Zara (retailer)

Spanish multinational fast-fashion company

Zara

Zara store in Midtown Manhattan

Industry| Retail
Founded| 1975; 50 years ago (1975)
(as Zorba) in Spain
Founders| Amancio Ortega
Rosalía Mera
Headquarters|

Arteixo, Spain

Number of locations

| 2,007 stores[1]

Area served

| Worldwide
Products| Clothing
Revenue| €19.586 billion (2021)
Parent| Inditex
Website| zara.com

For other uses, see Zara (disambiguation).

An embossed mark: A stylized identifier decoration, worn on the lapel of a tuxedo or suit jacket – ZARA, now on exhibit in the Muzeum Miniaturowej Sztuki Profesjonalnej Henryk Jan Dominiak in Tychy; 11 × 16 mm, made of metal.[2]

Zara (/ˈzɑːrə/; Spanish: [ˈθaɾa]) is a fast fashion retail subsidiary of the Spanish multinational fashion design, manufacturing, and retailing group Inditex.[3] Zara sells clothing, accessories, beauty products and perfumes.[4] The head office is located at Arteixo in the province of A Coruña, Spain.[5] In 2020 alone, it launched over twenty new product lines.[6]

## History

[edit]

### Early history

[edit]

Zara was established by Amancio Ortega Gaona in 1975. Their first shop was in central A Coruña, in Galicia, Spain, where the company is still based. They initially called it 'Zorba' after the classic 1964 film Zorba the Greek, but after learning there was a bar with the same name two blocks away, rearranged the letters to read 'Zara'. It is believed the extra 'a' came from an additional set of letters that had been made for the company.[7][8] It sold low-priced lookalike products of popular, higher-end clothing fashions. He subsequently opened more shops in Spain. During the 1980s, Zara changed the design, manufacturing, and distribution process to reduce lead times and react more quickly to new trends – what Ortega called "instant fashions" – using information technology and groups of designers rather than individuals.[citation needed]

### Expansion

[edit]

The first shop outside Spain was opened in 1985 in Porto, Portugal.[9] In 1989, the company entered the United States, and then France in 1990.[10] During the 1990s, Zara expanded to Mexico (1992),[11] Greece, Belgium, Sweden (1993) and Israel (1997).[12]

In the 2000s, Zara opened its first stores in Brazil (2000); Japan and Singapore (2002); Ireland, Venezuela, Russia and Malaysia (2003);[13][14][15][16] China,[17] Morocco,[18] Estonia,[19] Hungary[20] and Romania (2004);[21] the Philippines,[15] Costa Rica[22] and Indonesia (2005);[23] Colombia (2007);[24] and South Korea (2008).[25]

In the 2010s, Zara began to roll out locations in India (2010);[26] Taiwan, South Africa and Australia (2011);[27][28] and Peru (2012).[29]

In September 2010, Zara launched its online boutique. The website began in Jordan.[30] In November of the same year, Zara Online extended its service to five more countries: Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.[31] Online stores began operating in the United States in 2011,[32] Russia and Canada in 2013,[33][34][35] Mexico in 2014,[36] South Korea in 2014,[37][38] Romania in 2016,[39] India in 2017, Israel and Brazil in 2019,[40] and Peru in 2020.[41]

In 2015, Zara was ranked #30 on Interbrand's list of best global brands.[42]

In 2019, Zara updated their logo.[43] It was designed by the French agency Baron & Baron.[44] The global fashion business Journal MDS stated that while the textile commerce of the world had gone down by 2.38%, Zara's had risen 2.17%.[45] Chief Executive Persson said the brand is waiting for more acceptable global rent levels to continue its expansion. In Europe, the brand planned to cut the number of retail locations beginning in 2020.[46]

In 2021, Zara left Venezuela by the economic struggles in the country.[47]

As of January 2023, the clothing retailer has nearly 3000 stores, including its kids and home stores. Spanning over 96 countries and continuing to grow.[46] In April 2023, Zara left Russia by selling the business to Fashion and More Management DVCC. The brand changed its name to Maag.[48]

