic of China and People's Republic of China

For other uses, see Xinjiang Province.

Sinkiang Province

新疆省

1912–1992
Provincial Government Seal:
新疆省政府印

Sinkiang Province (red) in the Republic of China (as claimed)

Status| Province of the Republic of China (1912–1992)
Capital| Tihwa
Capital-in-exile| Taipei
History|

• Established

| 1912

• Surrender to the People's Liberation Army

| October 13, 1949

• Provincial government functions removed

| January 16, 1992

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Xinjiang Province, Qing Empire

|

| Kumul Khanate
| Xinjiang |

|

First East Turkestan Republic |
Second East Turkestan Republic |

Part of a series on the

History of Xinjiang

Prehistoric and ancient period

* Afanasievo culture
* Tarim mummies (Xiaohe Cemetery)
* Yanbulaq culture
* Subeshi culture
* Tocharians
* Shirenzigou culture
* Kingdom of Khotan
* Yuezhi
* Wusun
* Xiongnu
* Shule Kingdom
* Loulan Kingdom
* Kucha
* Karasahr
* Jushi Kingdom
* Shanshan
* Western Regions
* (Han Protectorate; Chief Officials)
* Former Liang
* Former Qin
* Later Liang
* Western Liang
* Gaochang
* Rouran
* First Turkic Khaganate
* Western Turkic Khaganate
* Eastern Turkic Khaganate
* Second Turkic Khaganate

Medieval and early modern period

* Tang Protectorates (West; Beiting)
* Tibetan Empire
* Uyghur Khaganate
* Kara-Khanid Khanate
* Kingdom of Qocho
* Qara Khitai
* Mongol Empire (Yuan; Chagatai Khanate)
* Moghulistan (Turpan; Yarkent)
* Ming ruled Kara Del
* Dzungar Khanate
* Kumul Khanate
* Yettishar
* Qing rule
* (Dzungar genocide
* Dungan Revolt
* Qing reconquest)

Modern period

* Xinjiang Province, Republic of China
* (Xinjiang clique
* 1st East Turkestan Republic
* 2nd East Turkestan Republic)
* Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China
* Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
* (Production and Construction Corps
* Xinjiang conflict
* Xinjiang internment camps / Persecution of Uyghurs in China)

* v
* t
* e

Xinjiang Province (Chinese: 新疆省; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Shěng) or Sinkiang Province was a nominal province of the Republic of China without administrative function. First set up as a province in 1884 by the Qing dynasty, it was replaced in 1955 by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The original provincial government was relocated to Taipei as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處) until its dissolution in 1992.

## Administration

[edit]

The province inherited the borders of the Qing dynasty province, bordering Kansu, Tsinghai, the Mongol Area, Tibet Area and the countries Soviet Union, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan. The claimed boundaries of the province included all of today's Xinjiang and parts of Mongolia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.[1]

## History

[edit]

Main articles: Xinjiang § Republic of China, and Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China

In 1912, the Qing dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. One of his subordinates, Yang Zengxin, took control of the province and acceded in name to the Republic of China in March of the same year. Through Machiavellian politics and clever balancing of mixed ethnic constituencies, Yang maintained control over Xinjiang until his assassination in 1928 after the Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang.[2]

The Kumul Rebellion and other rebellions arose against his successor Jin Shuren in the early 1930s throughout Xinjiang, involving Uyghurs, other Turkic groups, and Hui (Muslim) Chinese. Jin drafted White Russians to crush the revolt. In the Kashgar region on November 12, 1933, the short-lived self-proclaimed First East Turkistan Republic was declared.[3][4] The Hui Kuomintang 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) destroyed the army of the First East Turkestan Republic at the Battle of Kashgar (1934), bringing the Republic to an end. The Soviet Union invaded the province in the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang. In the Xinjiang War (1937), the entire province was brought under the control of northeast Manchu warlord Sheng Shicai, who ruled Xinjiang for the next decade with close support from the Soviet Union. In 1944, the President and Premier of China, Chiang Kai-shek, informed by the Soviets of Sheng's intention to join the Soviet Union, decided to shift him out of Xinjiang to Chongqing as the Minister of Agriculture and Forest.[5] More than a decade of Sheng's era had ended. However, a short-lived Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic was established in that year, which lasted until 1949 in what is now Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay Districts) in northern Xinjiang.

