Zachelmie trackways

The Zachelmie trackways are a series of Middle Devonian-age trace fossils in Poland, purportedly the oldest evidence of terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) in the fossil record. These trackways were discovered in the Wojciechowice Formation, an Eifelian-age carbonate unit exposed in the Zachełmie Quarry of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains). The discovery of these tracks has complicated the study of tetrapod evolution. Morphological studies suggest that four-limbed vertebrates ("tetrapods" in the broad sense, also known as stegocephalians) are descended from a specialized type of tetrapodomorph fish, the elpistostegalians. This hypothesis was supported further by the discovery and 2006 description of Tiktaalik, a well-preserved elpistostegalian from the Frasnian of Nunavut.[1] Crucial to this idea is the assumption that tetrapods originated in the Late Devonian, after elpistostegalians appear in the fossil record near the start of the Frasnian. The Zachelmie trackways, however, appear to demonstrate that tetrapods were present prior to the Late Devonian. The implications of this find has led to several different perspectives on the sequence of events involved in tetrapod evolution.[2]

## Discovery

[edit]

Animation showing the gait of the Zachelmie trackmaker based on preserved tracks

In January 2010, a group of paleontologists published a paper which showed that the first tetrapods appeared long before any known fossils of Tiktaalik or other elpistostegids.[2] This paper was accompanied by extensive supplementary material[3] and also discussed in a Nature documentary on the origin of tetrapods.[4][5] Their conclusions were based on numerous trackways (esp. Muz. PGI 1728.II.16) and individual footprints (esp. Muz. PGI 1728.II.1) discovered at the Zachełmie quarry.

A tetrapod origin of those tracks was suggested based on:

* Distinct digits and limb morphology;
* Trackways reflecting quadrupedal gait and diagonal walk;
* No body or tail drag marks;
* Very wide stride in relation to body length (much beyond that of Tiktaalik or any other fish);
* Various size footprints with some unusually big (up to 26 cm wide) indicating body lengths of over 2.5 m.

Track-bearing layers were assigned to the lower-middle Eifelian based on conodont index fossil samples (costatus Zone) and "previous biostratigraphic data obtained from the underlying and overlying strata"[2] with subsequent studies confirming this dating.[6][7][8] The Eifelian stage is the first stage of the Middle Devonian, more than 10 million years older than the Frasnian-age Tiktaalik. It is far older than any known tetrapod fossils, and even older than most fossils of tetrapodomorph fish.

A reanalysis by Martin Qvarnström, Piotr Szrek, Per Ahlberg, and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, of the paleoenvironment of the Zachelmie trackways were reinterpreted as "a succession of ephemeral lakes with a restricted and non-marine biota, rather than a marginal marine environment as originally thought". This shows that the purported tetrapods associated with the trackways were likely capable of terrestrial locomotion.[9]

## Implications for tetrapod evolution

[edit]

Zachełmie trackmakers predate not only ichthyostegids and elpistostegids (including Tiktaalik) but also a number of tetrapodomorph fish which until 2010 were unanimously considered ancestors of tetrapods.

Tiktaalik's discoverers were skeptical about the Zachelmie trackways. Daeschler said that trace evidence was not enough for him to modify the theory of tetrapod evolution,[10] while Shubin argued that Tiktaalik could have produced very similar footprints.[11] In a later study Shubin expressed a significantly modified opinion that some of the Zachelmie footprints, those which lacked digits, may have been made by walking fish.[12] However, Ahlberg insisted that those tracks could not have possibly been formed either by natural processes or by transitional species such as Tiktaalik or Panderichthys.[2][13] Instead, the authors of the publication suggested that "ichthyostegalian"-grade tetrapods were the responsible trackmakers, based on available pes morphology of those animals.[2] However, a paper published in 2015 that undertook a critical review of Devonian tetrapod footprints called into question the designation of the Zachelmie marks and instead suggested an origin as fish nests or feeding traces.[14] A 2012 study on Ichthyostega biomechanics indicated that Zachelmie trackmakers were even more advanced than Ichthyostega in terms of adaptation for quadrupedalism.[15] Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki's reconstruction of one of the trackmakers was identical to that of Tulerpeton.[16][17]

Narkiewicz, co-author of the article on the Zachelmie trackways, claimed that the Polish "discovery has disproved the theory that elpistostegids were the ancestors of tetrapods",[18] a notion partially shared by Philippe Janvier.[19]

Spencer Lucas questions if the Zachelmie trackways were made by tetrapods due to the inconsistent size of the tracks and morphology of the manus and pes being inconsistent with known tetrapod trackways. The morphology of the trackways and the freshwater environmental setting are suggested to be consistent with fish feeding traces/nests.[20]

Several new hypotheses have been suggested to resolve the origin and phylogenetic position of the elpistostegids (including Tiktaalik) relative to tetrapods:

