Yogh

Letter of the Latin alphabet

This article is about the Middle English letter ȝ. For the number, see 3. For the IPA letter ʒ, see Ezh. For the Anglo-Saxon rune transcribed as ȝ, see Gyfu.

Ȝ ȝ
(See below, Typographic)
Usage
Writing system| Latin script
Type| Alphabetic
Language of origin| Middle English language
Latin language
Sound values| [g]
[j]
[ŋ]
[ɣ]
[x]
[ç]
[i]
[ʃ]
[ʎ]
[ð]
[dʒ]
History
Development|

(speculated origin)

* |  |

*       *         *           *             * Γ γ
* 𐌂
* C
* G g
* Ᵹ ᵹ
* Ȝ ȝ

Time period| ~1150 to ~1500
Descendants| None
Sisters| C

Գ գ

Transliterations| ch, g, gh, j, ng, y
Variations| (See below, Typographic)
Other
Associated graphs| ch, gh, g, j, ng y, z
Writing direction| Left-to-Right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The letter yogh (ȝogh) (Ȝ ȝ; Scots: yoch; Middle English: ȝogh) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing y (/j/) and various velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular form of the letter g, Ᵹᵹ.

In Middle English writing, tailed z came to be indistinguishable from yogh.

In Middle Scots, the character yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts.[1] Consequently, some Modern Scots words have a z in place of a yogh—the common surname Menzies was originally written Menȝies (pronounced mingis).

Yogh is shaped similarly to the Cyrillic letter З and the Arabic numeral 3, which are sometimes substituted for the character in online reference works. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. Capital Ȝ is represented in Unicode by code point U+021C Ȝ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER YOGH, and lower case ȝ by code point U+021D ȝ LATIN SMALL LETTER YOGH.

## Pronunciation

[edit]

Capital yogh (left), lowercase yogh (right)

In Modern English yogh is pronounced /jɒɡ/, /jɒx/ using short o[2] or /joʊɡ/, /joʊk/, /joʊx/, using long o.[3]

It stood for /ɡ/ and its various allophones—including [ɡ] and the voiced velar fricative [ɣ]—as well as the phoneme /j/ (⟨y⟩ in modern English orthography). In Middle English, it also stood for the phoneme /x/ and its allophone [ç] as in ⟨niȝt⟩ ("night", in an early Middle English way still often pronounced as spelled so: [niçt]), and also represented the phonemes /j/ and /dʒ/. Sometimes, yogh stood for /j/ or /w/, as in the word ⟨ȝoȝelinge⟩ [ˈjowəlɪŋɡə], "yowling".

In Middle Scots, it represented the sound /j/ in the clusters /lj/, /ŋj/ and /nj/ written lȝ and nȝ.[4] Yogh was generally used for /j/ rather than y.

In medieval Cornish manuscripts, yogh was used to represent the voiced dental fricative [ð], as in its ⟨ȝoȝo⟩, now written ⟨dhodho⟩, pronounced [ðoðo].

## History

[edit]

Yogh used for /x/ in Middle English: God spede þe plouȝ & sende us korne inow ("God speed the plough and send us corn enough")

### Old English

[edit]

Further information: Insular G

The original Germanic g sound was expressed by the gyfu rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc (which is itself sometimes rendered as ȝ in modern transliteration). Following palatalization, both gyfu and Latin g in Old English expressed the /j/ sound before front vowels. For example, "year" was written as gear, even though the word had never had a g sound (deriving from Proto-Germanic *jērą).

With the re-introduced possibility of a /ɡ/ sound before front vowels, notably in the form of loanwords from the Old Norse (such as gere from Norse gervi, Modern English gear), this orthographical state of affairs became a source of confusion, and a distinction of "real g" (/ɡ/) from "palatalized g" (/j/) became desirable.

In the Old English period, ᵹ was simply the way Latin g was written in the Insular script introduced at the Christianisation of England by the Hiberno-Scottish mission. It only came to be used as a letter distinct from g in the Middle English period, where it evolved in appearance into ȝ, now considered a separate character.

### Middle English

[edit]

In the 14th century, the digraph gh arose as an alternative to yogh for /x/, and eventually overtook yogh in popularity; still, the variety of pronunciations persisted, as evidenced by cough, taught, and though.[clarification needed] The process of replacing the yogh with gh was slow, and was not completed until the arrival of printing presses (which lacked yogh) in England around the end of the fifteenth century. Not every English word that contains a gh was originally spelled with a yogh: for example, spaghetti is Italian, where the h makes the g hard (i.e., [ɡ] instead of [dʒ]); ghoul is Arabic, in which the gh was /ɣ/.

