Zamia

Genus of cycads in the family Zamiaceae

For the three species commonly called Zamia that are endemic to Western Australia, see Macrozamia riedlei, Macrozamia fraseri, and Macrozamia dyeri.

Zamia

Zamia furfuracea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Gymnospermae
Division:  | Cycadophyta
Class:  | Cycadopsida
Order:  | Cycadales
Family:  | Zamiaceae
Subtribe:  | Zamiinae
Genus:  | Zamia
L.[1]
Type species
Zamia pumila

Synonyms[2]

* Aulacophyllum Regel
* Chigua D.W.Stev.
* Palmifolium Kuntze
* Palma-filix Adans.

Zamia is a genus of cycad of the family Zamiaceae, native to North America from the United States (in Georgia and Florida) throughout the West Indies, Central America, and South America as far south as Bolivia.[2][3][4][5] The genus is considered to be the most ecologically and morphologically diverse of the cycads, and is estimated to have originated about 68.3 million years ago.[6]

## Description

[edit]

Zamia furfuracea leaves

The genus comprises deciduous shrubs with aerial or subterranean circular stems, often superficially resembling palms. They produce spirally arranged, pinnate leaves which are pubescent, at least when young, having branched and simple, transparent and coloured hairs. The articulated leaflets lack a midrib, and are broad with subparallel dichotomous venation. Lower leaflets are not reduced to spines, though the petioles often have prickles. The emerging leaves of many Zamia species are striking, some emerging with a reddish or bronze cast (Z. roezlii being an example). Zamia picta is even more distinctive, being the only truly variegated cycad (having whitish/yellow speckles on the leaves).[7]

## Reproduction

[edit]

Zamia sporophylls are born in vertical rows in cones, and the megasporophyll apices are faceted or flattened, not spinose. The fleshy seeds are subglobular to oblong or ellipsoidal, and are red, orange, yellow or rarely white. The endosperm is haploid, derived from the female gametophyte. The embryo is straight, with two cotyledons that are usually united at the tips and a very long, spirally twisted suspensor. The sperm of members from the genus are large, as is typical of cycads, and Z. roezlii is an example; its sperm are approximately 0.4 mm long and can be seen by the unaided eye.[8]

It was long believed that Zamia plants, like all cycads, relied completely on wind pollination. In the 1980s it was discovered that at least some Zamia species were pollinated by beetles of the Pharaxonotha and Rhopalotria genera. Further studies have found that pollination by beetles is widespread in Zamia and other cycads.[9]

Seed-dispersal in Zamia is poorly documented for most species, but there are reports of birds and/or small to medium-sized mammals dispersing the seeds of a few Zamia species.[10]

## Habitats

[edit]

With one exception, Zamia species are found only in the Neotropical realm in the Americas. The exception is Z. integrifolia, which has a range that extends into the Nearctic realm in northern Florida, and formerly into the southeastern corner of Georgia.[11]

## Ecology

[edit]

At least one species, Z. pseudoparasitica, grows as an epiphyte in the branches of trees.

## Toxicity

[edit]

Most of the Zamia species are, or have been, gathered to process the stem and/or seeds into starch for use as food or laundry starch. However, almost the entire plant is very toxic and the starch must be repeatedly washed to remove the toxins. Only the sarcotesta, the pulpy covering of the seeds, is relatively free of toxins.[12] The primary toxin in Zamia plants is cycasin, a carcinogenic and neurotoxic glucoside. Other glucoside toxins present include macrozamin (de) and several neocycasins.[13] BMAA, a neurotoxin that is produced by cyanobacteria living in roots of the plants, is also present in most Zamia plants.[14]

Consumption of cycads by livestock has resulted in two forms of cycad toxicosis. Hepato-gastrointestinal toxicosis results from damage to the liver and gastrointestinal tracts of affected animals causing depression, anorexia, and weight loss. Neurologic toxicosis, known as Zamia staggers, is the result of damage to brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia tissue causing weight loss, swaying of hind quarters, and weakness and other defects in rear limbs.[15]