## Corporate affairs

[edit]

The key trends for Zara (including Zara Home) are as at the financial year ending 31 January:[49]

| Revenue[a]
(€ bn)  | Profit
before taxes
(€ bn)  | Total assets
(€ bn)  | Number of
stores  | Share of stores
franchised
(%)  | References

|
|
|
|
|
|

2016  | 15.4  | 2.7  | 15.0  | 2,213  | 13  | [50]
2017  | 16.7  | 3.0  | 16.0  | 2,251  | 12  | [51]
2018  | 18.1  | 3.1  | 17.3  | 2,862  | 13  |
2019  | 19.6  | 3.3  | 22.7  | 2,866  | 13  |
2020  | 14.2  | 0.96  | 21.3  | 2,653  | 12  |
2021  | 19.7  | 2.8  | 23.6  | 2,489  | 12  |
2022  | 23.9  | 4.0  | 24.8  | 2,312  | 13  |
2023  | 26.2  | 4.9  | 27.0  | 2,221  | 13  | [52]

## Products

[edit]

Zara stores have men's and women's clothing as well as children's clothing (Zara Kids). Zara Home designs are located in European stores. The majority of Zara customers are aged between 18 and about 35. After products are designed, they take 10 to 15 days to reach the stores.[53] All of the clothing is processed through the distribution center in Spain. New items are inspected, sorted, tagged, and loaded into trucks. In most cases, the clothing is delivered within 48 hours. Zara produces over 450 million items per year.[54]

Zara also includes accessories, shoes, swimwear, beauty and perfumes.

In May 2021, Zara launched its first beauty line, ZARA Beauty.[55]

Under its Zara Home line, Zara launched what is believed to be the first detergent that reduces the abrasion of textile microfibres during washing. It is claimed the solution, jointly developed by Inditex and BASF Home Care and I&I Solutions Europe in Spain and Germany, can reduce the release of microfibres by up to 80 per cent, depending on fabric type and washing conditions.[56]

## Manufacturing and distribution

[edit]

Reportedly, Zara needs just one week to develop a new product and get it to stores, compared to the six-month industry average, and makes roughly 40,000 designs of which around 12,000 new designs are selected and produced each year.[57] Zara has a policy of zero advertising;[7] the company preferred to invest a percentage of revenues in opening new stores instead.[58]

Zara set up its own factory in La Coruña (a city known for its textile industry) in 1980 and upgraded to reverse milk-run-type production and distribution facilities in 1990. This approach, designed by Toyota Motor Corp., was called the just-in-time (JIT) system.[59] It enabled the company to establish a business model that allows self-containment throughout the stages of materials, manufacture, product completion, and distribution to stores worldwide within just a few days.[60][59]

Most of the products Zara sells are manufactured in Spain, Portugal, China, Turkey, Morocco, Bangladesh [7][61] and more recently - Armenia. While some competitors outsource all production to Asia, Zara manufactures its most fashionable items – half of all its merchandise – at a dozen company-owned factories in Spain (particularly in Galicia), Portugal (northern part) and Turkey. Clothes with a longer shelf life, such as basic T-shirts, are outsourced to low-cost suppliers, mainly in Asia.[62]

The company can design a new product and have finished goods in its stores in four to five weeks; it can modify existing items in as little as two weeks, which results from its advanced operation management.[59] Shortening the product life cycle means greater success in meeting consumer preferences.[63] If a design does not sell well within a week, it is withdrawn from shops, further orders are canceled and a new design is pursued. Zara monitors customers' fashion changes.[64] Zara has a range of basic designs that are carried over from year to year, but some fashion-forward designs can stay on the shelves less than four weeks, which encourages Zara fans to make repeat visits. An average high-street store in Spain expects customers to visit three times a year. That goes up to 17 times for Zara.[65]

As a result of increasing competitive pressures from the online shopping market, Zara is shifting its focus onto online as well, and will consequently open fewer but larger stores in the future.[66] In May 2022, a £1.95 return fee was implemented for some online orders in Britain and other core markets.[67] This fee was introduced in Spain as of February 2023.[68]