The medieval author Orm used this letter in three ways when writing Early Middle English. By itself, it represented /j/, so he used this letter for the y in "yet". Doubled, it represented /i/, so he ended his spelling of "may" with two yoghs. Finally, the digraph of ȝh represented /ɣ/.[5]

In the late Middle English period, yogh was no longer used: niȝt came to be spelled night. Middle English re-imported G in its French form for /ɡ/ (As a further side note, French also used ⟨y⟩ to represent /j/ in words like voyage and yeux).

### Scots

[edit]

In words of French and Gaelic origin, the Early Scots palatal consonant /ɲ/ had become /nj/ or in some cases /ŋj/, and the palatal consonant /ʎ/ had become /lj/ by the Middle Scots period.[4] Those were variously written nȝ(h)e, ngȝe, ny(h)e or ny(i)e, and lȝ(h)e, ly(i)e or lyhe (cf. gn and gli in Italian). By the Modern Scots period the yogh had been replaced by the character z, in particular for /ŋj/, /nj/ (nȝ) and /lj/ (lȝ), written nz and lz. The original /hj/ and /çj/ developed into /ʃ(j)/ in some words such as Ȝetland or Zetland for Shetland.[1] Yogh was also used to represent /j/ in words such as ȝe, ȝhistirday (yesterday) and ȝoung but by the Modern Scots period y had replaced yogh.[6] The pronunciation of MacKenzie (and its variant spellings) (from Scottish Gaelic MacCoinnich [maxˈkʰɤɲɪç]), originally pronounced [məˈkɛŋjiː] in Scots,[1] shows where yogh became z. Menzies Campbell is another example.

### After the development of printing

[edit]

In Middle Scots orthography, the use of yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts.

The yogh glyph can be found in surnames that start with a Y in Scotland and Ireland; for example the surname Yeoman, which would have been spelled Ȝeman. Sometimes, the yogh would be replaced by the letter z, because the shape of the yogh was identical to some forms of handwritten z.

In Unicode 1.0, the character yogh was mistakenly unified with the quite different character ezh (Ʒ ʒ), and yogh itself was not added to Unicode until version 3.0.

## Examples of Middle English words containing a yogh

[edit]

These are examples of Middle English words that contain the letter yogh in their spellings.[7]

* niȝt ("night")
* yȝe ("eye")
* ȝha ("yea")
* yhalȝed ("hallowed")
* ȝhat ("gate")
* ȝhe(i)d(e) (past tense of "go", which in ME is often "yede")
* yȝ(e/i)ld(e), yȝened (past participles of "yield" and "yean")
* yherber(e)ȝed ("harboured")
* ȝhere ("ear")

* yhyȝed ("hied, hastened")
* ȝiefte ("gift")
* ȝif ("if")[8]
* ȝise ("yes")
* ȝista(i/y) ("yesterday")
* ȝister- ("yester-")
* ȝit(e) ("yet")
* ȝive ("give" or "if")
* wrouȝte ("wrought")[9]

|

## Scots words with ⟨z⟩ for ⟨ȝ⟩

[edit]

### Placenames

[edit]