## Phylogeny

[edit]

Despite the ancient history of cycads, species diversity in Zamia is geologically recent. Calonje et al. found a stem age for Zamia of 68.28 million years ago (mya), and a crown age of 9.54 mya.[16]

### Geographic groups

[edit]

As early as the 1930s, authors recognized three biogeographic groups in Zamia, Caribbean, Mesoamerican, and Central and South America. In the 21st century, phylogenies of Zamia based on genetic analyses have found stronger correlation with geographic regions than with morphological features.[17]

Zonneveld and Lindström (2016) measured genome size in 71 species of Zamia and found support for three geographical groupings. Variation in genome size of Zamia species is fairly small compared to many other genera, with the ratio of largest to smallest just 1.36, but the authors found significant differences in genome sizes between three geographical areas. Species in Mega Mexico, including the northern part of Central America, had the largest average genome size. Species in South America, plus Costa Rica and Panama, had the smallest average genome size, while species in the Caribbean Islands and Florida had an intermediate genome size.[18]

Zamia tree based on DNA[19]

| Zamia |

|  |

Caribbean and Florida 8 sp.

|

|  |

Mesoamerica 21 sp.

|

|  |

Zamia soconuscensis

|

|  |

Isthmus 16 sp.

|

South America 28 sp.

Calonje, et al. (2019) analyzed the DNA from 70 species of Zamia, finding support for four geographically distinct clades (plus a single isolated species). A clade including the species found on the Caribbean islands and in Florida is sister to the rest of the genus. The species of the Caribean clade have diverged within the last 1.9 million years. The Mesoamerica clade includes all species found in Mesoamerica (north of Nicaragua), except for the single species Z. soconuscensis. It has a divergence age of 5.79 mya. The Isthmus clade includes species found in southernmost Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, and has a divergence age of 2.35 mya. The species in South America form another clade, which is sister to the Isthmus clade. It has a divergence age of 2.62 mya.[19]

Zamia tree based on transcriptomes[20]

| Zamia |

|  |

| I  |

|  |

Caribbean islands 7 sp.

|

Florida Zamia integrifolia

II |

Fischeri clade 3 sp.

| III  |

| III‑A |

Mega Mexico A 14 sp.

|

III‑B |

Mega Mexico B 7 sp.

|  |

| IV |

Zamia soconuscensis

|

| V |

Isthmus 15 sp.

|

| VI |

West Andes 12 sp.

|

| VII  |

|  |

Northern Colombia 4 sp.

|

East Andes 13 sp.

Lindstrom et al. (2024) analyzed transcriptomes from 77 species of Zamia finding support for seven clades of the genus occupying distinct geographical ranges. Clade I is a strongly monophyletic clade that includes eight of the species of the Caribbean islands and Florida. Clade II (the Fischeri clade), consists of three species found in Veracruz, Hidalgo, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas states in Mexico. This clade is a sister to Clades I and III. Clade III (Mega Mexico) is divided into the sub-clades III-A and III-B. Clade III-A includes 14 species found in Mexico and Central America. Clade III-B consists of seven species found in Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize, which are believed to have originated in southern Mexico. Clade IV consists of the single species Z. soconuscensis found in cloud forests in Chiapas state in Mexico. Clade V (the Isthmus clade) includes 15 species found in Costa Rica and Panama. Clade VI includes 12 species found in southernmost Panama and west of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador. Clade VII consists of four closely related species in northern Columbia (the Manicata clade) and 13 species east of the Andes in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia.[20]

### Clades and species complexes

[edit]

#### Manicata clade

[edit]