* Their phylogenetic position remains unchanged and the footprints found in the Holy Cross Mountains are attributed to tetrapods but as a result there are at least six long ghost lineages separating Zachelmie trackmakers from various elpistostegalian and ichthyostegalian species;[2]
* They were "late-surviving relics rather than direct transitional forms";[16][21]

* They were a result of convergent or parallel evolution. This would indicate that many of the apomorphies (derived traits) and striking anatomical similarities found in both digit-bearing tetrapods and elpistostegalians evolved at least twice, potentially for the same ecological utility.[22][23][24] This would indicate that elpisostegids went extinct in the Late Devonian without any descendants, an "evolutionary dead-end" as some have phrased it.[25] Homoplasy (convergent evolution) is considered responsible for several supposedly unique tetrapod features which are also found in non-elpistostegalian Paleozoic fish. The lobe-finned rhizodont Sauripterus has finger-like jointed distal radial bones,[26][27] while the actinopterygian Tarrasius has a tetrapod-like spinal column with 5 axial regions.[28]

## See also

[edit]

* Tiktaalik
* Evolution of tetrapods
* Elpistostegalia
* Stegocephalia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Edward B. Daeschler, Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins Jr. (6 April 2006). "A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan" (PDF). Nature. 440 (7085): 757–763\. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..757D. doi:10.1038/nature04639. PMID 16598249.
2. ^ a b c d e f Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (7 January 2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian Period of Poland". Nature. 463 (7277): 43–48\. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...43N. doi:10.1038/nature08623. PMID 20054388. S2CID 4428903.
3. ^ Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek; Ahlberg, Per E. (2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian Period of Poland. Supplementary information". Nature. 463 (7277): 43–48\. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...43N. doi:10.1038/nature08623. PMID 20054388. S2CID 4428903.
4. ^ Walking with tetrapods. Nature. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original (FLV) on December 20, 2014.
5. ^ Jonathan Amos (6 January 2010). "Fossil tracks record 'oldest land-walkers'". BBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010.
6. ^ Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek (1 March 2010). "Mid Devonian carbonate platform development in the Holy Cross Mts. area (central Poland): new constraints from the conodont Bipennatus fauna". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 255 (3): 287–300\. Bibcode:2010NJGPA.255..287N. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0025.
7. ^ Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Narkiewicz, Marek; Szrek, Piotr (2014). "The age of the oldest tetrapod tracks from Zachełmie, Poland". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 593–606\. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
8. ^ Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; Narkiewicz, Marek (January 2015). "Middle Devonian invertebrate trace fossils from the marginal marine carbonates of the Zachełmie tetrapod tracksite, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland". Lethaia. 48 (1): 10–12\. Bibcode:2015Letha..48...10N. doi:10.1111/let.12083.
9. ^ Qvarnström, Martin; Szrek, Piotr; Ahlberg, Per E.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2018-01-18). "Non-marine palaeoenvironment associated to the earliest tetrapod tracks". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1074. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1074Q. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19220-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5773519. PMID 29348562.
10. ^ "Trace evidence is not enough for me to change my mind about accepted theories on tetrapod evolution" – Daeschler as quoted in Rex Dalton (January 6, 2010). "Discovery pushes back date of first four-legged animal". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.1. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014.
• "I am not ready to discard the established paradigm for the fish-tetrapod transition" – Daeschler as quoted in Jef Akst (January 6, 2010). "Tetrapods' old age revealed". The Scientist. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
• "With all respect to the scientists involved in this study, there may be other explanations for these suggestive tracks." – Daeschler as quoted in Dan Vergano (January 6, 2010). "Four-legged finding muddies paleontological waters". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014.
11. ^ [Neil Shubin] says that a model of Tiktaalik's skeleton would produce a print much like the one in the paper if it's mushed into sand, and different consistencies or angles would produce an even closer match. He adds, "There is nothing in Tiktaalik's described anatomy that suggests it didn't have a stride." in Ed Yong (January 6, 2010). "Fossil tracks push back the invasion of land by 18 million years". Discover. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010.
12. ^ King, Heather M.; Shubin, Neil H.; Coates, Michael I.; Hale, Melina E. (December 27, 2011). "Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes". PNAS. 108 (52): 21146–21151\. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10821146K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118669109. PMC 3248479. PMID 22160688. "It follows that the attribution of some of the nondigited Devonian fossil trackways to limbed tetrapods may need to be revisited."
