Yemeni unification

1990 merger of North and South Yemen into modern Yemen

Unification of YemenPart of the end of the Cold War

Ali Abdullah Saleh (President of the Yemen Arab Republic) and Ali Salem al-Beidh (President of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) raising the flag of the newly formed state

Native name|  al-waḥda al-Yamaniyya

الوحدة اليمنية
Date| 22 May 1990 (1990-05-22)
Location|  Yemen Arab Republic
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Cause|

* Arab nationalism
* First Yemenite War
* Second Yemenite War
* Discovery of Ṣāfer oilfield in Shabwah in the south and Marib in the north
* South Yemeni crisis
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Outcome| Unification of Yemen

* Sanaa becomes the capital of unified Yemen
* The Yemeni rial becomes the official currency of unified Yemen
* The South's "United Republic" became the country's national anthem

Part of a series on the

History of Yemen

* Timeline

Ancient history

* Kingdom of Awsan (c. 800 – c. 700 BC)

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* Kingdom of Saba' (c. 1200 – c. 275 CE)

* * *

* Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt (c. 1000 – c. 290 BCE)

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* Kingdom of Qatabān (c. 1000 – c. 200 AD)

* * *

* Kingdom of Ma'in (c. 600 – c. 150 BCE)

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* Kingdom of Ḥimyar (c. 110 – c. 525 CE)

* * *

* Axumite Yemen (c. 517 – c. 570 )

* * *

* Sasanian Yemen (c. 570 – c. 630 )

Islamic history

* First Islamic state (c. 622 – c. 632)

* * *

* Rashidun Caliphate

* * *

* Umayyad Caliphate

* * *

* Abbasid Caliphate

* * *

* Ziyadid dynasty

* * *

* Najahid dynasty

* * *

* Sulayhid dynasty

* * *

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Zurayids (266–316)

Hamdanids (304–439)

Mahdids (304–439)

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* * *

* Ayyubid dynasty

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* Rasulid dynasty

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Tahirid state (266–316)

Kathiri State (304–439)

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Modern history

* Ottoman Eyalet

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* Qasimid state

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* Aden Protectorate

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* Ottoman vilayet

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* Mutawakkilite Kingdom

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South Yemen (1967–1990)

North Yemen (1962–1990)

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* * *

* Unified Yemen (1990-present)

* * *

Related topics

* Portuguese Socotra
* Yemeni unification
* 1994 Civil War
* Yemeni revolution
* Civil war (2014–present)
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Red Sea crisis

Yemen portal

* v
* t
* e

The Yemeni unification[a] took place on 22 May 1990, when the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) and the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) united, forming the Republic of Yemen.[1]

## Background

[edit]

North Yemeni president, Ali Abdullah Saleh, with the Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party, Ali Salem Al-Beidh, signing the unity agreement on 30 November 1989.

North Yemen became an independent Kingdom in the context of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in November 1918. Aden, in South Yemen, was administered as a British protectorate and in 1937 became a British colony in its own right. The larger part of South Yemen was a British protectorate, effectively under colonial control. In one of the many proxy conflicts of the Cold War, a South Yemeni insurgency (with the support and backing of the Soviet Union) led by two nationalist parties revolted, causing the United Kingdom to unify the area and in 1967 to withdraw from its former colony.

Following the North Yemen Civil War, the north overthrew the monarchy and established a Nasserist republican government led by a military junta that included tribal representatives. It enjoyed modest oil revenues and remittances from its citizens working in the oil-rich Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Its population in the 1980s was estimated at 12 million as opposed to 3 million in South Yemen.[2]

South Yemen developed as a mostly secular[3] society ruled first by the National Liberation Front, which later morphed into the ruling Yemeni Socialist Party. The only avowedly communist nation in the Middle East, South Yemen received significant foreign aid and other assistance from the Soviets.[4]

### War in 1972

[edit]

Main article: Yemenite War of 1972

In October 1972, fighting erupted between north and south; North Yemen was supplied by Saudi Arabia, and South Yemen was supplied by the Soviet Union. Fighting was short-lived, and the conflict led to the 28 October 1972 Cairo Agreement, which set forth a plan to unify the two countries.[5][6]