The Manicata clade is a group of closely related species found in northern Colombia. It consists of Z. manicata, Z. disodon, Z. melanorrhacis, Z. restrepoi, Z. imbricata, and Z. sinuensis. Z. manicata was described in 1876. The other species in the clade have been described more recently, with Z. restrepoi described in 1990 (as Chigua restrepoi, reclassified as Z. restrepoi in 2009), Z. disodon and Z. melanorrhacis in 2001, and Z. imbricata and Z. sinuensis in 2021. The monophyly of the clade is strongly supported by phylogenetic studies. Calonje, et al. 2019 found Z. manicata, Z. disodon, Z. melanorrhacis, and Z. restrepoi to form a clade.[21] Lindstrom et al. 2024 Z. manicata, Z. disodon, Z. restrepoi, and Z. sinuensis to form a clade.[22] While Z. imbricata was not included in either analysis, it shares several morphological features with the rest of the clade, including subterranean or semi-subterranean stems, strongly toothed margins on leaflets, strobili (cones) on very long stalks, small seeds with very thin sarcotesta (coats), and very small pollen (male) cones.[23]

#### Zamia pumila species complex

[edit]

Zamia pumila species complex tree based on transcriptomes[20]

| Zamia |

|  |

|  |

|  |

Zamia pygmaea

|

|  |

Zamia stricta

|

|  |

|  |

Zamia lucayana

|

|  |

Zamia angustifolia

|

Zamia integrifolia (Bahamas)

|  |

Zamia erosa

|

Zamia portoricensis

Zamia pumila

Zamia integrifolia (Florida)

All of the species in the Caribbean plus Florida grouping/clade are also in the Zamia pumila species complex. The classification of the populations in the Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Florida has been controversial. In 1980, Eckenwalder included all the Zamia populations in the Caribbean and Florida in the single species Z. pumila, incorporating 27 previously described species (not all of which were valid or accepted) into the subspecies Z. pumila subsp. pumila, and five such species from Cuba into the subspecies Z. pumila subsp. pygmaea.[24] Eckenwalder's classification is no longer generally accepted, and a monophyletic species complex consisting of nine species is now accepted, including Z. pumila, seven other species corresponding to combinations of the species subsumed into Eckenwalder's Z. pumila subsp. pumila, and Z. pygmaea, consisting of the former species placed by Eckenwalder in Z. pumila subsp. pygmaea.[25][26]

#### Zamia skinneri species complex

[edit]

Z. skinneri species complex based on transcriptomes[20]

| Zamia |

|  |

|  |

|  |

|  |

|  |

Zamia skinneri

|

Zamia nesophila

|  |

Zamia hamannii

|

|  |

Zamia imperialis

|

Zamia neurophyllidia

Zamia skinneri has been regarded as a highly variable species. Z. neurophyllidia was described as a new species in 1993, based on a population of what had been regarded as a dwarf form of Z. skinneri. A study published in 2004 proposed that Z. neurophyllidia and Z. skinneri were a "hybrid species complex", and noted that Z. skinneri included several morphologically distinct populations. In 2008, Taylor B. et al. described three sub-populations of Z. skinneri as Z. hamannii, Z. imperialis, and Z. nesophila.[27] All five of the species in this complex are found in Bocas del Toro Province, at least three of the species are endemic to that Province, and all of them have plicate leaves, a trait that occurs elsewhere in Zamia only in Z. dressleri in Colon and San Blas provinces in Panama, and in Z. roezlii and Z. wallisii in Colombia. Taylor B. et al. (2012) suggest that Z. skinneri is the central species of the complex, and that the other species have evolved rapidly from Z. skinneri on the periphery of its range due to geographic or other isolation.[28]

### Chigua

[edit]

Chigua was described as a new genus with two species in Zamiaceae in 1990, but was reclassified as Z. restrepoi in 2009.[29]

### Species

[edit]