In November 2022, a pre-owned platform will also be launched via its website and app in UK. Other than posting now-unwanted Zara purchases online for sale, shoppers can book repairs and donate unwanted items online or via a store. If successful, this service will be expanded to other key markets.[69]

Starting November 2022, Russians will be able to order products online from a range U.S. and European brands, including Nike, Zara and H&M, according to an announcement from Russia's postal service.[70]

September 11, 2024 – Zara is expanding its secondhand clothing platform, Zara Pre-Owned, to the U.S. The service, which allows customers to sell, donate, or repair pre-owned items, is expected to launch in the U.S. by the end of October 2024.[71]

* The men's department of a typical Zara store. Almere, Netherlands

* Zara clothing made in Portugal

* Zara store in New York City, near One World Trade Center

* Zara store in Columbus, Ohio

### Non-toxic clothing

[edit]

In 2010, Greenpeace started a dialog with Zara to ban toxics from the clothing production.[72] Greenpeace published its "Toxic threads: the big fashion stitch-up" report in November 2012 as part of its Detox Campaign identifying companies that use toxic substances in their manufacturing processes.[73] Nine days after the report was published, Zara committed to eradicating all releases of hazardous chemicals throughout its entire supply chain and products by 2020.[74] Zara became the biggest retailer in the world to raise awareness for the Detox Campaign,[75] and switched to a fully toxic-free production.[72][needs update]

## Controversies

[edit]

### Allegations of antisemitism

[edit]

In 2007, Zara withdrew a handbag from its shelves after a customer noticed a swastika on the bag's design. The bag came from an external supplier, and Zara claimed the symbol was not visible when the handbag was chosen. Zara withdrew the product from stores, and spokesperson Susan Suett said the bag would not have been sourced had the symbol been apparent.[76]

In August 2014, Zara received criticism for selling a toddler T-shirt for closely resembling uniforms worn by Jewish concentration camp inmates. The T-shirt was striped and featured a yellow star similar to the Star of David. Zara said the design was inspired by "the sheriff's stars from the classic western films". Zara removed the shirt from sale a few hours after they appeared for sale, and apologized.[77] Zara received criticism for selling the T-shirt in Israel because the country does not have sheriffs. Additionally, the word "Sheriff" is outlined in transparent letters on the bright yellow star.[77] The Anti-Defamation League responded to the shirt, saying that it was offensive, but welcomed Zara's recognition of the potential imagery and removing the shirt from sale.[78]

### Labour practices

[edit]

In August 2011, a Brazilian television show accused the company of using sweatshops for their outsourced production. The Regional Superintendency of Labour and Employment of São Paulo, Brazil, closed a factory that produced Zara's clothing for its poor labour conditions.[79] Zara's representatives said the accusations of slave labour made against the retailer represent a breach of the code of conduct for workshops of Inditex. The company also states factories responsible for unauthorized outsourcing have been asked to regularize immediately the situation of the workers involved.[80]

In September 2013, Bangladeshi garment workers for suppliers to Zara and its parent company, Inditex, protested following the 2013 Dhaka garment factory collapse, demanding a monthly US$100 minimum wage.[81] Inditex does not publicly disclose the factories that produce their branded clothing.[82]

In 2016, BBC News stated they found evidence of child labor and exploitation in factories in Turkey. Zara replied that there were some issues in June 2016 in one single factory and, instead of solving these issues immediately, they have given a period of six months to solve them.[83]

In November 2017, customers shopping at Zara stores in Istanbul, Turkey, found handwritten notes purportedly from Turkish workers in the pockets of in-store garments asking shoppers to pressure Zara into paying them unpaid wages.[84] The company clarified the unpaid wages were due to a third-party manufacturer Bravo Tekstil,[85] who had failed to pay their employees in the period up to its closing after going bankrupt.[86] The company said they would help to provide compensation to employees who weren't paid.[87] In the agreement, only factory-floor employees were compensated, with "white-collar" employees not covered by the agreement.[88]