13. ^ "You can see anatomical details consistent with a footprint, including sediments displaced by a foot coming down", "There is no way these could be formed by a natural process." - Ahlberg as quoted in Rex Dalton (January 6, 2010). "Discovery pushes back date of first four-legged animal". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.1. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014.
14. ^ Lucas, Spencer G. (2015). "Thinopus and a Critical Review of Devonian Tetrapod Footprints". Ichnos. 22 (3–4): 136–154\. Bibcode:2015Ichno..22..136L. doi:10.1080/10420940.2015.1063491. S2CID 130053031.3–4&rft.pages=136-154&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130053031#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/10420940.2015.1063491&rft_id=info:bibcode/2015Ichno..22..136L&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Spencer+G.&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281896779&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Zachelmie+trackways" class="Z3988">
15. ^ Pierce, Stephanie E.; Clack, Jennifer A.; Hutchinson, John R. (28 June 2012). "Three-dimensional limb joint mobility in the early tetrapod Ichthyostega" (PDF). Nature. 486 (7404): 523–526\. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..523P. doi:10.1038/nature11124. PMID 22722854. S2CID 3127857.
16. ^ a b Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr (2010). "Way to Go!" (PDF). Academia. 2 (26): 28–31\. ISSN 1731-7401. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2015.
17. ^ The 2007 artistic restoration of Tulerpeton by Dmitry Bogdanov available at Wikimedia is virtually identical to the 2008 rendering of a Zachelmie trackmaker by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki.
18. ^ W.Ż. (February 4, 2010). "A Creature That Time Forgot". The Warsaw Voice. Warsaw. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014.; "W Polsce odkryto ślady najstarszych kopalnych czworonogów" [Oldest tetrapod fossil footprints discovered in Poland]. Science & Scholarship in Poland (Polish Press Agency) (in Polish). Warsaw. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014.
19. ^ "We now have to invent a common ancestor to the tetrapods and elpistostegids." – Janvier as quoted in Karen McVeigh (January 6, 2010). "Footprints show tetrapods walked on land 18m years earlier than thought". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014.
20. ^ Lucas, Spencer G. (30 December 2019). "An ichnological perspective on some major events of Paleozoic tetrapod evolution". Ichnos. 58 (3): 229–230\. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2019.20 (inactive 2024-11-20). ISSN 0375-7633.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
21. ^ "Editor's summary: Four feet in the past: trackways pre-date earliest body fossils". Nature. 463 (7277). 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012.
22. ^ Janvier, Philippe; Clément, Gaël (7 January 2010). "Muddy tetrapod origins". Nature. 463 (7277): 40–41\. Bibcode:2010Natur.463...40J. doi:10.1038/463040a. PMID 20054387. S2CID 447958.
23. ^ Friedman, Matt; Brazeau, Martin D. (7 February 2011). "Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1704): 432–439\. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1321. PMC 3013411. PMID 20739322.
24. ^ Gee, Henry (January 6, 2010). "First Footing". SciLogs. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. "It is possible that the close similarity between elpistostegids and tetrapods might have been the result of evolutionary convergence. The common ancestor of elpistostegids and tetrapods wouldn't have to have looked like Tiktaalik – it could have been a more undifferentiated, tetrapodomorph fish. Elpistostegids and tetrapodomorphs, each following their own paths, grew to look more and more like one other."
25. ^ "Ancient Four-Legged Beasts Leave Their Mark". Science. 6 January 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013.
26. ^ Daeschler, Edward B.; Shubin, Neil (8 January 1998). "Fish with fingers?". Nature. 391 (6663): 133. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..133D. doi:10.1038/34317. S2CID 4386457.
27. ^ Davis, Marcus C.; Shubin, Neil; Daeschler, Edward B. (2004). "A new specimen of Sauripterus taylori (Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Famennian Catskill Formation of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 26–40\. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24...26D. doi:10.1671/1920-3. S2CID 128815066.
28. ^ Sallan, Lauren Cole (22 August 2012). "Tetrapod-like axial regionalization in an early ray-finned fish". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 279 (1741): 3264–3271\. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0784. PMC 3385743. PMID 22628471.

* v
* t
* e

Tetrapodomorpha (Pan-Tetrapoda)

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Clade: Osteichthyes
* Clade: Sarcopterygii
* Clade: Rhipidistia

| Gnathostomata|

*     * see Gnathostomata

Tetrapodomorpha|

*     * see below↓

Tetrapodomorpha

Tetrapodomorpha

* †Bogdanovia
* †Chrysolepis
* †Geptolepis
* †Glyptopomus
* †Gogonasus
* †Greiserolepis
* †Gyroptychius
* †Harajicadectes
* †Kenichthys
* †Litoptychus
* †Lamprotolepis
* †Latvius
* †Medoevia
* †Megadonichthys
* †Muranjilepis
* †Osteolepis
* †Peregrina
* †Platyethmoidia
* †Shirolepis
* †Thaumatolepis
* †Thursius
* †Tungsenia
* †Viluichthys

†Rhizodontida|

* Archichthys
* Aztecia
* Barameda
* Gooloogongia
* Hongyu
* Letognathus
* Propycnoctenion
* Pycnoctenion
* Rhizodus
* Rossichthys
* Sauripterus
* Screbinodus
* Strepsodus
* Thysanolepis?
* Vorobjevaia?