### War in 1979

[edit]

Main article: Yemenite War of 1979

Fighting broke out again in February and March 1979, with South Yemen allegedly supplying aid to rebels in the north by the National Democratic Front and crossing the border.[7] Southern forces made it as far as the city of Taiz before withdrawing.[8][9] Again, North Yemen was supported by anticommunist Saudi Arabia and Taiwan, and secretly in the name of the Royal Saudi Air Force from 1979 to 1990. This conflict was also short-lived.[10]

In the late 1980s, oil exploration near the border between the two nations – the Marib Governorate in the North and the Shabwah Governorate in the South – spurred interest in developing agreements to exploit resources there and lift both nations' economies.[11] In May 1988, the two governments came to an understanding that considerably reduced tensions, including agreements to renew discussions concerning unification, to establish a joint oil exploration area along their undefined border, now called the Joint Investment Area, by the Hunt Oil Company and Exxon.[12] The same month, they formed the Yemeni Company for Investment in Mineral and Oil Resources (YCIMOR).[13]

In November 1989, Ali Abdullah Saleh of North Yemen and Ali Salem al Beidh of South Yemen jointly accepted a draft unity constitution originally drawn up in 1981, which included a demilitarized border and border passage by Yemenis on the sole basis of a national identification card and a capital city in Sanaa.

## Unification

[edit]

Flag of the newly formed Republic of Yemen being raised on top of the presidential palace of former Socialist Yemen in Aden.

The Republic of Yemen was declared on 22 May 1990.[1] Ali Abdullah Saleh of the north became Head of State, and Ali Salim al-Beidh of the south became Head of Government. A 30-month transitional period for completing the unification of the two political and economic systems was set. A presidential council was jointly elected by the 26-member Yemen Arab Republic advisory council and the 17-member People's Democratic Republic of Yemen presidium. The presidential council appointed a Prime Minister, who formed a Cabinet. There was also a 301-seat provisional unified parliament, consisting of 159 members from the north, 111 members from the south, and 31 independent members appointed by the chairman of the council.

A unity constitution was agreed upon in May 1990 and ratified by the populace in May 1991. It affirmed Yemen's commitment to free elections, a multiparty political system, the right to own private property, equality under the law, and respect of basic human rights. Parliamentary elections were held on 27 April 1993. International groups assisted in the organization of the elections and observed actual balloting. The resulting Parliament included 143 General People's Congress, 69 Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), 63 Islah (the nation's largest Islamist party), 6 Ba'athists, 3 Nasserist Unionist People's Organisation, 2 Al Haq, and 15 independents. The new parliament represented the North strongly. The YSP, though it had won the most seats in voting in the less populated south, was considered a minor part of the new coalition government.[14] The head of Islah, Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar, became the speaker of Parliament. Islah was invited into the ruling coalition, and the presidential council was altered to include one Islah member.

## Aftermath

[edit]

### Civil war

[edit]

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|

Main article: Yemeni Civil War (1994)

Fighters in Aden

Conflicts within the coalition resulted in the self-imposed exile of Vice President Ali Salim al-Beidh to Aden beginning in August 1993 and a deterioration in the general security situation as political rivals settled scores and tribal elements took advantage of the unsettled situation. Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, the former Southern Prime Minister, continued to serve as Yemen's Prime Minister, but his government was ineffective due to political infighting. Continuous negotiations between northern and southern leaders resulted in the signing of the document of pledge and accord in Amman, Jordan on 20 February 1994. Despite this, clashes intensified until civil war broke out in early May 1994. Significantly, one of the institutions that had not yet unified was the military arms of both nations.

Southern leaders seceded and established the Democratic Republic of Yemen (DRY) on 21 May 1994, but the new state was not recognized by the international community. Ali Nasir Muhammad, the exiled South Yemen leader, assisted military operations against the secessionists.[15]

Aden was captured on 7 July 1994. Other resistance quickly collapsed and thousands of southern leaders and military went into exile.