In 2022, about 1,000 shop assistants who work at Zara and other fashion brands owned by Inditex went on strike on Black Friday in the company's home town in northern Spain to demand better salaries.[89] Prior to a second strike, Inditex, Zara's parent company, has agreed to pay 322 euros more per month to shop assistants from 44 stores. Workers will also get a one-off bonus of 1,000 euros to be paid in February 2023.[needs update][90]

In December 2023, Yle reported in Finland that the local Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Regional State Administrative Agency had investigated the four Zara stores under suspicions of illegal labour practices. In the investigation it was found that the workload the employees were subjected to were illegal. In one store, 95% of respondents to the authorities' enquiry felt that the workload is unbearable.[91]

### Copyright infringement

[edit]

In July 2016, complaints were made against Zara that they had been stealing designs from multiple independent designers for their products. One of the designers, Tuesday Bassen, who previously worked with brands including Urban Outfitters and Nike, contacted Zara. The company responded Bassen's designs were not distinctive enough, and they received only a handful of complaints given the large volume of traffic they receive on their site. When the news was picked up by media outlets, Inditex, Zara's owning company, stated that the items in question have been suspended from sale, and that they are in contact with Bassen's lawyer to clarify and address the issue.[92][93]

As of April 2018, MaXhosa by Laduma is taking legal action against Zara for copying its designs.[94] Zara responded to complaints from the designer by removing socks that resembled his artistic style.[95]

### Melania Trump

[edit]

In June 2018, a Zara jacket with "I really don't care, do u?" emblazoned on the back became controversial after it was worn by Melania Trump when she visited a detention center for migrant children separated from their parents.[96]

### Political controversy in China

[edit]

In January 2018, Shanghai's internet authority summoned representatives of Zara, chastising the company for listing Taiwan as a country and ordering it to rectify the situation immediately.[97]

In September 2019, Zara supported Hong Kong strikes; however after pressures from Chinese social media Zara was forced to issue a statement expressing its support of the "one country, two systems" policy adopted by China in ruling Hong Kong, and its disapproval of anti-government strikes.[98]

### Xinjiang region

[edit]

In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including Zara, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang.[99]

### Allegations of anti-Palestinian bullying and imagery

[edit]

In June 2021, the company's women's head fashion designer Vanessa Perilman made anti-Palestinian comments in response to Palestinian model Qaher Harhash.[100] After receiving backlash for her comments when they were made public by Qaher, Perilman apologized and Zara later asked Qaher to post Perilman's apology on his social media.[100] Because of Zara's delayed response, and decision to not fire Perilman, calls to boycott Zara emerged through social media.[101][102]

In December 2023, Zara faced backlash over the release of their "ZARA ATELIER. Collection 04_The Jacket." campaign.[103] The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) received 50 complaints about the advert,[104] which included photos of a model posing with a mannequin wrapped in plastic, and others where the model was surrounded by rubble and rocks with a cardboard cut out of what appeared similar to the map of Palestine. Commenters likened the similarity of the promotional photos to the images of the aftermath of air strikes in Palestine and called for a boycott of the brand.[105] The campaign was subsequently removed from their app and website, and some images removed from their Instagram account.[104] On December 12, Zara announced that it "regrets" a "misunderstanding" about the ad campaign and that it was photographed in September.[106]

### Trademark Action

[edit]

In April 2022, it was reported that Zara had taken legal action against "Tara Sartoria", a small clothing company owned by Vietnamese citizen Tara Nguyen. Ms. Nguyen's company sells products made by disadvantaged women in Indonesia and Vietnam.[107]

## Stores

[edit]

As of November 2021, there were 2,264 stores across 96 countries.[108]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in early 2020, Zara stores worldwide closed temporarily due to restrictions. However, in April 2020 Zara's owner ramped up shipment to Asia as China ended its lockdown after 76 days.[109]

## See also

[edit]

* Spain portal
* Companies portal
* Fashion portal

* Bershka
* H&M
* Shein

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Sales to third parties"

## References

[edit]