Accepted species[30] | Clade:[20] distribution | IUCN status

|
|

Zamia acuminata Oerst.ex Dyer | V (Isthmus): Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama | Vulnerable
Zamia amazonum D.W.Stev. | VII (East of Andes): Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela | Least concern
Zamia amplifolia Hort.Bull ex Mast. | VI (West of Andes): Colombia | Endangered
Zamia angustifolia Jacq. | I (Caribbean): Bahamas, Cuba | Vulnerable
Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A.DC. | VII (East of Andes): Bolivia, Brazil (Mato Grosso) | Least concern
Zamia brasiliensis Calonje & Segalla[31] | (unknown): Brazil (Mato Grosso, Rondônia) | Not evaluated
Zamia chigua Seem. | VI (West of Andes): Colombia | Near threatened
Zamia cremnophila Vovides, Schutzman & Dehgan | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Tabasco) | Endangered
Zamia cunaria Dressler & D.W.Stev. | VI (West of Andes): Panama | Endangered
Zamia decumbens Calonje, Meerman, M.P. Griff. & Hoese | III-B (Mega Mexico) Belize | Endangered
Zamia disodon D.W.Stev. & Sabato | VII (Manicata): Colombia | Endangered
Zamia dressleri D.W.Stev. | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia elegantissima Schutzman, Vovides & R.S.Adams | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev. | VII (East of Andes): Colombia | Endangered
Zamia erosa O.F.Cook & G.N.Collins | I (Caribbean): Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico | Vulnerable
Zamia fairchildiana L.D.Gómez | V (Isthmus): Panama, Costa Rica | Near threatened
Zamia fischeri Miq. ex Lem. | II (Fischeri): Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) | Endangered
Zamia furfuracea L.f. cardboard palm | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Veracruz) | Endangered
Zamia gentryi Dodson | VI (West of Andes): Ecuador | Endangered
Zamia gomeziana R.H.Acuña | (unknown): Costa Rica | Near threatened
Zamia grijalvensis Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Mart.-Camilo | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Chiapas) | Critically endangered
Zamia hamannii A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman | V (Isthmus): Panama | Vulnerable
Zamia herrerae Calderón & Standl. | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Chiapas), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua | Vulnerable
Zamia huilensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev. | VII (East of Andes): Colombia | Endangered
Zamia hymenophyllidia D.W.Stev. | VII (East of Andes): Colombia, Peru | Least concern
Zamia imbricata Calonje & J.Castro[32] | VII (Manicata): Colombia[33] | Not evaluated
Zamia imperialis A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia incognita A.Lindstr. & Idárraga | (unknown): Colombia | Endangered
Zamia inermis Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres | II (Fischeri): Mexico (Veracruz) | Critically endangered
Zamia integrifolia L.f. \- coontie palm/Florida arrowroot | I (Caribbean): Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico, United States (Florida, Georgia) | Near threatened
Zamia ipetiensis D.W.Stev. | VI (West of Andes): Panama | Endangered
Zamia katzeriana (Regel) E.Rettig | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico | Critically endangered
Zamia lacandona Schutzman & Vovides | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Chiapas) | Endangered
Zamia lawsoniana Dye | (unknown) Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) | Not evaluated
Zamia lecointei Ducke | VII (East of Andes): Brazil (Pará), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela | Least concern
Zamia lindenii Regel ex André | VI (West of Andes): Ecuador, Peru | Endangered
Zamia lindleyi Warsz. ex A.Dietr. | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia lindosensis Stevenson, Cárdenas & Castaño[34] | (unknown): Colombia | Not evaluated
Zamia loddigesii Miq. | III-A (Mega Mexico): Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) | Near threatened
Zamia lucayana Britton | I (Caribbean): Bahamas | Critically endangered
Zamia macrochiera D.W.Stev. | (unknown): Peru | Endangered
Zamia magnifica Pérez-Farr., Gutt-Ortega & Calonje[35] | (unknown): Mexico (Oaxaca) | Not evaluated
