Yugoslavia and the United Nations

Yugoslavia

United Nations membership
Represented by|

* Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963)
* Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)

Membership| Former full member
Dates| 24 October 1945 (1945-10-24) - 22 September 1992 (1992-09-22)
UNSC seat| Non-permanent

Politics of Yugoslavia

Constitution

* 1921
* 1931
* 1946
* 1953
* 1963
* 1974

* Executive
* Legislative

* Head of State
Deputy Head of State
* President (1953–80)
* Vice President (1963–67)
* Presidency (1971–91)
* President of the Presidency (1980–91)
* Vice President of the Presidency (1971–91)
* Members
* Government (1918–53)
* Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister
* Assembly (list)
* President
* Federal Executive Council (1953–92)
* President (1963–92)
* Federal Council for Protection of the Constitutional Order (1975–92)

Elections

* Constituent

1920
* Parliamentary

* 1923
* 1925
* 1927
* 1931
* 1935
* 1938
* 1945
* 1950
* 1953
* 1958
* 1963
* 1969
* 1974
* 1978
* 1982
* 1986
* 1989

* Political parties

Administrative divisions

* Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Banovina of Croatia
Subdivisions
* SFR Yugoslavia

SR Bosnia and Herzegovina

SR Croatia
SR Macedonia
SR Montenegro
SR Serbia

SAP Kosovo
SAP Vojvodina
SR Slovenia

Breakup

* Yugoslav Wars

* (Slovenian
* Croatian
* Bosnian)

Foreign relations

* Tripartite Pact
* Allies
* United Nations
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Organisation of African Unity
* European Communities

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a charter member of the United Nations from its establishment in 1945 as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 1992 during the Yugoslav Wars. During its existence the country played a prominent role in the promotion of multilateralism and narrowing of the Cold War divisions in which various UN bodies were perceived as important vehicles. Yugoslavia was elected a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council on multiple occasions in periods between 1950 and 1951, 1956, 1972–1973, and 1988–1989, which was in total 7 (out of 47) years of Yugoslav membership in the organization. The country was also one of 17 original members of the Special Committee on Decolonization.

In 1980 under the chairmanship of Ivo Margan [hr] Belgrade hosted the 21st UNESCO General Conference as the seventh host city in the world. The city also hosted the UNCTAD VI Conference in 1983. Yugoslav diplomat Stanoje Simic was one of the candidates at the 1946 United Nations Secretary-General selection, while Lazar Mojsov was 34th President of the United Nations General Assembly. Yugoslav diplomats were Presidents of the United Nations Economic and Social Council in the 1946 3rd session (Andrija Štampar, Acting), 1982 (Miljan Komatina), and from January until June 1992 (Darko Šilović).[1] The country was one of the founding members of the Group of 77 as well as the presiding country of the group in 1985–1986.

Wartime UN poster

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, its seat at the United Nations was not inherited and continued directly by any of the six federal republics due to the shared state succession acknowledged in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 777. Instead, they all applied for membership as new member states. For some time the rump Federal Republic of Yugoslavia resisted this interpretation and it rejoined the UN only in 2000, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, as a new member state. It changed the name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003, and its seat was transferred to Serbia in 2006 following Montenegro's independence. UN's reaction to Yugoslav crisis included establishment of the UNPROFOR and UNCRO missions, UNTAES and UNMIK transitional administrations as well as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Those establishments influenced development of the United Nations peacekeeping and the establishment of the permanent International Criminal Court.

## History

[edit]

### Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia / Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)

[edit]

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s. By 2006, six UN member states existed in its former territory. Kosovo declared independence in 2008. UNEF soldiers from the Yugoslav People's Army in Sinai, January 1957

Yugoslavia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. Initially part of the Cominform, Yugoslavia under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito was eventually expelled from it in a culmination of political conflict between the Soviet and Yugoslav state leaderships, known as the Tito–Stalin split. The country onwards never joined the Warsaw Pact and continued to pursue policies independent from the Soviet Bloc, and subsequently became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

It was a multi-ethnic state which Tito was able to maintain through a doctrine of "brotherhood and unity", but tensions between ethnicities began to escalate with the Croatian Spring of 1970–71, a movement for greater Croatian autonomy, which was suppressed. This was followed with favorable constitutional changes, as the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution devolved many federal powers to the constituent republics and provinces. After Tito's death in 1980 ethnic tensions grew, beginning with the 1981 protests in Albanian-majority SAP Kosovo. In the late 1980s, Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević used the Kosovo crisis to stoke up Serb nationalism and attempt to consolidate and dominate the country, which alienated the other ethnic groups.