1. ^ inditex.com
2. ^ "EMB258 Klips metalowy ZARA – A identifier decoration – ZARA" (in Polish). Retrieved 29 July 2024.
3. ^ "Global stretch". The Economist. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
4. ^ "ZARA United States | New Collection Online". www.zara.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
5. ^ "Zara is facing a massive threat that could jeopardize the business". businessinsider.de. 23 May 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
6. ^ nguyen, terry (9 March 2022). "Fast fashion, explained". Vox. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
7. ^ a b c Hansen, Suzy (9 November 2012). "How Zara Grew Into the World's Largest Fashion Retailer". The New York Times. p. 2.
8. ^ How Zara became the world's biggest fashion retailer. Graham Ruddick. 20 October 2015. Telegraph. accessed 5 April 2016.
9. ^ "Spanish domination - Zara brand profile - Marketing Magazine". marketingmag.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Archived 22 July 2015.
10. ^ "Why high street giant Zara always gets it right". Irish Independent. 29 October 2015.
11. ^ "Fashion invasion". The Economist. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
12. ^ Crystal, Meirav (7 August 2009). "Zara opens 19th store in Israel". Ynetnews. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
13. ^ "Profits at Zara's first Irish store reach €2.7m". The Irish Times.
14. ^ Kreknina, Aleksandra (25 October 2012). "Zara plans to open over 50 shops in Russia every year". Russia Beyond The Headlines. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
15. ^ a b John Dawson; Roy Larke; Masao Mukoyama (21 August 2006). Strategic Issues in International Retailing. Routledge.
16. ^ Robert D. Hisrich; Claudine Kearney (25 June 2013). Managing Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Sage Publications.
17. ^ "Zara takes a cautious step into China". Just-Style. 6 September 2004. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
18. ^ Robb Young (5 November 2013). "In North Africa, a Story of Morocco and the Rest". Business of Fashion. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
19. ^ "Zara opens in the Baltic republics by opening a store in Estonia". El País. El Pais. 17 August 2004. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
20. ^ "Milestones in Hungary's fashion life". Property Magazine. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
21. ^ "Zara launches online shop in Romania". Romania Insider. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
22. ^ "Zara Opens in Costa Rica". Inside Costa Rica. 16 May 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
23. ^ "Mitra Adiperkasa offers everything, from Zara to Starbucks". The Jakarta Post. 24 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
24. ^ "Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio".
25. ^ "Spains Zara Opens First Store in Korea". The Korea Times. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
26. ^ "Fashion chain Zara opens its first Indian store". BBC. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
27. ^ Emma Jordan (19 January 2011). "Zara to Open in South Africa". iFashion. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
28. ^ "Global phenomenon Zara finally opens in Sydney". Vogue. 19 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
29. ^ "Gestión | EL DIARIO DE ECONOMÍA Y NEGOCIOS DE PERÚ". archivo.gestion.pe. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
30. ^ "Zara launches online boutique". fashionunited.com. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
31. ^ "Zara.com launches in 5 more countries". Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
32. ^ "Inditex post record profits". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
33. ^ "Zara's Secret To Success: The New Science Of Retailing". Forbes. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
34. ^ Mary Kim (12 February 2013). "Zara To Launch Canadian Online Story". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
35. ^ Michelle Reddick (5 March 2013). "Zara launches online shopping in Canada". Toronto Life. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
36. ^ Katie Evans (10 September 2014). "Zara sells online in Mexico". Internet Retailer. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
37. ^ "Zara launches online in South Korea". Inside Retail. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
38. ^ "Inditex: Zara to launch online platforms in South Korea and Mexico". Evigo. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
39. ^ "Zara launches online store in Romania". Ecommerce News. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