* Adziel – a farm steading near Strichen in Aberdeenshire that lends its name to nearby Adziel Wood and Adziel House;
* Auchenbainzie – a farm steading and hill near Penpont in Dumfries and Galloway;
* Auchenzeoch – a farm steading near Fordoun in Aberdeenshire;
* Aucholzie – a settlement in Glenmuick, Aberdeenshire from the Scottish Gaelic: achadh coille meaning "the field of the wood", also the adjacent stream Allt Cholzie and nearby ruined farmstead Mill of Aucholzie;
* Balzeordie and Castletoun of Balzeordie – two farms near Brechin in Angus and a neighbouring wood Balzeordie Den, site of a minor hillfort known by the same name;
* Barncailzie Wood – a Wood in Galloway that lends its name to a former hunting lodge;
* Ben Chonzie – a mountain in Perthshire;
* Branzet Moss – a moor next to a ruined farm steading, Branzet on Bute;
* Branziert – a suburb of Killearn in Stirlingshire;
* The Branziet – pronounced bringit (IPA /brɪŋɪt/), a farm and settlement near Bardowie, East Dunbartonshire that lends its name to the Branziet Burn and Branziet Bridge;
* Bunzion – pronounced bunion (IPA /bʌnjən/), Lower and Upper Bunzion are farms in the Parish of Cults, Fife;
* Cadzow – the former name of the town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire; the word Cadzow continues in modern use in many street names and other names, e.g. Cadzow Castle, Kilncadzow;
* Calzeat – an obsolete place name from the Parish of Broughton, Glenholm and Kilbucho in Peebleshire which, since 1971, has leant its name to textile manufacturer Calzeat and Company Limited;
* Calziebohalzie – a former farmstead in Stirlingshire with a rare instance of a word containing two yoghs, from the Scottish Gaelic: Coille Buachaille (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [kʰɤʎəˈpuəxɪʎə]);
* Cockenzie – pronounced cockennie (IPA [koˈkɪni]), from the Scottish Gaelic: Cùil Choinnich meaning "cove of Kenneth", a town in East Lothian;
* Cozie – previously West Cozie, the name given to a row of now ruined cothouses on Chapelton of Menmuir farm in Angus;
* Colzium Estate – now pronounced as written, a historic estate and mansion house built on the banks of the Colzium Burn near Kilsyth;
* Crailzie Hill – a hill in the Scottish Borders;
* Cultezeoun – a farm in Carrick, South Ayrshire from the Scottish Gaelic: cùl tighe Euain meaning "the back of Euan's house", the home of Margaret McMurray;
* Culzean – pronounced culain (IPA /kʌˈleɪn/), a historic castle in Ayrshire run by the National trust for Scotland;
* Dalchonzie – a place on the banks of the River Earn in Perthshire that lends its name to a country house, farm and power station and the nearby hill Bioran Dalchonzie and a former railway station;
* Dalmunzie – pronounced dalmoney (IPA /dɑːlˈmʌni/), a historic castle in Perthshire repurposed as a hotel;[10]
* Dalzellowlie, Dallzellowlie or Dalziellily – a colliery located between Maybole and Girvan in South Ayrshire whose deposits were contested between the estates of Culzean and Kilhenzie and were set on fire more than once, burning for many decades and becoming known as Burning Hills;
* Drumelzier – pronounced drumellier (IPA /drʌmˈɛljɛr/), a village in the Tweed Valley that shares its name with Drumelzier Castle, Drumelzier Kirk, the Drumelzier Burn and Drumelzier Law;
* Drunzie and Drunzie Feus – two adjacent settlements near Glenfarg in Perth and Kinross;
* Easter Dalziel – pronounced deeyel (IPA /diːˈɛl/) from Gaelic Dail Gheal ([t̪alˈʝal̪ˠ]) meaning "white field";
* Edzell – now pronounced as written, a village in Angus and the nearby Hill of Edzell, Edzell Castle, Mains of Edzell farm and the nearby settlement Edzell Woods;
* Falgunzeon – a farm in Dumfries and Galloway that lends its name to the adjacent Falgunzeon Hill;
* Finzean – pronounced fingen (IPA /ˈfɪŋən/), an area in rural Aberdeenshire;
* Hill of Foulzie – near Macduff in Aberdeenshire and four surrounding farm steadings Foulzie, Backhill of Foulzie, Over Foulzie and Newton of Foulzie;
* Funzie – pronounced finnie (IPA /ˈfɪni/), a village on Fetlar that lends its name to nearby Funzie Ness, Funzie Bay, Haa of Funzie, Loch of Funzie, Muckle Funziegord Geo and the historic dividing wall Funzie Girt;
* Gartwhinzean – a historic settlement near Crook of Devon in Perth and Kinross;
* Glazert Water – a tributary of the River Kelvin which lends its name to a Country House Hotel and two streets in Lennoxtown;
* Glazert Burn – a tributary of the River Irvine in North Ayrshire;
* Glenrazie – a small settlement near Newton Stewart, Dumfries & Galloway which lends its name to Glenrazie Woods to the north;
* Glenzier – pronounced glinger (IPA /ˈɡlɪŋər/), a village in Dumfries & Galloway which lends its name to Glenzierfoot and the Glenzier Burn;
* Henzie Burn – a burn, a tributary to the River Almond, Perth and Kinross which originates in a high corrie, Corry Henzie;
* Inzie Head – a headland on the Aberdeenshire coast south east of St Combs;
* Kailzie Gardens – a historic walled garden named after Kailzie Hill and Kailzie Hope near Kirkburn, Scottish Borders;
* Kilchenzie or Kilkenzie – a small settlement on the Kintyre peninsula, from Choinnich (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈxɤɲɪç]), the genitive of Coinneach (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈkʰɤɲəx]) "Kenneth";
* Kilhenzie Castle – pronounced kilhinny, a late medieval, baronial keep in Carrick, South Ayrshire, also from Choinnich and which takes its name from the surrounding features Kilhenzie Burn, Kilhenzie Wood and the Back Hill of Kilhenzie;
* Kilrenzie, a remote settlement in the parish of Colmonell in South Ayrshire;
* Kirkgunzeon – pronounced kirkgunion (IPA /kɜːrkɡʌnjən/), a village and civil parish in Dumfries and Galloway that lends its name to the adjacent stream Kirkgunzeon Lane and the nearby Isles of Kirkgunzeon Farm and Cottage;
* Lenzie – now pronounced as written (IPA /ˈlɛnzɪ/), but previously lenyie (IPA /ˈlɛnjɪ/), a village near Glasgow;
* Malzie or Culmalzie, (sometimes Culmazie) – a site in The Machars in Dumfries & Galloway somewhat dubiously supposed to relate to Saint Mhaillidh[11] which lends its name to the Water of Malzie – a tributary of the River Bladnoch and Corsemalzie – a nearby country house hotel;
* Menzie Cleugh – a gully or ravine in the sea cliff near Coldingham in the Borders reputedly derived from the name of a person who resided there;
* Menzion – a village in the Borders;
* Menzieshill – an area of Dundee;
* Monzie – pronounced money (IPA /ˈmʌni/), from the Gaelic Moighidh, "a level tract", a parish in Perthshire near Crieff which lends its name to Monzie Castle and the Falls of Monzie;
* Monzievaird – with competing etymologies but supposed to be from the Gaelic Maghbhard, "plain of the bards", a place in Perthshire — the site of the Massacre of Monzievaird and which lends its name to Loch Monzievaird;
* Moonzie – a parish in Fife generally supposed to be from Gaelic and meaning "hill of the deer";
* Munzie Well – a holy well dedicated to St Mungo[12] in Whitelee Forest, East Renfrewshire, also Munzie Burn and Munzie Hill;
* Portencalzie – a small settlement near Kirkcolm on the Rhins of Galloway;
* Pinzarie – pronounced pingery, a farm steading and ruined farm steading, Old Pinzarie underneath Pinzarie Hill upstream from Tynron on the course of the Shinnel Water;
* Pitcalzean – an obscure archaeological enclosure near the village of Nigg, Highland[13] that lends its name to nearby Pitcalzean House;
* Queenzieburn – pronounced queenieburn (IPA /kwiːnibɜːrn/), a village in Lanarkshire;
* Ruchazie – now pronounced as written (IPA /rʌxˈheɪzɪ/), a district of Glasgow;
* Strath Mulzie and Corriemulzie – a broad glen and the river that runs through it in Sutherland that lends its name to the Corriemulzie Estate;[14]
* Terringzean Castle – pronounced tringan (IPA /ˈtrɪŋən/) but with a variety of recorded spellings, a castle in East Ayrshire;
* Ulzieside – an estate and farm near Sanquhar in Dumfries and Galloway;
* Velzie – a small settlement on Fetlar;
* Zell – archaic spelling of the island of Yell;
* Zetland – the name for Shetland until the 1970s – Shetland postcodes begin with the letters ZE.