During 1990, the communists lost power to separatist parties in the first multi-party elections held across the country, except in Serbia and Montenegro, where they were won by Milošević and his allies. Nationalist rhetoric on all sides became increasingly heated. In 1991, one republic after another proclaimed independence (only Serbia and Montenegro remained federated), but the status of Serb minorities outside Serbia was left unsolved. After a string of inter-ethnic incidents, the Yugoslav Wars ensued, first in Croatia and then, most severely, in multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina; the wars left long-term economic and political damage in the region.

In November 1991, the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, led by Robert Badinter, concluded at the request of Lord Carrington that the SFR Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution, that the Serbian population in Croatia and Bosnia did not have a right to self-determination in the form of new states, and that the borders between the republics were to be recognized as international borders. As a result of the conflict, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted UN Security Council Resolution 721 on 27 November 1991, which paved the way to the establishment of the United Nations Protection Force in Yugoslavia.[2] In January 1992, Croatia and Yugoslavia signed an armistice under UN supervision, while negotiations continued between Serb and Croat leaderships over the partitioning of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[3]

On 15 January 1992, the independence of Croatia and Slovenia was recognized worldwide. By then, it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states, which were all subsequently admitted to the UN:

* Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992.[4]
* Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993, being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", due to pressure from Greece, pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name.[5] Following the ratification of the Prespa Agreement, the country renamed itself North Macedonia on 12 February 2019.

Due to the dispute over its legal successor states, the member state "Yugoslavia", referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution, including the presence of the SFRY flag at UN headquarters.[6] Following the admission of all five states as new UN members, "Yugoslavia" was removed from the official roster of UN members.

### Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro (2000–2006)

[edit]

Serbia and Montenegro
(previously Yugoslavia)

United Nations membership
Represented by|

* Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (2000–2003)
* State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)

Membership| Former full member
Dates| 1 November 2000 (2000-11-01) - 3 July 2006 (2006-07-03)
Former name(s)| Yugoslavia (2000–2003)
UNSC seat| Non-permanent

Politics of Serbia and Montenegro

Constitution

* 1992 constitution
* 2003 constitution

Executive

* President
* Prime Minister
* Deputy Prime Minister
* Council of Ministers

Parliament

Speaker

Elections

* General

* 2000

* Parliamentary

* 1992
* 1992–93
* 1996

Foreign relations

* Foreign relations of Yugoslavia
* Sanctions against Yugoslavia
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
* Foreign relations of Serbia
* Foreign relations of Montenegro

Administrative divisions

* Republic of Serbia

AP Kosovo and Metohija
AP Vojvodina
* Republic of Montenegro

Related topics

* Politics of Serbia
* Politics of Montenegro

Independence referendum

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, established on 28 April 1992 as a rump state by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia,[7] claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;[8] however, on 30 May 1992, United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted, by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars, and noted that "the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted,"[9] and on 22 September 1992, United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1 was adopted, by which it considered that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) cannot continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations," and therefore decided that "the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly".[10][11] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years, but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office, it re-applied for membership, and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 as a new member.[12] On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro, following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[13]

On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006. In a letter dated on the same day, the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia, following Montenegro's declaration of independence, in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro.[14] Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006.[15]

## See also

[edit]