40. ^ "Zara launches online sales in Israel". Globes. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
41. ^ "Perú: Zara anuncia la apertura de su tienda online". Perú Retail. 3 June 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
42. ^ "Zara". Interbrand. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
43. ^ "Zara's new logo may be the future of branding, love it or hate it". Fast Company. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
44. ^ "ZARA's new logo squeezes out criticism from other designers". 5 February 2019.
45. ^ "Giants in the kingdom of Zara: Inditex, H&M and Primark dominate 38% of fashion sales". www.themds.com. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
46. ^ a b "H&M and Zara Are Closing Stores To Get Ahead". Fortune. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
47. ^ "Inditex regresa a Venezuela tres años después de su marcha". 20 January 2024.
48. ^ "Магазины Zara в России открываются под новым названием". Banki.ru (in Russian). 5 April 2023.
49. ^ "Inditex Accounts & Reports". www.inditex.com. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
50. ^ "Inditex Annual Report 2016" (PDF). Inditex.
51. ^ "Inditex Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Inditex.
52. ^ "Inditex Annual Report 2023" (PDF). Inditex. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
53. ^ The Future of Fashion Retailing: The Zara Approach 25 October 2012. Greg Petro. Forbes. accessed 5 April 2016
54. ^ Zara's Fast-Fashion Edge. Susan Berfield and Manuel Baigorri. 14 November 2013. Bloomberg. accessed 5 April 2016
55. ^ Wong, Veronica (10 May 2021). "Zara Introduces Refillable Beauty With Its First-Ever Beauty Line". Retrieved 13 May 2021.
56. ^ Mathews, Brett (30 November 2022). "Zara detergent tackles microfibre shedding". Apparel Insider. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
57. ^ Burgen, Stephen (17 August 2012). "Fashion chain Zara helps Inditex lift first quarter profits by 30%". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
58. ^ Zara's Big Idea: What the World's Top Fashion Retailer Tells Us About Innovation. Derek Thompson. 13 November 2012. The Atlantic. accessed 5 April 2016
59. ^ a b c Johan, Albert; Purnama, Maurice (2009). Zara Operation Management Key Values. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783346094896.
60. ^ Kojima, Kensuke (2011). Uniqlo Syndrome. Japan: Tenkai. ISBN 978-4-492-76191-5.
61. ^ The 5 ingredients of Zara's success. Bibby Sowray. 11 December 2015. Telegraph. accessed 5 April 2016
62. ^ Fashion Conquistador Businessweek
63. ^ "Executive Masters in International Logistics at Georgia Tech". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
64. ^ Friedman, Thomas (2006). The World is Flat. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p. 154\. ISBN 978-0-374-29279-9.
65. ^ Roux, Caroline (28 October 2002). "The reign of Spain". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
66. ^ "Even Zara Can Have a Wardrobe Malfunction". Bloomberg.com. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
67. ^ Pooley, Cat Rutter (20 July 2022). "Fast fashion is slowing down — for its own good". Financial Times.
68. ^ "Zara starts charging for clothing returns from home in Spain". Reuters. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
69. ^ Butler, Sarah (21 October 2022). "Zara enters resale market with Pre-owned service". The Guardian.
70. ^ "Russians can buy Zara dresses and Nike sneakers again". POLITICO. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
71. ^ "Zara Plans to Bring Pre-Owned Clothing Service to US". pymnts.com. 11 September 2024.
72. ^ a b "People! Zara commits to go toxic-free". Greenpeace.org. 29 November 2012.
73. ^ "Toxic threads: the big fashion stitch-up" (PDF). Greenpeace.org. 20 November 2012. pp. 15, 24.
74. ^ Alice Newbold (1 December 2012). "Zara Just Caved To Greenpeace And Agreed To Stop Using Toxic Chemicals". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
75. ^ "Greenpeace voert actie bij Zara tegen giftige kleding". De Morgen (in Dutch). 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
76. ^ "Zara withdraws swastika handbags". BBC.co.uk. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 September 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
77. ^ a b Kaufman, Alexander (27 August 2014). "Zara Apologizes for Pajamas That Look Just Like A Concentration Camp Uniform". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
78. ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (28 August 2014). "Retailer pulls shirts reminiscent of Holocaust". CNN.com. Cable News Network. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
79. ^ Guerra, Carolina (17 August 2011). "Marca Zara está envolvida em denúncia de trabalho escravo". VEJA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 June 2014.