See also:

* Lochranza – a village and sea loch on the Isle of Arran the ⟨z⟩ in this instance deriving from Scottish Gaelic: Loch Raonasa, but nonetheless mistaken as a yogh with written referents to Loch Ranga found in the 19th century.

### Surnames

[edit]

* Alzie – a surname, historically found in Renfrewshire, Glasgow and Lanarkshire and possibly an alternate spelling of Algie. The name fell into disuse in the early nineteenth century;
* Cadzow – see placename;
* Dalziel – pronounced deeyel (IPA /diːˈɛl/) or dehyell, from Gaelic Dail Gheal ([t̪alˈʝal̪ˠ]); also spelled Dalyell and Dalzell;
* Gilzean – pronounced gilain, a variant of Maclean, from Gaelic MacGilleEathain ([maxkʲɪˈʎe.ɛɲ]). However, many now pronounce the 'z', including footballer Alan Gilzean;[15]
* Malzie – a now defunct surname possibly related to the Dumfries & Galloway placename;
* McFadzean – pronounced macfadyen (IPA /məkˈfɑːdjɪn/), scotticised version of the Gaelic surname MacPhaidin also found, primarily in Ireland, anglicised as MacFadden;
* MacKenzie – now pronounced as written, though as late as 1946 George Black recorded the original form pronounced makenyie (IPA /məˈkɛŋji/), from the Gaelic MacCoinnich ([maxˈkʰɤɲɪç]) as standard;[16]
* Menzies – most correctly (for example, by Sir Robert Menzies) pronounced mingis (IPA /ˈmɪŋɪs/),[17] now also pronounced with /z/;
* Winzet – pronounced winyet (IPA /ˈwɪnjət/).