* Serbia portal
* Politics portal

* Member states of the United Nations
* International Center for Promotion of Enterprises (Ljubljana)
* Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement
* Yugoslavia and the European Economic Community
* Foreign relations of Serbia
* Serbia and the United Nations
* Montenegro in intergovernmental organizations
* Serbia in intergovernmental organizations
* Museum of Yugoslavia
* Archives of Yugoslavia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Presidents of the ECOSOC". United Nations Economic and Social Council. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
2. ^ "Resolution 721". N.A.T.O. 25 September 1991. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
3. ^ Lukic & Lynch 1996, p. 210.
4. ^ Paul L. Montgomery (23 May 1992). "3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
5. ^ Lewis, Paul (8 April 1993). "U.N. Compromise Lets Macedonia Be a Member". The New York Times.
6. ^ Steele, Johnathon (2000-11-02). "UN welcomes Yugoslavia and furls Tito's flag". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
7. ^ Burns, John F. (28 April 1992). "Confirming Split, Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia". The New York Times.
8. ^ "History of Serbia: The Break-up of SFR Yugoslavia (1991–1995)". Serbia Info. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007.
9. ^ "United Nations Security Council Resolution 757" (PDF). United Nations.
10. ^ "United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/47/1" (PDF). United Nations.
11. ^ Sudetic, Chuck (24 September 1992). "U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger-Pointing". The New York Times.
12. ^ "A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the U.N." The New York Times. 2 November 2000.
13. ^ "Yugoslavia consigned to history". BBC News. 4 February 2003.
14. ^ "World Briefing – Europe: Serbia: Going Solo". The New York Times. Associated Press. 6 June 2006.
15. ^ Schneider, Daniel B. (29 June 2006). "World Briefing – Europe: Montenegro: U.N. Makes It Official". The New York Times.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Lukic, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829200-7.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the UN
* Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia

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Breakup|

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Breakup of Yugoslavia

Overview|

* Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992)
* Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008)

Background|

* Josip Broz Tito (until 1980)
* Brotherhood and unity (until 1990)
* League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990)
* Croatian Spring (1967–1971)
* 1981 protests in Kosovo
* Islamic Declaration (1983)
* SANU Memorandum (1986)
* Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987)
* Slovene Spring (1987–1988)
* Agrokomerc Affair (1987)
* 8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987)
* JBTZ trial (1988)
* Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s)

Events and actors|

* Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989)
* Gazimestan speech (1989)
* 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990)
* Independence of Croatia (1989–1992)
* Log Revolution (1990–1991)
* Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991)
* RAM Plan (1991)
* Brioni Agreement (1991)
* Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia
* Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993)

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Independence referendums in Yugoslavia

Republics and provinces|

* Slovenia (1990)
* Croatia (1991)
* Macedonia (1991)
* Kosovo (1991)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992)
* Montenegro (1992)
* Montenegro (2006)

Autonomy|

* SAO Krajina (1990)
* Sandžak (1991)
* Srpska (1991)
* Ilirida (1992)
* Eastern Slavonia (1997)
* Macedonia (2004)

Consequences|

* Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)
* Ethnic cleansing
* Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
* Ten-Day War (1991)
* Bosnian War (1992–1995)
* Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–)
* Graz agreement (1992)
* Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2001)
* Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–1994)
* Dayton Agreement (1996)
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| Cuisine|

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Foreign relations of Yugoslavia

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Oceania|

* Australia

Multilateral|

| Kingdom of Yugoslavia|

* Little Entente
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|

SFR Yugoslavia|

* OECD observer
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* Second Balkan Pact
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Related topics|

| Policies|

* Creation of Yugoslavia
* Balkan Federation
* Belgrade declaration

|

Institutions|

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic Archives
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Disputes|

* Adriatic question (Fiume question)
* Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
* Free Territory of Trieste
* Tito–Stalin split
* Breakup: (Conference on Yugoslavia, UNSCR resolutions)

Incidents|

* 1971 Yugoslav Embassy shooting
* JAT Flight 367
* Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130
* Sydney Yugoslav General Trade and Tourist Agency bombing
* TWA Flight 355
* Assassination of Galip Balkar

Category

* Foreign relations of successor states:
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* North Macedonia
* Serbia and Montenegro ▷ 2006 ▷  Serbia
* Slovenia

* Foreign relations of other post-Yugoslav states:
* Kosovo (status)
* Montenegro

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