Zamia manicata Linden ex Regel | VII (Manicata): Colombia, Panama | Near threatened
Zamia meermanii Calonje | III-A (Mega Mexico): Belize | Endangered
Zamia melanorrhachis D.W.Stev. | VII (Manicata): Colombia[33] | Endangered
Zamia montana A.Braun | VI (West of Andes): Colombia | Critically endangered
Zamia monticola Chamb. | III-B (Mega Mexico): Guatemala | Critically endangered
Zamia multidentata Calonje, Segalla & R.S.Pimenta[36] | (unknown): Brazil (Acre) | Not evaluated
Zamia muricata Willd. | VII (East of Andes): Colombia, Venezuela | Least concern
Zamia nana A.Lindstr., Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.S.Taylor Panama[37] | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia nesophila A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman | V (Isthmus): Panama | Critically endangered
Zamia neurophyllidia D.W.Stev. | V (Isthmus): Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama | Least concern
Zamia obliqua A.Braun | V (Isthmus): Colombia | Least concern
Zamia oligodonta E.Calderón & D.E.Stev. | (unknown) Colombia | Critically endangered
Zamia onan-reyesii C.Nelson & Sandoval | III-B (Mega Mexico): Honduras | Endangered
Zamia oreillyi C.Nelson | III-B (Mega Mexico): Honduras | Critically endangered
Zamia orinoquiensis Calonje, Betancur & A.Linstr.[38] | VII (East of Andes): Colombia | Not evaluated
Zamia paucifoliolata Calonje[39] | VI (West of Andes): Colombia | Not evaluated
Zamia paucijuga Wieland | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca) | Near threatened
Zamia poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler | VII (East of Andes): Bolivia, Brazil (Acre) | Least concern
Zamia portoricensis Urb. | I (Caribbean): Puerto Rico | Endangered
Zamia prasina W.Bull | III-A (Mega Mexico): Belize, Mexico (Tabasco, Yucatán) | Least concern
Zamia pseudomonticola L.D.Gómez | V (Isthmus): Costa Rica, Panama | Least concern
Zamia pseudoparasitica Yates | V (Isthmus): Panama | Near threatned
Zamia pumila L. \- guáyara / Dominican zamia | I (Caribbean): Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), possibly Cuba; possibly extirpated in Puerto Rico and Haiti | Vulnerable
Zamia purpurea Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca) | Critically endangered
Zamia pygmaea Sims | I (Caribbean): Cuba | Endangered
Zamia pyrophylla Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.Lindstr. | VI (West of Andes): Colombia | Critically endangered
Zamia restrepoi (D.W.Stev.) A.Lindstr. | VII (Manicata): Colombia | Critically endangered
Zamia roezlii Regel ex Linden | VI (West of Andes): Colombia, Ecuador | Least concern
Zamia sandovalii C.Nelson | III-B (Mega Mexico): Honduras | Endangered
Zamia sinuensis Calonje & J.Castro[40] | VII (Manicata): Colombia | Not evaluated
Zamia skinneri Warsz. ex A.Dietr. | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia soconuscensis Schutzman, Vovides & Dehgan | IV: Mexico (Chiapas) | Endangered
Zamia spartea A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Oaxaca) | Critically endangered
Zamia splendens Schutzman[41] | III-A (Mega Mexico): Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz) | Endangered
Zamia standleyi Schutzman | III-B (Mega Mexico): Guatemala, Honduras | Not evaluated
Zamia stenophyllidia Nicolalde-Morejón, Martínez-Domínguez & Stevenson[42] | (unknown): Mexico (Michoacán) | Not evaluated
Zamia stevensonii A.S.Taylor & Holzman | V (Isthmus): Panama | Endangered
Zamia stricta Miq. | I (Caribbean): Cuba | Vulnerable
Zamia tolimensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev | VII (East of Andes): Colombia | Endangered
Zamia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. | III-B (Mega Mexico) Guatemala | Near threatened
Zamia ulei Dammer | VII (East of Andes): Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela | Least concern
Zamia urep B.Walln. | VII (East of Andes): Peru | Endangered
Zamia variegata Warsz. | III-A (Mega Mexico): Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) | Endangered
Zamia vazquezii D.W.Stev., Sabato & De Luca | II (Fischeri): Mexico (Veracruz) | Critically endangered
Zamia wallisii H.J.Veitch | VI (West of Andes): Colombia | Critically endangered