In the aftermath of the civil war, Yemeni Socialist Party leaders within Yemen reorganized the party and elected a new politburo in July 1994. However, the party remained disheartened and without its former influence. Islah held a party convention in September 1994. The General People's Congress did the same in June 1995.

In 1994, amendments to the unity constitution eliminated the presidential council. President Ali Abdallah Saleh was elected by Parliament on 1 October 1994 to a 5-year term. The constitution provided that henceforth the President is to be elected by popular vote from at least two candidates selected by the legislature.

### Post-civil war

[edit]

Adopting a Western style governmental system, Yemen held its first direct presidential elections in September 1999, electing President Ali Abdullah Saleh to a 5-year term in what were generally considered free and fair elections.[citation needed] Yemen held its second multiparty parliamentary elections in April 1997. Constitutional amendments adopted in the summer of 2000 extended the presidential term by two years, thus moving the next presidential elections to 2006. The amendments also extended the parliamentary term of office to a 6-year term, thus moving elections for these seats to 2003. On 20 February 2001, a new constitutional amendment created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote). Yemen is now a dominant-party system with the General People's Congress in power.

Friction and troubles continued, elements in the south perceive unfair treatment by the north.[16] This has given birth to a popular movement called the South Yemen Movement which calls for the return of an independent southern state.[17] In 2015, this time as a pawn in the proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran, Yemen again was engulfed in civil war, which continues to this day.

#### Integrations

[edit]

* The North Yemeni rial and the South Yemeni dinar remained legal tender during a transitional period. In 1991, the dinar was withdrawn from circulation, with 26 rial exchanged for one dinar. In 1993, the first coins were issued for the Republic of Yemen called Yemeni rials.
* The capital of the Republic of Yemen is North's old capital, Sanaa.
* The South's "United Republic" became the country's national anthem.
* 26 September and 14 October are both celebrated as Revolution Day, with the former celebrating the North's revolution against the imams and the latter celebrating the South's revolution against the British Empire.
* 30 November is celebrated as Independence Day, as it is the day the South gained independence from the British, as opposed to 1 November, which was celebrated in the north as Independence Day from the Ottoman Empire.
* The Republic of Yemen kept the North's United Nations name, Yemen, as opposed to the South's Democratic Yemen.
* The Republic of Yemen accepts responsibility for all treaties[18] and debts of its predecessors.
* The Republic of Yemen kept the South's system of Governorates (Muhafazah), and split the North's liwa (provinces) into smaller governorates, leaving the current Governorates of Yemen.
* The Republic of Yemen uses the North's calling code, +967, as opposed to the South's +969.
* The Republic of Yemen uses the North's ISO 3166-1 alphabetic codes (alpha-2: `YE`, alpha-3: `YEM`), as opposed to the South's (alpha-2: `YD`, alpha-3: `YMD`); a new numeric code was assigned for the unified country (`887`) to replace the old numeric codes (North: `886`; South: `720`), as is the custom for any merging of countries.

## See also

[edit]

* Southern Movement
* South Yemen insurgency
* Yemeni Socialist Party
* United Republic

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Arabic: الوحدة اليمنية, romanized: al-waḥda l-Yamaniyya

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "2 Yemens Become One, and Celebrate". New York Times. Reuters. 23 May 1990. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
2. ^ Jonsson, Gabriel, Towards Korean reconciliation: socio-cultural exchanges and cooperation, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006, pages 38-48
3. ^ Laessing, Ulf, Women of southern Yemen port remember better times Reuters, 22 January 2010
4. ^ "South Yemen New Thinking in a Marxist Land". 2007-04-28. Archived from the original on 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
5. ^ CIA Study on Yemeni Unification, 1990
6. ^ Gause, F. Gregory (1990). Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07044-7.
7. ^ Hermann, Richard, Perceptions and behavior in Soviet foreign policy, University of Pittsburgh Pre, 1985, page 152
8. ^ Hoagland, Edward, Balancing Acts, Globe Pequot, 1999, page 218
9. ^ Interview with Al-Hamdani Middle East Research and Information Reports, February 1985
10. ^ Burrowes, Robert, Middle East dilemma: the politics and economics of Arab integration, Columbia University Press, 1999, pages 187 to 210
11. ^ Whitaker, Brian, The Birth of Modern Yemen Archived 2011-01-23 at the Wayback Machine, e-book available at Al-Bab, 1979
12. ^ CIA, page 3
13. ^ Ismael, Sharif, Unification in Yemen: Dynamics of Political Integration, Thesis paper written for Wadhamn College, 2001, page 24
14. ^ Enders, Klaus-Stefan, Republic of Yemen: selected issues, International Monetary Fund Report, 2001
15. ^ Hedges, Chris, In Yemen's Civil War, South Fights On, Gloomily, New York Times, May 16, 1994
16. ^ Haley Edwards, "In south of Yemen, talk of rebellion is rife" in Los Angeles Times (18 May 2010) at page 3.
17. ^ "Is South Yemen Preparing to Declare Independence?". Time. 2011-07-08. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
18. ^ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. ISBN 9041115536.