See also:

* Gilhaize – a seemingly invented surname used for the eponymous protagonist of John Galt's Ringan Gilhaize
* Layamon – now written as pronounced although frequently rendered with a yogh as Laȝamon up to the early 1900s in literary referents;[18]

### Miscellaneous nouns

[edit]

* Assoilzie – pronounced with a silent z – in Scots law: acquittal or ruling in favour of the defender in a civil matter;
* Brulzie – with a variety of spellings including bruilzie and broolzie – a commotion or noisy quarrel – possibly related to Brulyie to broil;[19]
* Capercailzie – the Scots spelling of capercaillie (IPA /ˌkæpərˈkeɪli/) from the Gaelic capall-coille ([kʰaʰpəl̪ˠˈkʰɤʎə]) meaning "forest horse";
* Gaberlunzie – most correctly pronounced gaberlunyie (IPA /ɡæbərˈlʌnji/) but now often pronounced as written, a licensed beggar;
* Spulzie — pronounced spooly with a variety of spellings including spuilzie and spulyie, both the taking of movable goods and the term for a process of restitution for such crimes;
* Tailzie – pronounced [ˈteɪli] in Scots law: a defunct since 2000 term for an entailed estate/interest in one;
* Tuilzie – now standardised to Tulyie a struggle or fight, from the Old French 'toeillier' meaning to strive, dispute or struggle;[20]
* Ulzie – pronounced ooly, oil. Found in reference to 'The Ulzie Ball' held by Longforgan weavers once daylight had returned sufficiently to allow work without the use of oil lamps.[21]

## In Egyptology

[edit]

A Unicode-based transliteration system adopted by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale[22] suggested the use of the yogh ȝ character as the transliteration of the Ancient Egyptian "aleph" glyph:

The symbol actually used in Egyptology is , two half-rings opening to the left. Since Unicode 5.1, it has been assigned its own codepoints (uppercase U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF, lowercase U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF); a fallback is the numeral 3.

## See also

[edit]

* Old English Latin alphabet

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Z", DSL: Dictionary of the Scots Language / Dictionar o the Scots Leid, UK.
2. ^ "yogh". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
3. ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.).
4. ^ a b DOST: A History of Scots to 1700, UK: DSL[permanent dead link].
5. ^ Crystal, David (2004-09-09). The Stories of English. New York: Overlook Press. p. 197. ISBN 1-58567-601-2.
6. ^ Kniezsa, V (1997), Jones, C (ed.), The Edinburgh history of the Scots language, Edinburgh University Press, p. 38.
7. ^ OED online.
8. ^ "English gilds: the original ordinances of more than one hundred early English gilds", Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, University of Michigan, 1999, retrieved 2011-06-23
9. ^ Piers Plowman, Wikisource.
10. ^ "Dalmunzie Castle Hotel". Retrieved 14 September 2017.
11. ^ "Culmalzie | Canmore". canmore.org.uk.
12. ^ "Munzie Well | Canmore". canmore.org.uk.
13. ^ "Pitcalzean | Canmore". canmore.org.uk.
14. ^ "Corriemulzie Estate - Scottish Highlands Lodge & Cottage - Trout & Salmon Fishing, Red Deer Stalking". corriemulzieestate.com.
15. ^ Morgan, James (17 October 2011). In Search of Alan Gilzean. BackPage Press. ISBN 978-0-9564971-1-6 - via Google Books.
16. ^ Black, George (1946), The Surnames of Scotland, p. 525.
17. ^ Hanks, P (2003), Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press.
18. ^ Eaton, Lucy Allen (1960), Studies in the fairy mythology of Arthurian romance, Burt Franklin, p. vii.
19. ^ "Scots word of the month". scottishreview.net. Archived from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
20. ^ "Dictionaries of the Scots Language". dsl.ac.uk.
21. ^ "Dictionaries of the Scots Language". dsl.ac.uk.
22. ^ "Polices de caractères". Institut français d'archéologie orientale – Le Caire (in French). Retrieved 13 September 2014.

## External links

[edit]

* Language portal
* England portal
* Scotland portal

Look up yogh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Everson, Michael, "On the derivation of Yogh and Ezh" (essay), Standards, Evertype
* "Why is Menzies pronounced Mingis?", BBC News, UK: The BBC, 2006-01-10, retrieved 2018-09-12.