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
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4. ^ Flora of North America, vol 2, Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 478. 1789.
5. ^ Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1958. Cycadaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatemala - Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 11–20.
6. ^ Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M.; Rodriguez-Castro, Lilisbeth; Castillo-Caballero, Pedro L.; Toribio, Edgar; Saltonstall, Kristin (2022). "Arboreal camera trapping sheds light on seed dispersal of the world's only epiphytic gymnosperm: Zamia pseudoparasitica". Ecology and Evolution. 12 (3): e8769. Bibcode:2022EcoEv..12E8769M. doi:10.1002/ece3.8769. PMC 8948316. PMID 35356569.
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14. ^ Holtcamp, Wendee (1 March 2012). "The Emerging Science of BMAA: Do Cyanobacteria Contribute to Neurodegenerative Disease?". Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (3): a110–a116. doi:10.1289/ehp.120-a110. PMC 3295368. PMID 22382274.
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18. ^ Zonneveld, B. J. M.; Lindström, A. J. (26 May 2016). "Genome sizes for 71 species of Zamia (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) correspond to three different biogeographic regions". Nordic Journal of Botany. 34 (6): 744–751. doi:10.1111/njb.01094.
19. ^ a b Calonje et al. 2019, pp. 287–294.
20. ^ a b c d e Lindstrom et al. 2024, pp. 10 (chart), 16–17.
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22. ^ Lindstrom et al. 2024, pp. 10 (tree), 19.
23. ^ Calonje et al. 2021, pp. 1, 5, 9.
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27. ^ Taylor B., Alberto S.; Haynes, J. L.; Holzman, G. (2008). "Taxonomical, nomenclatural and biogeographical revelations in the Zamia skinneri complex of Central America (Cycadales: Zamiaceae)" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (3): 403–404, 408–424. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00886.x.
28. ^ Taylor B., Alberto S.; Haynes, Jody L.; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Holzman, Gregory; Mendieta, Jorge (2012). "Biogeographic Insights in Central American Cycad Biology" (PDF). In Stevens, Lawrence (ed.). Global Advances in Biogeography. Rejika, Croatia: InTechOpen. pp. 73–98. ISBN 978-9535104544.
29. ^ Lindstrom et al. 2024, p. 17.
30. ^ "The World List of Cycads, online edition". www.cycadlist.org. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
31. ^ "Zamia brasiliensis". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
32. ^ Calonje et al. 2021, pp. 5–9.
33. ^ a b Calonje et al. 2021, p. 1.
34. ^ Stevenson, Dennis Wm.; Cardena Lopez, Dairon; Castano Arboleda, Nicolas (19 June 2018). "A new Zamia (Zamiaceae) from Colombia". Brittonia. 70 (3): 364–368. doi:10.1007/s12228-018-9535-3 - via Springer Link.
35. ^ "Zamia magnifica". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
36. ^ "Zamia multidentata". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
37. ^ "Zamia nana". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
38. ^ "Zamia orinoquiensis". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
39. ^ Calonje, Michael; Lopez-Gallego, Cristina; Castro, Jonaton (28 December 2018). "Zamia paucifoliolata, a new species of Zamia (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from Valle de Cauca, Colombia". Phytotaxa. 385 (2): 364–368. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.385.2.4 - via Biotaxa.
40. ^ Calonje et al. 2021, pp. 9–14.
41. ^ "Zamia splendens". The World List of Cycads. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
42. ^ Nicolalde-Morejón, Fernando; Martínez-Domínguez, Lilí; Stevensob, Dennis Wm.; Vergara-Silva, Francisco (September 2019). "Disentangling the identity of Zamia from a Mexican Pacific seaboard, with a description of a new species". Nordic Journal of Botany. 37 (9). doi:10.1111/njb.02430.