## External links

[edit]

* Al-Bab, essays on Yemeni subjects
* Day, Stephen, Yemen on the Brink, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010
* The Yemens: A Handbook, 2011, CIA

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Revolutions of 1989

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International
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Later events|

* Colour revolution
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Related|

* Human rights in the Soviet Union

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* New Jewel Movement
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* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
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* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
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* Somali Rebellion
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* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen civil war
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
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* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
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* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
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Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
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|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid
* Finlandization

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* M. E. Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Pax Atomica
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Yemen articles

History|

* Timeline
* Islamic history

Ancient history|

* Awsan
* Sheba
* Africa
* Hadhramaut
* Qataban
* Ma'in
* Himyar
* Axumite
* Sasanian

Modern|

* Kingdom
* Saudi–Yemeni War
* Alwaziri coup
* Arab Republic
* 26 September Revolution
* People's Democratic Republic
* 14 October Revolution
* South Yemen civil war
* Yemenite Wars
* 1972
* 1979
* Unification
* 1994 Civil War
* Sa'dah Wars
* Crisis (2011–present)
* Revolution
* Ongoing civil war
* Saudi–led intervention
* blockade
* Takeover
* Aftermath
* Famine
* cholera outbreak
* Red Sea crisis
* COVID-19

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Districts
* Governorates
* Islands
* National parks
* Rivers

Politics|

* House of Representatives
* Cabinet
* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT rights
* Law enforcement
* Political parties
* President
* Vice President
* Prime Minister

Military|

* Republican Guard
* Navy
* Air Force
* Coast Guard

Economy|

* Energy
* Rial (currency)
* Mining
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* Khat

Society|

* Demographics
* Tribes
* Education
* Health
* Languages
* Religion
* Water supply and sanitation

Culture|

* Anthem
* Cinema
* Coat of arms
* Cuisine
* Flag
* Media
* Museums
* Music
* Public holidays
* Sport

* Outline

* Category

* v
* t
* e

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen

History|

* Timeline
* 1963: Aden Emergency
* 1967: British withdrawal from Aden
* 1968: The events of 20 March
* The events of 14 May
* FLOSY raids
* 1969: Corrective Move
* Al-Wadiah War
* 1972: Bayhan massacre
* First South Yemen-Oman border clashes
* First Yemenite War
* 1975: Second South Yemen-Oman border clashes
* 1978: Execution of Salim Rubaya Ali
* 1979: Second Yemenite War
* 1986: South Yemeni crisis
* 13 January assassinations
* 1990: Yemeni unification

Politics|

| Government|

* Socialist Party
* Secretary-General
* National Liberation Front
* People's Vanguard Party
* Communist Party
* Supreme People's Council
* Constitution
* 1974 Family Law
* Heads of state
* Presidium
* Heads of government
* Minister of Foreign Affairs of South Yemen
* Foreign relations of South Yemen

|

Organizations|

* Democratic Yemeni Union of Peasants
* General Union of Yemeni Women

|

Military|

* People's Defense Forces
* South Yemeni Navy
* South Yemeni Air Force
* South Yemeni Tank Corps

|

*  Category
*  WikiProject

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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