During the Ili Rebellion the Soviet Union backed Uyghur separatists to form the East Turkestan Republic (ETR) in Ili region while the majority of Xinjiang was under the control of the Republic of China.[3] In 1946, the ROC government and the ETR agreed to establish the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province, although it collapsed shortly after in 1947. The People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang in 1949 and the Kuomintang commander Tao Zhiyue surrendered the province to them.[4] The original provincial government was relocated to Taipei as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處) to symbolize the ROC's claim of sovereignty over the province; it was eventually dissolved in 1992.

## Demographics

[edit]

Ethnic group  | Estimated population
1933[6]

|

Han Chinese | 202,239 (5.41%)
Uyghurs | 2,900,173 (77.75%)
Kazakhs | 318,716 (8.55%)
Hui | 92,146 (2.47%)
Kyrgyz | 65,248 (1.75%)
Mongols | 63,018 (1.69%)
Taranchis | 41,307 (1.11%)
Russians | 13,408 (0.36%)
Sibes | 9,203 (0.25%)
Tajiks | 8,867 (0.24%)
Uzbeks | 7,966 (0.21%)
Tatars | 4,601 (0.12%)
Solons | 2,489 (0.07%)
Manchus | 670 (0.02%)
Total | 3,730,051

## List of governors

[edit]

Non-partisan/ unknown Warlords People's Anti-Imperialist Association Kuomintang (Nationalist)

### Chairperson of the Provincial Government (Mainland era)

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–death) | Term of office  | Political Party

|
|
|
|

1  |  | Yang Zengxin
楊增新
Yáng Zēngxīn
(1864–1928) | 1912 | July 7, 1928  | Xinjiang clique
Assassinated.
2  |  | Jin Shuren
金樹仁
Jīn Shùrén
(1879–1941) | July 7, 1928 | April 12, 1933  | Xinjiang clique
Deposed in a coup.
3  |  | Liu Wenlong
劉文龍
Liú Wénlóng
(1870–1950) | April 14, 1933 | September 1933  |
Removed from office and placed under house arrest by Sheng Shicai.
–  |  | Zhu Ruichi
朱瑞墀
Zhū Ruìchí
(1862–1934) | September 1933 | March 5, 1934  |
Figurehead chairman appointed by Sheng Shicai and not recognized by the Central government. Died in office.
4  |  | Li Rong

Lǐ Róng
(1870–1940) | October 1934 | March 21, 1940  |
Figurehead chairman. Died in office.
5  |  | Sheng Shicai
盛世才
Shèng Shìcái
(1895–1970) | April 4, 1940 | August 29, 1944  | People's Anti-Imperialist Association
| Kuomintang
Recognized by the Central government only as a duban (military governor), Sheng was de facto ruler of Sinkiang from 1933. In 1940, the Central government recognized him as Provincial chairman. Removed from office.
6  |  | Wu Zhongxin
吳忠信
Wú Zhōngxìn
(1884–1959) | August 29, 1944 | March 29, 1946  | Kuomintang
Resigned.
7  |  | Zhang Zhizhong
張治中
Zhāng Zhìzhōng
(1890–1969) | March 1946 | June 1947  | Kuomintang
Removed from office.
8  |  | Masud Sabri
麥斯武德
مەسئۇت سابرى
(1887–1952) | June 1947 | January 1949  | Kuomintang
First Uighur governor and first non-Han Governor in China during the twentieth century. Appointed during the Ili Rebellion.
9  |  | Burhan Shahidi
包爾漢
بۇرھان شەھىدى
(1894–1989) | January 1949 | September 26, 1949  | Kuomintang
Surrendered to the People's Liberation Army.

### Xinjiang Provincial Government Office era

[edit]

#### Chairperson of the Provincial Government

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–death) | Term of office  | Political party

|
|
|
|

1  |  | Yulbars Khan
堯樂博士
يۇلبارس خان
(1889–1971) | April 11, 1950 | July 27, 1971  | Kuomintang
Died in office.