†Canowindridae|

* Beelarongia
* Canowindra
* Koharalepis
* Marsdenichthys?
* Owensia?

†Megalichthyidae|

* Askerichthys
* Cladarosymblema
* Cryptolepis?
* Ectosteorhachis
* Lohsania?
* Mahalalepis
* Megalichthys
* Megapomus?
* Megistolepis?
* Palatinichthys
* Rhizodopsis
* Sengoerichthys
* Sterropterygion?

Eotetrapodiformes|

* †Palaeospondylus?

†Tristichopteridae|

* Bruehnopteron
* Cabonnichthys
* Callistipterus
* Canningius
* Devonosteus
* Edenopteron
* Eusthenodon
* Eusthenopteron
* Heddleichthys
* Hyneria
* Jarvikina
* Langlieria
* Litoptychus?
* Mandageria
* Marsdenichthys?
* Notorhizodon
* Platycephalichthys
* Spodichthys
* Tinirau
* Tristichopterus

Elpistostegalia|

* †Howittichthys?
* †Livoniana
* †Panderichthys
* †Parapanderichthys
* †Qikiqtania
* †Rubrognathus
* †Tiktaalik

Stegocephali (Tetrapoda sensu lato)|

*     * see below↓

Stegocephali (Tetrapoda sensu lato)

| Devonian taxa|

* †Acanthostega
* †Brittagnathus
* †Densignathus
* †Elpistostege?
* †Hynerpeton
* †Ichthyostega
* †Jakubsonia
* †Metaxygnathus
* †Parmastega
* †Sinostega
* †Tiktaalik?
* †Tulerpeton
* †Tutusius
* †Umzantsia
* †Ventastega
* †Ymeria

†Elginerpetontidae|

* Elginerpeton
* Obruchevichthys
* Webererpeton

Post-Devonian taxa|

* †Antlerpeton
* †Aytonerpeton
* †Crassigyrinus
* †Diploradus
* †Doragnathus
* †Gaiasia
* †Ichthyerpeton
* †Koilops
* †Mesanerpeton
* †Occidens
* †Ossirarus
* †Perittodus
* †Sigournea
* †Tantallognathus

†Aistopoda|

* Andersonerpeton
* Lethiscus
* Ophiderpeton

Oestocephalidae|

* Coloraderpeton
* Oestocephalus

Phlegethontioidea|

* Pseudophlegethontia

Phlegethontiidae|

* Phlegethontia
* Sillerpeton

†Whatcheeriidae|

* Ossinodus?
* Pederpes
* Whatcheeria

†Colosteidae|

* Colosteus
* Deltaherpeton
* Greererpeton
* Pholidogaster

†Adelospondyli|

* Acherontiscus

Adelogyrinidae|

* Adelogyrinus
* Adelospondylus
* Dolichopareias
* Palaeomolgophis

†"Nectridea"|

*     * see Nectridea

†Baphetoidea|

* Eucritta?
* Spathicephalus

Baphetidae|

* Baphetes
* Kyrinion
* Loxomma
* Megalocephalus

†Embolomeri|

* Anthracosaurus
* Archeria
* Aversor
* Calligenethlon
* Carbonoherpeton
* "Cricotus"
* Diplovertebron
* Eobaphetes
* Eoherpeton?
* Leptophractus
* Neopteroplax
* Palaeoherpeton
* Papposaurus
* Pholiderpeton
* Proterogyrinus
* Pteroplax
* Seroherpeton
* Spondylerpeton

†Gephyrostegidae|

* Bruktererpeton
* Eusauropleura
* Gephyrostegus

†Other "anthracosaurs"|

* Caerorhachis
* Casineria?
* Eldeceeon
* Eoherpeton
* Silvanerpeton
* Termonerpeton

Crown group
Tetrapoda|

| Temnospondyli (Batrachomorpha|

*     * see Temnospondyli
* includes Lissamphibia

|

Reptiliomorpha (Pan-Amniota)|

*     * see Reptiliomorpha
* includes Amniota

Related topics

| Paraphyletic /
Polyphyletic groups|

* Stem tetrapoda
* Osteolepiformes
* Osteolepididae
* Megalichthyiformes?
* Tristichopteridae?
* Labyrinthodontia
* Rachitomi
* Ichthyostegalia
* Lepospondyli
* Holospondyli
* Phyllospondyli
* Anthracosauria

|

Other topics|

* Evolution of tetrapods
* Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
* Romer's gap
* Timeline
* Zachelmie trackways

* Category

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*[†]: Extinct