## Sources

[edit]

* Calonje, Michael; Meerow, Alan W.; Griffith, M. Patrick; Sala-Leiva, Dayana; Vovides, Andrew P.; Ciro, Mario; Francisco-Ortega, Javier (May 2019). "A Time-Calibrated Species Tree Phylogeny of the New World Cycad Genus Zamia L. (Zamiaceae, Cycadyles)". International Journal of Plant Science. 180 (4): 271–355. doi:10.1086/702642.
* Calonje, Michael; Castro Hernández, Jonatan; Coca, Luis Fernando; Jaramillo, Daniel; Aristizábal, Arturo (16 April 2021). "Two new species of Zamia (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from the Magdalena-Urabá moist forests ecoregion of northern Colombia". Phytotaxa. 497 (1): 1–19. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.497.1.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
* Lindstrom, Anders; Nabib, Sadaf; Dong, Shanshan; Dong, Yiqing; Liu, Jiang; Calonje, Michael; Stevenson, Dennis; Zhang, Shouzhou (2024). "Transcriptome sequencing data provide a solid base to understand phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and reticulated evolution of the genus Zamia L. (Cycadales, Zamiaceae)". Annals of Botany. XX: 1–22. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae065. PMID 38900840.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zamia.

Wikispecies has information related to Zamia.

* The Cycad Pages: Genus Zamia

* v
* t
* e

Classification of Archaeplastida or Plantae s.l.

Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes

Hacrobia

Cryptista
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea

Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta

Animals
Fungi
Mesomycetozoea)

| Archaeplastida|

| Picozoa|

* Picomonas

|

Rhodelphidia|

* Rhodelphis

Rhodophyta
(red algae)|

* Cyanidiophyceae
* Porphyridiophyceae
* Stylonematophyceae
* Compsopogonophyceae
* Rhodellophyceae
* Bangiophyceae
* Florideophyceae

Glaucophyta|

* Glaucocystophyceae

incertae sedis|

* Algospongia

Viridiplantae
or Plantae s.s.
(green algae &
land plants)|

| Prasinodermophyta|

* Prasinodermophyceae
* Palmophyllophyceae

|

|  Chlorophyta|

| Prasinophytina|

* Mamiellophyceae
* Pyramimonadophyceae

|

Chlorophytina|

* Nephroselmidophyceae
* Picocystophyceae
* Chloropicophyceae
* Pedinophyceae
* Chlorodendrophyceae
* UTC clade
* Ulvophyceae
* Trebouxiophyceae
* Chlorophyceae

| Streptophyta|

* Mesostigmatophyceae
* Chlorokybophyceae
* Spirotaenia
* Klebsormidiophyceae

| Phragmoplastophyta|

* Charophyceae
* Coleochaetophyceae

| Anydrophyta|

* Zygnematophyceae

| Embryophyta
(land plants)|

* (see below↓)

|

Embryophytes or Plantae sensu strictissimo

| Bryophytes|

| Marchantiophyta
(liverworts)|

* Haplomitriopsida
* Marchantiopsida
* Jungermanniopsida

|

Anthocerotophyta
(hornworts)|

* Leiosporocerotopsida
* Anthocerotopsida

Bryophyta
(mosses)|

* Takakiopsida
* Sphagnopsida
* Andreaeobryopsida
* Andreaeopsida
* Oedipodiopsida
* Tetraphidopsida
* Polytrichopsida
* Bryopsida

|  Polysporangiophytes|

| †Protracheophytes*|

* †Horneophytopsida
* †Aglaophyton

|

| Tracheophytes
(vascular plants)|

| †Paratracheophytes*|

* †Cooksoniopsida
* †Rhyniopsida
* †Renaliales

|

Eutracheophytes|

| Lycophytes|

* †Barinophytopsida
* †Zosterophyllopsida
* Lycopodiopsida (clubmosses, spikemosses & quillworts)

|

Euphyllophytes|

* †Eophyllophytopsida
* †Trimerophytopsida

| Moniliformopses|

* †Ibykales
* †Cladoxylopsida
* Polypodiopsida (ferns and horsetails)

|

Lignophytes|

| †Progymnosperms*|

* †Noeggerathiopsida
* †Aneurophytopsida
* †Archaeopteridopsida
* †Protopityales

|

Spermatophytes
(seed plants)|

| †Pteridosperms*
(seed ferns)
and other extinct
seed plant groups|

* †Bennettitales
* †Calamopityales
* †Callistophytales
* †Caytoniales
* †Cordaitales
* †Corystospermales
* †Czekanowskiales
* †Gigantopteridales
* †Glossopteridales
* †Lyginopteridopsida
* †Medullosales
* †Peltaspermopsida
* †Pentoxylopsida
* †Petriellales

|

Acrogymnospermae
(living gymnosperms)|

* Cycadopsida (cycads)
* Ginkgoales (Ginkgo)
* Pinopsida (conifers)
* Gnetopsida

Angiospermae
(flowering plants)|

* Basal angiosperms
* Core angiosperms
* Magnoliids
* Monocots
* Eudicots

* *paraphyletic groups
* † = extinct
* List of plant orders
* Current definitions of Plantae