#### Director, Xinjiang Provincial Government Office

[edit]

No.  | Portrait  | Name
(Birth–death) | Term of office  | Political party

|
|
|
|

1  |  | Yao Tao-hung
堯道宏
Yáo Dàohóng
(1913–1991) | July 27, 1971 | ?  | Kuomintang
Son of Yulbars Khan.
2  |  | Hou Chi-yu
侯紀峪
Hóu Jìyù
| ? | January 16, 1992  | Kuomintang
Post abolished.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ ROC Administrative and Claims.jpg. Wikipedia. Map showing the claims of the ROC.
2. ^ Governors of Xinjiang: Yang Zengxin (1912–1928), Jin Shuren (1928–33), Sheng Shicai (1933–44); source: "Xinjiang". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
3. ^ a b Feener, R. Michael (2004). Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Religion in Contemporary Cultures. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 174\. ISBN 1-57607-516-8. OCLC 940831123.
4. ^ a b Bhattacharji, Preeti (May 29, 2012). "Uighurs and China's Xinjiang Region". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
5. ^ Brown, Jeremy (2010). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 186\. ISBN 9780674033658. OCLC 822561761.
6. ^ Klimeš, Ondřej. (January 8, 2015). Struggle by the pen : the Uyghur discourse of nation and national interest, c. 1900–1949. Boston. p. 154\. ISBN 978-90-04-28809-6. OCLC 900277055.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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Administrative divisions of the Republic of China

* before 1949
* after 1949

Current|

| Provinces|

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* Fuchien

|

Special Municipality|

* Taipei
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* Taoyuan
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* Tainan
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Claimed|

| Provinces|

* Kiangsu [zh]
* Chekiang
* Anhwei [zh]
* Kiangsi [zh]
* Hupeh [zh]
* Hunan [zh]
* Szechwan [zh]
* Sikang
* Kwangtung [zh]
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* Yunnan
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* Antung
* Liaopeh
* Kirin [zh]
* Sungkiang
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* Heilungkiang [zh]
* Nunkiang
* Hsingan
* Sinkiang

|

Special Municipality|

* Nanking
* Shanghai
* Peiping
* Tsingtao
* Tientsin
* Chungking
* Dairen
* Haerhpin
* Hankou
* Kwangchow
* Sian
* Shenyang

Special administrative regions|

* Hainan [zh]

Areas [zh]|

* Tibet

* v
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* e

Historical polities in Xinjiang

Pre-Mongol Empire|

* Wusun (5th century BC–5th century AD)
* Shule Kingdom (200 BC-709 AD)
* Loulan Kingdom (?–77 BC)
* Protectorate of the Western Regions (60 BC–107)
* Jushi Kingdom (?-460)
* Shanshan (77 BC–630)
* Gaochang (460-640)
* Kucha (?–789)
* Yanqi (?–9th century)
* Kingdom of Khotan (?–1006)
* Protectorate General to Pacify the West (640-790)
* Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212)
* Qocho (843–1209)
* Qara Khitai (1124–1218)

Mongol|

* Chagatai Khanate (1225–1370)
* Moghulistan (1347–1680s)
* Kara Del (1389–1513)
* Turpan Khanate (1487-1660?)
* Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705)
* Dzungar Khanate (1634–1758)
* Kumul Khanate (1696–1930)

Modern|

* Xinjiang under Qing rule (1757-1912)
* Xinjiang (ROC) (1912-1992)
* Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1949-)

* v
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Xinjiang topics

Ürümqi (capital)

History|

| Pre-Han dynasty|

* Tocharians
* Western Regions
* Loulan
* Shule
* Yuezhi
* Kucha
* Karasahr
* Xiongnu
* Gaochang
* Khotan

|

Han dynasty|

* Protectorate of the Western Regions
* Chief Official of the Western Regions
* Kingdom of Khotan
* Sixteen Kingdoms
* Gaochang
* Göktürks
* First
* Western
* Eastern
* Second