80. ^ Antunes, Anderson (17 August 2011). "Zara Accused Of Alleged 'Slave Labor' In Brazil". Forbes.
81. ^ Nashrulla, Tasneem (23 September 2013). "The People Who Make H&M, Gap, And Zara Clothes Earn $38 A Month And Are Demanding $100". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
82. ^ Kashyap, Aruna (2 May 2018). "When Clothing Labels Are a Matter of Life or Death". The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
83. ^ "Syrian child refugees making UK clothes". BBC News. 24 October 2016.
84. ^ Young, Sarah (5 November 2017). "Unpaid laborers are 'slipping pleas for help into Zara clothes". The Independent. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
85. ^ "UNPAID LABOURERS ARE 'SLIPPING PLEAS FOR HELP INTO ZARA CLOTHES'". Independent.co.uk. 6 November 2017.
86. ^ "Zara shoppers find labor complaints inside clothes". BBC News. 15 November 2017.
87. ^ Segran, Elizabeth (6 November 2017). "The Real Story Behind Those Desperate Notes That Zara Workers Left In Clothes". Fast Company. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
88. ^ "Unpaid Zara garment workers say they still haven't seen a cent". CBC.
89. ^ "Zara shopworkers stage Black Friday strike in fashion group's hometown". Reuters. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
90. ^ Pons, Corina (23 December 2022). "Zara shopworkers call off strikes in company's hometown after 25% pay rise - union". Reuters. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
91. ^ "Terveydelle vaarallista työtä". Yle (in Finnish). 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
92. ^ Davies, Madeleine (20 July 2016). "Zara Copies Indie Artist's Work, Then Says She's Not Famous Enough For It to Matter". jezebel.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
93. ^ Addady, Michal (20 July 2016). "12 Artists Are Accusing Zara of Stealing Their Designs". Fortune. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
94. ^ Matangira, Lungelo. "Maxhosa's Laduma on Zara design knock-offs: It's shocking & lacks integrity". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
95. ^ Eytan, Declan. "How Laduma Ngxokolo Battled Cultural Appropriation And Is Building An African Luxury Heritage Brand". Forbes. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
96. ^ Heil, Emily (21 June 2018). "How Melania Trump's jacket choice overtook her visit to the Texas border shelters". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
97. ^ Pham, Sherisse (12 January 2018). "Delta flies into China trouble over Tibet and Taiwan". CNN. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
98. ^ "Fashion brand Zara seeks to distance itself from Hong Kong controversy". Reuters. 6 September 2019.
99. ^ Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong; Cave, Danielle; Leibold, James; Munro, Kelsey; Ruser, Nathan (1 March 2020). "Uyghurs for sale". Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
100. ^ a b "Zara's Head of Design Attacks Palestinian Model, Qaher Harhash, in Islamophobic Rant". El-Shai. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
101. ^ Jack Guy (16 June 2021). "Zara under fire after top designer sends Palestinian model inflammatory messages". CNN. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
102. ^ Abdelkader, Rima (17 June 2021). "Fashion retailer Zara condemns anti-Palestinian comments made by designer". NBC News.
103. ^ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
104. ^ a b "Zara advert accused of resembling Gaza images". BBC News. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
105. ^ "Zara faces huge backlash over controversial campaign". en.royanews.tv. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
106. ^ "Zara says it regrets Gaza images misunderstanding". BBC News. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
107. ^ "Zara orders House of Zana to drop name over trademark row". BBC News. 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022. "Another company locked in the same dispute with Zara is Tara Sartoria, which sells a small range of hand-made silk products made by disadvantaged women in Indonesia and Vietnam."
108. ^ "The Secret of Zara's Success: A Culture of Customer Co-creation". Martin Roll. 7 November 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
109. ^ "Zara Owner Ramps Up Shipment to Asia as Shoppers Return". Bloomberg.com. Thomas Gualtieri. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zara (clothing).

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Inditex

* Bershka
* Massimo Dutti
* Oysho
* Pull&Bear
* Stradivarius
* Uterqüe
* Zara
* Zara Home

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template