* v
* t
* e

Classification of Acrogymnospermae (living Gymnosperms)

* Supergroup Plant:
* Bryophyta
* Marchantiophyta
* Polypodiophyta
* Acrogymnospermae
* Angiospermae

| Ginkgoidae|

| Ginkgoales|

| Ginkgoaceae|

* Ginkgo

Cycadidae|

| Cycadales|

| Cycadaceae|

* Cycas

|

Zamiaceae|

| Diooideae|

* Dioon

|

Zamioideae|

* Macrozamia
* Lepidozamia
* Encephalartos
* Bowenia
* Ceratozamia
* Stangeria
* Zamia
* Microcycas

Pinidae|

| Gnetales|

| Ephedraceae|

* Ephedra

|

Gnetaceae|

* Gnetum

Welwitschiaceae|

* Welwitschia

Pinales|

| Pinaceae|

| Abietoideae|

* Cedrus
* Pseudolarix
* Nothotsuga
* Tsuga
* Keteleeria
* Abies

|

Pinoideae|

* Pseudotsuga
* Larix
* Cathaya
* Picea
* Pinus

Araucariales|

| Araucariaceae|

* Wollemia
* Agathis
* Araucaria

|

Podocarpaceae|

| Phyllocladoideae|

* Halocarpus
* Pectinopitys
* Sundacarpus
* Prumnopitys
* Parasitaxus
* Lagarostrobos
* Manoao
* Lepidothamnus
* Phyllocladus

|

Podocarpoideae|

* Saxegothaea
* Microcachrys
* Pherosphaera
* Acmopyle
* Dacrycarpus
* Falcatifolium
* Dacrydium
* Retrophyllum
* Afrocarpus
* Nageia
* Podocarpus

Cupressales|

| Sciadopityaceae|

* Sciadopitys

|

Taxaceae|

| Cephalotaxeae|

* Cephalotaxus

|

Taxoideae|

* Amentotaxus
* Torreya
* Austrotaxus
* Pseudotaxus
* Taxus

Cupressaceae|

| Cunninghamioideae|

* Cunninghamia

|

Taiwanioideae|

* Taiwania

Athrotaxidoideae|

* Athrotaxis

Sequoioideae|

* Metasequoia
* Sequoiadendron
* Sequoia

Taxodioideae|

* Cryptomeria
* Glyptostrobus
* Taxodium

Callitroideae|

* Papuacedrus
* Austrocedrus
* Pilgerodendron
* Libocedrus
* Diselma
* Fitzroya
* Widdringtonia
* Neocallitropsis
* Callitris

Cupressoideae|

* Thujopsis
* Thuja
* Chamaecyparis
* Tetraclinis
* Microbiota
* Platycladus
* Calocedrus
* Cupressus
* Xanthocyparis
* Hesperocyparis
* Juniperus

Taxon identifiers

Zamia|

* Wikidata: Q134842
* Wikispecies: Zamia
* APNI: 81017
* BioLib: 61569
* CoL: 63X6Q
* Conifers.org: Zamia
* EPPO: 1ZAMG
* FNA: 135253
* GBIF: 2683306
* GRIN: 13011
* iNaturalist: 67326
* IPNI: 328825-2
* IRMNG: 1094270
* ITIS: 18018
* NCBI: 3303
* NZOR: 032b34e7-d078-409e-8b37-17c64dab53f3
* Open Tree of Life: 596163
* PLANTS: ZAMIA
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328825-2
* Tropicos: 40028101
* uBio: 5874902
* WFO: wfo-4000041136

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

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