Tang dynasty|

* Protectorate General to Pacify the West
* Four Garrisons of Anxi
* Beiting Protectorate
* Tibetan Empire
* Uyghur Khaganate
* Qocho
* Kara-Khanid Khanate
* Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
* Qara Khitai

Yuan dynasty|

* Mongol Empire
* * Chagatai Khanate
* Moghulistan
* Kara Del
* Turpan Khanate
* Yarkent Khanate
* Dzungar Khanate
* Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
* Dzungar–Qing Wars
* Dzungar genocide
* Kumul Khanate

Qing dynasty|

* Qing rule
* Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
* Afaqi Khoja revolts
* Holy War of the Seven Khojas
* General of Ili
* Reconquest of Xinjiang

Republic of China|

* Xinjiang Wars
* First East Turkestan Republic
* Second East Turkestan Republic
* Ili Rebellion

People's Republic of China|

* PRC incorporation
* Yi–Ta incident
* Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism

Geography|

| "Three Mountains and Two Basins"|

* Altai Mountains
* Junggar Basin
* Dzungaria
* Tian Shan
* Tarim Basin
* Taklamakan Desert
* Kunlun Mountains

|

Other Landscapes|

* Cities
* Gurbantünggüt Desert
* Kumtag Desert
* Turpan Depression
* Karakoram Mountains
* Pamir Mountains

Transportation|

* Hexi Corridor
* Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
* Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway
* Southern Xinjiang railway
* Northern Xinjiang railway
* Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway
* Kuytun–Beitun railway
* Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway
* Hami–Lop Nur railway
* Kashgar–Hotan railway
* China Railway Ürümqi Group

Education
Research|

* Xinjiang University
* Xinjiang Agricultural University
* Xinjiang Medical University
* Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics
* Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory

Culture|

* Doppa Day
* Music
* Meshrep gathering
* Muqam
* Tocharian clothing

Cuisine|

* Dapanji
* Nan
* Sangza
* Samsa
* Youtazi
* Pamirdin
* Xurpa
* Tunurkawab
* Chinese Islamic cuisine

Economy|

* Silk Road
* China Western Development
* Cotton industry
* National Cotton and Cotton Yarn Trading Center
* Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
* Xinjiang Free-Trade Zone

Visitor attractions|

* Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
* Flaming Mountains
* Jiaohe ruins
* Gaochang
* Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
* Id Kah Mosque
* Karakul Lake
* Kizil Caves
* Niya ruins

Related|

* Uyghur people
* Xinjiang conflict
* Migration to Xinjiang
* Altishahr
* Chinese Turkestan
* East Turkestan
* China–Afghanistan relations
* China–India relations
* China–Kazakhstan relations
* China–Kyrgyzstan relations
* China–Pakistan relations
* China–Tajikistan relations
* China–Turkey relations
* History of the Uyghur people

* Category
* Commons

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Inner Asia history series

Nomadic empires|

* Xiongnu
* Xianbei
* Rouran
* Göktürks
* First Turkic Khaganate
* Eastern Turkic Khaganate
* Western Turkic Khaganate
* Second Turkic Khaganate
* Tibetan
* Zubu
* Uyghur
* Kyrgyz
* Mongol
* Tatar
* Khamag Mongol
* Mongol Empire
* Chagatai
* Timurid
* Dzungar

Chinese empires|

| Han|

* against Xiongnu
* Protectorate of the Western Regions
* Chief Official

|

Tang|

* against Western Turks / Eastern Turks
* against Tibet
* Mongolian Plateau
* Beiting
* Tarim Basin

Liao|

* Western Liao
* Northern Liao
* Eastern Liao
* Later Liao

Yuan|

* against Northwest khanates
* Manchuria
* Mongolia
* Tibet
* Northern Yuan

Ming|

* against Mongols
* against Turpan
* Manchuria
* Tibet

Qing|

* against Dzungar
* genocide
* Lifan Yuan
* Amban
* Manchuria
* Mongolia
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

Related topics|

* The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
* Greater Central Asia
* Central Asia
* Eurasian nomads
* Tartary
* Chinese Tartary
* Western Regions (Chinese Turkestan)
* China proper
* Sinosphere
* Greater China

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